Awa ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi mapiko otambalala zikuuluka m'mitsinje ya mpweya wotentha. Pa kuthawa, mutu umakokedwa kutsogolo, ndipo miyendo, motsatana, kumbuyo. Amakhala moyo wongokhala m'malo otsetsereka ndi kukhalapo kwa mitengo komwe amakhala.
Ana agalu a Kluvachi ndi mbalame zazikulu, kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri ndi 90-100 cm, ndipo mapiko awo amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 150. Mwa mitundu yonse, zuluzikulu zake ndizoyera kwambiri, nthenga zakuda. M'mitundu ya Old World, mulomo ndi wachikasu wowoneka bwino, khungu lopanda kanthu kumutu limakhala lofiira kapena chikasu, ndipo miyendo imakhala yofiyira, mitundu ya mulomo waku America imawoneka kwambiri matte. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, utoto wake ndi wowala pang'ono, monga lamulo, woderapo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi abale awo achikulire.
Tizilombo toyenda timeneti timayenda pang'onopang'ono m'madzi osaya kuti tikapeze chakudya, chomwe makamaka chimakhala nsomba, achule ndi tizilombo tina tambiri.
Pali mitundu yamitundu yotsatirayi yamilomo ya mikanda:
Kuphatikiza apo, mpaka pano, mitundu iwiri ya zokwiririka pansi imadziwika, zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka ku United States:
- Mycteria milleri (Middle Miocene) - wakale Zoyala
- Mycteria wetmorei (Late Pleistocene)
Zosintha ndi chisinthiko
Mlomo wachikasu wa dokowe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina itatu yamtunduwu Mycteria : American American Beak ( Mycteria americana ), kenako Milky Stork ( Mycteria cinerea ) komanso utoto Mycteria leucocephala ) Amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi a clyde omwewo kuchokera ku mitundu itatu iyi, popeza onsewa amawonetsa modabwitsa mu chikhalidwe ndi morphology. Mu kafukufuku wina wowunika pa kudyetsa komanso kukonza maukwati amtundu wa mitengo, MP Kahl adati izi ndizofanana kwa onse Mycteria ndi mitundu ingapo. Mitundu inayiyi imatchedwa “arboreal storks”, yomwe siyiyenera kusokonezedwa ndi dzina limodzi lodziwika bwino (la arboreal dork) la Stork-Yellow.
Izi zisanachitike, zidapezeka kuti kachikasu amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mulomo waku America waku America, wakale adayesedwa ngati wa gulu la mtundu Ibis , pamodzi ndi chinzonono ndipo chimapakidwa utoto. Komabe, dokowe wopundidwa ndi chikasu amadziwika kale kuti ndi dokowe weniweni, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina iwiri yokhudzana ndi nkhumba, suyenera kutchedwa kuti ibis.
Kufotokozera
Ichi ndi chimpamba chamtundu wapakati pakuyimirira 90-105 cm (35-41 mainchesi). Thupi limayera ndi mchira waufupi wakuda womwe umasakaniza wobiriwira komanso wofiirira ukangokhala kumene. Zolemba kumbuyo ndi zachikaso zakuda, zowongoka pang'ono kumapeto ndipo zimakhala ndi mtanda wozungulira kuposa mitundu ina ya nkhusu kunja Mycteria . Nthenga zimafikira kumutu ndi khosi nthawi yomweyo kuseri kwa maso, nkhope ndi mphumi zidakutidwa ndi khungu lokwera kwambiri. Amuna ndi akazi onse ndi ofanana mawonekedwe, koma champhongo chimakhala chachikulu ndipo chimalemera pang'ono. Amuna ndi akazi amalemera pafupifupi 2.3 kg (mapaundi 5.1) ndi 1.9 kg (mapaundi 4.2), motengera.
Colours imakhala yowala kwambiri nthawi ya kuswana. Mu nthawi yakuswana, maula amapaka utoto wa pinki pamtunda wakumaso ndi mosemphanitsa, ndiye kuti miyendo yofiirira nthawi zambiri imakhala yotuwa yowala, kuwerengera kumakhala kwakuya chikasu ndipo nkhope yake imakhala yofiyira.
Ana anyaniwa amakhala amtambo wonyezimira komanso osalala, owoneka pang'ono, amaso a lalanje komanso owala pang'ono. Miyendo ndi miyendo ndi zofiirira ndipo nthenga thupi lonse zimakhala zofiirira. Mowonjezereka, maonekedwe a lalanje ndi ofiira omwe amakhala mkati mwa malowedwewo amayamba kukula ndipo patatha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, mankhwalawo amakhala oyera. Zingwe ndi mapiko zimakhalanso zakuda. Pambuyo pake, maonekedwe apinki ophatikizika amitundu yayikulu amayamba kuonekera.
