Cobras ndi njoka zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ake komanso njira yodziwira kakulidwe kake. Dzinali limatanthawuza choyambirira mwa oyimira amtundu wa cobras weniweni, komanso cobras yawo yachifumu ndi kolala. Ponseponse, pafupifupi mitundu 16 ya njoka iyi imadziwika, onse ndi am'banja lodziwika bwino ndipo ndiogwirizana ndi mitundu inanso yopanda poizoni - njoka zakufa ndi mwankhanza, ziliri ndi zofunira.
Mitundu ina ya ku Central Asia cobras (Naja oxiana) imadziwika pakati pa mitundu ina yopanga utoto wowala.
Mitundu yonse ya nkhanu ndi yayikulu kwambiri, imodzi yaying'ono kwambiri - ya Angolan cobra - imatenga kutalika kwa 1.5 m, ndipo mfumu yayikulu cobra, kapena hamadriad, imatalika kutalika kwa 4.8 komanso 5.5 m. Cobra iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa onse njoka zaululu padziko lapansi. Ngakhale kukula kwa thupi lake sikumawoneka kwakukulu (monga ma thonje kapena ma boas, mwachitsanzo), izi zapamwamba ndizodziwika ndi kusuntha kwakukulu. Pamalo abata, ma cobras sakhala osiyana ndi njoka zina, koma pokwiya amakweza kutsogolo kwa thupi ndikulowetsa khosi. Choyimira chosatchulika ndichizindikiritso cha izi, zomwe zimapangidwanso sizipezekanso ndi njoka zina zilizonse. Mtundu wa cobras nthawi zambiri umakhala wosakonzeka, utoto wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira wakuda umakhalapo, koma mitundu ina imatha kukhala ndi mitundu yowala. Mwachitsanzo, kulavulira kofiira - bulauni-kofiirira, korymbose waku South Africa - matanthwe. Komanso, ma cobras amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yopingasa, makamaka yotchulidwa pakhosi. Njoka yodziwika bwino ya ku India kapena njoka yowoneka ndi dzina ili ndi dzina la malo awiri omwe amawoneka pachiwonetsero chake chotupa, njoka izi zimakhala ndi anthu omwe ali ndi malo amodzi, nkhanu zotere zimatchedwa monocle.
Njoka ya cobra, kapena njoka yowonera (Naja naja) idatchedwa dzina la malo omwe ali pachiwonetsero.
Cobras amakhala kokha ku Old World - ku Africa (kudutsa kontinenti yonse), Central ndi South Asia (ku India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). Nyama zoterezi ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi ndipo sizimapezeka kuti chipale chofewa chimagwera nthawi yozizira, chosakhalitsa ndi cobra wa ku Central Asia, womwe kumpoto kwake kumafika ku Turkmenistan, Tajikistan ndi Uzbekistan. Malo okhala njokazi ndi zosiyanasiyana, koma malo owuma ndiwokongola kwambiri. Malo omwe amapezeka ndi cobra ndi ma shrubber, zipululu ndi theka, mitundu yambiri imapezeka m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, koma njoka izi zimapewedwa m'malo otentha kwambiri. M'mapiri, nkhanu zam'madzi zimapezeka mpaka kutalika kwa 1500 mpaka 2400. Monga mitundu yonse yankhokwe, cobras imakhala yokha, koma ma cobras aku India komanso achifumu ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi lamulo ili. Njoka izi ndizo zokha zangokhala zokha zomwe zimapanga magulu awiri okhazikika nthawi yamasamba. Cobras nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito masana ndipo nthawi zambiri amalimbana kwambiri ndi kutentha thupi. Njoka izi ndi zam'manja, zikukwawa pansi, mitengo, ikhoza kusambira. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti cobras ndi yankhanza, koma kwenikweni, njoka izi zimakhala bata pang'ono komanso pang'ono phlegmatic. Podziwa mawonekedwe awo, ndiosavuta kuwongolera, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi "ojambula njoka".
Mtundu wina wa njoka zam'madzi za ku South Africa (South African Flap cobra (Aspidelaps lubricus) ndi amodzi mwa njoka zamitundu imeneyi.
Cobras amadya timiyala tating'ono, mbalame (ma passerines ndi zisa, mwachitsanzo, mbuzi), abuluzi, achule, mikanda, njoka zazing'ono, mazira. King cobra amangodya zovalazo, ndipo abuluzi amadya kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasaka njoka zina. Omwe amazunzidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala omwe ali ndi poizoni kwambiri komanso abale apachibale a cobras - kraits ndi ma proid. Cobras imapha nkhuku zawo ndi kuluma, ndi kubaya poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri m'thupi lake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti cobras nthawi zambiri imaluma mano awo m'manja mwa wozunzidwayo ndipo osamasula nthawi yomweyo, ngati kuti kutafuna, mwakutero imapereka kuyambitsa koyamba kwa poizoni. Poizoni wamitundu mitundu yonse yamalungo amapha anthu, koma mphamvu zake zimakhala zosiyanasiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Poizoni wa ku Central Asia cobra "samakhala wamphamvu kwambiri", kufa kuchokera pakuluma kwake kumachitika m'maola ochepa kapena masiku angapo, koma poyizoni wa chifuwa chachifumu amatha kupha munthu theka la ora, kuphatikiza apo, pali milandu pomwe ngakhale njovu zimwalira ndi kuluma kwake!
King cobra, kapena hamadriad (Ophiophagus hannah).
