Kutchulidwa kwa mimbulu m'zaka za m'ma 1900 kunapangitsa kuti anthu azikumbukira zinthu zambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri, nyama iyi idawonedwa ngati chinyengo, nkhanza; M'miyambo yambiri, nkhandwe imawonedwa ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa dziko la amoyo ndi dziko la akufa.

Nthawi yomweyo, nkhandwe inkadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro cha kulimba mtima, kulimba mtima, kukhulupirika. Mkhalidwe wapawiri wotere wa chifanizo cha nkhandwe ndi kusowa kwa chidziwitso pa chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa nyama izi pamikhalidwe yachilengedwe zinapereka malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi mimbulu ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali idakhala ngati nthawi yowanamizira kuti ndi ankhanza kwambiri, osusuka komanso operewera.

Yason Konstantinovich Badridze, wobadwira ku Georgia, m'banja momwe chilengedwe chimakondedwa ndikulemekezedwa, adaganiza zodzipereka pamoyo wake ku sayansi, sayansi yomwe imawerengera zamkati mwa nyama. Chisankho chake chidagwera pa kuphunzira za mimbulu. Posachedwa, akatswiriwo adazindikira kuti nzeru za sayansi zokhudzana ndi mimbulu ndizosowa kwambiri, ndipo zimafunanso zowonjezera komanso zoyesa. Zinali zotheka kuphunzira za moyo wa mimbulu pokhapokha pamalo awo achilengedwe, ndipo Badridze adapita kumalo okongola a Borjomi, omwe amadziwika nawo kuyambira ali mwana, komwe adayamba kuwona moyo wa paketi ya nkhandwe, osati kuchokera kunja kokha, koma kutenga nawo gawo pazinthu za banja lanyama.

M'banja la mimbulu

Kukhazikika pang'onopang'ono, mochenjera ndi mimbulu, kuzolowera, komanso kucheza, kunalola Badridze kuchita ntchito yayikulu ya sayansi ndipo, potengera zotsatira zake, analemba buku lonena za mimbulu ndi machitidwe awo ndikupangitsa chidziwitso cha anthu chokhudza mimbulu yachilengedwe.

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimachitika ndi chidwi cha moyo wamunthu mu paketi ya nkhandwe ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene mimbulu idateteza m'bale wawo wamiyendo iwiri chimbalangondo - ngakhale zili choncho kuti m "nkhalango", mimbulu imakonda kudutsa ndipo osalowa nawo nkhondo. Komabe, chimbalangondo chikakumana ndi katswiri wasayansi chimamuwonetsa chidwi, paketiyo adayankha ndikupitilira, ndikuumiriza kuti chimbalangondo chinyamuke.

Jason Badridze adafotokoza njira yolankhulirana yovuta mu paketi ya nkhandwe - zowoneka, fungo, zomveka, komanso zomwe adatcha telepathic. Kutha kwa nyama kuvomereza pang'onopang'ono kumangowoneka ngati kopanda pake, koma pambuyo pake kuyesa kwa wasayansi iyemwini, komwe kunachitika mu malo antchito, kunatsimikizira kuti nkhandwe imapereka chidziwitso "maso ndi maso".

Atabwereranso m'moyo wake, Badridze adakhala zaka zambiri akugwira ntchito kuti aberekenso, ndiye kuti ana amphongo anapulumutsidwa ndipo mabanja awo adabwerera kwawo.

Zomwe Farley Mowet ndi okwatirana a Dutcher amachita

Wolemba wina waku Canada komanso katswiri wazomera Farley Mowet amadziwika ndi buku lake Musati: "Mimbulu!" Imene ili ndi nthano chabe, komabe imawunikira moyo wa mimbulu yomwe ili ku Canada.

Bukuli ndi la chilengedwe mwachilengedwe, ndipo lili ndi zowunikira ndi zomwe ananena asayansi kwa miyezi ingapo ya moyo pafupi ndi paketi la mimbulu. Kuyandikira kwambiri kwa gulu lomwe lili mdera lophunzitsidwa bwino ku Canada kunapatsa Mowet chidziwitso chofunikira, makamaka, kuti mimbulu sakonda kuchitira nkhanza anthu, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa agwape, mimbulu ilibe udindo uliwonse kuposa ozunza osaka awa m'mbali.

Jim ndi Jamie Dutchers ndi okwatirana omwe akhala zaka 6 mu hema m'nkhalango za Idaho, nawonso komwe amakhala pafupi ndi nkhandwe. Kutengera ndi zomwe akumana nazo, adalemba buku lotchedwa Life ndi Wolves ndikupanga filimu yomweyi, yomwe idalandira maudindo ambiri pamitengo ya kanema osiyanasiyana ndikupambana Emmy Award for Best Documentary film.

Cholinga chachikulu cha ma Dutchers chinali mtundu wa malingaliro a mimbulu, ozika mizu ku gulu la America, monganso olosera omwe akuwononga chuma. Moyo wokhala ndi mimbulu wawonetsa kuti mimbulu imakhala ndi gulu lodzipanga lokha, pomwe imakumana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe amafananizidwa ndi anthu, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri zoyankhulirana. Mimbulu ya phukusi Ma Dutchers adapatsidwa mayina, ndichifukwa chake nkhani zokhudzana ndi ubale womwe uli mkatimo udakhala ngati banja. Kuphatikiza apo, banjali lidatsutsa mtundu wamavuto obwera chifukwa cha mimbulu yachilengedwe, kutsimikizira, mwa zina, kuti kuchuluka kwa ziwopsezo za anthuwa zaka zambiri ndi zaka makumi ambiri kumawerengedwa m'magulu, mosiyana ndi kuwombedwa ndi nyama zina zamtchire.