Tizilombo tambiri timeneti timayenda tambiri tomwe timadutsa tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda pansi pamadzi osaya ndipo timayendedwe tawo tomwe tinatchulidwa tikuyenda masitepe 70 pamphindi. Amawuluka ndikusinthasintha ndikuyenda, ndipo kuthamanga kwawo kumatuluka pafupifupi 177 - 205 pamphindi. Iwo, monga lamulo, amangokhala maulendo achidule ndipo nthawi zambiri amauluka akuthamanga ndikuyenda m'mayendedwe makilomita angapo kuti asunthe pakati pa madera akudya kapena maudindo ndi kudya. Mwa kusunthira pa ma thermals ndikungoyendayenda, amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Pamunsi kuchokera pamtunda wokwezeka, dokoweyu amawonedwa ndikuthamanga kwambiri ndikuwuluka nthawi ndi mbali, motero, kuwonetsa chidwi cha ndege. Amawoneka kuti amasangalala ndi ma aerobatics awa.
Mtunduwu, monga lamulo, sizolankhula, koma umapatsa mwayi kulira mokweza pakati pa nthawi yazokondera. Mbawala zamtunduwu zimaphatikizanso timing'alu tokhala ngati buluzi komanso mapiko “omangirira” omveka m'miyala ya a Chick kuti apfuule mofuula mosalekeza kuti apemphe kholo lalikulu kuti lidye.
Kugawa ndi malo okhala
Dokowe wokhala ndi chikasu amapezeka makamaka ku East Africa, koma ali ponseponse kumadera ochokera ku Senegal ndi Somalia kupita ku South Africa komanso kumadera ena akumadzulo kwa Madagas. Panthawi ina pakuwona mitundu yosakanikirana ya mbalame pamtsinje wa Tana ku Kenya, zidapezeka kuti mitundu yodziwika kwambiri kumeneko, yomwe ili ndi anthu 2,000, amawerengedwa nthawi yomweyo.
Nthawi zambiri samasunthira kutali, osangochokera pamtunda wawo, koma, monga lamulo, amapanga mayendedwe afupiafupi omwe amachititsidwa ndi mpweya. Zimapangitsa kayendetsedwe kake ku Kenya, ndipo zapezekanso kuti zisamuke kumpoto kupita kumwera kwa Sudani ndi mvula. Ikhozanso kusamuka pafupipafupi kuchokera ku South Africa. Komabe, zochepa ndizodziwika bwino pakuyenda kwa mbalameyi. Chifukwa cha kusintha kosawoneka mu njira yosamukasamuka ku Africa konse, mbalame yodutsa chikasu imatchedwa kuti yosankha yokha. Imatha kusamukira kumayiko ena kukateteza kumadera komwe madzi kapena mvula yamagwa kwambiri kapena yochepa kwambiri kuti idyetse. Anthu ena amayenda mtunda wautali pakati pa malo ogona kapena malo okhala chisa, nthawi zambiri mothandizidwa ndi matenthedwe othamanga komanso ma glide. Anthu ena akumderali apezeka kuti amakhala moyo wongokhala ndipo amakhala m'malo awo chaka chilichonse.
Malo omwe amakonda amakhala ndi dambo, nyanja losaya komanso lambiri, nthawi zambiri lalitali masentimita 10 mpaka 40, koma nthawi zambiri samapewa malo okhala ndi matabwa kwambiri pakati pa Africa. Zimapewanso malo okhala ndi madzi osefukira ndi malo okhala mosungira kwambiri, popeza zakudya zomwe zili pamenepo sizili zoyenera kugwiranso ntchito.
Mtunduwu umabereka makamaka ku Kenya ndi Tanzania. Ngakhale amadziwika kuti akuberekera ku Uganda, malo azisinawa sanalembedwe pamenepo. Unapezeka kuti udzaberekanso ku Malakol ku Sudan ndipo nthawi zambiri mkati mwa mizinda yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba ku West Africa kuyambira Gambia mpaka kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Komabe, malo ena okuwelera amaphatikizapo Zululand ku South Africa komanso kumpoto kwa Botswana, koma sizachilendo kumwera kumpoto kwa Botswana ndi Zimbabwe, komwe malowa ndi madzi ambiri. Ngakhale palibe umboni wotsimikizika wosabereka ku Madagascar, mbalame zazing'ono sizingathe kuuluka zinawonedwa pafupi ndi Kinkuni mu Okutobala.