Pakati pa nkhanu, pali mitundu yamitundu yambiri yomwe imasaka mwapadera. Samaluma munthu amene amamuvutitsa, koma ... muwombereni poyizoni. Spitting cobra ku India amadziwika kuti ndiwowombera molondola kwambiri, komanso ma cobras akuda komanso akhungu ochokera ku Africa ali ndi luso ili. Mumtunduwu, kutseguka kwa ngalande yapoizoni sikuli pansi pa dzino, koma patsogolo pake, ndi minofu yapadera cobra imakanikiza tiziwopsezo tambiri ndipo timadzi tomwe timatulutsa timadzi tomwe timatulutsa timapanikizika ngati kuti tachokera ku syringe. Nthawi imodzi, nkhanuyo imatha kuwombera zingapo (mpaka 28). Njoka imatha kuwombera patali kwambiri mpaka mamita 2, ndipo kuchokera patali imakantha chandamale ndi mainchesi angapo. Kulondola kotereku sikuli kwangozi, chifukwa kupha munthu wovutitsidwa, kungolowa mthupi lake sikokwanira. Chidacho sichingalowe pazomwe chimakutidwa ndikuchipha, koma chimatha kukhumudwitsa kwambiri mucous membrane. Chifukwa chake, kulavulira cobras kumangoyang'ana m'khutu, chifuwa chaukali chimakwiyitsa ziwalo zam'maso ndipo wolakwiridwayo sakutayidwa, ngakhale atakhala kuti ali ndi mwayi wothawa, amawonongeka. Poizoniyu amachititsa kuti mapuloteni oyipa asasinthike ndipo akuwonekeratu. Ngati poizoni walowa m'maso mwa munthu, imatha kupulumutsidwa pokhapokha tumphukira m'maso ndi madzi ambiri.
Cobra imawonetsa malovu akusaka omwe amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo.
Cobras zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Nyengo ya kuswana imagwera nthawi zambiri mu Januware -February (mwachitsanzo, ku Indian cobra) kapena kasupe (ku Central Asia), zazikazi zamtunduwu zimayikira mazira awo mu Epulo-Meyi kapena Juni-Julayi, motsatana. Chonde cha cobras chimadalira kwambiri mtunduwu ndipo chimatha kuyambira mazira 8 mpaka 70. Mtundu wokhawo womwe umabereka ana amoyo wamphongo, umabereka mpaka ana 60. Cobras amaikira mazira m'miyala pakati pa miyala, milu ya masamba ndi malo ena ofananirako. Akazi, monga lamulo, samalani zowononga. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi machitidwe achiwembu achifumu achi India ndi achi India. Akazi awo samateteza mazira okha, komanso kuwapangira chisa. Izi zimawoneka zodabwitsa mukaganiza kuti njoka zilibe miyendo. Kuti muchite izi, cobra imasenda masamba ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi kukhala mulu, kuyikira mazira, komabe kumawateteza. Komanso, amuna omwe samasiya osankhidwa awo mpaka kuwaswa kwa mbewu amatenga gawo lotanganidwa kuteteza chisa. Munthawi imeneyi, ma cobras aku India komanso achifumu amatha kukhala ankhanza kwambiri, kuyendetsa nyama mwachangu komanso anthu kutali ndi zisa zawo. Ichi chinali chifukwa chodzudzulira njoka izi chifukwa chosadukiza anthu, mwanjira imeneyi, machitidwe otere amawonekera pokhapokha pakubala. Njoka zosidwa ndizodziyimira palokha komanso zokhala kale ndi poizoni, komabe, chifukwa cha zochepa, zimayambitsa nyama zazing'ono kwambiri ngakhale tizilombo. Cobras yaing'ono, monga lamulo, imakhala yamizeremizere, ndipo nkhanu yakuda ndi yoyera inalinso ndi dzina lake ndendende ndi utoto wa achichepere. Kutalika kwa moyo wa cobras m'chilengedwe sichinakhazikitsidwe ndendende; m'ndende, imodzi yakuda ndi yoyera imakhala zaka 29, chomwe ndi chizindikiro kwambiri cha njoka.
Kulavulira cobra (Naja pallida).
Ngakhale ndi poizoni wamphamvu, ma cobras amakhalanso ndi adani. Njoka zazikulu, zowongolera abuluzi zimatha kulimbana ndi nyama zazing'ono, ndipo mongooses ndi meerkat nyama zazikulu. Ngakhale kuti nyamazo sizikhala ndi vuto la kupweteka kwa chifuwa cha mamba, zimasilira mwachisawawa ndi mphodza zabodza zomwe zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphindi ndikupumira pansi chakumutu. Cobra yomwe yagwidwa munjira ya mongoose kapena meerkat ilibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Kuteteza, ma cobras ali ndi zida zingapo. Choyamba, izi ndizoyikika kwambiri, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ya siginecha. Ngakhale cobra, atakulitsa hodiyo, imakhala yowopsa kwambiri pamaso pa munthu, kwenikweni, machitidwe oterewa amalola kupewa msonkhano wosayembekezereka ndi njoka ndikuupewa. Cobra nayenso amakwaniritsa zoterezi. Kachiwiri, ngati mugwira kapena kusuta mimbulu, sipangapite nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi zambiri, zangazi zimalumikiza zina zowonjezera - mokweza mawu ( mverani ) ndi ziwonetsero zabodza pomwe njoka sigwiritsa ntchito mano oopsa. Ndipo ngati izi sizingathandize, amatha kuluma. Collared cobra amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa "ochita" kwambiri padziko lapansi la njoka. Pakakhala ngozi (ngati kulavulira ndi poizoni sikunathandize) iye amatembenuka ndikuyamba, ndikutsegula pakamwa pake, mochenjera ngati wamwalira.
Cobra idakumana m'njira yokhala banja la meerkat.
