Udongosolo mwadongosolo.
Banja la Amwana - Mantidae (Manteidae).
Bolivaria - Bolivaria brachyptera (Pallas, 1773)

Mkhalidwe. 7 "Olamulidwa mwapadera" - 7, SK. Ikuphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto 2 ku Red Book of the Russian Federation *. Mu Red Book la USSR ili m'gulu “II. Mitundu yochepera ".

Zizindikiro zakunja za mapiko apafupi

Bolivaria ndi woimira chidwi wa mantis. Thupi lake ndi laling'ono, lalitali, lalitali. Makulidwe a akazi ndi 4-5.3 cm, amuna ndi 3-4,5 cm.

Anthu a ku Bolivia amakhala m'mazipululu.

Mphepete zamafotokozedwe a detiotum sizikupezeka. Mimba ndi yochepa. Ma elytra ofupikidwira kumbali yakumbuyo ndikuyera, ali ndi gulu lakuda kutsogolo kwa pepala ndi mphete yamdima pakati, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasiyanitsidwa. Amaloledwa ndipo samapitirira pakati pamimba. Mapiko a kumbuyo ndi osuta, okhala ndi nthenga zakuda kapena zakuda-kuzungulira. Kumbuyo kwa tarsus, gawo loyamba ndilotalika kuposa ena onse.

Mapangidwe a miyendo yakutsogolo ya mandis amafanana ndi penknife. Drumstick yokhala ndi spikes imagwira ntchito ngati tsamba, ndipo ntchafu yokhala ndi serrations imagwira ntchito ngati chogwirizira. Poyembekezera nyama, wobisala amabisala masamba m'matako, koma atawona womenyedwayo, amawatulutsa ndi liwiro la mphezi, ndikugwira ndikuwakanikiza mwamphamvu wofika pakati pa ntchafu ndi mwendo wotsika. Nthawi zina pamakhala zovala zazitali zosakira achule ang'ono ndi abuluzi.

Wormwood Bolivaria imaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Ukraine ngati mtundu wosatetezeka.

Pofikira Bolitarius Habitats

Bolivaria wokhala ndi mapiko afupiafupi amakhala kumapeto, chipululu, amapezeka pazomera zomwe zimakhala ndi malo okhala, pamtunda wamapiri komanso kumapiri. Pamakhala malo opezeka ndi masamba owerengeka, kumakhala malo okhala mitsinje, m'malo opezeka udzu wokhala ndi udzu, malo okumbikakumbika ndi madzi osefukira. M'malo otsetsereka amatuluka m'matanthwe pomwe pamitunda yoposa 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Ku Central Asia, bolivaria imapezeka m'miyala yam'madzi am'madzi, tugai, zipululu za solyanka ndi zipululu.

Bolivaria ndi mtundu wamapiko amodzi - mtundu wokhawo pakati pa zovala zomwe malo awo amakhala mpaka kumpoto kwa Europe.

Zakudya za Bolivarium

Tizilombo ta mtundu wamtunduwu ndi nyama yomwe imadikirira kuti ibwere. Chakudya chachikulu chimakhala ndi oimira orthoptera, ma dipterous, omwe amakhala m'malo amodzi a bolivaria.

Nyamayi imadyera dzombe, ziwala, nsikidzi, agulugufe, ntchentche. Atagwira nyama, wobisayo amametsa nyama yake. Amachisuntha kuchoka kutsogolo kupita kwina, chimayesa, ndikukhotetsa mutu wake ndikutchaya pang'onopang'ono, osathamanga. Mapiko ndi miyendo yoluka kwambiri, atamaliza kunyamula chakudya, amadzipukutira nsagwada, kutsuka, kupukutira miyendo yake, ndikusunthira pachifuwa, ndikugundanso kwinakwake.

Bolivaria amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timayamwa atangogwira.