Zakudya Zabwino ndi Kudyetsa
Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zamchere zotalika 60-100mm kutalika ndi 150 g, zomwe amazameza kwathunthu. Zimadyetsanso cr craceans, nyongolotsi, tizilombo ta m'madzi, achule, ndipo nthawi zina nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame.
Mtunduwu umawoneka kuti umadalira kwambiri kukhudza kuti ugwire ndikugwira nyama, m'malo mowona. Amadyetsa madzi moleza mtima ndi maakaunti otseguka pang'ono ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madziwo ndi nyama. Kulumikizidwa kwa bilu pamodzi ndi malo okuchotsera kumayendera limodzi ndikumangotenga kachilomboka posinthanitsa, chifukwa mbalameyo ikadula nsagwada, imakweza mutu ndikumeza nyama zonse. Kuthamanga kwa kuzungulira uku polumikizana kwambiri ndi mulomo waku America waku America ( Mycteria americana ) adalembedwa ma millisecond 25, ndipo ngakhale chiwonetsero chofanana cha chikasu cha dokowe sichidamalizidwe, njira yodyetsa nkhumba yooneka ngati chikaso imawoneka kuti ndiyofanana ndi mulomo waku America waku America.
Kuphatikiza pa kubweza ngongole, mlomo wachikasu wa aguluu umagwiritsanso ntchito njira yofananirana ndi njira yophatikizira kuti upangitseko chofufumitsa. Amakhomera pansi ndikukwera pansi pamadzi ngati gawo la "njira yodyetsa" kukakamiza wothamangayo m'nthaka yonse ndikugulitsa mbalameyo. Mbalameyi imachita izi kangapo ndi mwendo umodzi isanafike nayo patsogolo ndikubwereza ndi mwendo wina. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amadyera, amagwiritsanso ntchito nsomba zambiri m'malo mwake.
Mlomo wachikasu wa dokowe umawonedwa ndikutsatira kwa ng'ona kapena mvuu kudutsa pamadzi ndikudya pa iwo, akuwoneka kuti akupezerapo mwayi pazinthuzo zomwe zikung'amba zodabwitsazo. Kudyetsa kumapitiliza kwakanthawi kochepa mbalameyo isanalandire zofunika ndikupitiliranso kupumula.
Makolo amadyetsa ana awo mwa kuwaza nsomba pansi, kenako imawatenga ndi kuwadyako anapiyewo. Achichepere amadya kwambiri ndipo mwana wankhuku amamwetsa thupi kuchokera pa magalamu 50 kufika pa magalamu 600 m'masiku khumi oyambirira a moyo wake. Chifukwa chake, mtunduwu udalandira dzina lachi Germany loti "Nimmersatt", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "sizimatha."
Machitidwe obereketsa
Kuswana kumeneku kumakhala kwakanthawi ndipo kumawoneka kuti kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kusefukira kwamvula yayitali ndipo, chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi osaya, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Victoria. Kusefukira kumeneku kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezereka kwa kupezeka kwa nsomba, ndipo kubereka kumalumikizidwa ndi izi pachakudya. Powona izi pafupi ndi Kisumu, kufotokozera kwa Kal pamayendedwe awa kunali kuti mu nthawi ya chilimwe, nsomba zambiri zomwe zimadyedwa zimakakamizidwa kusiya zitsime zouma, zopanda mpweya zomwe sizingawathandize ndikubwerera kumadzi akuzama a Nyanja ya Victoria, komwe mbawala sizingawafikire. Komabe, nsomba zimasunthira mitsinje kumayambiriro kwa mvula ndikufalikira kudzera m'madambo kupita kukaswana, pomwe zimayamba kupezeka ndi mbawala. Pokhala chisa nthawi ino ndikuti mvula sizingatulutse, anapiye amatsimikizira kuti anapiye awo ndi chakudya chochuluka.