Pakadali pano, kaonedwe ka mimbulu pozindikira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono akusintha, chilombochi sichikhalanso chizindikiro choopsa cha kutchire, koma chinyama chanzeru komanso chokhudza mtima. Kuphatikiza apo, tisaiwale kuti zaka masauzande zapitazo anali mmbulu womwe unakhala mnzake wokhulupirika wa munthu posaka ndi kuteteza nyumbayo, kenako nkusintha kukhala galu wapakhomo.

Dziko la nyama zamtchire limangoletsa asayansi okha, koma akatswiri ojambula omwe amapanga zozizwitsa zanyama zomwe ndizosiyana ndi zithunzi.

Kodi mumakonda nkhaniyo? Kenako tithandizireni kanikiza:

Chiwembu

Msungwana Ellie waku Kansas ndi galu wake wokhulupirika Totoshka agwera ku Fairyland. Mphepo yamkuntho, yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi wamatsenga woyipa Gingem, idanyamulaulendo ndi Ellie ndi Totoshka kudutsa m'chipululu komanso mapiri. Wamatsenga wokoma mtima dzina lake Willina adawongolera galimotoyo kotero kuti idafika pamutu pa Gingema ndikuyiphwanya. Villina akuuza Ellie kuti wizard wamkulu ,winni, yemwe amakhala ndipo akulamulira ku Emerald City, atha kumubweza ku Kansas. Kubwerera kwawo, Ellie ayenera kuthandiza anthu atatuwo pakukwaniritsa zokhumba zawo. Mothandizidwa ndi Toto yemwe anali kulankhula mozizwitsa, mtsikanayo ananyamuka pamsewu wachikasu wopita ku Emerald City. (Asanachoke, Totoshka abweretsa Ellie nsapato zasiliva za Gingham.) Ali m'njira, Ellie akukumana ndi wowopsa, Scarecrow, yemwe chidwi chake ndikupeza ubongo, Iron Lumberjack, yemwe amalota kukabwezeranso mtima wake wotayika, ndi Mkango wa Cowardly, yemwe alibe kulimba mtima kuti akhale mfumu yanyama. Onsewo amapita kumzinda wa Emerald kwa wizard Goodwin, wamkulu komanso Woopsa, kuti akamupemphe kuti akwaniritse zokhumba zawo zabwino. Atapulumuka maulendo ambiri (kuwukira kwa Ogre, kukumana ndi Sabretooth Tiger, kuwoloka mtsinje, kudutsa munda wachinyengo wa poppy) ndikupanga abwenzi nthawi yomweyo, amafika ku Emerald City. (Pamapeto paulendo wachitatu, Ellie amadziwana ndi mfumukazi ya mbewa zam'munda Ramina, yemwe amupatsa mzungu wamasiliva kuti msungwanayo amuimbire foni ngati kuli kofunikira.) Komabe, a Goodwin amavomereza kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo pa chinthu chimodzi - ayenera kumasula a Violet Land m'manja mwa wamatsenga woipa Bastinda, mlongo Gingham womwalirayo. Ellie ndi abwenzi ake amaganiza kuti ntchito yotereyi ndiyopanda chiyembekezo, komabe akuganiza kuyesera.

Poyamba amakhala ndi mwayi: amathamangitsa kuzunza kwa mimbulu, akhwangwala ndi njuchi zotumizidwa ndi Bastinda, koma Amphongo a Flying, oitanidwa ndi Bastinda mothandizidwa ndi matsenga a Golden Hat, kuwononga Scarecrow ndi Lumberjack ndikugwira Leo. Ellie amangokhala osavulazidwa kokha chifukwa amatetezedwa ndi nsapato zasiliva zamatsenga zomwe Totoshka amapanga kuphanga la Gingema. Bastinda, mosiyana ndi Ellie, amadziwa za mphamvu zamatsenga za nsapato za mlongo wake ndipo akuyembekeza kuziwabera mtsikanayo mwachinyengo. Nthawi ina atatsala pang'ono kuchita bwino, koma Ellie adasasa Bastinda ndi madzi kuchokera mumtsuko, ndipo wamatsenga woyipayo anasungunuka (chifukwa adanenedweratu kuti adzafa ndi madzi ndipo chifukwa chake sanasambe nkhope yake zaka mazana asanu!). Ellie, mothandizidwa ndi a Miguns omasulidwa, abwezeretsa Scarecrow ndi Lumberjack, ndipo a Miguns amafunsira a Lumberjack kuti akhale olamulira awo, pomwe iye amayankha kuti ayenera kupeza kaye mtima.

Kampaniyo idabwerako ndi chigonjetso, koma a Goodwin sanachedwe kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo. Ndipo pamapeto pake akapeza omvera, zimapezeka kuti a Goodwin sikuti ndi mfiti, koma munthu wamba, wobweretsedwa ku Malawi Land mu ballo. Ngakhale ma emeral omwe ndimakongoletsa mzindawu, ambiri, ndi magalasi osavuta omwe amawoneka obiriwira chifukwa cha magalasi obiriwira omwe aliyense ayenera kuvala mu mzindawo (akuyenera kuteteza maso ku khungu lowala lamiyala). Komabe, zolakalaka zabwino za abwenzi a Ellie zimakwaniritsidwa. M'malo mwake, Scarecrow, Lumberjack ndi Leo anali ndi mikhalidwe yomwe amalakalaka, koma anangokhala osadzidalira. Chifukwa chake, thumba lophiphiritsa lomwe lili ndi singano ndi zikhomo, mtima wosakhazikika komanso wolimba mtima "wolimba mtima", wokonzedwa ndi a Goodwin, thandizani abwenzi kupeza luntha, kukoma mtima komanso kulimba mtima. Ellie pomaliza amapeza mwayi wobwerera kwawo: Goodwin, yemwe watopa kukhala ngati wizard, akuganiza zokonza baluni yake ndi kubwerera kudziko lakwawo ndi Ellie ndi Totoshka. Amasankha Scarecrow wa anzeru m'malo mwake. Komabe, asananyamuke, mphepo imatulukira chingwe chitagwira balloon, ndipo a Goodwin amawombera yekha, ndikumusiya Ellie ku Fairyland.

