Wosirira nyama ndi nyama yosowa komanso yodabwitsa yomwe imakhala ku Russia ndipo imalembedwa mu Red Book. Ndi a banja la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa detachment safetivores.

Mtsogoleri waku Russia

Akatswiri ambiri amapanga munthu wofunikayo ngati mole, koma pali ena omwe amawabweretsa m'mabanja osiyana. Pakadali pano kutchire, kuli mitundu iwiri yokha ya muskrat: ndi Russian muskrat kapena muskrat (lat. Desmana moschata) ndi Pyrenean muskrat (lat. Galemys pyrenaicus). Anthu amatcha madzi a muskrat, chifukwa cha luso lake losambira ndi kusambira, komanso kupanga ma minki yayitali mobisa.

Komwe iye amakhala

Nyamayi imakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje yopumira, yopanda phokoso. Amakonda mchenga wotsika ndi nkhalango yapafupi. Malo okhala muskrat ndi ogawika kwambiri, omwe amamangidwa pafupi ndi mitsinje Don, Volga, ndi Dnieper. Amapezekanso pa Mtsinje wa Ural ku Siberia. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje ina, kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kochepa kwambiri.

Kodi muskrat amawoneka bwanji?

Maonekedwe a nyama iyi ndiosangalatsa kwambiri. Chingwe chopendekera chamtondo, ma ndevu ataliatali ndi miyendo isanu-yopingika ndipo chili ndi nembanemba ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, mchira wamphamvu. Maonekedwe onse a wofunikayo amalankhula za moyo wake wam'madzi.

Wofunayo ndi nyama yaying'ono komanso yosowa kwambiri.

Thupi la mawonekedwe ozungulira lomwe limakhazikika ndi makutu ang'ono ndi maso limakutidwa ndi chovala chamadzi osapanda madzi, ndipo nembanemba pamiyendo imathandizira nyamayo kuti isangokumbira mbewa zapansi panthaka, komanso amasambira mwachangu ndikuphira pansi ndikuzama kusaka chakudya.

Munthu wofunitsitsa kukhala wamkulu nthawi zambiri samapitirira masentimita 50, mchira wake umakhala theka kutalika kwake. Amalemera pafupifupi mapaundi.

Kapangidwe kosangalatsa kwambiri ndi ubweya wa nyama. Tsitsi la Woolen m'munsi limakhala locheperako pang'ono kuposa kumtunda, lomwe limapatsa thupi mphamvu yowonjezera kutentha komanso ubweya wolimba. Ndi utoto: kumbuyo, ubweya umakhala wakuda ndipo umakhala ndi bulauni kapena mtundu waimvi, ndipo pamimba pamakhala utoto wonyezimira wa siliva.

Banja musanapange banja

Kunyada kwa wofunayo ndi mchira. Ndiyoterera, yayitali komanso yocheperako pang'ono m'mbali. Mchira wa nyamayi imagwira ntchito zingapo nthawi imodzi. Pakusambira ndi kudumphira pansi, imalowa m'malo mwa chiwongolero, ndipo nthawi yotentha imayendetsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa thupi lonse.

Mosiyana ndi thupi, mchirawo umaphimbidwa ndi mamba opepuka, ndipo pamwamba pomwepo pali mzere wa tsitsi lolimba, lomwe limagwira ngati keel. Pansi pa mchira palinso tinthu timene timatulutsa "fungo". Wofunikayo amasambira bwino makamaka chifukwa cha mchira wamphamvu ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Zoneneratu zazifupi komanso pafupifupi sizimachita kusambira. Chifukwa chake, akasambira, amasunthira miyendo yake yakutsogolo pachifuwa.

Kupukutira kwakutali ndi mphuno yayitali kumalola munthu wofunikayo, kwinaku akusambira ndikungoterera, kuti akoke mpweya wambiri m'mapapu popanda kuwonekera ndi thupi lonse pamwamba. Ndipo mavavu apadera achilendo komanso kapangidwe kake kamkati samalola madzi kulowa mmalo opuma panthawi ya chakudya kumapeto kwa mtsinje. Monga timadontho tosiyanasiyana, munthu wofunikayo ali ndi vuto loyipa maso, koma amatha kununkhiza komanso kukhudza.

Zizolowezi ndi moyo wokonda moyo

Wofunayo ndi nyama yolimbikira. Ngakhale malo omwe amakhala ndi madzi, amamanga makina awo pansi pa madzi pansi. Inde, palibe. Nthawi zambiri, munthu wofunikayo amakhala ndi mbewa imodzi yayikulu, pomwe pali chipinda chodyeramo, ndi zingapo zosakhalitsa, zosakhalitsa, pomwe nyamayo imapuma ndikumauma pambuyo posaka madzi.

Nthawi zambiri muskrats amakhala muminks zawo payekhapayekha kapena m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono, ndipo nthawi yozizira yokha mpaka anthu 12 azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana komanso zaka sangathe kusonkhana komanso nthawi yozizira muminye. Zipinda zazikuluzikulu zidatumizidwa ndi udzu ndi masamba, ndipo maudzu "onunkhira" omwe amawongolera amawongolera osakhalitsa.

Kodi wodyayo amadya chiyani?

Ngakhale kulemera kwake kotsika, desman amadya kwambiri. Wofunikayo ndi amodzi mwa nyama zazikulu zopanda chitetezo padziko lapansi. Amadyetsa mphutsi zazomera, crustaceans, mollusks, mwachangu, ndi leeches. Ikasunthira m'ngalande, nyamayo imatulutsa mpweya wambiri ndipo timachubu tating'onoting'ono timawonekera m'madzi. Popeza madzi pano ali ndi mpweya wambiri, tizilombo tina tomwe timayambitsa matenda amenewa timayambitsa mphutsi. Chifukwa chake wothandizirayo amangowatenga ndi kuwadya.

Chapakatikati, chisanu chimasungunuka, muskrat imakonda kusefukira ndi mink, kotero nyama zimafunikira kuyang'ana mwachangu malo ena opulumuka. Ndipo nthawi yachilimwe, mtsinje ukadzakhala wocheperako, umasunganso madzi, ndipo amakakamizidwa kufunafuna kwina kukakhala.

Adani muskrat m'chilengedwe

Desman pang'onopang'ono komanso osayenda bwino pamtunda, chifukwa chake ali ndi adani ambiri. Awa ndi nkhandwe, ma buluzi, thonje, amphaka amtchire ndi agalu, ndipo ngakhale nkhanu zimawagunda. Pamtunda, amasankhidwa makamaka nthawi yakukhwima, ndipo imagwa nthawi yamvula yamadzi.

Kenako, kumveka kaphokoso ka nyimbo zachimayi ndi mawu amtundu wa amuna kumveka kulikonse. Nthawi zina amuna amakhala ndi ndewu chifukwa cha akazi. Akazi nthawi zambiri amabweretsa zinyalala kawiri pachaka: kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira. Mpaka ana osabadwa asanu amabadwa nthawi imodzi ndipo wamwamuna amakhala ndi banja lake nthawi zonse, amawasamalira komanso amathandizira polera ana.

Masiku ano, munthuyu akuchira m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe komanso malo ake kuti mtunduwu usamapezekenso padzikoli.

Wofunikayo ndi wachilendo kwambiri komanso wosiyana ndi nyama iliyonse. Ndipo mukudziwa kuti pali mbalame yomwe imawoneka ngati dinosaur kuposa mbalame yonse. Mukufuna kudziwa za iye? Kenako werengani nkhaniyi.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Habitat

Wofunsayo, amakhalanso wokonda kapena wamba waku Russia - mtundu wamtundu, ndiye kuti, wokhala m'gawo laling'ono.

Makamaka ku Russia (mitsinje ya Ural, Don ndi Dnieper, m'chigwa chapamwamba), komanso m'malo ena a USSR wakale - ku Kazakhstan ndi Ukraine.

Zinyama ngati oputa ndi zokongoletsa, amakhala ndi moyo wamadzi wamadzi am'madzi, amakonda njira zotsalira.

Zofunika!Palinso mtundu wina wa nyama - woyang'anira Pyrenean, wofala ku Spain, Portugal komanso ku South-West ku France. Imakhala yocheperako nthawi imodzi ndi theka kuposa munthu waku Russia ndipo ili ndi mchira wozungulira.

Umu ndi momwe munthu wa Pyrenees mnzake wa msungwi wamadzi aku Russia amawoneka

Kutanthauzira koyamba kwa nyama yachilendo kunapangidwa mu theka lachiwiri la 18 century. Kuyambira mu 1986, wofunsidwayo adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Kukula kwa nyama zazing'ono zomwe zikukula kumapitirirabe. Mwina lero anthu aku Russia a Khokhuli ndi anthu 35,000.

Cholemetsa kuwerengera ndikuti m'malo ena chiweto chasiya kuganiziridwa.

Choyambitsa chachikulu chakutha ndi zochita za anthu. Izi zidabweretsa:

• kuipitsa kwamadzi
• kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikutchingira madzi kuthirira nthaka yaulimi,
• usodzi wa maukonde ndi zinthu zina.

Zosangalatsa!Wofunsayo akuwonetsedwa ndalama imodzi ya siliva ruble 1 kuchokera mbuku la Red Book.

Mitundu ya Desman tsopano ikuwopsezedwa

Khalidwe

Muskrat ndi nyama yobwerekera. Ndiye kuti, amatanthauza mitundu yomwe sinasinthe pa nthawi yayitali ya chisinthiko.

Malongosoledwe akuwoneka ngati mbewa zamadzi zamakono sizosiyana ndi makolo ake akale. Zikuwoneka kuti, anthu aku Ukraine adakhalapo padziko lapansi zaka 30 miliyoni ndipo kale anali atakhazikika ku Europe.

Ndiye kuti, ndi zenizeni - zamasiku ano, zomwe zimatha kufotokozera mawonekedwe achilendo komanso oseketsa a nyamayo: zili ngati sizikuchokera panthawiyi. Malinga ndi chizindikirochi, munthuyu amakhala pafupi ndi echidna kapena buluzi wakale wa hatteria, amene adalipobe mpaka pano.

Wogulitsayo amakhala m'makina otuluka, amatsegula pansi pa madzi. Kutalika kwa bowo limodzi kumafikira mamita atatu ndipo kuli pamwamba pamadzi.

Mkati, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zowonjezera zingapo. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zoposa 10 zimatha kukhala mumakankhidwe kamodzi. M'nyengo yotentha amakhala m'mabanja, mabanja, ena okha.

Ili ndi nthaka yodyetsa, koma mwamaonekedwe: mwana uyu amathera theka la moyo wake m'madzi. Kusuntha kwachinsinsi komanso kosasinthika - awa ndiye mfundo zazikuluzikulu za moyo wa wokhala m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwao

Ndizoseketsa kuti ngakhale kuti nthawi ino amakhala nthawi yachisanu, aliyense mwa oyandikana nawo ali ndi burashi yochepa. Zonsezi ndizolumikizidwa ndi malo apansi pamadzi 25-30 mita kutalika.

Mulimonsemo, poyambira kusefukira kwa madzi, ma mink amadzaza ndi madzi, ndipo nyama zimathawa m'malo otsetsereka kwakanthawi kokhala m'mphepete mwa gombelo, kapena kukwera pamitengo yamitengo itayima m'madzi.

Zosangalatsa!Woyesayo nthawi zina amatchedwa "wakhungu wopanda mbalame", yemwe amafotokoza bwino moyo wa nyama iyi. Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza chithunzi chabwino cha Khichili: nthawi zonse amabisala pansi pamadzi kapena pansi pamadzi.