Dokowe wokhala wachikasu amathanso kuyamba kuswana ndikuswana kumapeto kwa mvula yayitali. Izi zimachitika makamaka pamalo otsetsereka otambalala, popeza madzi amachepa pang'onopang'ono ndikuyika nsomba moyenera kuti ma stork adye. Komabe, mvula yanyengo yanyengo idatinso idayambitsa kubzala kwa nyengo isanakwane kumpoto kwa Botswana ndi kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa Kenya. Mvula imatha kubweretsa kusefukira kwanuko, motero, malo abwino odyetsa. Chumba ichi chimawoneka ngati chimabzala pomwe mvula ndi kusefukira kwanyanja ndizabwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake zikuwoneka kuti zimasinthasintha momwe zimasinthira kwakanthawi, zomwe zimasiyana kutengera momwe mvula imagwera ku Africa konse.
Monga mitundu yonse ya agulugufe, agalu amtundu wachikasu amasankha malo okhala chisa m'mitengo, pambuyo pake anyaniwa amayesa kupita kwa anyani. Nyama ya ku Africa kuno imakhala yodziwika bwino mozama ngati chibwenzi ndi chisa, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pakhale nthunzi komanso kukopera. Amaganiziranso kuti machitidwe amtunduwu ndiwodziwika kwa onse Mycteria mitundu ndikuwonetsa milingo yodabwitsa ya Homology mkati mwa mtundu Mycteria . Mwamuna atakhazikitsidwa poyambira kubereka ndipo mkaziyo ayandikira kuyandikira, akuwonetsa zamakhalidwe omwe amadzitsatsa naye. Chimodzi mwazowonetsera ndikutsukidwa, chifukwa chomwe mwamunayo amayesera kuti atulutse mapiko ake amtundu uliwonse mbali imodzi, ndipo bwalolo silikhala pafupi nthenga. Chowonetsera china mwa amuna ndi Swaying-Prut Grasping. Apa, bambo amayimirira pamalo omwe angathe kumangapo zisa ndikutsamira kuti amvetsetse bwino ndikusiya nthambi zogona nthawi zonse. Izi nthawi zina zimatsutsana ndi kugunda kwa khosi ndi mutu, ndipo akupitilizabe kusankha mumitengo pakati pawo kusuntha.
Mosangalatsa, kufikira amayi kumawonetsa mawonekedwe awo osiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwazomwezo ndichikhalidwe cha Posture Balancing, chifukwa chomwe chimayenda ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi ndi mapiko otambasuka kulowera kwamphongo, ndikukhala pamalo ochezera. Pambuyo pake, wamkazi akamapitiriza kuyandikira kapena atayimirira kale pafupi ndi wamwamuna wokhazikika, amathanso kutenga nawo gawo pa Gaping. Apa, ngongole ija idatsegulidwa pang'ono ndi khosi lake m'mwamba, kutalika pafupifupi 45o. ndipo imapezeka kawirikawiri kuphatikiza mawonekedwe osasunthika. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapitilira ngati mwamunayo avomereza mkazi ndikumulola kulowa chisa, koma nthawi zambiri wamkazi amatseka mapiko ake nthawi imeneyi. Mwamuna amathanso kupitiriza chiwonetsero chake, ataima pafupi ndi wamkazi mchisa
Pakukonzekera, nsapato zamphongo kumbuyo kwa mkazi kuchokera kumbali, ndikugwira miyendo yake pamapewa ake, ndikutambasula mapiko ake moyenera ndipo, pamapeto pake, imapinda miyendo yake kuti igwere pazosanjana zolumikizana, monga zimakhalira ndi mbalame zambiri. Kenako, mkazi amatambasulira mapiko ake pafupifupi. Mchitidwewu ukuphatikizidwa ndi chikwangwani cholembedwa ndi mwamunayo pomwe amangotsegula komanso kutseka nsagwada zake ndikugwedeza mutu wake kuti amenye bizinesiyo motsutsana ndi mayiyo. Kenako, mkaziyo amasunga maakaunti ake mozungulira ndi wamphongoyo kapena kukhazikika pansi pafupi ndi madigiri 45. Nthawi yayitali yokwanira yamtunduwu imawerengedwa ngati masekondi 15,7.
Amuna ndi akazi amamanga chisa limodzi pamitengo italiitali kutali ndi adani, kapena mumitengo yaying'ono pamwamba pamadzi. Nyumbayo imatenga masiku 10. Chisa chimatha kukhala mainchesi 80-100 masentimita ndi 20-30 cm.Wachikazi nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira 2-4 (nthawi zambiri 3) tsiku lina lililonse ndipo njira zazing'onoting'ono zapakati zinajambulidwa ngati 2.5. Amuna ndi akazi amagawana ndalama zogulira mazira, zomwe zimatenga masiku 30. Monga mitundu yambiri ya agulu, kuwaswa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri (nthawi zambiri mpaka 1 mpaka masiku awiri), ana aang'ono kwambiri amakula mosiyanasiyana panthawi iliyonse. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya, ana ocheperako amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuthana ndi zakudya za akazi awo akuluakulu.