Chifukwa chakuti cobras amakhala kumayiko okhala anthu ambiri, adakhala nthawi yayitali limodzi ndi anthu. Nthawi zina, njoka izi zimafunafuna malo oyandikana ndi anthu, choncho achi India, achifumu, achifwamba achi Egypt amakonda kukhala m'malo osiyidwa (pansi, mabwinja, ndi zina). Kumbali imodzi, anthu adawopa njoka izi, kumbali ina - mantha ndi ulemu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mtima wopatsa ulemu kwa cobras unapangidwa ndendende komwe kuli mitundu yayikulu komanso yoopsa kwambiri yomwe imakhala - ku India, Egypt. Zowonadi ndi zakuti anthu akumayiko awa, mongodzipereka akugawana madera ena wamba, aphunzira bwino miyambo yawo ndipo akudziwa kuti njokazi ndizolosera, zodekha, motero sizowopsa. Kwa nthawi yayitali panali ntchito yapadera ya wojambula njoka. Inalandidwa ndi oonerera ochenjera omwe amadziwa kuthana ndi njoka kuti zisadabwerenso kudziteteza. Cobras anali atavala mabasiketi kapena m'mitsuko, kutsegula komwe ambuye adayamba kusewera chitolirochi ndipo njokayo idawoneka kuti ikutuluka ndikuvina nyimbo. M'malo mwake, ma cobras, monga njoka zonse, ndi ogontha, koma amatengera kusewera kwa chitoliro ndikutsata "mdani" uyu ndi mawonekedwe, kuchokera kunja kumawoneka ngati kuvina. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso, owerenga amatha kulepheretsa chidwi cha njokayo kotero kuti adaloleza kumpsompsona njokayo, mmisiri waluso kwambiri samakonda kuti asatenge ngozi ndikuchotsa mano owopsa kumkokomo. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu ambiri, kuchotsa mano kunalibe. Poyamba, cobra woletsedwa poyizoni sangathe kugwira, komanso kugaya nyama yake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti singachedwe kufa ndi njala. Kusintha njoka miyezi ingapo ndi ntchito yowonjezereka kwa osayenda bwino pamsewu. Kachiwiri, owonera angafunse kwa eni ake kuti awonetse mano owopsa a mamba kenako wochita zachinyengo angadzachotsedwe mochititsa manyazi ndikusowa ndalama. Ndi ma cobras okhaokha aku India ndi ku Egypt omwe adaphunzira kuwonda.
Njoka zokongola ndi njoka zam'madzi za ku India.
Kuphatikiza apo, ku India, ma cobras nthawi zambiri amakhala m'makachisi, mosiyana ndi malo okhala, palibe amene adawachotsa pano. Cobras samangokhala nzeru yokhayo komanso inali nkhani ya kupembedza, komanso adachita zinsinsi za olondera. Akuba usiku, akuthamangitsa chuma, anali ndi mwayi uliwonse wamdima kuti ulumidwe ndi njoka. Mbiri imadziwanso njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito "cobras". Nthawi zambiri amaponyedwa mnyumba ya anthu omwe amakana kuti akufuna kuchita nawo popanda kudziwika ndi milandu. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti mothandizidwa ndi cobra, Mfumukazi yodziwika bwino yaku Egypt, Cleopatra adatekhetsa moyo wake. Masiku ano, cobras imapweteketsabe anthu. Zowona, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha njoka zokha osati kuchuluka kwa zigawo zina - kulibe malo mwachilengedwe komwe mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino imabisala kwa anthu. Malo oyandikana nawo nthawi zambiri amasintha kukhala "mikangano", chaka chilichonse kuchokera kuluma kwa nkhanu ku India (mpaka pang'ono ku Africa), mpaka anthu chikwi amafa. Kumbali ina, motsutsana ndi poizoni wamankhwala am'kati, pali mankhwala omwe amapangidwa m'magulu a njoka. Cobra poiz ndiwofunikanso popanga mankhwala angapo. Mwa izi, njoka zimagwidwa ndi "kuyamwa mkaka", munthu m'modzi amatha kupereka zidutswa zingapo za poizoni, koma zaka zake sizikhala mu ukapolo, chifukwa chake izi zokwawa zimafunikira chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, cobra ya ku Central Asia yalembedwa mu International Red Book. Rudyard Kipling anafotokozanso moyenera zikhalidwe za ma cobras ndi ubale wawo ndi ma mongooses mu nkhani ya "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi".
Werengani za nyama zomwe zatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi: njoka, abuluzi, abuluzi, kuyang'anira abuluzi, achule, mikanda, meerkat, njovu.
Kodi cobras amakhala kuti?
Izi zapamwamba zimatha kupezeka ku Africa ndi Asia. Cobras ndi zolengedwa zachilengedwe kwambiri, sizikhala komwe kukuzizira kwambiri kapena kugwa chipale chofewa. Koma mu lamulo lirilonse pali kupatula - Central Asia cobra, imakhala kumpoto kwa Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan.
King cobra, kapena hamadriad (Ophiophagus hannah).
Mwachilengedwe, cobras imatha kuwoneka m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Amakonda zitsamba, zipululu, nthawi zina amabwera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, komabe, m'malo ovuta kwambiri ndi madambo zinthu zotsalazo sizimapezeka. Mitundu ina imasankha malo okhala ngati mapiri ngati kwawo, koma sikukwera pamwamba pa 2400 metres kuposa nyanja.
Kulavulira cobra (Naja pallida).
Cobras, malinga ndi momwe akukhalira, ndi nyama zayekha, komabe, njoka zonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi, ndi okhawo omwe amapanga magulu awiri azaka zamkati (njoka zina, monga mukudziwa, atatha kukhwima, nthawi yomweyo amangoziluka ndipo samawonana)
Kodi cobra amadya chiyani?