Mawonekedwe

Simungathe kuyitcha kuti nyama yokongola, koma yokongola kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yosangalatsa kwambiri ku Russia.

Nazi zinthu zazikuluzikulu za nyama yaing'ono, yomwe imatha kutchedwa kuti mole lamadzi:

1. Mphuno ili ngati chimtengo.
2. Vibrissae (tinyanga) ndiitali kwambiri.
3. Mchirawo ndi wokulirapo, wokutidwa ndi mamba owopsa ndipo umasintha maonekedwe ake kangapo kutalika kwake konse - umapanga, ndiye kuti ma fungo (onunkhira am'mafungo amtunduwu amapezeka kuti amakula).
4. Wogwirira amayenda pamayendedwe afupiafupi, ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yokulirapo komanso yotakata kuposa kutsogolo.
5. Pakati pa zala mpaka zibowo pali nembanemba zomwe zimathandiza muskrat kusambira.
6. Ubweya ndiwowoneka bwino komanso wosalala.

Mfundo yomaliza ndiyofunikira makamaka, chifukwa muyenera kusambira nthawi yozizira.

Mphuno, monga thunthu, imachita gawo lofunika kwambiri kuposa laling'ono, pafupifupi osawona chilichonse

Zofunikira

Wokhala m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndizobisalira kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi anthu, ndizovuta kuti aziwona ndi maso ake.

Nthawi zambiri ndizosatheka kufotokoza zomwe wapenya kuchokera kunja. Kuchokera pansi pa madzi, mlenje wamtsinje amawonekera kuti amangotulutsa mpweya m'mapapu ndikuwombanso.

Pakadali pano, mutha kutsata mayendedwe ake kudzera m'mabatani amlengalenga, tsopano ndikubwera pamadzi.

M'chithunzichi, munthu wofunikayo akuwoneka ngati wakhungu. M'malo mwake, zili choncho, chifukwa maso ake ndi achipongwe, ndipo kukula kwawo ndi kochepa kwambiri.

Ngakhale ali pafupi ndi khungu, Khokhula amadziwa bwino danga chifukwa limatha kukhudza mtima komanso limanunkhiza, komanso ndi mlenje wama chic.

Zowona, iye amangokhala pansi pa madzi, chifukwa pamtunda, paja, tinthu tosambira tambiri tosachedwa kumawoneka kosasangalatsa komanso kosathandiza.

Chifukwa chake, limatuluka m'madzi pokhapokha pakufunika. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zilombo zambiri pamadzi ndi pamtunda, motero moyo wamadzi ndiwonso wofunika kuti ukhale nthawi yayitali.

Ubweya wachilengedwe wosangalatsa M'mapangidwe ake, zimasiyana ndi chilichonse chomwe zolengedwa zamakono zomwe zimakhala nazo. Izi sizitha kuwoneka pachithunzichi, koma tsitsi limakulirakulira mpaka kumapeto, ndipo pamizu, m'malo mwake, limadulidwa.

Ubweya woterewu sukulola kuti udutse. Pachifukwa ichi, majeremusi nthawi zambiri amakhala mmenemo - kachikumbu ka kachilomboka kamene kamagwiritsira ntchito mpweya womwe umapezeka mu ubweya moyo pansi pamadzi.

Zinali chifukwa cha ubweya womwe nyanjayo inali kuyika pakutha - inali yamtengo wapatali kuposa ubweya Nkhandwe ya Arctic.

M'malo mwake, ubweya umangowoneka wonyowa kuchokera kumbali - ndi filimu yopyapyala yokha yamadzi, yomwe ili youma komanso yotentha

Mosiyana ndi zinyama zina zambiri, munthu wam'madziyu samakhala munyengo yozizira: zochitika zimakhalabe chimodzimodzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, m'miyezi yozizira ntchito yolerera ana am'badwo watsopano imayamba kusinthika. Mwa njira, imabwerezedwanso m'chilimwe.

Zosangalatsa!Dzinalo "Khokhul" limachokera ku verebu lakale kwambiri lotanthauza "kununkha." Izi ndichifukwa cha kununkhira kwa musk wobisika ndi mchira wa scaly wa desman.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Wofunikayo amadya kwambiri - mpaka kuchuluka kofanana ndi kulemera kwake patsiku! Nyamayi ndi yosaka bwino, ngakhale ndi khungu.

Ma vibrissa amtali wautali ndiye gwero lalikulu lazinthu zakunja kuchokera kudziko lakunja zokhudzana ndi kuyenda kwa zomwe zingatheke kuphatikiza.

Mitunduyi imakhala ngati yosavulaza, koma pazochita zake ndizambiri. M'chilimwe, Khokhul amadya nsabwe, tizilombo toyambitsa mitsinje, gastropods.

M'nyengo yozizira, amakwanitsa kugwira nsomba zazing'ono ndikusinthana pang'ono ndikudya zamasamba.

Kuti apeze chakudya, mlenje uyu amasaka pansi mosungira ndi mphuno yake yodabwitsa ndikupukuta silt ndi mawondo ake. Wofunkhayo amabweretsedwa kudzenje kapena pamalo otetezeka komwe kusaka kumaloledwa ndi chakudya.

Nyama yabwino ndi msuzi wa mumtsinje. Koma ndikungowunikira

Madziwo amadzidulira okha nthawi zambiri amagwira nyama zazikuluzikulu: mikwingwirima, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, komanso mbalame ngati kite, chiwombankhanga chagolide kapena moor.

Mndandanda wa adani owopsa a mbawala yaying'ono yamadzi ndi wamkulu. Komabe, chowopsa chachikulu sichili mwa zilombo, koma mwa nyama monga muskrat kapena kusungunuka.

Amathamangitsa osowa malo okhala.

Kuswana

Nthawi yakukhwima pa desem imayamba nthawi yamadzi.

Anthu okhwima (pafupifupi miyezi 11) amapanga awiriawiri pa nthawi yomwe amachoka kumadzi osefukira.

Masiku ano, bata m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo limasweka ndi kulira kwamphongo kwa amuna ndi phokoso lokhala ngati akazi lomwe limapanga. Nkhondo zolimba pakati pa amuna nthawi zambiri.

Maanja apabanja panthawi ya tsoka lachilengedwe chonse - kusefukira kwa madzi okhala

Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 50. Mkazi m'modzi amabereka osaposa ana asanu. Zimachitika ndekha.

Ana amasowa tsitsi, kuphatikiza ali akhungu ndipo alibe chilichonse. Amafunika kutetezedwa, pomwe amake amapanga chisa cha zomera pansi.

Ng'ombe zimalemera pafupifupi 3 g ndipo zimamera mu kutentha kochepa kwambiri komanso chinyezi chodabwitsa. Mitundu ya Muskrat mu Meyi-Juni ndi Novembala-Disembala.

Amuna amakhala pafupi ndi ana. Pakatha miyezi 4, makanda amakhala akuluakulu komanso odziimira pawokha.

Zosangalatsa!Pakakhala zoopsa, zazikazi zimatha kunyamula tiana tating'onoting'ono kumbuyo kwake.

Ubale ndi munthu

Monga tanena kale, chopereka chachikulu cha anthu kumtunduwu ndi chiwonongeko chake. Nthawi ina, anthu aku Ukraine anali mtundu wamalonda.

Choyambitsa chinali musk, chobisidwa ndi tiziwopsezo timene timatulutsa mchira wa mafuta. Mpaka m'zaka za zana la XVII, izi zidakhalabe zokhazokha, chifukwa chomwe nyamayo idawonongedwa mopanda chisoni.

Pambuyo pake, ubweya wamtengo wapatali adawonjezedwamo, womwe unali wofunikira kwambiri kuposa ubweya waubweya. Kuyambira 1920 mpaka 1940 panali zoletsa zoletsedwa za nyama.

Izi zidaloleza kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuyambira 1940 mpaka 1957, asodzi anapitilizabe, kenako oletsedwa. Tsopano zinali zotheka kugwira anthu aku Ukraine kokha chifukwa chokhazikika.

Anthu akhala chifukwa chachikulu chothana ndi zolengedwa zamtunduwu, ndipo masiku ano akatswiri azamanyama akuyesetsa kwambiri kuti ateteze

Ntchito yambiri yachitidwa mbali iyi. Wogulitsayo adakhazikika m'magawo omwe anali asanakhaleko. Malo osungirako ndi malo anapangidwa.

Masiku ano, ntchito yosungira mitundu yachilengedwe yachilengedwe ikupitabe.

Matenda ambiri ku Russia amapezeka m'malo:

• Kursk dera
• Smolensk
• Bryansk
• Tambov
• Ivanovo
• Kostroma
• Yaroslavl
• Madera a Vladimir.

Chiwerengero chokwanira kwambiri cha anthu (pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri) amakhala kudera la Kurgan.Ku Siberia, kuchuluka kwa mitundu m'zaka zaposachedwa kwatsika kwambiri.

Palibe chidziwitso chazomwe zimakhudza desem kunyumba.

Izi ndizosavuta kuzimvetsetsa pofotokozera za momwe mayi akudyera: pamafunika chakudya chochuluka, micherenzeru yapadera, malo omwe mungakumbeko dzenje lalikulu kapena ngalande.

Chithunzi choterocho ndi chosowa. Choyenereza chobisika komanso moyo wocheperako wakumana ndi woimira zachilengedwechi

Koma muukapolo, nyamayo idakali yowerengeka - malo osungira nyama akumana ndi zotere.

Pamenepo, nyama zakubadwa zaka zimachulukanso kuyerekeza ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala kuthengo kwa chaka chimodzi.

Chifukwa chake, palibe chomwe tinganene pazinthu zanyumba iliyonse. Kupatula kupatula pa zinthu zonse zofunika, sikungatheke kuchita izi mu nyumba yanyumba.

Masiku ano, asayansi ali ndi udindo waukulu: ntchito yosungira munthu wofunikira m'malo achilengedwe.

Ngati simuchita zonse zotheka, ndiye kuti patatha zaka 50, ana adzaphunziranso zam'madzi zoseweretsa izi kuchokera pazolembedwa ndi zithunzi zochepa zomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti.

Vykhuhol: Wokhala mwamtsinje wosadziwika kwambiri

Wofunikayo ndi amodzi mwa nyama zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Zithunzi zamakono za nyama iyi mwachilengedwe zitha kukhala zomaliza, ngati simupanga kuyesetsa kuti mukhale ndi mawonekedwe abwino.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chifukwa cha zakale zamtunduwu, kudziwa molondola momwe adayambira ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Makolo a muskrat anali nyama zazing'ono zopanda chitetezo, zomwe, mkati mwapadera, zinapeza mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi zofanana ndi nyama zamakono. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni 30, chisinthiko sichinathe kusintha kwambiri muskrat, kotero lero tikuziwona zofanana mammoths ndipo pafupifupi makolo onse a anthu amakono adaziwona. Achibale apafupi a Russian desman ndi ma moles amakono, pomwe iye desman ali ndi zofanana zofananira ndi sayansi.

Wogwirayo amakonda kukhazikika m'madziwe opanda phokoso momwe amakumbamo. Zoyala zimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri ndikupita kumapeto kwenikweni kwa madzi. Pobisalira, wovutayo amatha nthawi yayitali kubisala kwa adani ake, incl. kuchokera kwa munthu. Nyama imatha kusambira mwangwiro, imatha kununkhiza komanso kukhudza. Thupi laling'ono limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, lomwe nyamayo imagwiritsa ntchito kutulutsa kwa minyewa. Chifukwa cha izi, ubweya umakhala wokhoza kutulutsa madzi, koma nthawi yomweyo umapatsa wogwira fungo lamphamvu losasangalatsa.