Makolo onse awiriwa amagawana ntchito yoteteza ndi kudyetsa ana mpaka pamapeto a masiku 21. Pambuyo pake, makolo onsewo amadyetsa kuti azitenga nawo mbali pazosoŵa zazikulu za chakudya cha ana. Pamodzi ndi kholo lomwe limadulira kulavulira nsomba, makolo adawonedwanso kuti amatulira madzi m'miyeso yomwe ana awo amatsegulira, makamaka masiku otentha. Izi zitha kuthandizira njira yachinyamata yodziwira bwino (yotchuka kwa mitundu yonse ya agulu) kuti uwatulutse mkodzo pansi miyendo chifukwa cha nyengo yotentha. Madzi oyeretsa pamwamba pa achichepere amakhala ngati chowonjezera pamadzi kuwonjezera pa zamadzimadzi mu chakudya, kuti akhale ndi madzi okwanira kupitiliza kukodza m'miyendo kuti apewe kuchepa. Kuphatikiza apo, makolo nthawi zina amathandizira kusunga ana awo ang'onoang'ono mwa kuwakhomera ndi mapiko otambasuka.
Nthochi nthawi zambiri zimatha kudumphana masiku 50-55 atadontheza ndikuuluka chisa. Komabe, atasiya chisa kwa nthawi yoyamba, ana nthawi zambiri amabwerera kumeneko kuti akadyetse makolo awo ndi kugona nawo milungu iwiri kapena itatu.Timakhulupiriranso kuti anthu si akulu msinkhu wochepera zaka 3 ndipo, ngakhale kusowa kwa data, achikulire atsopano sanaganize kuti asadzaberekenso mochedwa kuposa izi.
Nkhuku zimawonedwanso kosiyana kwambiri pakadyeredwe komanso njira zopondera ndi akulu. Pakafukufuku wina, akuluakulu anayi adagwidwa ndi agwada ogwidwa ndi ma Ukonde akuwonetsa kuwadyetsa komanso kuwongola miyendo atangolowa matupi amadzi. Chifukwa chake, izi zikusonyeza kuti njira zodyetsera zamtunduwu ndizabwinobwino.
Mbalamezi zimaswanirana m'midzi, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mitundu ina, koma mulomo wachikasu nthawi zina umangokhala malo okhala zisa. Gawo limodzi la anthu 20 limatha kukhala palimodzi m'dera lililonse, ndipo amuna ambiri amakhala malo amodzi otetezedwa malo amodzi. Ngati ambiri mwa awa sakulandila mnzake, gulu lonse limapita ndi akazi osakhwima mumtengo wina. "Mbali yakunyumba iyi" ndiwodziwika bwino kwambiri pamitundu iyi ndipo, monga lamulo, ili ndi amuna 12 kapena kuposapo komanso akazi ambiri. Zisa zokwanira 50 zidawerengedwa zonse nthawi imodzi mu malo amodzi oweta.
Makhalidwe ena
Ngakhale amakhala ndiubwenzi pakati pa kubereka, anthu ambiri amakonda kunyalanyaza malo ena oswana, ngakhale kusamvana kungachitike. Ina mwa misonkhanoyi imaphatikizapo munthu m'modzi, kuwonetsa kuwukira kapena kupewa yankho ngati pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu awiriwa. Komabe, ngati anthu awiri ali ofanana, amapita pang'onopang'ono ndikuwonetsa chiwonetsero chomwe chimatchedwa Forward Threat. Apa, munthu m'modzi amagwirizira thupi lake mokhazikika ndikugwira khosi lake kuti ligwire korona, mchira wake utakungika madigiri 45, ndipo nthenga zonse ndizowongoka. Akuyandikira mdaniyo ndipo amamuwonetsera, nthawi zina osagonja. Wotsutsayo akapanda kulimbana, wowombayo angamugwiritse ntchito ndi ma akaunti ake ndipo awiri atha kungoyambira pang'ono ndi maakaunti awo, mpaka wina atabweza malo omwe ali ndi mapangidwe ambiri.