Malinga ndi upangiri wa msungwi wa Long Bearded Soldier Dean Gyor, abwenzi, kuphatikizapo Scarecrow yemwe adasiya mpando wachifumu, adayamba ulendo watsopano - kupita ku Pink Country yakutali, kwa wamatsenga wabwino Stella. Palinso zoopsa zomwe zimawadikirira panjira, chachikulu chomwe ndi kusefukira komwe kunawakhudza pachilumba pakati pa mtsinje waukulu. Kupezana wina ndi mnzake pambuyo pa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kuwoloka mtsinje, Ellie ndi mnzake agwera m'nkhalango, momwe nyama zimasaka chitetezo kuchokera pa Kangaude wamkulu. Mkango wamantha unagonjetsa Kangaude ndipo nyama zimamuzindikira ngati mfumu yawo. Kenako Ellie akufunika kuwoloka Phiri la Marrano, komwe a Flying Monkey amamuthandiza. ”

Pomaliza, Ellie afika ku Pink Country, ndipo wamatsenga wokoma Stella adamuwululira chinsinsi cha nsapato zasiliva: amatha kusamutsa eni ake mtunda uliwonse, ndipo Ellie akhoza kubwerera ku Kansas nthawi iliyonse. Apa abwenzi atsanzikana, Scarecrow, Lumberjack ndi Leo apita kwa anthu omwe akhala olamulira (a Flying Monkey abweretsedwako malinga ndi kulamula kwa wamatsenga Stella, yemwe Ellie amupatsa golide wa Chipewa), ndipo Ellie amabwerera kunyumba kwa makolo ake.

Makhalidwe

• Ellie
• Toto
• Wowopsa
• Matumba
• Mkango wopanda pake
• Gingham
• Villina
• Bastinda
• Stella
• Goodwin
• Ikani Maganizo
• Zabwino
• Dean Gyor
• Lestar
• Fregoza
• Ramina - Mfumukazi ya Minda ya Minda
• Cannibal
• Masamba okhala ndi ma saber
• Kangaude wamkulu
• Kuuluka nyani

Kusintha kwa mtundu

Pali zosintha zambiri za nthano, ndipo zolemba zawo sizimagwirizana. Bukulo lidakonzedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi wolemba, ndipo ngati zomwe zidalembedwako kale ndikumasulira kwa nthano ya Baum ndikusinthana ndi zolemba zina, ndiye kuti m'matembenuzidwe amtsogolo zilembedwe ndi malongosoledwe a zochitikazi adasinthidwa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa iye kukhala ngati Magazi a Matsenga, omwe amadziwika mosiyana ndi Oz.

Mitundu itatu yotchuka komanso mawonekedwe awo akuluakulu:

• Kusintha kwa 1939 - pafupi kwambiri ndi zolemba zoyambirira za Baum:
  • Ellie ndi mwana wamasiye wokhala ndi amalume ake ndi azakhali,
  • Chipululu chokha chimazungulira malo amatsenga, koma osati mapiri padziko lonse lapansi.
  • amatsenga ndi otsogola alibe mayina,
  • nkhalango pakati pa zimbalangondo zimaberekabe,
  • m'mapiri kumpoto kwa Pink Country amakhala zazifupi zopanda mkono ndi makosi ataliitali.
• Kope la 1959:
  • Ellie ali ndi makolo
  • amatsenga amatenga mayina athu achizolowezi
  • tiana ta mphalapakati timalo ta tiabisiketi,
  • anyamata ochepa opanda mkono adasinthidwa ndi Prygunov - amuna odumphadumpha omwe adamenya mdani ndi mitu yawo ndi nkhonya.
• Mtundu wachitatu:
  • Wowonongera amayambira kulankhula mosasamala, pang'onopang'ono kupita ku mawu olondola,
  • asanakumane ndi Kudya, Ellie amavula nsapato zake, nataya chitetezo chamatsenga,
  • pezani mayina Fleet, Lestar, Warra,
  • Alumpha amadzitcha Marrans,
  • Lumberjack sanena kuti abweretsa mkwatibwi wake ku Violet Land,
  • zonena zonse za njovu zomwe zili mdera la Maiko a Matsenga zachotsedwa,
  • zimanenedwa kuti kuikidwa kwa Scarecrow kukhala wolamulira wa Emerald City kunapangitsa kusakhutira pakati pa ena mwa otsogolera.

Kusiyana kwotsirizira, zikuwoneka kuti, zidapangidwa kuti zithe kulumikizana bwino ndi bukuli ndi njira zina zomwe zidalembedwa kale ndi nthawi ino. Kuphatikiza pa zosintha zazikulu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, pali zosiyana zambiri zazing'ono zolembedwa pakati pa zofalitsazi, monga kusintha mawu. Titha kunena kuti nthanoyi idalembedwanso kambirimbiri.

Bukulo limaphatikizidwa mu pulogalamu ya ophunzira asukulu zamayendedwe ophunzitsidwa bwino pamalangizo a maphunziro "Zolemba za Ana".