Khokhul amadyera ana a crustaceans, ma mollusks, tizilombo komanso zomera zam'madzi. Nyama siyimasunga nyengo yachisanu ndipo sichimasilira, zikukhala ndi moyo chaka chonse. Chifukwa cha zachilendozi, wobangayo sangathe kukulitsa kumpoto kwake - ndizovuta kuti nyamayo ipirire nyengo yozizira.

Kufotokozera kwa muskrat

Mbali yayikulu yosiyanitsa ndi munthu wokhala pamphuno ndi mphuno yayitali yofanana ndi thunthu. Thupi la munthu waku Russia (Khokhuli) limapangidwa mozungulira ngati kuti limapangidwa kuti lizigwira ntchito pamtunda ndi m'madzi, pamimba pa nyama yoyera, kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda.

Mtundu wa nyamayi umapangitsa kuti ukhale wopezeka m'malo amadzi.. Chophikacho ndi chokwanira kwambiri ndipo sichikhala chonyowa, chifukwa nyamayi imamuthira mafuta musk, omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito timindata tosiyanasiyana. Ngati mtundu wa wogwirizira umalola chigoba, ndiye kuti kununkhira kwamphamvu kumapereka.

Ndizosangalatsa! Masomphenya a munthu wofesedwayo ndi ofooka kwambiri, koma samasewera gawo lalikulu m'moyo wawo, Komanso, izi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kununkhira kumvekere.

Kumva mu nyamayi kumapangidwanso bwino, komabe kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe.Amatha kumva phokoso lalikulu, monga anthu akulankhula, koma nthawi yomweyo amayankha zingwe zazing'ono, nthambi zong'ambika kapena madzi angapo. Asayansi amafotokoza izi mwa mikhalidwe ya moyo.

Moyo

Nyama izi zimakhala moyo wam'madzi.. Wogwira ntchito ku Russia amasankha malo omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Kukumba mabowo - ndipo awa ndi nyumba zomangamanga zenizeni zotalika 10 m kapena kuposerapo, zili ndi mayendedwe ambiri ndi nthambi.

Izi zimathandiza kuti muskrats asunge zakudya zomwe amadya m'nthawi yanjala, kubisala kwa adani ndikumazungulira akusaka chakudya. Zingwe zoterezi ndizabwino makamaka nthawi yozizira: ndizotentha ndipo pali mwayi wopeza nyama. M'mphepete mwa malo osungira mungapeze maukonde onse am'njira zamadzi, zitseko zomwe zobisika pansi pa mzere wamadzi.

M'nyengo yotentha, madzi akaphwera mwamphamvu, nyamayo imadzaza mabowo apansi panthaka, ndikuyitsogoleranso pansi pamadzi. Ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza nyumba zotere, popeza izi ndiz nyama zowoneka bwino.

Zowopsa zambiri, osaka nyama ndi nyama zomwe amadyera nyama adaziphunzitsa nyama izi kuti zizikhala zobisika. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni 30, desman adaphunzira kubisala bwino kuchokera kunja. Komabe, malo awo nthawi zambiri amapereka zotsalazo za chakudya zomwe zimawasiyira pafupi ndi zingwe. Izi ndizomwe ogwirira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito.

Kufunsira kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Munthawi zachilengedwe, izi ndi nyama zosatetezeka, zinthu zambiri zolimba zimayendetsa miyoyo yawo: kusinthasintha kwa madzi pamadzi am'madzi, zotsogola ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, monga lamulo, sakhala m'malo achilengedwe kwa zaka zopitilira 3-4.

Ndizosangalatsa! M'malo abwino okhala malo osungirako malo kapena malo osungirako nyama, ngati muskrat sakusokoneza kapena kuwopseza, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 5-6.

Ndiye chiyembekezo chochepa cha moyo, kusatetezeka kwachilengedwe komanso kuperewera komwe kumapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale pangozi m'njira zambiri. Zovuta kwambiri kwa a muskrats achichepere, chifukwa amawoneka osathandiza ndipo chochitika chilichonse chimatha kufa miyoyo yawo. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, ana a wogwidwayo amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera.

Makhalidwe a Anatomical aku Russia

Nyama iyi pakuchita kusinthaku idapeza zinthu zambiri zoyenera kukhala ndi moyo wamadzi. Amakhulupirira kuti desmond ndi zaka zofanana ndi mammm, koma mosiyana ndi zimphona izi, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi luso lotha kusintha. Mtsogoleri waku Russia, malongosoledwe ake amatipangitsa kuti timvetsetse momwe nyamayi imakhalira, imakhala yofanana ndi abale ake apamtima - timadontho. Anthu ambiri omwe sadziwa momwe nyamayo imawonekera nthawi zambiri amasokoneza mitundu iwiriyi. Komabe, mole ndi muskrat amakhala m'magulu osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, omwe amawunika mawonekedwe a kapangidwe kake. Cholengedwachi ndichopepuka kwambiri.

Kutalika kwa thupi kwa munthu waku Russia ndi pafupifupi masentimita 25. Mchira wokulitsidwa umakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi. Mbali iyi ya thupi la nyama ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri. Kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a paddle, mchira wake umathandizira nyamayo kusambira mwachangu. Mu gawo ili la thupi, mafuta osungira amadziunjikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kupulumuka nyengo yozizira kwambiri mu desman, pomwe ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza chakudya cha cholengedwa chosatetezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mchira woterowo umapatsa munthu wofunikayo mphamvu zambiri m'madzi ndipo amatenga nawo mbali posinthana ndi kutentha nyama ikafunika kuzirala mwachangu. Ndiye chifukwa chake gawo ili la thupi silophimbidwa ndi ubweya wopanda madzi, koma ndi mamba olimba. Pamakhala timankhwala ta fungo labwino pafupi ndi mchira. Kulemera kwa munthu waku Russia sikuposa 550 g. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna.

Ubweya wa munthu wofunikayo ndi wachilendo kwambiri. Tsitsi limakhala loonda kwambiri pamwamba, koma zitsulo zake ndi zokulirapo. Nyama imakhala ndi undercoat yofunda. Kapangidwe ka ubweya kameneka kumapangitsa kuti magawidwe amoto azikhala pakati pawo, omwe amakhala abwino kutenthetsera pakusambira m'madzi ozizira. Ubweya wa nyama sufika kunyowa. Kuseri kwa chinyama nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofiirira kapena imvi. Mafuta ake nthawi zambiri amakhala amvi.Palinso mawanga oyera oyera kuzungulira maso. Mtundu woterowo umalola nyamayo kudzipatula m'madzi omwe ali m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Monga abale awo apamtima, ma moles, desman ali pafupifupi khungu. Ali ndi maso ochepa kwambiri ofanana ndi mikanda yakuda.

Buku Lofiyira lakhala likulembedwanso kwa nthawi yayitali ndi munthu wofunidwa

Komabe, zolengedwa izi zimalipirira chifukwa chosowa kwamaso abwino ndi kukhudza bwino komanso kununkhira. Vibrissas ku Russian muskrat ndi yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe nyamayo imatha kupeza chakudya chokha. Matako a zolengedwazi ndi afupiafupi. Zala zamtundu wa korona ndizovala zazitali. Mukamasambira, nyamayo imakanikizira kutsogolo kwa thupi, ndikuzungulira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Zala zake ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba, zomwe zimathandizira kuyenda m'madzi. Mphuno za nyamazo zimabwezeredwa kwambiri, zomwe zimamuthandiza kupuma mpweya, osabwera kwathunthu. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayi ipewe adani achilengedwe.

Kukula kwa chiwerengero, chitetezo cha nyama

M'zaka za zana la 19, ma muskrats anaphedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zikopa zawo ndi madzi amtundu wa musky, omwe anali ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zonunkhira kukonza mafungo. Zochita zoterezi zapangitsa kuti chiwerengero chawo chichepe kwambiri. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nyamazo sikudziwika, chifukwa Khokhul amakhala moyo wachinsinsi ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri kukumana pamtunda.

Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndikuyerekeza kwa akatswiri, akatswiri masiku ano ndi anthu pafupifupi 30,000. Izi sizotsutsa, komabe chiwerengerochi chili pamalire.

Kuchuluka kwa zinyama kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi matope amadzi, kuchulukidwa kwa madzi osefukira, kumanga madamu ndi madamu, kukonza madera otetezedwa ndi madzi, ndikukhazikitsa maukonde asodzi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi muskrat.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, wogwidwayo waku Russia (Khokhula) adaphatikizidwa mndandanda wazinyama kuchokera ku Red Book of Russia ali ndi mtundu wamtundu wachilendo, uku kuchepa. Tsopano pali malo anayi osungirako komanso malo osungira pafupifupi 80, pomwe nyamayi imayang'aniridwa ndi asayansi.

Zoyeserera zikugwiridwa kuti ateteze ndi kuteteza nyamazo ndikuwabwezeretsa ziwerengero. Mu 2000, polojekiti yapadera idapangidwa pansi pa dzina la "Sungani wothandizidwa ndi aku Russia", yomwe ikuwunikira anthu omwe ali mothandizidwawo ndipo akukonza njira zowateteza.

Burrows - malo omwe amakonda Russia desman

Russian muskrat, ikusankha malo abata tsopano amoyo (nyanja ndi matsinje), imakonda kukumba maboti, ovuta ndi kutalika (kupitirira 10 metres). M'magawo abwino okhala ndi mitengo yamatchire, mumakhala magawo obisika a pansi panthaka, makomo ake obisika pansi pamadzi. Madziwo akatsika, nyamayo imakakamizidwa kutalikitsa pansi pamadzi, ndikuyitsogoleranso pansi pamtsinje.
Komanso, wogwira ntchito ku Russia amapanga mizere yachidule ndi chipinda komanso zinyalala, momwe nthawi yozizira imabwezeretsanso malo osungirako mpweya mukamayenda mu ayezi. Kwenikweni, maselo okhala m'mabowo amagwiranso ntchito kupuma ndi kudya.

Habitat

Kodi amene amakhala kuti amakhala kuti? Kuphatikiza pa malo ena ku Russia, mitundu ya nkhalangozi imapezekanso m'malo ena ku Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Lithuania ndi Belarus.

Maonedwe obwereza magawo a Russia akhazikika m'malo otere:

1. Mchigwa cha Dnieper, nyama izi zinkakhala m'mitsinje monga Iput, Vyazma, ndi Oster.
2. Mu beseni la Don, amapezeka m'mitsinje monga: Voronezh, Bityug, Khoper.
3. Ku Volga yapamwamba, nyama izi zimapezeka m'malo monga Kotorosl ndi Uzha. Nyamayi idawonekeranso kumapeto a Klyazma, Moksha ndi Tsne.
4. M'chigawo cha Chelyabinsk, malo omwe ofikira amakhala: pansi pa mtsinje wa Uy mdera la Kurgan, komanso malo osefukira a Tobola.

Zifukwa zakutha

Wofunayo walembedwa mu Buku Lofiira. Chiwerengero cha nyamazi pofika 1973 chinali pafupifupi 70,000 mu USSR yonse. Kwenikweni, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nyamazi kudachitika chifukwa ubweya wawo ndi wofunika kwambiri.

Kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, kusaka nyama'zi kunali kukuchuluka, ndipo nyama pafupifupi 100,000 zinawonongedwa chaka chilichonse. Chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kofala kwa nyama izi, komanso kuphwanya malo okhala (madzi akumwa), ziwerengero zawo zidachepa.

Kanema

Onani vidiyo yosangalatsa yokhudza nyama yapaderayi.