Chakudya chachikulu cha nyama zamtchirezi ndi makoswe komanso mbalame zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhandwe zimadyera achule, maula, abuluzi ndi njoka zazing'ono, komanso zimadyanso mazira a mbalame. Cobras, poona kuti ingagwire, imathamangira ndikuluma, ikulowetsa poizoni m'thupi la wovulalayo.
Cobra ali ndi chakudya chamasana.
Poizoni wa ma cobras onse amapha pakudya! Choyamwa kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha ku Asia cha kum'mwera, chimwalira pambuyo maola ochepa. Ponena za poizoni wa mfumu, ikaluma, munthu akafa pambuyo pa mphindi 30.
Nyengo ya kubereka ya zokwawa izi imabwera kamodzi pachaka. Mitundu yonse, kupatula khola la nkhanu, imayikira mazira (kuchokera zidutswa 8 mpaka 70). Colobred cobra imabala ana amoyo (mpaka ana 60 pamsika umodzi).
Cobra idakumana m'njira yokhala banja la meerkat.
Kuti apange ana abwino mtsogolo, ma cobras ena amapangira chisa chisamaliro. Mwachitsanzo, ma cobras aku India ndi achifumu: amasaka masamba agwa kuti akhale mulu wofewa ndipo amayikira mazira pamenepo. Ndizodabwitsa momwe amachitira izi popanda thandizo la miyendo?!
Habitat
Cobras amakhala makamaka ku Old World - Africa (pafupifupi kontinenti yonse), South ndi Central Asia (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka). Monga tanena kale, Cobra uyu ndi thermophilic - sadzakhala komwe kuli chisanu ndi chipale chofewa nthawi yozizira. Kupatula, mwina, ndi Iye yekha yemwe amakhala ku Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. Pouma pamalowo, ndi pomwe amakonda kwambiri zotsalazo. Nthawi zambiri, amasankha tchire, nkhalango, zipululu ndi theka. Nthawi zina zimatha kuwoneka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, koma nthawi zambiri zimapewa malo onyowa. Cobra imapezekanso m'mapiri, koma osakhala apamwamba kuposa 2400 metres kuposa nyanja.
Kuswana
Izi njoka zimabereka kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mu Januwale-Febere kapena mchaka. Chonde cha zokwawa izi zimadalira kwambiri mitundu yawo. Wamkazi mmodzi amatha kuyikira mazira asanu ndi atatu mpaka makumi asanu ndi awiri.
Colobred cobra ndiye mtundu umodzi wokha wamtundu uliwonse womwe umabereka ana amoyo. Amatha kubereka ana mpaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Royal ndi India ma cobras ndiwankhanza kwambiri panthawiyi. Amateteza ana awo poyendetsa nyama ndi anthu kutali ndi chisa.Izi sizachilendo kwa iwo ndipo zimawonekera munthawi ya kubereka.
Ndani akuopa cobra
Ngakhale kuti njokayo ndiowopsa kwambiri, ilinso ndi adani oopsa. Zamoyo zazikuluzikulu zazikulu zimatha kudya ana ake. Akuluakulu amatha kuwonongeka ndi meerkat ndi mongooses. Nyama izi sizitha kuteteza thupi la njoka, komabe zimatha kusokoneza chidwi cha njokayo ndi chakudya chawo chabodza. Amugwira mphindi yoyenera ndikumuluma pakhosi pake. Cobra ikakumana ndi megkat kapena mongoose panjira, ilibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa.
Indian cobra
Mitundu iyi imapezeka kwambiri ku Africa ndi South Asia. Nthawi zambiri amamutcha iye. Dzinali adalipeza chifukwa cha mawonekedwe kumbuyo kwa khasu. Muli ndi mphete ziwiri zazing'ono zabwino ndi uta. Cobra chakupha chija chikadziteteza, chimakweza kutsogolo kwa thupi lake pafupifupi, ndipo chinaonekera kumbuyo kwa mutu wake. Kutalika kwa njoka ndi mita imodzi ndi makumi atatu. Amamadya kwambiri ma amphibians - makoswe ndi abuluzi ochepa, ndipo sangakane mazira a mbalame. Ili ndi njoka yayitali kwambiri. Cobra Naja naja nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira 45! Ndizosangalatsa kuti yamphongo imayang'aniranso chitetezo cha womanga.
Kumulavulira cobra
Uwu ndi mtundu wapadera wa nkhanu zaku India. Imafinya poyizoni kwa mdani yemwe ali pamtunda wa mamita awiri, ndikutha kugunda chandamale ndi mainchesi mpaka awiri sentimita. Ndipo, ndiyenera kunena, njokayo ndi yolondola kwambiri. Kupha wovutikayo, kupeza poizoni m'thupi sikokwanira. Poizoni salowerera pakhungu, koma ndi owopsa ngati wafika pakhungu la mucous. Chifukwa chake, cholinga chachikulu cha njoka izi ndi maso. Akamamenya mwamphamvu, munthu amene wamugwirayo akhoza kuiwaliratu. Kuti mupewe izi, muzitsuka maso anu nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi ambiri.
Cobra waku Egypt
Kugawidwa ku Africa. Awa nawonso njoka yapoizoni. The cobra Naja haje amakula mpaka mamita awiri kutalika. Chovala chake ndi chaching'ono kwambiri kuposa cha wachibale wake waku India. Mwa Aigupto akale, adayimira mphamvu, ndipo kuluma kwake poyipiritsa kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yophera anthu akaphedwa.