Zosiyana pankhani

Ngakhale mutha kutchulanso mwachidule chiwembu cha "The Wizard of Oz" ndi "Wizard Wodabwitsa wa Oz" ndi mawu omwewo, kusiyana pakati pa mabukuwa kumakhala kochuluka kwambiri ndipo kumapitirira kupitirira kutulutsa mawu m'chinenedwe china ndikusintha mayina anu, monga momwe kungawonekere kuchokera koyamba kupenya. Nayi ndandanda yayifupi ya kusiyana kwakukulu:

• Wodziwika kwambiri ndi Ellie Smith, osati a Dorothy Gale, ndipo ali ndi makolo (John ndi Anna Smith), pomwe a Dorothy ndi amasiye okhala ndi Amalume a Henry ndi Aunt Em.
• Malongosoledwe a Volkov okhudzana ndi moyo wa atsikana aku Kansas sachepa kuposa a Baum.
• Ngakhale Baum Dorothy amadziwa kuwerenga, kuwerenga kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pamoyo wake. Ally amawerenga bwino Volly, osangowerenga nthano chabe, komanso mabuku othandiza (mwachitsanzo, okamba za akambuku akale), mwanjira imasiya uthenga.
• Mphepo yamkuntho yomwe idabweretsa Ellie ku Matsenga a Matsenga imayambitsidwa ndi matsenga oyipa Gingham, yemwe akufuna kuwononga dziko lapansi, ndipo nyumbayo imatsogozedwa ku Gingham ndi matsenga a Villina (Baum anali ndi chimphepo - tsoka lachilengedwe wamba, ndipo kufa kwa wamatsenga kunali ngozi).
• Dani amapatsidwa chithunzi cha Gingema ngati wamatsenga wamphamvu, amatchedwa mlongo wa Bastinda. Baum imakhala ndi zokumbukira zosasangalatsa za okhala m'deralo za amatsenga a ku East, ndipo wamatsenga a ku West si mlongo wake.
• Pokumana ndi wamatsenga wabwino, a Dorothy adati: "Ndinkawona kuti onse amatsenga ndi oyipa." Ellie: “Kodi ndiwe wamatsenga? Koma amayi andiuza bwanji kuti tsopano kulibe mfiti? ”
• Totoshka, kamodzi ku Magic Land, amayamba kulankhula ngati anthu, monga nyama zonse zadzikoli. Mu The Wond Wonder Wizard of Oz, akadalibe mawu (ngakhale imodzi mwa mabuku omwe adatsatila akuwulula kuti iyenso, adatha kuyankhula, koma sanafune).
• Dziko lamatsenga la Volkov silingapezekenso, limapachikidwa kunja kwa dziko lapansi osati kokha ndi chipululu, komanso ndi mphete yosalekeza yamiyala yamapiri yosawoloka.
• Kukhazikika kwa magawo a Magic Land mpaka pamakadinala ndi chithunzi cha Oz: ngati Baum ili ndi dziko la Blue, komwe Dorothy amayamba ulendo wake, ali kummawa, ndiye Volkov ali nayo kumadzulo.
• Mayina a mayiko asintha mtundu: Dziko lachikaso la Baum likufanana ndi dziko la Violet la Volkov, mosemphanitsa. Kukhazikika komwe madera akuVolov akuchokerako sikumveka kwenikweni, mapangidwe ake amatayika, kutengera kuti mtundu wapakatikati wazowoneka bwino - wobiriwira - uli pakati kwambiri. Koma pali mawonekedwe ena - dziko la asing'anga oyipa amitundu "yozizira", dziko la asing'anga abwino - a "ofunda".
• Mu The Wizard of Oz, amatsenga sanatchulidwe mayina, kupatula Glinda, wamatsenga wabwino waku South. Kwa Volkov, wamatsenga wabwino wa Pink Country amatchedwa Stella, ndipo amatsenga a Kumpoto, East ndi West amalandila maina a Willin, Gingham ndi Bastind, motsatana.
• Ku Volkov, anthu a Magic Land amasiyana mawonekedwe amitundu: Blinkers - blink meso awo, Munchkins - amasuntha nsagwada zawo. Baum alibe zikhalidwe zotere, dzina lokhalo.
• Kwa Volkov, wizard amatchedwa Goodwin, ndipo dzikolo limatchedwa Wizard Country, chifukwa Baum, dzikolo limatchedwa Oz, ndipo wizard ndi Oscar Zoroaster Fadrig Isaac Norman Hankle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs. Iyenso amatchula oyamba kumene, ndipo sanatchule zilembo zomaliza zopanga "OzPinhead", zomwe zikutanthauza "OzGlupets."
• Ellie amalandila kulosera za zikhumbo zitatu zamtengo wapatali zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa kuti abwerere ku Kansas.Dorothy sanapatsidwe zikhalidwe zilizonse, komabe, sanapatsidwe lonjezo lililonse, kupatula malangizo achidule - kupita ku Emerald City. Kuphatikiza apo, amalandira kupsompsona kwa matsenga kuchokera ku Nzeru Yabwino Yaku kumpoto, kumamutsimikizira njira yabwino, ndipo zovuta zonse zimangoyenda kwambiri. Njira ya Ally sikuti imangokhala kutali, komanso yovulala, ndipo yopanda abwenzi odalirika ndiyosagwirizana.
• Dorothy amalandira nsapato zamatsenga, ndipo kenako chipewa chagolide (limodzi ndi nyumba yachifumu), ngati cholowa chalamulo kuchokera kwa asing'anga omwe anaphedwa ndi iye. Ellie ndi nsapato ndi chipewa, mwachidziwikire, mwa mwayi.
• Malinga ndi Baum, khwangwala, yemwe adalangiza Scarecrow kuti atenge ubongo, amaphunzitsa mbalame zina zonse kuti zisamuope. Volkov salankhula mwachindunji ndi izi. Khwangwala pawokha amamufotokozera Volkov ngati "wokhumudwa wamkulu," ndi Baum iye "ndi wokalamba."
• Zobera m'mabuku a Volkov (ndipo - malinga ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa - m'mabaibulo achi Russia a nthano zambiri za dziko la Oz) amapangidwa ndi chitsulo. Baum ili ndi tini. Wowopsezedwa ndi Volkov, mosiyana ndi Baum, "amataya nkhope" - - utoto wopaka ndi pakamwa amatsukidwa ndi madzi.
• Pakati pokumana ndi Lumberjack ndikukakumana ndi Mkango wa Cowardly, A nkhandwe amayika chaputala china chomwe Wadyera adabera Ellie. Scarecrow ndi Lumberjack amakwaniritsa kumasula mtsikanayo ndikupha Ogre.