Mwa nyama zosowa komanso zodabwitsa zimaphatikizapo desman. Nyamayo yakhala padziko lapansi pano zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 30. Mtsogoleri waku Russia pano walembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, popeza mtunduwu watsala pang'ono kutha. Ndi mtundu wanji wa nyama, momwe imawonekera, komwe wogwirayo amakhala, timaphunzirapo kanthu.

Kuchulukitsa

Mtsogoleri wa Russia kapena mtsogoleri (Latin Desmana moschata) ali ndi udindo wotsatsa msonkho:

• Animalia Kingdom - Nyama
• Lembani Chordata - Chordata
• Subtype Vertebrata - Vertebrates
• Maphunziro a Mammalia-Mammals
• Squad Insectivora-Insectivorous
• Mole kapena Shrew banja
• Mtundu wocheperako Desmaninae (yemwe nthawi zina amasiyanitsidwa ndi banja, mtundu wachiwiri ndi Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)
• Genus Vykhuhol -Desmana
• Onani V.Russkaya - D. moschata

Kufotokozera ndi chithunzi muskrat

Nyamayi ili m'gulu la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa za banja lachigololo komanso machitidwe a chitetezo. Kuthengo kumeneko mitundu iwiri ya muskrats:

Anthuwo amatchulanso nyamayo kuti imamadzi, popeza nyamayo imatha kusambira komanso kusambira, kuwombana ndi mayenje atali pansi. Mu chithunzi, titha kuwona kuti nyamayo ili ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa. Mukayang'anitsitsa woyesererayo nthawi yomweyo mutha kuzindikira kuti ikugwirizana ndi malo am'madzi.

Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama limafika kutalika kwa 18-22 cm . Kuchuluka kwa nyamayo kukhoza kufika 520 gr. Mchira wa ofesayo ndi utali wofanana ndi thupi lake ndipo umakutidwa kwathunthu ndi mamba owala. Pamwamba mchira umaphimbidwanso ndi tsitsi lalifupi, ndikupanga keel. Nyamayi imafanana ndi mbalame, koma ndi mbalame zokha pomwe keel imakhala gawo lapadera la thoricic. Mchirawo umakhala ndi mainchepera yaying'ono kwambiri pansi ndipo kumayambiriro kwake umakhala ndi makulidwe okhala ngati peyala. M'dera lino la mchira muli tinthu tatsono. Minga imatsika ndipo mumakhala mabowo ambiri, ululu wamafuta onunkhira bwino umatuluka kudzera mwa iwo. Mukangoluka, mchira mbali zonse ziwiri umachepa.

Pa desem chopondera chopendekera ndi mphuno yakutali (thunthu) yokhala ndi vala yapadera. Mukamizidwa m'madzi, mavavu amatsekera mphuno. Nyamayi imakhala ndi mithunzi yayitali komanso yovuta kwambiri. Wogwirayo amakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayikulupo kuposa mikono yakutsogolo. Miyendo isanu-yopingasa imakhala ndi ziwalo zomwe zimaphimba mawaya mpaka zikhadabo. Zovala zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe azitali komanso owongoka. Mphepete mwa mawotchi chimaphimba tsitsi loyera ndikuthandizira kuwonjezera malo omwe amakhudzana ndi chilengedwe cham'madzi.

Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa bwino kuti muskrat ali ndi ubweya wonenepa komanso wamisili. Mbali ndi kumbuyo, ubweya umakhala ndi utoto wakuda, komanso umatha kukhala utoto wakuda. Mbali yakumunsi ya nyamayo ndi yowala, komanso m'mimba ndi khosi. Ziwalo za thupi zimakhala ndi imvi kapena kuwala koyera. Ubweya umatha kusungitsa bwino mpweya, womwe umathandiza munthu kuti asazizire m'masiku ozizira ovuta. Nyamayo imakhala ndi khungu loipa, chifukwa imatha kukoka ndi kununkhira.

Habitat

Wofunikayo amaonedwa ngati mitundu yokhotakhota, yomwe imakhala m'malo a Soviet Union. Munthawi ya prehistoric, ikhoza kupezeka kulikonse ku Europe kupita ku zilumba za Britain. Tsopano malo omwe amakhala ndi ochepa kwambiri, malowa ndi ong'ambika, kumalire mitsinje monga Don, Dnieper, Volga, Ural. Mutha kumakumana naye ku Kazakhstan, nthawi zina ku Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Portugal.

Kugawa dera la muskrat

Ngakhale zaka 500 zapitazo, zolengedwa zodabwitsazi zinali ponseponse ku Europe. M'madera ambiri okhala ndi mbiri yakale, ma muskrats tsopano adatha.Kuchulukana kwa zolengedwa izi kumapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'madzi ambiri aku Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Lithuania ndi Belarus. Ma muskrat ambiri amapezeka mdera la Russia. Zambiri mwa zolengedwa izi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa Dnieper ndi Don. Kuphatikiza apo, amapezeka ku Volga yapamwamba. Pakadali pano, chiwerengedwe cha nthumwi cha Russia sichidutsa 30,000 anthu. Nyamazi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kukokoloka kwa mitsinje komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Gulu silikhala lambiri. Kupatula ku Russia, palinso munthu wofunitsitsa wa Pyrenean. Buku Lofiira limaphatikizanso mitunduyi. Ili ndi gawo logawika kwambiri. Nyama yotero imapezeka m'mitsinje m'mbali mwa Pyrenees ridge kumalire a Spain ndi France. Mwa zina, Woyang'anira Pyrenees amakhala ku Central Portugal. Mtunduwu umakhala pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri kuposa munthu wofunikira, yemwe amakhala ku Central Europe, popeza zolengedwa zotere ndizochepa. Amangofika masentimita 11-16 okha ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 80 g, motero amakhala akusakidwa nthawi zonse. Amakhulupirira kuti abwino kwambiri kwa omwe akusowa madzi ndi maiwe ang'onoang'ono, komanso akulu a mitsinje, komwe kuli mabanki otsika pafupi ndi nkhalango kapena odzala ndi masamba obiriwira.

Zithunzi: Russian muskrat (zithunzi 25)

Kodi muskrats amakhala bwanji m'malo awo achilengedwe?

Mfundo zambiri zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi moyo wa zolengedwa izi zidadziwika posachedwapa. Ngakhale kuti desam ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimapuma mpweya, zimatha nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Nyama izi ndi nyama zam'madzi ndipo sizinataye chidwi chawo pokumba mabowo. Amapeza malo oyenera pafupi ndi gombe, pomwe amapanga dzenje, kutalika kwake kungakhale kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 10m.khomalo nthawi zonse limakhala pansi pamadzi, lomwe limakhala chitetezo chabwino kwa adani. Burrows nthawi zambiri nthambi. Mukukhuthala kwa dothi, amapanga zipinda zingapo zokhala ndi mpweya ndi zisa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamtunda wa pafupifupi masentimita 30 kuchokera pachinzake.

Magulu abanja a zolengedwa izi nthawi zambiri amakumba mbewa zowonjezera, kutalika kwake sikupita mita 1. Zimayimira chipinda chodzazidwa ndi mpweya komanso chonyowa. Kusungunula koteroko ndikofunikira kwa desmond osati kupuma chilimwe, komanso moyo pansi pa ayezi m'nyengo yozizira. Ndipo m'malo ena, nyama zimadzaza mpweya m'malo osowa. Ngakhale ili ndi mtundu wocheperako kwambiri, nyama ngati muskrat ndi cholengedwa chosangalatsika kwambiri, popeza imakhala ndi metabolism yofulumira. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo:

• mimbulu
• nyongolotsi
• osoweka
• nsomba zazing'ono
• ma tadpole
• achule
• mphutsi
• maulukidwe azomera.

Fungo la musky limakopa nyama, motero muskrat wa ku Russia samakhala wopanda chakudya. M'nyengo yotentha, zolengedwa izi zimayesa kupuma. Izi zimawonjezera mwayi wopeza chakudya chokwanira. Madzi amadzi akaphwa, moyo wa desemane umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Pamtunda, zolengedwa izi zimakhala zosanunkha kanthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodyedwa ndi amphaka amtchire, anyani, nkhandwe ndi zirombo zina. Chifukwa cha kagayidwe kofulumira, nyamazo sizitha kubisala panthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zambiri zimatayika m'matumba. Anthu opitilira 10 amatha nthawi yozizira mdzenje umodzi.

Kodi nyengo yakubereketsa ya munthu waku Russia ndi chiyani?

Ndi kumayambiriro kwa kusefukira kwa masika, masewera a chibwenzi amayamba. Kuti apeze mnzake, nyamazo zimakafika kumtunda ndikuyamba kupanga phokoso linalake, zofananira ndi kulira. Amuna amene amakopeka nawo nthawi zambiri amakangana kuti adziwe yemwe akutenga wamkazi. Mimba mu nyama izi zimakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa Meyi komanso koyambirira kwa June, kuyambira khanda 1 mpaka 5 limabadwira m'chipinda chodyeramo. Mwana wakhanda amene amangobadwa kumene amakhala ndi kulemera kwa magalamu atatu okha. Amakhala wamaliseche komanso wakhungu, motero, amafunika kusamalidwa nthawi zonse kuchokera kwa amayi ake. M'madera ena, nyama izi zimaswana kawiri pachaka. Chiwonetsero chachiwiri cha chonde chimachitika mu Novembala-Disembala.Yaikazi imakhalabe ndi ana mchipinda chotsekera milungu iwiri yoyamba. Kupitilira apo, zitha kusiya kwa kanthawi kochepa. Miyezi 1.5 yoyambirira ya moyo, ana amphongo amadya mkaka wonenepa wokha, womwe uli ndi chilichonse chofunikira pakukula ndi chitukuko. Yaimuna ili pafupi ndipo imachita kuteteza zigamba. Pazaka 1.5 zakubadwa, achichepere amayamba kusiya khomalo kwakanthawi ndikuphunzira kupeza chakudya.

Desmana moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Vykhuhol: Wokhala mwamtsinje wosadziwika kwambiri

Wofunikayo ndi amodzi mwa nyama zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Zithunzi zamakono za nyama iyi mwachilengedwe zitha kukhala zomaliza, ngati simupanga kuyesetsa kuti mukhale ndi mawonekedwe abwino.

Russian muskrat ndi nyama yakale.

Wogwira ntchito waku Russia adatchulidwa mu Red Book. Izi ndizosowa, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chikuchepa.

Amakhala ku Europe, amakonda mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya nyama mu banja la muskrat - Pyrenean muskrat ndi Russian muskrat.

Russian muskrat ndi chitetezo chachikulu lalikulu. Nyama imalemera mpaka 520 g, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 18 mpaka 20 cm. Mchira sucheperachepera kutalika mpaka thupi, kuyambira 18 mpaka 21 cm.

Nyama imakhala ndi thupi lolimba; imakhala ndi mutu wooneka ngati mphuno. Mphuno imatchedwanso kuti proboscis. Kumapeto kwa mphuno ya nyama, mphuno. Palibe makutu, ndipo tikalowa m'madzi, timatseguka timatseguka. Maso ndi ang'ono komanso akuda, koma maimidwewo amapangidwa bwino.

Nyama ili ndi mano 44. Khosi limakhala losapindika. Miyendo yake ndiyifupi, ndi zala zisanu pachilichonse. Zala zakumaso zimalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. M'mphepete mwa miyendo, malire a tsitsi lolimba, lomwe limakulitsa malo osambira m'miyendo.

Ubweya wa nyama ndi wandiweyani, wofewa komanso wowonda. Chovala cha ubweya ndi cholimba kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi sichimanyowa, chifukwa adadzoza. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa chirombo chimasambira m'madzi nthawi yozizira. Pamwamba pa ubweya (kumbuyo) ndi imvi kapena ya bulauni, ndipo pamutu wonenepa, kapena wopepuka pang'ono kuposa imvi.