King Cobra Snake (Hamadriad)
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti iyi ndi njoka yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutalika kwa anthu achikulire kupitirira mamitala atatu, koma milandu yochititsa chidwi kwambiri inalembedwa - 5.5 metres! Uku ndi malingaliro olakwika. Pali chonde chachikulu kuposa Kutsutsana ndi anaconda chitha kuoneka ngati mwana wakhanda - pambuyo pake, anthu ena amtunduwu amafikira kutalika kwa mita khumi!
Ma Hamadriad ndiofala ku India, kumwera kwa Himalayas, kumwera kwa China, Philippines, mpaka Bali, ndi Indochina. Nthawi zambiri, zokwawa zimakhala pamtunda, koma nthawi yomweyo zimatha kuwira pamitengo ndikusambira moyenera. Malinga ndi akatswiri, cholengedwa chodabwitsachi ndi cobra yachifumu. Kodi njoka imatha bwanji kukhala ndi kukula kopambana chotere? Ambiri amadabwa ndi izi. Zowonadi zake ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri, ngakhale sizimawoneka zolemera kwambiri komanso zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, python.
Chida choyipa
Kodi njoka yowopsa imeneyi imakantha bwanji munthu wake? Royal cobra imamwa poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwake kumatengera kukula ndi kulemera kwa amene akumenyedwayo. Nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kangapo kuposa mlingo wowopsa. Chochititsa chidwi, kudya nyama yomwe ili ndi poizoni, njokayo siivutika konse.
Nthawi zambiri, pofuna kuwopseza munthu, kulumidwa ndi mamba, koma osaloledwa poyizoni, popeza ndikofunikira pakusaka. Koma palibe chifukwa sangakhale ndi chiyembekezo cha icho! Poizoni wa Cobra amatha kupha njovu m'maola ochepa. Imayendetsa minyewa ndipo wogwidwa amafa chifukwa chokwanira. Poizoni walowa mthupi, munthu akafa pambuyo pa mphindi 15.
Kwa asayansi, njoka iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri. Cobra, yemwe poizoni wake ndi woopsa kwambiri, amathanso kukhala wopindulitsa kwa anthu. Kuposa? Popita kafukufuku, zidapezeka kuti poizoni wake mu Mlingo wocheperako ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ntchito popanga mankhwala ofunika omwe amakhudza bwino mtima ndi mitsempha, kuchepetsa magazi. Asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akhala akuphunzira za poizoni kwazaka zopitilira 50, ndipo ngakhale atakhala zaka zambiri atafufuza, amapezamo mankhwala ena atsopano omwe ndi othandiza masiku ano.
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti cobras ndiwankhanza kwambiri. Izi sizowona. Amakhala odekha, mutha kuyitanitsa machitidwe awo phlegmatic. Ngati mungaphunzire zizolowezi za ma adadi, mutha kuziwongolera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ndi "ojambula" aluso a njoka. King cobra ndi cholengedwa chowopsa, koma muyenera kudziwa kuti mukakumana ndi munthu, siziwukira, koma amadziteteza.
Sizikudziwikiratu kuti chifukwa chiyani nkhonoyi inkadziwika kuti ndi yachifumu. Mwina chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu (4-6 m), komwe kumasiyanitsa ndi maziko a nkhanu zina kapena chifukwa cha chizolowezi chodyera njoka zina, kunyoza makoswe ang'ono, mbalame ndi achule.
Kulongosola kwa King Cobra
Ndi gawo la banja la asidi, ndikupanga ake omwe (amodzimodzi) amtundu ndi mitundu - the cobra yachifumu. Imatha kukhala ndi vuto kukankha nthiti kuti chifikire kumbuyo. Kutupa kwa khosi kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha makutu amkati mwa khungu. Pali malo ocheperako pamwamba pa mutu wa njokayo, maso ndi ochepa, nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima.
A Portugal adapatsidwa dzina loti "cobra" ndi Apwitikizi omwe adafika ku India koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1600. Poyamba, adatcha kuti "bulob" ("cobra de capello"). Kenako dzina lake linataya gawo lachiwiri ndipo linapatsidwa oyimira onse a fuko.
Pakati pawo, akatswiri azakuthambo amatcha njoka Hannah, kuyambira ku dzina lake Lachilatini Ophiophagus hannah, ndikugawa zobwezeretseka m'magulu awiri akulu:
- Continental / Chinese - yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yotalikirana ndi mawonekedwe onse mthupi,
- chilumba / indonesian - opanga ma monophonic okhala ndi mawanga ofiira pakhosi komanso mikwingwirima (yopyapyala) yopingasa.
Malinga ndi mtundu wa njokayo, ndikotheka kumvetsetsa kuti ndi iti mwa mitundu iwiri yomwe ili: aang'ono a gulu la Indonesia akuwonetsa mikwingwirima yopepuka yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi zishango zam'mimba zomwe zili pachimtengo. Zowona, palinso mitundu yapakatikati chifukwa cha malire omwe afupika pakati pa mitundu. Mtundu wa masikelo kumbuyo umatengera komwe amakhala ndipo ukhoza kukhala wachikaso, bulauni, wobiriwira komanso wakuda. Masikelo osabereka nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka komanso otsekemera.
Ndizosangalatsa! King cobra amatha "kukula". Kulira ngati khungubwi kumatuluka kummero pamene njokayo ikwiya. Chida cha "kubangula" kwakuya kwambiri ndi matembenukidwe amiyala yomwe imamveka pamayendedwe otsika. Chododometsa, koma njoka ina yoyaka imayesedwa njoka yobiriwira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwera patebulo la Hana.
Zoyala, King Cobra Habitat
Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia (dziko lodziwika bwino la zofunira zonse), komanso ku South Asia, ndi malo omwe nyama zachifumu zimakonda kukhalamo. Chokwiracho chakhazikika m'malo obisika mvula a Pakistan, Philippines, South China, Vietnam, Indonesia ndi India (kumwera kwa Himalaya).