• Malinga ndi Baum, sikuti akambuku a Saber-tooted amakhala m'nkhalango pakati pa mitsinje, koma Ma calidase - zolengedwa zokhala ndi chimbalangondo, mutu wa kambuku ndi mano ataliatali kwambiri mwakuti aliyense wa iwo amathyoledwa mkango.
• A dzina la a Volkov amadziwika ndi mfumukazi ya mbewa zam'munda (Ramina) ndipo zikuwoneka bwino kuti, pomwe adasiyana, adasiyira mzungu wa Ellie yemwe amatha kuitana. Ku Baum, mfumukazi ya mbewa zimangonena kuti a Dorothy atha kumamuyimbira nthawi iliyonse popita kumunda, ngakhale kuti a Dorothy pambuyo pake amaimbira Mfumukazi ya Mice ndi mzungu, zomwe m'mbuyomu sizinatchulidwe.
• Mlonda wa Baum, yemwe amayang'anira nyumba yachifwamba, amangodutsa apaulendo, amangotchedwa "msirikali wokhala ndi ndevu zobiriwira", Volkov amupatsa dzina - Dean Gyor ndikuyambitsa zochitika ndi kuphatikiza ndevu.
• Goodwin, potumiza Ellie ndi abwenzi ake ku Violet Land, akuwalamula kuti avule Bastind mphamvu, zivute zitani. Oz amapatsa a Dorothy malangizo omveka kuti aphe munthu wamatsenga woyipayo.
• Mawu omwe amapangitsa kuti anyani a Flying Monkey asinthidwe - monga matchulidwe onse a m'mabuku a Volkov, ali ndi nyimbo zambiri ndipo safuna kuchita nawo zinthu zapadera, monga kuyimirira pa mwendo umodzi, monga Baum anali.
• Nyani Zouluka sizimavulaza Ellie chifukwa choopa nsapato zasiliva. Malinga ndi Baum, mtsikanayo amatetezedwa ndi kupsompsona kwa amatsenga abwino a Kumpoto, Volkov sanatchule konse.
• Ukapolo wa Ellie ku Bastinda akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, chithunzi cha wophika Fregosa chikuwonekera, cholinga chokonzera chigawenga motsutsana ndi Bastinda chikuwonjezeredwa.
• Baum Dorothy sakudziwa kuti mfiti ya Kumadzulo imawopa madzi. Ku Volkov, Ellie amadziwa za kuopa kwa Bastinda (nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito madzi omwe anakhetsa pansi kuti amuchotsere osakhalitsa), koma samaganiza kuti madzi amphetsa.
• Ku Baum, kuti atenge nsapato yasiliva, wamatsenga adagwiritsa ntchito waya womwe adawoneka wosawoneka. Ku Volkov, Bastinda adataya zida zonse zamatsenga ndikugwiritsa ntchito chingwe choluka.
• Panthawi yolanda Volkov, Ellie Bastind anasiya kukhala wamatsenga ndipo tsopano amatha kugonjetsedwa ndi magulu ankhondo a anthu. Baum, ngakhale kuti wamatsenga woyipa adataya amatsenga ake, iye amasungabe ufiti.
• Bastinda, pomwe Ellie adampanga ndi madzi, akufotokozera kuti sanasambe nkhope yake kwazaka zambiri chifukwa adanenedweratu kuti amwalira ndi madzi. Ku Baum, Witch of the West amangonena kuti madzi amupha, kenako amadziwitsa Dorothy kuti akadali wolakwika wa nyumbayo, ndikuvomera kuti anali woipa kwambiri nthawi yonse ya moyo wake.
• Nkhani ya Amphongo akuuluka ku Volkov imafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kuposa Baum.
• Ku Volkov, a Totoshka adazindikira a Goodwin atabisala kuseri kwa nsalu yotulutsa fungo. Malinga ndi Baum, Totoshka akuwulula wizoniyu mwangozi pomwe amapumira pambali, akuchita mantha ndi kubangula kwa Leo.
• Goodwin, monga Ellie, amachokera ku Kansas. Oz amachokera ku Omaha, pafupi ndi Kansas. Goodwin, asanakhale katswiri wa ndege, anali wochita masewera, kusewera mafumu ndi ngwazi, pomwe Oz anali wowongolera.
• Ku Baum, wolowa m'malo mwa Wizard amakhalabe "wowopsa pampando wachifumu" m'malo obiriwira a buluu wokhala ndi shabby, ku Volkov the Scarecrow - esthete and dandy, akuyamba ulamuliro pakukonzanso chovala chake (chomwe ankalakalaka chokhala ndi mtengo m'munda).
• Malinga ndi Baum, njira yopita ku Mzinda Wabwino Wam'mwera umadutsa m'nkhalango yomwe ili ndi mitengo yomenyera nkhondo komanso dziko la Porcelain. Kwa Volkov, maiko amenewa kulibe, koma chaputala chomwe kusefukira kwa madzi chawonjezeredwa, popeza Volkov yasintha njira yapa njira yapa mtsinje waukulu wa Magic Land. Imayenda kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, kenako kummawa kupita kudziko la Miguns (ku Baum mtsinjewu umayenda kuchokera kumwera, umatembenukira kumadzulo, kudutsa pafupi kwambiri ndi Emerald City pang'ono kumpoto, ndikuyenda kumadzulo.) Chifukwa chake, sikuti cholepheretsa kuchokera ku Mzinda wa Emerald kupita ku Pinki Dziko).
• Cholepheretsa chomaliza paulendo wa Volkov kupita ku Pink Country si a Hammer-Heads, koma a Jumpers (Marranas) (Komabe, mu kope loyambirira la bukuli adawafotokozeranso "mitu yazifupi yopanda mkono", yomwe idawapangitsa ofanana ndi a Hammerheads).
• Ellie amatcha Flying Monkey mu Dziko la Jambulani, Toto atamuwuza kuti atakhumba kachitatu, atha kusamutsira Golden Hat kwa anzanga aliwonse (kenako Ellie amulonjeza Scarecrow). A Dorothy sakonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito nyani wa Flying Monkey mtsogolo.
• Malinga ndi a Volkov, dziko la Pink limakhala ndi ma Chatterboxes - okonda kucheza, malinga ndi Baum - dziko la Krasnaya ndi okhalamo sizosiyana ndi anthu ena onse a Oz, kupatula zomwe amakonda.
• Kubwerera ku Kansas, Ellie akumana m'tawuni yapafupi ya Goodwin. Baum alibe izi.