Mchira wake ndi wamtundu wowala, wakuda bii, wokhala ndi tsitsi lakelo. Maso satha kuwona, koma lingaliro la fungo ndi kukhudza limapangidwa bwino. Amadyanso mphutsi, tizilombo, nsomba zazing'ono komanso zakudya zamasamba. Patsiku limodzi, amadya chakudya chambiri monga momwe amalemera. Zopatsa chidwi! Likukhalira kususuka kwa muskrat.

Imamva bwino m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Amasankha malo ake okhala m'malo osungira okhala ndi masamba ambiri am'madzi. Imapeza chakudya mothandizidwa ndi phenoscis. Atamasula pansi padziwe ndi phula lake, wogwirawo amalandila tizirombo ndi mphutsi, ndi zodyetsa masana.

Nora amanga kuti kutuluka kuchokera mmadziwo kumakhala pansi pa madzi okha. Kutalika kwa mink imodzi kumatha kufika 12 metres. Muskrat amamanga chisa chake chachikulu pansi pamizu yamitengo kapena zitsamba, zomwe zimateteza nyumba kuti zisawonongeke. Nyama sizigwira ntchito limodzi. Amadzipangira ena awiri, pomwe amasungira, kupumula.

Amakhala m'mabanja kapena maanja, nthawi yozizira imadzaza. Pafupifupi nyama 15 zimatha kukhala mgulu limodzi. Wofunayo amasambira bwino kwambiri. Mu sekondi imodzi imatha kusambira mita 25-30.

Mimba imatenga masiku 45-50. Ana akhungu ndi amaliseche amabadwira kudziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri mu zinyalala zawo kumakhala kuyambira wani mpaka asanu. Kulemera kwa nyama imodzi ndi magalamu atatu. Ndi mwana wotani. Mwezi umodzi iwo amadya zakudya zam'mera, ndipo pakatha miyezi 4 amakhala ndi moyo wodziyimira payekha. Amabereka ana kawiri pachaka.

Mtundu wa muskrat, kapena kuti aku Ukraine, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zomwe zimakhala makamaka ku Russia. Kuyambira mu 1986, wogwira ntchito ku Russia ali mu Red Book. Muskrat ndi wam'mbuyomu wa nyama zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri, wina anganene kuti, nyama yomwe ndi nyama, yomwe ili ndi vuto. M'masiku akale, imakhala pafupifupi ku Europe, koma tsopano chilengedwe chake chimakhala chochepa kwambiri kuzungulira Dnieper, Don, Volga, ndi Urals. Imapezeka ku Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Lithuania, kawirikawiri ku Belarus.

Nyama imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mole.Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kusambira modabwitsa ndi kukumba ma burawo obisika kwambiri pansi panthaka, nthawi zina amatchedwa cholembera chamadzi. Pamtunda, nyamayo imawoneka kawirikawiri. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka, miyendo yoluka komanso nkhope yayitali imakopa chidwi. Thupi ndi 19-22 cm, pafupifupi mchira womwewo, kulemera kwa 510 g.

Chithunzi - Desman, Crested, ochenjera.

Mchira wonse umakutidwa ndi miyeso yopepuka, ndipo pamwambapo kumetedwa tsitsi, ndikupanga keel. Pamunsi, mchirawo umakhala ndi mulifupi kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa mchira, pali makulidwe owoneka ngati peyala, pomwe pali tiziwalo totsimikizika (onunkhira, totupa), mafuta a musk amatuluka kudzera m'mabowo ambiri omwe ali m'makola kuchokera pansi. Pambuyo pakukula, mchirawo umagwa mwamphamvu kuchokera mbali ziwiri. Mphuno ndi thunthu lokwera. Vibrisses ndi kutalika kwambiri; pali tsitsi lalitali kwambiri m'thupi.

Chithunzi. Woseketsa, wowonda, wokhazikika - mukasambira.

Ili ndi miyendo yayifupi yokhala ndi mikono 5, miyendo yakumbuyo yayikulu kuposa kutsogolo. Zala zakumaso zimalumikizidwa ndi nembanishi yosambira. Zovala zimakhala zowongoka, zopindika pang'ono. Tsitsi la tsitsi lalitali limayamba kuchokera m'mphepete mwa mawalo, limakulitsa malo osambira.

Ndipo mu chithunzichi, amasirira momwe timasambira.

Utoto wokutira kwa muskrat ndi wandiweyani, wowoneka bwino, wolimba, tsitsili limakulitsidwa mpaka pamwamba. Pali mano a 44. Wofunikayo ali pafupifupi wakhungu. Koma ali ndi lingaliro labwino la kununkhiza ndi kukhudza.

Nyengo yakubala imayamba mu nthawi ya masika. Gon ikuchitika motsutsana ndi maziko akumenyera amuna. Mimba imatenga masiku 45-50, pambuyo pake ana 1 kapena 5 amawonekera, akhungu ndi amaliseche, olemera 2-3.3 gamma, omwe ndi ochepera theka la kubadwa kwa rat. Mchipinda chodyeramo, chisa chimapangidwa kuchokera kunyanja zonyowa za posungira. Ana awiri pachaka (kumapeto kwa Meyi - Juni, Novembala - Disembala). Mwezi umodzi, ana amadya chakudya cha akuluakulu, amakhala odziimira pawokha pakatha miyezi isanu.

Russian muskrat kapena crest - chinyama cha buku lofiira: malongosoledwe, zithunzi, zithunzi ndi makanema, momwe zimawonekera komanso komwe muskrat amakhala.

Chithunzi. Russian muskrat.

Timapereka zowonera kanema "Russian desman"

ndi kanema kena kakafupi pankhani yofulumira

Mkhalidwe Wopezekera ndi Chitetezo

Vykhuhol ndi mtundu wocheperako womwe walembedwa mu Buku Lofiira la Russia wokhala ndi mtundu wachiwiri: mitundu yazinthu zachilendo ikuchepa. Mkhalidwe wonyansa chotere kwa wogwira ntchito ku Russia unayambitsidwa ndi zinthu monga kugumula kwa nkhalango zamvula zam'madzi, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala madzi momwe nyama zimakhalamo, kukhetsa kwa malo osefukira, komwe kumakulitsa malo owotchera ndi kutetezedwa, kumanga madamu ndi madamu, komanso chitukuko m'mphepete mwa mabwawa msipu pafupi ndi dziwe.

Pakadali pano, wogwira ntchito bwino amayenda bwino chifukwa cha njira ndi mitundu yosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Mwachidziwikire, kupanga mafamu osakira mwapadera, chomwe chachikulu ndicho kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ndi kutetezedwa kwa nyama izi.

Kuchepetsa zinthu

Mitundu ya muskrat ndiyochepa, chifukwa pali mitundu ingapo yabwino kwambiri yosungirako. Zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza manambala ake zimaphatikizapo kusefukira kwa nthawi yozizira komanso kusefukira kwamadzi. M'nyengo yozizira madzi amadzuka, mabowo am'madzi amadzala madzi, kenako amira. M'nyengo yotentha, maiwe a madzi osefukira amakhala osaya ndi owuma, ndipo ma muskrats amayenera kupeza malo okhalamo. Pansipa, ma muskrats amakhala osatetezeka chifukwa cha kusawona bwino komanso kutsika pang'ono, ngakhale kuti nyama zomwe zimadya sizimawadya nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha fungo lamphamvu la musky. Nthawi zina amagwidwa ndi nkhwangwa, zonyansa, zotengera, nkhandwe, agalu osokera ndi amphaka, kuchokera kwa mbalame - chotchingira marsh, kite wakuda, osprey, chiwombankhanga chagolide, chiwombankhanga chachikulu, kadzidzi, kadzidzi wa imvi, ngakhale khwangwala ndi mphutsi. Pansi pamadzi, pike ndi nsomba zazikulu za catfish zimawadyera. Nguluwe zamtchire zimang'ambanso zibangula, zimagwetsa pansi, ngakhale ng'ombe. Koma chopanikiza chachikulu pa iwo chimakhala ndi mitundu yobwezeretsedwako - the American mink and muskrat, yotsirizirayi imatulutsa wogwirayo, ikumakhazikika.

Komabe, kutsitsa kwakukulu pamlingo ndi kuchuluka kwa muskrat kumachitika chifukwa cha anthropogenic: kusodza maukonde, kusinthika kwachuma kwamadzi osefukira (ngalande, kuthirira kwamadzi kuchotsedwa, kudula mitengo), msipu, ndi kuipitsa matupi amadzi.

Mtengo wachuma ndi chitetezo

M'mbuyomu, desman anali wamtengo wapatali wamalonda. Mpaka kotala yachitatu ya zaka za zana la 17, anali atangopangidwira chifukwa cha fungo la musky. Ku Russia, bafuta amatumizidwa ndi ma tambala owuma, ndipo pambuyo pake chinsinsi cha zotsekemera zake za musk chinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta onunkhira ngati chosakanizira cha mafuta. Pambuyo pake ndi pomwe adapanga ubweya wofunira ubweya, kuphatikiza apo, inali yamtengo wapatali kuposa beaver.

Kuletsa kuchotsedwa kwa muskrat kudalengezedwa ndi boma la Soviet mu 1920 ndipo akhala akugwira ntchito kwazaka zoposa 20. Munthawi imeneyi, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amakhala mothandizidwa chinawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo kupanga kunaloledwa. Komabe, mu 1957 adaletsedwanso, kupatula kugwira nyama kuti zizikhazikitsanso.

Ku Russia, njira zachitidwa mobwerezabwereza kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa chiwerengero cha muskrat. Kuchokera pamzindawu, anthu opitilira 10,000 adakhazikitsidwanso, kuphatikiza m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk (r. Tortas) ndi Tomsk (r. Tagan) komwe kunalibe muskrats kale. Malo osungirako okwanira anayi ndi malo osungira 80 a federal komanso am'deralo adapangidwa, pomwe oposa 30% ya chiwerengero chonse cha nyama chimakhazikika. Chiyambireni kugwa, malo osungirako nyama zakuthengo, mothandizidwa ndi ndalama ku National Parks Fund, yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito polojekiti ya "Sungani Russian", yomwe idayesedwa kuti idziwe momwe anthu akuvutikira komanso momwe angayikiridwire.

Zolemba

• Mitundu yowonongeka
• Zinyama zilembo
• Mawonekedwe Onyengerera a Russia
• Nyama zapamadzi zam'madzi
• Zoyeserera zaku Europe
• Mole
• Nyama zofotokozedwa mu 1758
• Monotypic mamalia genera

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Ma Synonyms :

Woyeserera ndi nyama wodziwika bwino, koma makamaka chifukwa cha dzina lake lachifumu. M'malo mwake, ochepa angadzitamande kuti adamuwona mwa chilengedwe. Nyama imakhala ndi moyo wobisalira kwambiri, ikangokhala mdzenje, polowera komwe imabisikira pansi pamadzi, kapena m'madzi womwewo.

Ingolingalirani cholengedwa chokutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, wokhala ndi mphuno yayitali ngati buluzi, mchira wokhotakhota kumbali komanso miyendo yoluka. Nthawi yomweyo, iyi ndi fanizo la zolengedwa zakale zomwe zidakhalapobe mpaka nthawi yathu ino. Russian desman (Desmana moschata), kapena, momwe amatchedwanso, Khokhula, ndi chipilala chamoyo, mtundu wa gulu limodzi lakale kwambiri la anyani, oimira omwe amadziwika kuchokera ku Oligocene (pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo).