Chiwerengero cha mapiko a bolivaria

Kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi sikokwanira kulikonse; anthu a Bolivaria Bolivaria amapezeka okha. Mkhalidwe wa anthu mdziko lathu m'malo otetezedwa amaoneka kuti ndi okhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, mu ola limodzi la mafunso, ma bulivarias atatu amatha kupezeka, nthawi zina ochulukirapo. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kotereku kumadziwika kuti ndi nyama zazikulu zomwe zimadya ndipo sizikuwonetsa konse kuvutikira kwa mitundu yachilengedwe m'chilengedwe chake. M'madera angapo akum'mwera kwa dziko lathu, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuweta nkhosa, kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe cha Bolivaria Bolivaria kunabwezeretsedwanso m'malo ambiri momwe kuwonongedwa kwa namwali wopeza kunawonedwapo kale chifukwa cha kudyetsa nkhosa zambiri.

Bolivaria Bolivaria ndi woimira wosowa kwambiri wa mutu.

Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha bolivaria

Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mabuluni ang'onoang'ono ndikutukuka kwa madera komwe kuli mitunduyi: malo oyandikira mapiri, shiblaki, ziwembu za steppe pafupi ndi malo okhala. Pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha zokopa alendo, kuchuluka kwa zisangalalo pazitunda izi kukukulira kulikonse. Kuphatikiza apo, m'madera angapo, malo okhala ndi mavwende akukulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa malo a namwali omwe ali oyenera kukhala ku Bolivaria. Choopseza china cha kupezeka kwa mitunduyi chikuyimiriridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalowa m'mkhola wazakudya kwa tizilombo todyedwa. Zomera zopsa zimawononga mazira ndi mphutsi.

Ma bulivarium okhala ndi mapiko achidule amatetezedwa m'malo ambiri.

Kuteteza Amphaka

Bolivaria Bolivaria imaphatikizidwa ndi Zowonjezera 2 ku Red Book of the Russian Federation. Imatetezedwa m'malo ambiri osungira nyama. Ndikofunikira kugawa malo ang'onoang'ono osungidwa ndi steppe kuti mubwezeretse kuchuluka kwa zosowa za mantis. Njira zotetezedwa za bolivaria sizofunikira kwenikweni.

Komabe, kukula kwambiri kwa madera omwe malo osungirako mbewu zokhazokha asungidwa kungayambitse kuchepa kwa Bolifaria bifolaria. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuthamangitsa zosangalatsa m'malo omwe mitundu ili.

Poyembekezera nyama, wobisala amabisala masamba m'matako, koma atawona womenyedwayo, amawatulutsa ndi liwiro la mphezi, ndikugwira ndikuwakanikiza mwamphamvu wofika pakati pa ntchafu ndi mwendo wotsika.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kufotokozera kwamfupi kwa morphological

Thupi ndi lalifupi kukula, imvi, bulauni, udzu, 34-40 mm, 37-46 mm kukula. Mphepete zamafiti zamkati mwa mawuwa zimakhazikika. Elytra ndi mapiko amafupikitsidwa; m'magulu onse awiriwa amafika pakatikati pamimba. Elytra yokhala ndi kutsogolo kowala, mphete yamdima pakati ndi gulu lakutsogolo kwa nsonga, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizifotokozedwa bwino. Mapikowo amasuta ndi kufunda kwamdima kapena pafupi ndi malire akuda kuzungulira m'mphepete.

Kufalitsa

Crimea, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central ndi Asia Minor, Syria, Iran, kummawa kumafika kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia. Mitundu yokhayo yamtundu, yomwe imayambira kumpoto imafikira kumapeto a Europe. Ku Russian Federation imapezeka mdera loyambira kuchokera ku Ciscaucasia ndi dera la Volga kupita ku Irtysh. Mkati mwa SFD muli ambiri.

Mu Red Book of the Republic of Dagestan amadziwika mu lamba wodziwikiratu: "... m'mipululu yopanda udzu ya maboma a Nogai, Kizlyar, Derbent komanso pafupi ndi Agrahan Bay, Kumtorkali dune" kum'mawa kwa republic. Chizindikiro chodziwika kuti ali m'mabuku ndi pafupi ndi Nyanja. Njoka. Mitunduyi idasonkhanitsidwa mchaka cha 2003 pamasamba obiriwira a spim a Gimrinsky Range, pafupi ndi Maidan.

Ku North Ossetia, akuwonetsedwa ngati lamba la steppe, mtunduwo umakwirira chigawo cha Mozdok kumpoto kwa republic, kumalire ndi Stavropol. Ku Republic of Chechen zidadziwika m'boma la Shelkovsky, kumalire ndi Dagestan.