Zotsatira zake chifukwa chotsatira njanji pogwiritsa ntchito ma beacon a radio, ma hans ena samachoka komwe amakhala, koma njoka zina zimasamukira, zimayenda makilomita makumi ambiri.
Posachedwa, Hans adakhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kukula kwa ulimi waukulu ku Asia, pansi pa zosowa zomwe nkhalango zimadulidwa pomwe cobras amazolowera kukhala.
Nthawi yomweyo, kufutukula kwa malo ofesedwawo kumatsogolera pakupangidwanso kwa makoswe, komwe kumakoka njoka zazing'ono, zomwe mfumu cobra imakonda kudya.
Kutalika ndi moyo
Ngati mfumu cobra siigwera mano a mongoose, itha kukhala zaka 30 kapena kupitilira. Chamoyo chimakula nthawi yayitali, chimasamba kuyambira 4 mpaka 6 pachaka. Kukhetsa kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 10 ndipo kumakhala kovutitsa thupi: nyamayo imakhala yotetezeka ndikupeza malo ofunda, nthawi zambiri m'malo mwa nyumba za anthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! King cobra amakwawa pansi, kubisala m'makola / m'mapanga ndi kukwera mitengo. Owona ndi maso akuti chamoyocho chimasambiranso bwino.
Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti khungu la nthabwala limakhala ngati lakhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito thupi limodzi. . Kupachika kwachilendo kotere sikumalepheretsa chifuyo kuti isunthe, komanso imagwiritsa ntchito ngati chida cholamulira ma cobras oyandikana nawo. Wopambana ndi nyama zapakhomo, pomwe atakwera pamwamba, "amatha" kuponyera "mdani wake pamutu pake." Cobra modzicepetsa amasintha malo ake osasunthika kuti akhale otakataka komanso ozungulira.
Adani a mfumu cobra
Hana mosakaikira ndi wowopsa kwambiri, koma osafa. Ndipo ali ndi adani angapo achilengedwe, monga:
Omaliza awiriwa samapatsa mfumu mwayi woti apulumutsidwe, ngakhale kuti alibe chitetezo choopsa chokhudza kupha kwa mfumu cobra. Ayenera kungodalira momwe amvera komanso kunenepa, osawalekerera. Mongoose, atawona cobra, amabwera kusaka chisangalalo ndipo sanaphonye mwayi wakuwukira.
Nyamayi ikudziwa kusintha kwina kwa Hana motero imagwiritsa ntchito njira yabwino yopangira: kulumpha - kulumpha, ndikubwerezanso munthawi yayitali. Pambuyo pa ziwonetsero zingapo zabodza, mphezi imodzi iluma kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndikupangitsa kuti njoka iphedwe, ikutsatira.
Zamoyo zazikuluzikulu zimawopsezanso ana ake. Koma wankhondo wankhanza kwambiri wachifwamba anali munthu amene amapha ndi kugwira njoka'zi.
Mfumu Cobra
Zasayansi dzina la Ophiophagus hannah ("wakudya njoka") adapeza chifukwa cha zovuta zake zachilengedwe. Ndi chisangalalo chachikulu maHana amadya amtundu wawo - njoka monga boogie, kufi, njoka, ma pythons, kraits komanso cobras. Nthawi zambiri, mfumuyi imangokhala ndi buluzi wamkulu, kuphatikizapo buluzi, ndi amene amaisankha. Nthawi zina, nyama ya cobra imangokhala yokha. .
Mukasaka, njokayo imasiyira phlegm yake: imathamangitsa msangayo, yoyamba kuigwira ndi mchira, kenako ndikutsata mano ake akuthwa pafupi ndi mutu (malo osatetezeka kwambiri). Hana anapha nyama yake mwa kuluma, nadzipangira poizoni wamphamvu m'thupi mwake. Mano a Cobra ndi afupiafupi (5 mm) okha: samawonjezera, monga njoka zina zonse zapoizoni. Chifukwa cha chiyani, Hana samangoluma mwachangu, koma amakakamizidwa kuluma wozunzidwa, ndikuluma kangapo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Cobra samadwala chisangalalo ndipo amatha kupirira kuthana ndi nthawi yayitali (pafupifupi miyezi itatu): zochuluka monga momwe zimatengera iye kuti akhotetse ana.
Cobra kuluma, momwe poizoni imagwirira ntchito
Poyerekeza ndi poyizoni wakupha wa abale a gensa Naja, ululu wa mfumu cobra suwoneka wowopsa, koma wowopsa chifukwa cha mlingo wake (mpaka 7 ml). Izi ndizokwanira kutumiza njovu kudziko lina, ndipo munthu akamwalira amapanga theka la ola. Mphamvu ya poizoni ya poizoni imadziwonetsera kudzera mu ululu wowawa, kuponya kwakuthwa m'maso ndikuwonetsa ziwalo . Kenako pamabwera kulephera kwa mtima, kukomoka komanso kufa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Zosadabwitsa kuti, ku India, komwe nzika pafupifupi 50 za dziko lino zimafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kulumidwa ndi njoka zapoizoni, Amwenye ochepera amafa chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi nkhanu yachifumu.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, 10% yokha ya kuluma kwa hannah imakhala yakufa kwa anthu, yomwe imalongosoleredwa ndi magawo awiri amachitidwe ake.
Choyamba, ndi njoka yoleza mtima, yokonzeka kuti yomwe ikubwera isaphonye popanda kuvulaza wina. Mumangofunika kuyimirira / kukhala pansi kuti mukhale mzere wamaso ake, osayenda mwadzidzidzi ndikupumira modekha osayang'ana kumbali. Nthawi zambiri, cobra imathawa osawona chiwopsezo kwa wapaulendo.