Pakadali pano pali mitundu iwiri ya muskrat a genera awiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi Pyrenees muskrat (Galemys pyrenaicus), omwe amakhala kumapiri apakati pa Portugal, komanso m'mapiri a Pyrenees, ogawa France ndi Spain. Mtundu wina (Desmana moschata) ndiwofikira ku Europe komwe kale anali USSR, komwe sikupezekanso kulikonse padziko lapansi, chifukwa chake ali ndi ufulu wotchedwa nzika yaku Russia.

Nyama imawoneka yachilendo. Thupi lotupa, lotalika masentimita 20, limadutsa mumawonekedwe amodzimodzi ammutu, ndipo limathera pachiwopsezo chomwe chikukulirakulira. Pa nsagwada yapamwamba pali zinthu ziwiri zokulitsidwa bwino zolimba zomwe zimagwira m'malo mwa mabatani omwe amapangika ndipo pomwepo mtsogoleriyo amaphwanya zipolopolo. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo ndipo imakhala ndi ziwalo zosambira.

Mchirawo ndi lathyathyathya (pambuyo pake wothinikizidwa) ndi mikwingwirima, tsitsi lamtundu wake ndi loyera, la bulauni lakumbuyo kumbuyo, loyera ngati siliva pamimba. Chifukwa cha ubweya wotsiriza uno, wakuda kwambiri, muskrat adasakidwa ndikusaka nthawi yayitali.

Pa chithunzi pamwambapa: wogwirayo achoka mdzenje mosamala.

Muskrat ndi nyama yofunikira kwambiri yopanda ubweya yomwe khungu lake limakhala lofunika kwambiri kuposa mkokomo, ngakhale kuti lomerali limakulirapo kangapo kuposa kukula kwake.Koma ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ubweya wake unkayamikiridwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, mpaka nthawi iyi nyamayi idasakidwa kokha chifukwa cha fungo la musky.

Kodi amene amakhala kuti amakhala kuti?

Mitundu yoyambira ya muskrat idatenga gawo lalikulu ku Europe. Mu Pleistocene komanso kuyambika kwa Holocene mkati mwa Europe, nyengo zoyipa zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwira nyamayi: boma losakhazikika la chisanu losintha pafupipafupi panthawi ya kuzizira kwa mitsinje ndi kutentha, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kusefukira kwa nyengo yachisanu. Izi, zikuwoneka kuti zinayambitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa miskrat yonse. Pambuyo pake, zinthu za anthropogenic, ndipo koposa zonse za chitukuko cha usodzi, zidayamba kugwira ntchito yayikulu pakuchepetsa mtunduwo.

Kugawidwa kwa wogwirizira ku Russia lero ndikungokhala ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono a mabwalo a Volga, Don ndi Ural. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. nyamayi idasowa mu beseni la Dnieper, pambuyo pake - kuchokera kumagawo angapo a dongosolo la Volga, pafupifupi theka la zaka zapitazo - kuchokera ku beseni la Seversky Donets.

Pakati pa malo ake, munthu wofunikayo amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ing'onoing'ono ndi yaying'ono, azimayi okalamba, nyanja, madzi obwerera. Zabwino kwambiri kwa izo ndi matupi amadzi omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zowonongera komanso zomera zam'madzi zopangidwa bwino. M'malo osungidwa ndi zomerazi, nyamayo imakhalapo bwinobwino mpaka chigumula choyamba. Kuyambika kwa nthawi yovutayi, maUkraine omwe ali pagombe lotseguka sangathe kukana, ndipo akuwonongedwa ndi omwe alipo. M'malo abwinobwino, pamphepete mwa nkhalango, munthu wofunikayo amatha kupulumuka madzi osefukira, kukhalabe komwe.

Nyama zomwe zasiyidwa kumakolo awo zimapeza malo osakhalapo pamitengo yopanda zipatso pamitengo ya nthambi, m'maenje, pamuluwumo wa mitengo yamtengo. Kusalephera kukhala m'malo amadziwe opanda pake kumalimbitsa nyamayo kuyamba kuyendayenda. Imakonda kutsitsidwa pansi, pomwe imagwera komwe mabanja ena, imazunzidwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatha ndi imfa ya woyendayenda. Chilala cha chilimwe, pomwe kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi lamadzi kumatsika kwambiri, kumayambitsanso kusamuka, komwe kumadutsa kwakukulu pamtunda.

Zambiri za moyo wakufuna kwa Russia

Mwabwinobowo, bowo limakhala ndi zipinda zocheperako 2-3 komanso kuchuluka kofanana kwa zipinda zosungirako zomwe zimatha kupuma nditatha kukhala m'madzi. Nyama imawuma msanga, popeza ubweya wake suyanyowa. Malo ogulitsa akuya kwambiri ochokera pakulowera kwinaku kabowo pansi pa malo osungira, omwe amapangidwa chifukwa chakuyenda kosalekeza kwa nyama mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Pachilala, poyambilira (iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi nthambi ziwiri). Wogulitsayo amakulitsa ndi kupitiliza kuigwiritsa ntchito nthawi zina kufikira pomwe madziwo adzauma.

Khokhul amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi mpaka mphindi 5, pambuyo pake ayenera kupuma. Amatha kutero ndikukhala pansi pamadzi ndikuwonetsa pang'onopang'ono pansi. Wokhala ngati zomera zam'madzi zamtchire, nyamayo imakhala yosaonekanso kwa adani ake, yomwe ili ndi zambiri - kadzidzi wa mphungu, nkhandwe, zala ndi zina zolusa.

Machitachita a Khokhuli

Wogwira ntchito wothandizira chaka chonse. Madzimadzi amlengalenga akutuluka mu ubweya wa nyama yosambira ndikudziunjikira m'nyengo yozizira m'njira yoyenda ikuyenda mowoneka bwino pansi pa ayezi - chizindikiro chodalirika cha kuchuluka kwa anthu osungidwa ndi woyang'anira.

Mwambiri, zochitika za Khokhuli sizimadalira pa kuwunikira komanso nthawi yanthawi. Nyama imatha kukhala yogwira masana komanso yowala usiku. Ikasungidwa mu ukapolo, zonse zimatengera nthawi yakudyetsa. Ndikusintha kwa ola la kudya, boma la zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku lanyama limamangidwanso mwachangu. Zomwezi zimawonedwa mikhalidwe yachilengedwe: ngati china chimasokoneza kufunafuna chakudya masana, mwachitsanzo, kudyetsa ng'ombe masiku otentha, pamene gulu limatsata pagombe nthawi zonse, nyama zomwe zimakhala m'derali zimasintha zochitika zawo zamasana kukhala zochita zausiku.

Nthawi yayitali yatsiku lililonse yosagwira ntchito ya munthu wofunikayo nthawi yachisanu nthawi zambiri imafika kwa maola 6-7, kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwamasika chizindikiritso ichi chikuwonjezeka mpaka maola 9 mpaka 10.Pokhala mu chisa, aku Ukraine kwa nthawi yayitali akukonzanso tsitsi lawo. Ngati chivundikiro cha chisa chasunthidwa m'malo, nyamayo mosamala "caulk" kusiyana kwake.

Nyamayi imakhala masiku ambiri nthawi yachisanu chisa chogona. Ngati nthawi yotentha yakwanira kukweza chivundikiro cha nyumbayo kuti munthu wothayo atuluke msanga, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira imangogona. Khokhul sakhala wopanda vuto lililonse, koma amakhala ngati akugona nthawi yozizira.

Kodi nkhomaliro ndi chiyani?

Zakudya za desm zimapangidwa ndi ma invertebrates am'madzi ochepa (ma mollusks, tizilombo, mphutsi zawo, leeches). Nthawi zambiri, chilombo chimapanga nsomba ndi achule. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya chanyama, Khokhuli nthawi ndi nthawi amabwezanso zakudya zawo ndi ndiwo zamasamba - amadya mapesi a bango, mphaka, zipatso za makapisozi a mazira ndi maluwa a m'madzi, ndi zina.

Zofunika kudziwa yomweyo kufunikira kwa poyambira pang'onopang'ono - njira zosasintha zoyenda kuchokera kwa anthu kuchokera kubowo kupita kumalo odyetsako. Chifukwa chosuntha pafupipafupi, madzi amawongolera bwino, zomwe zimakopa ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala ngati chakudya cha nyama. Uku ndi mtundu wa msampha wosalekeza komanso wopanda mavuto. Pogwira malo ake osaka, wogwirawo amasambira motsatira mzere, atagwira thupi moyika pang'ono, akuwulula zinthu zam'matumbo ndi phokoso lake. Nyamayo imadzinyamula ndikuiika "mabowo" ake apadera, kapenanso m'malo obisika komwe imadyako. Atakumana ndi nyama yayikulu (nsomba, chule), a Khokhula amathamangira pa iyo, nthawi zina nataya, kuyamba kufunafuna malungo, kuwukira kachiwiri, kuthamangira uku ndi uku ndipo nthawi zambiri amasiya kusaka, osakafikira chandamale. Zikuwoneka kuti, mu nyengo zachilengedwe, ndizotheka kuthana ndi nyama zomwe zimadyedwa pokhapokha ngati zili zabwino kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, pakamazizira padziwe m'nyengo yozizira kapena nyanja yamkuntho ikauma chilimwe.

Ubwenzi wabanja

Kusintha ndi kubereka pa desilo kumatha kuchitika nthawi ina iliyonse pachaka, koma nyama ndizochulukirapo panthawi yamadzi. Munthawi imeneyi pomwe masewera achibwenzi nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, kumenyanirana koopsa pakati pa amuna kumawonedwa, koma nthawi zambiri zonse zimangokhala zochepa zolimba pakakumana ndi wotsutsa.

Aliyense wokhala ndi mdzikomo amakhala mdzenje momwemo, pomwe mbewu imaberekera. Pambuyo umuna, wamkazi nthawi yomweyo amapita kukamanga chisa ndipo samatulukamo. Mimba imatenga masiku 40-45. Kubwera kwa mwana, mayi kumusamalira, ndikunyambita ana ake, kudyetsa mkaka mosalephera, osapita kutali ndi dzenje. Mtsogolomo, amadzikonzera yekha chisa china, chomwe amakhalamo pakati pakudya. Akakhala ndi nkhawa ndi china chake, chikazi chimanyamula ana'wo kupita kudzenje lina (kapena kuchipinda china cha dzenje lomwelo). Abambo amatenga nawo mbali posamalira ana. Komabe, mosiyana ndi amayi ake, iye amachoka pachisa chodzidzimutsa.

Pafupifupi nyama zisanu ndi ziwiri zitha kuwerengedwa m'mabanja achilendo: banja la makolo ndi ana omaliza. Ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu ambiri, koma ndi mwayi wochepa wopanga mabowo, mabanja akuluakulu amatha kubwera chifukwa chowonjezera anthu osagwirizana. Ndipo zimachitika kuti nyama 12-13 zimadzikungatika m'dzenje limodzi. Kuphatikiza pa izi pali Khokhulis, yemwe amakhala moyo wayekha. Ana amasupe amapita nthawi yakulima, ndipo makolo amafalikira. Banja limaleka kukhalapo.

Nthawi zambiri amuna ndi akazi a mabanja osiyanasiyana pamisonkhano amamenya ndewu, ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kumwalira kwa m'modzi wa omenyerawo. Monga lamulo, a muskrats akuluakulu amatsutsa achinyamata osagwirizana.