Kusiyana kwazinthu zamagawo-semantic

Kuyerekeza kwa "Wizard Wodabwitsa wa Oz" ndi "Wizard wa Emerald City" adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ntchito izi potengera momwe amagwirira ntchito. Ngakhale zolemba zoyambirira zitha kuonedwa ngati zopanda mbali kapena zopambana kwambiri (zokhala ndi zolemba "zokongola" komanso "zosangalatsa"), makonzedwe a Volkov ndi mawu “amdima”. Izi zikuwonetsedwa pamasinthidwe amachitidwe osintha momwe ma Baum alibe, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "mantha", "kuseka", kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, komanso kutchulidwa pafupipafupi kwamawu ndi onomatopoeia. Madzi amatchulidwa nthawi zambiri: Mvula ndi kusefukira kwa mitsinje ndizochitika zikuluzikulu za mutu "kusefukira", akuwonjezeredwa ndi a Volkov, pofotokozera nyumba yachifumu ya Goodwin pali maiwe, akasupe, ntunda ndi madzi - zambiri zomwe sizili koyambirira, kutchulidwa kwa mtsinje kumawonekeranso pofotokoza za mtsinje womwe umadutsa mumsewu . China chomwe malembedwe a Volkov ndi mawu othamangitsika pafupipafupi, makamaka m'mavesi omwe sanali oyambirirawo.

Kutanthauzira

Ngakhale bukuli lidamasuliridwa, lidamasuliridwanso m'zilankhulo zambiri, kuphatikizapo Chingerezi ndi Chijeremani, komanso kufalitsidwa m'maiko onse omwe kale anali achikhalidwe chachipembedzo.

Kusindikiza koyamba kwa Germany kwa The Wizard kudasindikizidwa ku Germany Democratic Republic ndi Federal Republic of Germany m'ma 1960. Kwa zaka 40, bukuli lidapulumuka zidasintha 10, ngakhale atalumikizidwanso ku Germany, pomwe mabuku oyambirirawo a Baum adapezeka ku Germany, matembenuzidwe a mabuku a Volkov akupitilizabe kusindikizidwa. Mawu omwe adasindikizidwa mu 11, omwe adasindikizidwa mu 2005, ndi ena pambuyo pake, adasinthidwa, bukulo lidalandiranso chatsopano. Komabe, mchaka cha 2011, malinga ndi zofuna zambiri za owerenga, nyumba yosindikiza idakakamizidwa kuti ibwererenso kudzasindikiza bukuli mwapangidwe wakale, m'matembenuzidwe akale komanso ngakhale ndi mawu akale “achikhalidwe,” kuvumbula zolakwika za capitalist system.

Pambuyo pake

M'mawu omaliza a bukuli, A.M. Volkov, ponena za owerenga achichepere omwe amamuganizira, akuti adadabwa kwambiri kudziwa kuti Wizard Wamphamvu ndi Wowopsa sichinali mfiti kwenikweni. Kenako Volkov akulemba kuti nthano yake imaphunzitsa kuti chinyengo chonse ndi mabodza onse amawululidwa posachedwa. Wabwino, koma ofooka Goodwin analibe luso lapadera komanso chidwi chogwira ntchito. Kukhulupirira kuti moyo mu Maiko a Matsenga ndi ofanana ndendende ndi ndalama za capitalist USA zamasiku ano, sanadziwone njira ina iliyonse yopezera bwino komanso kutukuka, kupatula kunama. Bodza losalekeza limatsogolera Goodwin mpaka kuti atumize kamtsikana kakang'ono m'malo mwake kuti akamenyane ndi wamatsenga woyipayo. A.M. Volkov m'mawu akutsogolo akuwonetsa kuti analemba nkhani yake yopeka "Wizard of the Emerald City" potengera nthano ya wolemba waku America a Lyman Frank Baum, wotchedwa "The Wise Man aku Country of Oz", akunena za tsiku lomwe adamasulidwa ku USA - 1900, ndi pafupi mndandanda wake wambiri. Amalemba kuti wasintha kwambiri m'buku la Baum ndipo walemba machaputala atsopano. Amamuuza Totoshka ku Baum, mosiyana ndi Totoshka, ndi mbewete. Kuphatikiza apo, mawu oyamba pambuyo pake akuti wolemba akuyamba kulemba buku lachiwiri lonena za kuwonjezeka kwa Ellie ndi abwenzi ake - "Oorfene Deuce ndi asitikali ake amitengo."

Kutsatizana kwa kuzungulira kwa mabuku A. Volkova. Kupitiliza

Mabuku a Volkov omwe akuphatikizidwa mu mzere wa Emerald City amalumikizidwa ndi nkhani imodzi motere:

1. "Wizard wa Emerald City" (1939, 1959).
2. "Oorfene Deuce ndi Asitikali Ako Omwe Amakhala Ndi Mtengo" (1963).
3. "Mafumu Asanu ndi Awiri Pansi Pansi" (1964).
4. Mulungu wamoto wa Marrans (1968).
5. The Yellow Fog (1970).
6. "Chinsinsi cha Chipanda Chosiyidwa" (1976, 1982).