Kachiwiri, mfumu cobra imatha kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka poizoni pakuwukira: imatseka zisa zam'mimbayo, ndikupanga minofu yapadera. Kuchuluka kwa poizoni wotulutsidwa kumatengera kukula kwa ozunzidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri umapitilira muyeso wowopsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchenjeza munthu, kumusangalatsa sikukulira kuluma. Akatswiri azachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti njokayo imasunga poizoni pakusaka, osafuna kuipitsa.
Akatswiri a herptolo amawona njoka iyi kukhala yosangalatsa kwambiri komanso yodabwitsa, koma amalangiza oyamba kuti aziganiza zambirimbiri asanayambe kunyumba. Chovuta chachikulu chagona pakuzolowera chakudya chatsopano: simungamudyetse njoka, mapira ndi abuluzi.
Njira ina (makoswe) yowonjezeramo ndalama ndi zovuta zina:
- Ndi kudya kwa nthawi yayitali, chiwindi chamafuta nchotheka,
- Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, makoswe monga chakudya chimakhudza kwambiri zochita za njoka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kusamutsa cobra ku makoswe kumakhala nthawi yambiri ndipo kungachitike m'njira ziwiri. Pinyama choyambirira choyambirira, amadyedwa ndi njoka zosokedwa ndi makoswe, pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama ya njoka. Njira yachiwiri imaphatikizanso kutsuka nyama yam'mimba kuchokera kununkhira ndikuikuta ndi chidutswa cha njoka. Makoswe sawerengedwa ngati chakudya.
Njoka zachikulire zimafunikira malo owotchera ndi kutalika kwa ma 1.2. Ngati cobra ndi yayikulu - mpaka 3 mita (ana obadwa kumene amakhala ndi matanki okwanira kutalika kwa 30-40 cm). Pa malo ophunzitsira omwe muyenera kukonzekera:
- Driftwood / nthambi (makamaka njoka zazing'ono),
- wakumwa wamkulu (cobras amamwa kwambiri)
- gawo lapansi mpaka pansi (sphagnum, coconut kapena nyuzipepala).
Sungani kutentha mu terariamu mkati mwa + 22 + 27 madigiri . Kumbukirani kuti mfumu cobras imakonda chinyezi: chinyezi sichiyenera kugwa pansi pa 60-70%. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsata izi panthawi yomwe mudzasungunuka.
Ndipo musaiwale za kusamala kwambiri panthawi yonse yomwe mwakopeka ndi mfumu cobra: valani magolovesi ndikusunga patali.
Cobra yachifumu (dzina lake lachiwiri ndi hamadriad) ndioyenera kuti ndiyo njoka yoopsa kwambiri komanso yayitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake zimayambitsa ulemu komanso mantha.
Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti kutalika kwa thupi la mfumu yayikulu cobra ndi masentimita 560, ndipo kutalika kwapakati kumasiyana pakati pa 3 ndi 4 metres.
Pamutu, kuwonjezera pazotetezera za tsiku ndi tsiku, mu mawonekedwe a semicircle, pali zikopa zina zisanu ndi chimodzi zakuda, zomwe ndi mtundu wa zokongoletsera za cobra ndikupanga khola loonda.
Kodi cobra imawoneka bwanji ndipo imakhala kuti?
Mtundu waukulu wa mfumu cobra ndi wakuda kapena wachikasu wobiriwira, koma utoto wake umasiyana - izi zimachitika chifukwa cha malo okhala nkhanu. Mdera lomwe mumakhala nkhanuyo, khungu lake limakhala lamdima.
Kuphatikiza apo, utoto wamba umasinthidwa ndi mphete zakuda zomwe zimakhala kuzungulira thupi la njokayo. Mphete izi zimakhala ndizowoneka bwino pafupi ndi khosi ndipo zimatchulidwa mchira.
Njira zopukutira m'mimba mwa achikulire zimachitika kangapo pachaka, ndipo mwa achinyamata pafupifupi kamodzi pamwezi. Pamodzi ndi khungu latsopano, cobra imapezanso maso ndi mano osinthidwa.
M'masiku oyambira atatha kusungunuka, masomphenya a "Mfumukazi" adzaipiraipira, komabe, atachira mwachangu, azitha kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zili pamtunda wamamita 90-100.
Molt ikatha, hamadriad imakhala yosatetezeka ndikuyamba kufunafuna malo abwino otetezedwa, nthawi zambiri malowa ndi malo okhala munthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti njoka yachilendoyi imatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 30, ndipo kupezeka kwake konseko imakulabe.
King cobra ndiwakuchuluka m'lifupi mwake ndipo akukhala oposa theka la Southeast Asia; magawo ake amagawa malo kuchokera ku India kupita ku Philippines.
King cobra amathanso kuonedwa m'malo ena a Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Nthawi zambiri, mtunduwu umapezeka m'malo a nkhalango, komabe, pali milandu yodziwika yogawidwa m'malo opangidwa ndi anthu.
King cobra imatha kukhala bwino osati pamtunda wokha, imasambira mwangwiro ndikuyenda bwino ndi mitengo.Ngakhale imakhala kwambiri padziko lapansi, mikhalidwe kapena m'mapanga.
Kodi mfumu cobra idya chiyani?
Zakudya za mfumu cobra sizosiyanasiyana, poyerekeza ndi ena oimira njoka.
Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndikuti mitundu ya cobra imamadya njoka zina. Nthawi zina abuluzi amatha kulowa zakudya zawo, koma ngakhale ali ndi zonse, amakonda mtundu wawo, kuwameza athunthu.