Khokhuli akakumana ndi mlendo wamtundu wake, amayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndipo mwamwambo "wofotokozerana ubale" umayamba. Onsewa amatambasulira thunzi wawo wina ndi mnzake ndipo atakhudza phokoso, amalira mosiyanasiyana. Izi zitha kuchitika kwakanthawi.Mapeto ake, nyamazo zimadziwombera kangapo ndipo zimabwereranso limodzi. Zimatha ndikuti amatha kulowa ndewu kapena mwamtendere mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina anthu aku Ukraine amagwiritsa ntchito njira y kumuopseza mdani, akumamupangira nkhomaliro ndikudina mano. Wokhala ndi mantha, wothandizirayo amabisala chisa kapena m'madzi, nthawi zina akuwonetsa nsonga ya mphuno kuti ayambirenso mpweya.

Kumva, kuwona, kununkhiza ndi mawu a munthu wofunidwa

Kuyang'ana kwakutali kwa wogwirika pamtunda ndi madzi kumachitika kudzera m'makutu. Nyama imakhudzidwa makamaka ndikumveka kwa phokoso lamadzi. Pafupifupi, kuyang'ana kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito tsitsi la tactile - vibrissae yomwe ili pachisala.

Mphamvu ya kununkhira siyikupangidwa bwino. Itha kuganiziridwa kuti kubwerera kubowo kapena kusaka mumdima wathunthu, muskrat samasokera, kutsatira zolakwika zake zokha. Poona fungo la anthu ena amtundu wake, nyamayo imapeza mnzake nthawi yobzala.

Masomphenya a munthu wogwidwayo sanakonzekere bwino mpaka kuwunika kowala mumdima sikumachititsa chilichonse. Monga momwe amazindikira m'madzi akhalira, mu nyama pamadzi, maso nthawi zambiri amatsekeka.

Liwu la wolandilalo limatha kumveka m'malo achilengedwe okha, nthawi yomwe limatulutsa, nyama zikagwera pansi .. Wamphongo, akuthamangitsa wamkazi, amapanga phokoso lanyumba, nthawi zina limakhala ngati kulira. Mutha kumvanso kulira kwachikazi kofatsa. Nthawi zina, kulira kwachinthu chazinyama chonyansidwa kumamveka. Pakachitika mkangano ndi mlendo wokhala ndi mitundu yake, mwachitsanzo, ndi muskrat, kumveka kukuwa kwamano.

Ubwenzi ndi udani

Chodziwika bwino ndi ubale wabwino kwambiri pakati pa muskrats ndi nyama monga zodzikongoletsa (zina zodzikongoletsa pankhaniyi). Beaver burrows nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi burrows ya desem. Mkati mwa kupha, nsomba zazikulu, posaka mpweya wa okosijeni, zimasonkhana pakamwa pa mabowo a beaver komanso mabowo okongoletsa ayezi. Izi zimapereka chakudya kwa Khokhuli. Kuphatikiza apo, mabowo omwe amasungidwa ndi madzi oundana ndi ma beaver amathandizira kukhalapo kwa desem, ndikupangitsa kuti mpweya wochepa ukhale.

Mtundu wina womwe maUkraine amayenera kuthana nawo ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu yamadzi ya muskrat. Kunyumba kwawo ku North America, amakhala bwino ndi okongoletsa. Ubale wofananawo umakhazikitsidwa pakati pa muskrats ndi ma beaver athu. Koma kwa munthu wofunidwa, kuphatikiza muskrat wamphamvu komanso wankhanza pa biocenosis inali chinthu chovuta. Mpaka pano, zambiri zasonkhana zokhudzana ndi kubuma kwa Khokhuli ndi muskrat. Kukula kwa chomerachi kudzaza mabowo a muskrat wafika poti tsopano akukhumba kukhala ndi mabowo a muskrat, osintha pang'ono pokha. Muskrat wamkulu ndiwofupirako nthawi ziwiri kuposa muskrat kukula kwake. Amathamangitsa chiweto, kukulitsa chuma chake. Zowona, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa ma muskrats m'malo ambiri osungirako atsika kwambiri chifukwa chosowa chakudya.

Zinthu za machitidwe a desman

Zambiri mwatsatanetsatane wamakhalidwe a desman sizikudziwika bwino chifukwa chobisalira. Pali nthawi zina pomwe nyama yomwe yangogwera, yokwezedwa ndi mchira ndikubwera nayo nsomba, ikulendewera pansi m'manja mwamunayo, ngakhale inali yachilendo kwambiri komanso yamantha, nthawi yomweyo idathamangira ndi chidwi kuti iikhoze! Mosiyana ndi izi, pankhani ina, wamwamuna wachinyamata, yemwe amakhala, akukhala mwamtendere kwathunthu, m'nyumba yopitilira miyezi yoposa isanu ndi iwiri, anakana kudya chakudya m'manja mwake. Paphokoso laling'onoting'ono, adathawa wodyetserayo ndipo adabisala nthawi yayitali chisa chake. Nyama ina idayenda mozungulira nyumbayo masana, osachita mantha konse ndi phokoso, pamaso pa anthu, nyimbo.

Pofuna kusangalala kapena kuchita mantha kwambiri, mayi wofunsayo, nthawi zina amaluma ana ake.Koma palinso milandu yodziwika yomwe yachikazi yomwe idangogwiridwa ndikuyika pamodzi ndi ana ake mumkhola la mayendedwe nthawi yomweyo idayamba kuwadyetsa mkaka.

Titha kunena kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu.

Akasungidwa paulendo wapaulendo, munthu wofunikayo amakhala ndi moyo watsopano komanso moyo watsopano. Amakhala chizolowezi chochita tsiku ndi tsiku, kusiya kusamala kwambiri, amatha kudya chakudya m'manja mwake. Koma simungamutche iye wovomerezeka mu lingaliro lathunthu la mawu. Ngakhale munthu amene amasamalira iye ndikumudyetsa, Khokhul samakhala wolumikizika kwenikweni. Chizindikiro cha Khokhuli chingaoneke ngati zolephera zopanda pake zakunyumba zomwe zidapezeka kale. Popanda chifukwa chodziwikiratu, mwadzidzidzi adamugwira mwamphamvu namukakamiza kuti athawe. Pambuyo pa izi, nyamayi nthawi zina imabisala mu chisa chake kwa nthawi yayitali, ngati kuti yamtchire. Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kufikira atabweranso "kudzindikira."

Desman mu Buku Lofiyira

Poona kuchepa kwa chiwerengero, kusaka muskrat kudaletsedwa ndi 1957, komabe, kusala nsomba imodzi sikungathe kuonetsetsa kuti nyamazo zisungidwa, zomwe zimavutika kwambiri ndi zochitika zamunthu.

Monga mukudziwa, moyo wa munthu wofunikanso umakhala wofanana ndi madzi osefukira. Popanda maufumu osefukira, kukhalapo kwa chilengedwe sikungatheke. Kutha kwa ziweto kunachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilengedwe, komanso chitukuko cha ulimi. Kubwerera ku USSR, pofuna kubwezeretsa zozama ndikukulitsa kugawa kwa malo, m'malo ambiri adamasula wogwidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito yochita kupanga. Koma pazambiri, zopangidwazi sizinabweretse zotsatira zomwe zinali zofunidwa.

Masiku ano, desman ndi woyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of the Russian Federation wokhala ndi gulu lachiwiri: mitundu yazinthu zachilendo zomwe zikuchepa. Ntchito yayikulu pakadali pano ndikusunga zotsalira za mitundu yakale, yosangalatsa kwambiri. Ngati maUkraine atasowa osatengera - cholakwa chidzagwera ife omwe tidalephera kuchisunga pambuyo pake.

Adani achilengedwe achifwamba aku Russia

Ngakhale muskrat amakhala njira yobisika kwambiri komanso yosamala, ali ndi adani ambiri kuthengo! Pokhala ndi kukula kocheperako, nyamayi nthawi zambiri imakhala nyama yolusa.

Adani akuluakulu padziko lapansi:

• nkhandwe,
• oputa
• mikwingwirima
• amphaka amtchire
• mbalame zina zodya nyama.

Nthawi zambiri nyama yamakola imakhala yovulazidwa pamtunda, chifukwa miyendo sinasinthike bwino kuti iyende pansi. Nthawi yowopsa kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi kusefukira kwamadzi. Ndipo panthawiyi nyengo yakukhwima imagwa. Nyama zomwe zikugwira ntchito yosankha mabanja zimatha kukhala tcheru, ndipo dziwe lotayilidwa limawalanda malo okhala - zimbudzi. Chifukwa chake, kusilira kumakhala kosavuta kwa adani. Nguluwe zakutchire zimavulaza kwambiri, zomwe, ngakhale sizidana ndi akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri zimang'amba mabowo awo.

M'madzi, anthu aku Ukraine sakhala okalamba ndipo sangagwire msanga, koma ngakhale ali pano sakhala otetezeka kwathunthu. Chinyama chaching'ono chimatha kukhala chofunkha chachikulu pike kapena catfish. Mdani wina wamkulu wa ofesedwa adakhala munthu ndi zochita zake. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, amasinthanitsa nyama ndi ubweya ndi musk. Koma ngati tsopano kusaka malonda kwa anthu aku Ukraine kuli koletsedwa ndipo kumatetezedwa, ndiye kuti kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwawo kukupitilizabe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zakale izi.

Chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe cha munthu wofunidwa ku Russia

Ngakhale kuti wofunayo ndi nyama pamtunda, amathera theka la moyo wake m'madzi.

Nyamayi imakhala m'makungono ang'onoang'ono kuyambira 1 mpaka 10 mita, kutalika kwake komwe kumakhala pansi pamadzi. Kuchokera pakhomo, bowo limakwera ndikukakhala chisa chaching'ono, chomwe chili pamwamba pa madzi. Nthawi zambiri, mabulowa amakhala ndi nthambi ndi zisa zingapo, zomwe zimatha kukhala koszama komanso patali pafupifupi mita 30 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake.Kuti achoke pakadumphidwe kakang'ono kupita kwinakwake, wogwitsayo amapuma ndipo amasambira pansi pamadzi, pang'onopang'ono akupumira mpweya ngati mabuluni ochepa. M'nyengo yozizira, thovu izi zimapanga mafunde mkati mwa ayezi.

Muskrats amadya mphutsi, leeches, mapira; nthawi yozizira amatha kudya achule, nsomba zazing'ono ndi ma biz a chomera. Nyama sizigwera mwachisawawa, ubweya wopanda madzi umawateteza kuzizira, munthu wosambira amasambira paming'oma yomwe imapangidwa ndi thovu mkati mwa ayezi, ndipo amadya mphutsi ndi mwachangu, zomwe zimakopeka ndi fungo la musky komanso zina zowonjezera.

M'nyengo yozizira, pafupifupi muskrats 10 amakhala mu bowo limodzi, ndipo nthawi yotentha nthawi zambiri amakhala okha.

Khalidwe

Nyamayi imakonda malo osungirako apakatikati ndi madzi oyimilira komanso akuya kupitirira 5 metres. Ndikofunika kuti madera omwe anali otsetsereka nthawi yomweyo, pafupi ndi kumeneko kunali nkhalango yamvula. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti zolengedwa izi zimayambira kusungulumwa. Amaphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nyama za 3-5 popanda ubale. Ali ndi njira zawozawo, koma sawerengera bwino.

Gululi limakhala, monga lamulo, mu dzenje limodzi ndi mwayi wamadzi. Koma membala aliyense wagulu laling'ono ali ndi mabowo ake owerengeka. Nyama zochokera kubowo limodzi mpaka kugwa lina, zikuyenda pansi pamadzi. Koma samasambira mumtsinje wamadzi. Pansi pamatope, pamapanga ngalande zapadera, pomwe zimayenda. Mawaya akuya - pamtunda wonse wa silika.