Mu Buku Lofiyira la Republic of Armenia mulibe zatsatanetsatane pazomwe amapeza mu republic. Mu RO, zidadziwika mu zigawo za Zimovnikovsky, Dubovsky, Zavetinsky, pazipinda za anamwali m'dera la Rostovsky state reservation ndi Azov steppes a Lower Don [9, 10]. Amadziwikanso kuchokera kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa RO, kumalire ndi North Caucasus, Kalmykia ndi dera la Volgograd.

M'malemba a Red Book ku UK amadziwika kuti nyamazo zimapezeka kum'mwera-kummawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, pali zisonyezo zazomwe zimapezeka mkati mwa Stavropol Upland (Kursavka, Surkul), gawo lake la kumpoto chakum'mawa (Arzgir) komanso m'chigwa cha Prikum semi-chipululu ( Kumskaya MZhS), komanso zigawo za Arzgir ndi Turkmen.

Dera la Volgograd, malo omwe amakhala ndi bolivaria makamaka amatanthauza mapepala okhala ndi mapiri a banki kumanzere kwa Volga ndi zigawo zomwe zili kumwera kwa Volga-Don Canal. Mu mtundu woyamba wa Red Book la CC, zambiri zamtunduwu zilibe.

Gawo lake limaphatikizapo madera otchedwa steppe biotopes a m'boma la Temryuk, pomwe nyamazo zimakhala m'malo otsetsereka okhala ndi steppes ndi shiblyak. Imadutsanso malo otsetsereka a kum'mwera kwa mitsinje ya Black Sea (Navagir, Markotkh), yomwe imamera pamakungwa amadzi ndikuthamanga ndi masamba otambalala okuya mpaka mita pafupifupi 400.

Amadziwika kuchokera kufupi ndi Novorossiysk, pos. South ndi North Ozereyevka, Shirokaya Balka, Utrish, Sukko, Abrau ndipo mwina ali mu gawo la steppe la kum'mawa kwa chigawocho, kumalire ndi Stavropol. Posachedwa chapezedwa mu malo opanda namwali a Taman Peninsula, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje Tsokur, Kiziltash, Bugaz.

Zambiri za biology ndi ecology

Monga zovala zina zonse zopemphera, mdulidwe amakhala ngati wolandirira ena. Ili ndi m'badwo wa chaka chimodzi. Vuto lalikulu ndi orthoptera, yomwe imakhala m'malo ambiri a Bolivaria, komanso oyimira madongosolo a Lepidoptera, Diptera, ndi tizilombo tina tomwe titha kugwidwa.

Ku Russian Federation, amakhala m'matanthwe, zipululu, m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri ndi mapiri okhala ndi xerophytic shrubbery. Ku Armenia, imagwiritsanso ntchito ziwembu zopondaponda, m'mbali mwa mapiri ake imapezeka pamiyala, ikukwera kumapiri mpaka kumtunda woposa 2000 m pamtunda wa nyanja. nyanja. .

Ku Central Asia, mumakhala ma biotopes a chimanga-chowawa, ma solyanka theka-zipululu komanso zipululu, ndipo amalowa tugai. Biology m'derali sizinaphunzitsidwe mwachindunji, komabe, zimadziwika kuti nthawi yodula edema imagwera pa Ogasiti - Seputembala, pomwe anthu ena amakhalapo mpaka Novembala.

Kuchuluka ndi zochitika zake

Kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse kumakhala kotsika, kumachitika kawirikawiri. Kudera la Volgograd, RO, SK, KK, m'malo opezeka ku Kalmykia, Dagestan panthawi yoonera kuyambira 1995 mpaka 2005, dziko lomwe anthu okhala ku Bolivaria bolivaria akhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, chiwerengerocho ndi anthu 1-3 pa ola limodzi lokonzekera kuyesa, osakwera kwambiri. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kotereku kumadziwika kuti ndi nyama zazikulu zomwe zimadya ndipo sikuti zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwawo.