Ngati mtsikanayo Ellie adakhalabe wamkulu m'mabuku atatu oyambilira, kenako m'buku lachinayi wolemba amabweretsa heroine watsopano, yemwe ndi mlongo wake wa Ellie - Annie, yemwe "asintha" Ellie m'malo ake amatsenga.

Pali nkhani yopitilira:

• nkhani "Mvula ya Emerald," yolembedwa ndi Yuri Kuznetsov,
• Mabuku angapo "The Emerald City" ndi "Tales of the Emerald City" olembedwa ndi Sergey Sukhinov.

Mitundu yazithunzi ndi zopangidwa

• "Wizard of the Emerald City" ndi ziwonetsero ziwiri zamagetsi (Central Television, USSR, 1968). Wotsogolera: Nina Zubareva. Udindowu udanenedwa ndi: Maria Vinogradova, Rostislav Plyatt, Boris Runge, Alexey Pokrovsky, Oleg Tabakov, Sergey Tseits. M'malo mwa chojambula - Anatoly Barantsev. Wopeka - Gennady Gladkov, wolemba nyimbo - Yuri Entin. Wolemba nthano mu ziphaso amatchedwa Alexei Volkov.
• "Wizard wa Emerald City" - chojambula chojambula pamitundu yambiri (TO "Screen", USSR, 1973).
• "Wizard wa Emerald City" - filimu (M. Gorky Film Studio, Russia, 1994).
• "Ma Adventures ku Emerald City" - filimu yopanga thunzi (Studios Mill popempha NTV-Kino, 1999-2000)

Mu 1970, potengera nthano ya F. Baum komanso buku la A. Volkov, kampani "Melody" idatulutsa zolemba ndi nyimbo "The Wizard of the Emerald City". Maudindowo adanenedwa ndi: E. Sinelnikova (Elli), V. Doronin (Scarecrow), A. Papanov (Iron Lumberjack), R. Plyatt (Mkango wa Cowardly), I. Masing (Totoshka, Bastinda), G. Vitsin (Goodwin), M Babanova (Villina), E. Nachalov (Mtsogoleri wa Amphongo akuuluka), N. Aleksakhin (Guard, Tiger), A. Kostyukova (Amayi) ndi E. Fridman (Papa).

Ku Germany, maseweredwe awiri adalembedwa m'buku:

• Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Director: Dieter Scharfenberg, LITERA junior 1991, MC.
• Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Wotsogolera: Paul Hartmann, Deutsche Grammophon - Junior 1994, MC.

Mu Meyi 2006, buku lamawu lidatulutsidwa ma CD awiri. Lembali lidawerengedwa ndi osewera komanso wotsogolera Katarina Talbach:

• Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Jumbo Neue Medien, 2CD, ISBN 3-8337-1533-2

Mverani mawu a nkhandwe

Koma kwa asayansi ndi akatswiri a sayansi, nkhandwe si cholengedwa chowopsa. Akatswiri amati mimbulu imachita manyazi kwambiri, akuyesetsa momwe angathere kuti asakumane ndi munthu. Nkhani yomwe inalembedwa mu magazini ya zasayansi ya Geo inanena kuti zenizeni izi zimawopa anthu. Ngakhale mimbulu ili ndi mawonekedwe owopsa, simuyenera kuganiza kuti onse ndi makhwala.

Mimbulu ndi anzeru, zolusa zolusa.

Katswiri wazamoyo Paul Package, yemwe adaphunzira momwe mimbulu idatengera zaka zambiri, adakondana ndi nyama izi. Amati mimbulu imakhala ndi zotengeka: ikhoza kusangalala, kukhala achisoni ngakhalenso yoseketsa. Paulo adayang'anitsitsa nkhandwe yakale, yomwe inali yofooka kwambiri komanso yotsala, siyimatha kusaka yokha, koma mimbulu siyimusiya papaketi, idamudyetsa, ngakhale wachikulireyo sankafunikiranso ndi banja. Ziribe kanthu, paketiyo idamuyamika ndipo sinamulole kuti afe ndi njala. Ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimatha kuyang'anabe umunthu wotere?

Kusaka ana

Mimbulu imasaka m'matumba.

Chizindikiro cha mimbulu ndiyo kusaka kwawo m'matumba. Kumbali imodzi, malingaliro oterowo ndi opindulitsa, koma kumbali inayo, amawopseza moyo wawo. Kusaka m'matumba, mimbulu imadzipezera chakudya ndikudyetsa ana awo.

Mimbulu imakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, kumva bwino komanso kuwona bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuthamanga mwachangu, kuthana ndi mtunda wautali, kotero kuti osaka kwa iwo ndi abwino kwambiri. Koma zilombozi sizikuwombera nyama iliyonse motsatana, mwachitsanzo, amuna amphamvu ndi akulu. Amasankha nyama yofooka, choncho chakudya chochuluka chatsala ndi nyama zathanzi. Chifukwa chake, ndizachidziwikire, kuti pali phindu kuchokera pamtunduwu, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "madongosolo a nkhalango."

Mimbulu yolumikizirana

Mimbulu imatha kununkhiza bwino komanso imatha kuyankha nthawi yomweyo ikagwidwa.

Ponena za kulira kwa mimbulu yolusa, yomwe imafalikira pamakilomita angapo, iyi ndi njira yolankhulirana pakati pa mimbulu ndi abale awo. Mmodzi wa anthuwa atangotuluka mu paketi kukasaka, ndiye kuti imakwera phirilo ndikufuwula, motero imayitanira anthu ena a mumpinguyo.