Vutoli limathanso kukhala pakati pa amuna ndi akazi achikazi pamene mkazi afika kwa wamwamuna pamalo okhala ndi chisa. Amuna onse awiriwa amawonetsa zowopseza zofananira ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, koma zimapweteketsa akaunti yawo atagwira chinzake ndi enawo ndikukulitsa mapiko awo kuti azikhala bwino. Zochita zina zoyipa pakati pa pansi. Mangani chiwonetserocho, motero chimangodumphadumpha ndi zowonda zawo, ndikuyimirira. Izi zimatha kuchitika pakapita nthawi yomweyo, koma zimangokhala pang'ono pakubzala, momwe mwamuna ndi mkazi amadziwana, kenako nkutha.
Anapiyewo amawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pamasabata atatu azaka. Nthawi zonse kukhalapo kwa makolo mpaka nthawi ino, achinyamata amawonetsa mantha pang'ono kapena kukwiya poyankha wowukira (mwachitsanzo, wowonera), koma zimangokhala chete chisa mu chisa. Pambuyo pa nthawi iyi, pamene makolo onse awiri amapita kukadyetsa ndikusiya achichepere mu chisa, mwana wankhuku amawonetsa mantha akulu poyankha mlendo wosayitanidwa. Amayesanso kutuluka m'chisa kuti apewe kapena kuchita zinthu mwamwano kwa iye.
Ziwopsezo ndi Kupulumuka
Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka ndi kufalikira, nkhumba ya chikasu yokhala ndi chikasu imapanganso kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa m'chilengedwe chake. Komabe, ku East Africa, amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chakuchulukitsidwa kwa chiwawa ndikuchepetsa malo, ngakhale kuchuluka ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu ndipo adalembedwa Mapangano a Afro-Eurasian waterfowl (AEWA). Komabe, chiwerengero chonse sichikuonedwa ngati chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwakukulu, makamaka popeza kupambana kwa kubereka ndizambiri. Ku East Africa, komwe kumakhala kwambiri, ana a 1-3 mu chisa adalembedwa.
Pamodzi ndi zochitika za anthu, adani achilengedwe amaphatikiza njuchi, kambuku ndi mkango, zomwe nthawi zina zimasaka nyama zamtunduwu. Mazira amathanso kukhala pachiwopsezo cholandidwa ndi nsomba zambewu zaku Africa. M'mudzi wina ku Kisumu, Kenya, pafupifupi 61% ya mazira omwe amawerengedwa pakati pa zisa zonse adaswedwa ndipo 38% idadyedwa ndi nsomba za chiwombankhanga. Kuthamanga kwa anapiye ndi ana 0,33 okha pa chisa. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa kudaliridwa kwa dzira ndi chiwombankhanga cha nsomba akuti kukugwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa nsomba zam'madzi ku Winam Bay.
Mkhalidwe
Mtunduwu udavoteledwa ngati nkhawa pang'ono pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuwoneka kuti kukucheperachepera, koma kuchepa kumeneku sikuwonetsedwa kuti kukuyandikira posachedwa kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Mtundu wake ulinso waukulu kwambiri ndipo poyandikira mulambowu suyenera kuti mulingo womwe umakhala wovutikira wokhazikitsidwa ndi kukula kwake. Pomaliza, ngakhale kulibe kuyerekezera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumadziwika kuti ndikwambiri kwambiri chifukwa chake malo omwe ali pachiwonetsero cha omwe ali osatetezeka ndi omwe siabwino.
Mawonekedwe
Mlomo waku India (Mycteria leucocephala) - mbalame yayikulu yotalika 95 mpaka 105 cm ndi kulemera kwa 2 mpaka 5 kg. Ali ndi mlomo wawukulu wachikasu lalanje mpaka 28 cm komanso miyendo ya pinki. Zambiri za dokowe uyu ndi zoyera kwambiri, kupatula kumapeto kwakutali kwa mapiko ndi mikwingwirima pachifuwa. Zazimayi zazimuna ndi zazimuna zazitali zokhala ndi utoto wofanana, koma zazimuna ndizokulirapo ndipo zimakhala ndi milomo yayitali kwambiri.
Ntchito yogawa ndi kusamalira
Kwenikweni, dzina la mbalameyi limamasulira ngati dambo la India. Mlomo wa India ndiwofala kwambiri: umapezeka ku Sri Lanka, India, Indochina ndi Southern China. Ino ndi mbalame yosowa kwambiri yotchulidwa mu IUCN Red Book yokhala ndi "mitundu yomwe ili pafupi kuti iwopseze." Nyama za Indian beak zimakhala pafupi ndi nyanja, dambo komanso mpunga.