M'magawo angapo kum'mwera kwa Russian Federation, kumene kudyetsa nkhosa kudapangidwa modutsa bolivaria m'malo otetezeka ndi malo owoneka chipululu, kutsika kwake, makamaka m'zaka za 90 za zana lomalizali, kunathandizira kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwachilengedwe chake m'malo akulu omwe mabotolo kale anali atawonongeka chifukwa cha kudyetsa mopitilira muyeso. . Chifukwa chake, mu RO m'malo otetezedwa m'chilimwe cha 2005, kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa m'malo ena kunali anthu atatu pa ola limodzi la kusaka.

Mwambiri, anthu okhala ku Bolivia ku KA amakhalanso okhazikika pakadali pano ndipo samayambitsa nkhawa zambiri, makamaka popeza gawo lamaderali siliri mphepete mwa mitundu yayikuluyi. Anthu onenepa kwambiri amadziwika m'misamba yamtchire pamiyala paphiripo. Navagir Peninsula Abrau.

Kuchepetsa zinthu

Pamlingo waukulu, gawoli likukonzedwa ku Territory komwe kuli mitundu ya zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala: malo a shiblak, magombe m'mphepete mwa malo otsetsereka, ndi malo opondera, makamaka pafupi ndi malo.

Pafupifupi paliponse, kuchuluka kwa zisangalalo pamtunda wamtundawu kumawonjezeranso chifukwa cha chitukuko cha alendo komanso kuchuluka kwa alendo odzaona magombe. Mchigawo cha Temryuk, kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa malo omwe minda yamphesa ndi mavwende yakhala ikukulira kwambiri.

Njira izi zimathandizira kuchepetsa dera lamtunda lamtundu wofunikira kuti pakhale bolivaria. Zotsatira zoyipa zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa chiwopsezo ku mitundu yazamoyo yomwe ikukhala pafupi ndi minda yolima. Zowonongeka zazikulu pamtanda wopezeka ndizomwe zimayambitsa kutentha kwa masamba.

Njira zofunikira komanso zowonjezera chitetezo

Mu Red Book of the Russian SSR, momwe mtunduwu umaphatikizidwira, ngati njira yosamalira, akuyenera kugawa malo ang'onoang'ono otetezedwa ku zigawo za Crimea (m'mphepete mwa Tarkhankut ndi Kerch) komanso kumapiri akumwera kwa mapiri a phirilo la Crimea.

Mu QC, malingaliro a bolivaria pano sanathere mwachangu. Komabe, ndikofunikira kubwezeretsa dongosolo pakukhazikika kosasunthika kwa madera komwe kupangika kwa Mediterranean, kwapadera kwa dera lonselo (ndi Russian Federation yonse), kumasungidwa, ndipo katundu wambiri m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ayenera kuwongoleredwa.

Malingaliro akuyenera kuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu zotetezedwa za malo onse omwe adatetezedwa mkati mwa dera lake: nkhokwe za Abrausky, Bolshoi Utrish (mwachangu), zipilala zachilengedwe Juniper Woodlands, nkhalango za Juniper za nkhalango za Sheskharis, Yakhno, Cape Panagia ”," Karabetova Gora with Mud Volcanoes (Karabetova Sopka) "," Cape Zhelezniy Rog "," Lake Lake "[15, 16].

Magwero achidziwitso. Buku Lofiyira la Krasnodar Territory. 1. Avakyan, 1950, 2. The Red Book of the USSR, 1984, 3. The Red Book of the Republic of Dagestan, 1998, 4. The Red Book of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, 1999, 5. The Red Book of RA, 2000, 6. The Red Book of RO, 2004 7. Buku Lofiira la SC, 2002, 8. Buku Lofiira la SSR yaku Ukraine, 1980, 9. Minoransky, Demina, 1990, 10. Minoransky, Tikhonov, 1998, 11. Mukhin, 1992, 12. Nagalevsky, 1994, 13. Nikulin, 1969, 14. Pravdin, 1978, 15. Pamasamba ..., 1983, 16. Pamasamba ..., 1988, 17. Pa kuvomerezedwa ..., 1998, 18. Stolyarov, Kalacheva, 2002, 19. Uzhakhov, King, 1990.20. Zambiri zosasindikizidwa za M. V. Stolyarov, 21. Zosasindikiza za V. I. Schurov. Wolemba M.V. Stolyaro