Kuphatikiza apo, mothandizidwa ndi kulira, mimbulu imawonetsa kuti gawoli lakhazikika kale, ndipo anthu osawadziwa sangatenge. Ndipo nthawi zina nyama izi zimatha kulira ndi monga choncho, kuwonetsa chisangalalo chawo. Gulu lonse likayamba kulira, zikuwoneka kuti akusangalala ndi kwayala yawo yokhala ndi mawu ambiri.

Kwa khutu la munthu, kuimba koteroko kumawoneka ngati kosasangalatsa, koma mimbulu imakonda kubisala.

Akalulu amayang'anira gawo lawo mosamala.

Kuphatikiza pa kubangula, mimbulu ilinso ndi mitundu ina yolankhulirana: kulira, kupweteka kwa goli, kuchepa kwansangala. Kuphatikiza apo, amagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe apadera polumikizirana. Zonsezi zimawathandiza kuphatikiza zingwe zomwe zili mumthumba ndikukhala nawo gawo labanja.

Zina zakunja za mimbulu

Zolimbitsa zimachitikanso m'banja lomwelo.

Onani bwinobwino mimbulu. Amakhala ndi ubweya wakuda, nthawi zambiri imvi, nthawi zina amatha kukhala wonyezimira. Pa ubweya wosakanizika, wamafuta ndi oyera amapezeka. Mimbulu imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri: maso achikasu.

Malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi mapaki a mimbulu

Kodi pali ngozi ku tsogolo la mimbulu? Inde, kuyambira m'mbuyomu zidyazi zidapezeka kulikonse ku Asia, Europe ndi North America, koma masiku ano zimakhala m'malo ena okha: ku USA, Canada, Alaska ndi Russia.

Mmbulu wogona tulo umawoneka wovuta komanso wopanda vuto lililonse.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti malo achilengedwe apadera ndi malo osungirako zinyama ayenera kupangidwa. Masiku ano, malo ambiri osungirako nyama ndi nyama zamtchire. Ku Banff Park, yomwe ili ku Canada, mimbulu siinakwane pafupifupi zaka 40, koma mu 80s iwowo adachokera ku Rocky Mountain. Kwa anthu ambiri, kubwerera kwa mimbulu 65 kuzinthu zawo zakwawo kwakhala tchuthi chenicheni. Komanso ku France, mimbulu idabwerako patatha zaka 50. Kuphatikiza apo, adabweranso ku Italy. Ku Yellowstone National Park, yomwe ili ku United States, mimbulu inayamba kuwonekeranso, yomwe idawonongedwa zaka zoposa 40 zapitazo. Masiku ano, anthu ambiri omwe amayendera paki amalota kubweranso kwathunthu kwa mimbulu, chifukwa m'mbuyomu nyamazo zinali gawo lofunika kwambiri pachilengedwe.

Ubwenzi wa nkhandwe ndi munthu: Amati izi sizingatheke, kupatula izi zimachitika.

Koma obereketsa sanalolere kubweza mimbulu kudziko lakwawo. Wasayansi wazomera L.David Mack akuti ngati zilombo zabwerera ku Yellowstone, kunja kwake kuyenera kuyang'anira nyamazo mosamala. Zomwe zidzachitike mawa kwa mimbulu padziko lapansi lolamulidwa ndi munthu sizikudziwika.

Tsogolo la mimbulu

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe akuonetsa kukhumba kwawo kubwereranso kwa mimbulu chikuwonetsa kuti malingaliro pa owononga awa akusintha pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Buku la "Wolf: chilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu zikuchepa" likuti munthu akadali ndi mwayi wopulumutsa mimbulu yomwe ili m'malo ovuta. Zonse zimatengera kudziwa kwa munthu, chifukwa chake mimbulu iyenera kuphunziridwa.

Anthu ayenera kumvetsetsa okha kuti mimbulu siopikisana nawo, ndi nyama zothandiza kwambiri pazachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe chonse, chifukwa chake amafunika kutetezedwa mosamala.

Kusaka

Mmbulu suusaka wokha. Umu ndi momwe amapulumukira ndikudyetsa banja. Amadziwika ndi kukongola kokongola. Amakhala olimba, ndipo amatha kuthana mtunda wautali munthawi yochepa kwambiri. Osati mimbulu yonse yomwe imagwirira ntchito. Amawona zinthu zomwe ndizazikulu komanso zamphamvu kuposa iwo ndipo amayesera kuzipewa.

Njira yayikulu yolumikizirana

Momwe mimbulu imanyamula ndi mimbulu ndi njira imodzi yolankhulirana ndi mtundu wawo. Chifukwa chake amalankhula za nyama, malo owerengera kapena chidziwitso china chothandiza cha mimbulu ina. Njira zosiyanasiyana zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana. Akalulu nthawi zonse amakhala okonzeka kumenyera komaliza komaliza kukhala gawo lawo.

Chidani ndi chikondi cha mimbulu

Ponena za nkhandwe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala malingaliro ambiri ndipo amakhala osalimbikitsa, chifukwa anthu apanga lingaliro lolakwika ponena za nyama izi, ndipo mantha ayambika motsutsana ndi chiyambi cha tsankho.

Dziko lachilendo la mimbulu.

Anthu sakonda mimbulu, monga adani ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mimbulu imabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa alimi, pamene akusaka ziweto. Komanso, kupangidwa kwa mbiri yoyipa kunakhudzidwa ndi nthano zachabe komanso nthano zachabe. Mu nthano, mdani uyu amasonyezedwa kuti ndi woipa komanso wosakhutira. Aliyense amadziwa nkhani ya Little Red Riding Hood motero amawopa mimbulu, koma ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mantha ngati amenewo alibe maziko, chifukwa mimbulu nthawi zina imazunza anthu.