Pansi pamadzi, desman waku Russia akhoza kukhala mphindi 3-5. Chifukwa chake, mtunda pakati pa mabowo nthawi zambiri sapitirira 20-25 metres. Munjira yonse yoyenda, nyamayi imadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Iwo eni amakokedwa ndi ngalande. Amakopeka ndi fungo la musk, lomwe limatuluka mchira mumadontho ang'onoang'ono. Ndiye kuti, nyama yam'madzi imangodya chilichonse chaching'ono, osayesetsa kuyipeza. Nyama iyi ndiyowona bwino. Amadyanso chakudya chochuluka patsiku monga momwe amalemera. Chifukwa chake, kusambira m'maenje kumatenga nthawi yayitali.

Poterepa, thovu lakuchokera m'mapapu limapepuka. M'nyengo yozizira, pamene dziwe limakutidwa ndi ayezi, thovu limayatsidwa pansi pake ndikutulutsa voids. M'malo otere nthawi yamasefukira amvula, madzi oundana amaphulika koyamba, ndipo nyama zimatuluka. Izi zimawapulumutsa ku kufa kwina, chifukwa zolengedwa izi zimatha kukhala popanda mpweya kwa mphindi zosaposa zisanu.

Chiwerengero cha munthu waku Russia

M'masiku akale, ubweya wa nyama wambiri unkakhala wofunika kwambiri pa malonda. Chifukwa chake, adachotsedweratu mpaka chiwerengerocho chinali chosakwanira. Kenako anthu anasintha malingaliro awo ndikuteteza nyama yosawukayo ndi malamulo. Pofika zaka za m'ma 70 za zana lomaliza, chiwerengero cha anthuwa chafikira pafupifupi anthu 70,000. Anakhala pamlingo womwewo mpaka ma 90s, kenako adayambanso kugwa.

Nthawi yomaliza nyama idaganiziridwa mu 2004. Panali pafupifupi 35,000 a iwo. Mpaka pano, nambala yeniyeni ya yemwe akuchokera ku Russia sakudziwika. Koma malinga ndi malipoti ena, chiwerengero chakwera pang'ono. Osachepera zachilengedwe, zamtunduwu zilipo, koma zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake zikuphimbidwa mumdima.

Kutalika kwamtunduwu kumafika masentimita 12 mpaka 171. Mchirawo umafanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Kulemera kumachokera ku 50 mpaka 80 magalamu. Kutalika kwa nyama ndi zaka 3-4. Mchira wake sunakakamizidwe pambuyo pake, koma umakhala wozungulira. Mtundu wa chovalachi ndi wopepuka kuposa wa mnzake waku Russia. Malingaliro ali akuda - ali pafupifupi akuda.

Mtsogoleri wa Pyrenean amadya ma mollusks ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Zowotcha zimangotengedwa osati m'madzi, komanso pamtunda. Nthawi yosaka imagwera usiku. Zachikazi zimabala ana a 2-5. Nthawi yakukhwima ndi nthawi 2-3 pachaka. Nyamazo zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi chimafikira anthu 15,000. Khola.

Mwa nyama zosowa komanso zodabwitsa zimaphatikizapo desman. Nyamayo yakhala padziko lapansi pano zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 30.Mtsogoleri waku Russia pano walembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, popeza mtunduwu watsala pang'ono kutha. Ndi mtundu wanji wa nyama, momwe imawonekera, komwe wogwirayo amakhala, timaphunzirapo kanthu.

Kukhala wa banja lakale

Eya, aliyense amene sakonda kusintha ndi yemwe amakhala Russia. Zodabwitsazi zimakhala padzikoli popanda kusintha kwa zaka zoposa 30 miliyoni, pomwe zidapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII. Kutalikitsa kwambiri kuti tisakumane ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri padziko lapansi - munthu, ndi cholengedwa chobisalira zenizeni.

Nthawi ina, anthu aku Ukraine omwe amakhala m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi ku Europe konse ndipo amakhala nthawi yofanana ndi mammaries komanso oyimira akale kwambiri a gulu lakhwalala lakhwalala, lomwe lidalipobe mpaka masiku athu - ndi hatteria yamaso atatu.

Vutoli limamubweretsa pafupi ndi yoyipitsitsa, koma ndipamomwe kufanana kwake kumatha. Wogwira ntchito ku Russia adasankha njira yake ya moyo mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo ndikutsatira lero.

Adani akulu a Khichili

Kuwonongedwa kwa nyama zodabwitsazi kudayamba pomwepo atatulukira ndi kufotokoza. Ubweya wawo nthawi ina unkakhala wamtengo wapatali kuposa nkhandwe ndi ma beaver, chifukwa cha madzi ake osunga madzi. Osachepera anthu ndi musk wopangidwa ndi desman. Chifukwa chake mitundu yomwe idapulumuka ma dinosaurs ndi chitukuko chapadziko lapansi, inali pafupi kutha chifukwa cha umbombo wa anthu.

M'zaka za zana la 20 m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia kusaka nyama zodziletsa kunaletsedwa kawiri, zomwe zinathandiza kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake, koma sizinathandize. Chifukwa chake, lero kachiwiri wogwira ntchito ku Russia akutetezedwa ndi lamulo (Buku Lofiyira ndikutsimikizira izi), koma si anthu omwe akuwononga iwo eni, koma ntchito yawo yofunika.

Masikrat angati atsalira

Masiku ano, m'malo onse okhala nyama zodabwitsazi, palibe anthu oposa 30,000 omwe atsalira, ndipo chiwerengerochi chimachepetsedwa chaka chilichonse. Kuphatikiza pa mdani wamkulu - munthu, amakhalanso ndi adani achilengedwe - mbalame zodyedwa, nkhandwe, oster, etc.

Nthawi zambiri desman amafa chifukwa chamadzi osefukira pomwe zisa zawo zili pansi pamadzi. Ziyeso zochulukirapo komanso adani kwa zolengedwa zazing'ono ngati izi. Ngati izi zikuchitika, ndiye kuti mu zaka 40-60 mutha kungowerenga za iwo m'buku kapena kuwaona pa TV. Kutha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa nyama zokongola izi kumachitika m'mphepete mwa mitsinje monga Don, Urals, Dnieper ndi Volga.

Kupulumutsidwa

Kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kukhetsa kwa ma swamp ndi oyenda yaying'ono, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo komanso nseru zomwe wogwirira chakudya amadya - zonsezi zikuopsezabe kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu. Pofuna kuti awongolere zolakwa zawo, asayansi adayamba kukhazikitsanso zinyama m'malo omwe sizinapezekepo, ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti "okhalamo" adzapatsa ana m'malo atsopano.

Malo ena opaka nyama ndi malo osungirako nyama nawonso adayamba kupulumutsa nyama zosowa, ndikupanga ukapolo womwe umagwirizana ndi zachilengedwe. Monga machitidwe awonetsera, izi zimagwira, koma kuwunikira nyama mosalekeza. Zitenga nthawi yayitali kuti chiwerengero cha anthu muskrat chikhale chachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti chitha kupatulidwa ku Red Book.

Ndizosachita kufunsa kuti azisungitsa malo awoawo, chifukwa ndizosatheka kupanga kwawo kunyumba. Pakadali pano, desman amatha kugwidwa pokhapokha ngati ali ndi chilolezo, ndipo ngati pali zilolezo, apo ayi, oyambitsa mavuto atha kukumana ndi zovuta ndi malamulo komanso oimira nyama zakuthengo.

Ngati madzi azisungunuka ngati gombelo latsopanolo, ndiye kuti pali chiyembekezo choti nyama zosokosera izi zipitiliza kuimira mtundu wawo wakale padziko lapansi. Pankhaniyi, wogwira ntchito ku Russia alandila nkhani yatsopano, mafotokozedwe achidule omwe takudziwitsani.

Onani: Mtsogoleri waku Russia

Sayizi: kutalika kwa thupi: 18-22 masentimita ndi mchira kutalika kofanana, kulemera kwa thupi: mpaka 500 g

Utali wamoyo: Zaka 4 m'chilengedwe, mpaka zaka 5 ukapolo

Wofunikayo ndi amodzi mwa nyama zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.

Zithunzi zamakono za nyama iyi mwachilengedwe zitha kukhala zomaliza, ngati simupanga kuyesetsa kuti mukhale ndi mawonekedwe abwino.

Kupeza chithunzi chapamwamba kwambiri cha munthu wofunidwa, ndipo makamaka kuziwona m'malo achilengedwe, kukuvuta.

Nyama yodabwitsa komanso yodabwitsayi ikufa mwachangu. Kaya mbadwa zathu zidzamuwona m'chilengedwe ndi funso lalikulu.

Kuyang'ana chithunzichi, zikuwoneka kuti kumwetulira koyenera komanso kwamuyaya sikunachitike pamaso pa nyama

Zowopsa nthawi iliyonse

Kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu wokonda kukhala ndi moyo ndi pafupifupi zaka 5, bola ngati sikufupikitsidwa ndi zinthu zakunja. Ndipo imatha kukhala madzi osayembekezereka nyengo yachisanu, kuthira mabowo omwe mabanja onse amatha kufa. Anthu opulumuka amakakamizidwa kuti apulumutse pamtunda, kapena kukumba mwachanguza maboti osakhalitsa m'malo otetezeka. Wogwiritsa ntchitoyo, wopanda malo okhala zachilengedwe, akuwoneka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothekera kwa mbalame zodya nyama, agalu a fodya, nkhandwe, makoswe otuwa ndi ma mink. Ndi nthawi ya masika pomwe munthu yemwe amakhala pa ulendowu amasamukira kumalo osungirako oyandikana nawo, ndikusintha malo omwe amakhala pafupi (pamtunda wamtunda wa 5-6 km kuchokera kunyumba yake yakale).

M'madzi, wogwira waku Russia ali pachiwopsezo kuchokera ku pikeperch, pike, catfish ndi ma mitsinje akuluakulu. M'nyengo yachilimwe, nyama imatha kupirira nthawi yayitali kupita kumalo abwino ndikukafera panjira. Ngakhale mu dzenje la munthu pamakhala ngozi yakuvutika ndi ziboda zamtchire, zomwe zimawononga mosavuta zibowo zomwe zili pansi.

Muskrat amagawana bwino malo awo okhala ndi ma beaver, nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito mabowo awo ndi mabowo. Mothandizana ndi nyama izi zimalemekezana. Zowona zake zidazindikira ngakhale pomwe wogwirayo adakwera chakumwa chakumapeto kumbuyo, chomwe chomaliza chimasuntha modekha.

Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Russia omwe amakhala mtsogoleri

M'zaka za m'ma 1900, ma muskrats adachotsedwa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo ndi madzi a musk, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero chawo. Pakadali pano, chiwerengero chenicheni cha nyamazi sichidziwika chifukwa ndi nyama yachinsinsi kwambiri ndipo ndizosatheka kukumana nayo pamtunda. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyerekeza kwa asayansi, kuchuluka kwa ofunika ndi nyama pafupifupi 30,000.

Kuchuluka kwa zinyama kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi matope amadzi, kugwa kwa mitengo ya kusefukira kwa madzi, kupanga madamu ndi madamu, chitukuko cha m'mphepete ndi kugawa maukonde. Zifukwa zachilengedwe zakuchepa kwa anthu omwe amabwera chifukwa chodwala zimatha kudziwika chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi ndi nyengo yozizira, madzi akasefukira zisa ndipo wothandizirayo sangathere kuchoka pansi pa madzi oundana.

Pamtunda, wothandizirayo alibe thandizo ndipo nthawi zina amagwidwa ndi agalu ndi amphaka, maulalo, zonyansa, mbalame zam'mimbulu.