Chifukwa cha chakudya choterechi, nkhokwe yachifumuyi idapatsidwa dzina lovomerezeka, lomwe poyambirira limamveka ngati Ophiophagus hannah, ndipo limatanthawuza "odya njoka".
Kwa kanthawi, cobra imatha kudya popanda kudya. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa miyezi itatu yomwe wamkazi amateteza mazira ake.
Kusaka kwa Cobra ndi mawonekedwe a poizoni
Amadziwika kuti poizoni wa mfumu cobra, ikalowa mthupi, imakhala ndi vuto lambiri mu ubongo, makamaka izi zimakhudzana ndi kupuma kwamunthu yemwe akukhudzidwayo.
Chifukwa cha jakisoni wa poizoniyu m'thupi, kupunduka kwa minyewa ya kupuma kwamphamvu kumachitika, komwe kumayambitsa kupuma, ndipo, motero, kumabweretsa kufa. Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za kuluma pang'ono, sichoncho?
Kulumidwa kwa cobra, pafupifupi 6 ml ya ululu wa njoka ulowa mthupi la munthu kapena nyama, ndipo mankhwalawa atha kuphedwa.
Munthu amene walandira poizoni wotereyu amakhala kwa moyo wosaposa mphindi 15. Koma ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pali mankhwala - antivenin omwe amatha kupulumutsa munthu, koma kuti muupulumutse muyenera kulowa mankhwalawa m'thupi mukangoluma, ndipo sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse ndi anthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ngakhale anali atakwiya komanso atakhudzidwa motani ndi bongo wa cobra, pakhala pali milandu yochepa kwambiri yokhudza kuphedwa kwaumunthu pambuyo pakuluma.
Zachidziwikire, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti nyama ya mamba imalanda njoka zina, kuphatikiza yazapoizoni, kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni ngati chida chenicheni, kotero kuti kuwononga poizoni kulibe phindu lililonse chifukwa cha nkhonoyi ndipo chifukwa chake, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanu, iwo Osamadulira poyizoni.
Kuwopseza ndikuthamangitsa munthu, njokayo imagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimadziwika kuti "zopanda pake", pomwe poizoni sumaonekera ndikumulankhula. Kuti muchite izi, cobra imalumikizana ndi minofu ina ndikutseka njira ya zuluzikulu za poizoni.
Ma Cobras pawokha sangathe kufa chifukwa chokhala ndi poizoni wawo, chifukwa chomwe atha kukhala osadziletsa.
Mgwirizano
Ngakhale kuti ma cobras ali ponseponse mwachilengedwe ndipo samaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book, mitunduyi ya njoka siimawoneka kawirikawiri kumalo osungira nyama (makamaka chifukwa chaukali wawo).
Kuphatikiza apo, ndizovuta kusamutsa cobra ku chakudya ndi makoswe, omwe samazindikira konse ngati chakudya, chifukwa ngati mwadzidzidzi mukufuna kudzitengera khola lopangidwa kunyumba, ndibwino kusiya malingaliro ngati amenewo ..)
Kusuntha kwa mongoose kosuta kwa mamba
Mongooses, monga mukudziwa, nthawi zambiri amasaka njoka zapoizoni. Sikuti nthawi zonse kusaka komweku kumatha bwino kwa nyama zazing'onoting'ono izi. Muvidiyoyi mutha kuwona nkhondo yayifupi ya mongoose motsutsana ndi cobra:
Kodi mumakonda nkhaniyo? Dinani Monga:
Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor,)
Kuchulukitsa pa anzeru | Zithunzi pa Wikimedia Commons |
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Chiyembekezo chamoyo chazaka zoposa 30. Chimakula pamoyo wonse.
King cobra amaonekera ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha Ophiophagus zogwirizana ndi subfamily Elapinae banja la mapiritsi (Elapidae ).
Makhalidwe ndi machitidwe
Ma cobras amakonda kubisala m'mapanga ndi m'makola, komanso amakwawa mumitengo. Njoka zina zimakonda gawo linalake, koma zina zimatha kuyenda makilomita makumi angapo (zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa poyang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito ma beacons oyatsira).
Ma cobras amatha kutukula mitu yawo mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutsogolo kwa matupi awo, amathanso kuyenda pamalopo. Mfumu ina ikakumana ndi imzake, imayesa kukhudza korona wake kuti iwonetsetse kukhala wamkulu, ndipo njokayo yomwe idakhudza mwachangu imagwada ndikuchoka.
Ma cobras amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi anthu. Cholinga chake ndikuti ku Asia, ntchito zazikuluzikulu zaulimi zidapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa nkhalango zamvula zokhala ndi mfumu cobras, nthawi yomweyo, mbewu zimakopa makoswe, makoswe amakopa njoka zazing'ono, ndipo iwonso, amapanga chakudya cha mfumu cobra.
King cobra imayang'anira kumwa kwa poizoni pakuwukira, kutsekeka kwa ndulu za poizoni. Kuchuluka kwa poizoni kumatengera kukula kwa omwe akumenyedwayo ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana kwambiri ndi kukula kwake kuposa mlingo wowopsa. Poizoni neurotoxin weniweniyo samagwira njoka payokha, ndipo samalandira poizoni akadya munthu yemwe wadyedwa ndi iyo.
Nthawi zambiri, pofuna kuyesa kuwopseza munthu, njokayo imaluma “osakwatiwa,” popanda kubayiratu poizoni. Mwachidziwikire, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti cobra imafunikira poizoni makamaka posaka, ndipo mwangozi kapena kuwonongeka kwa poyizoni ndikosayenera.
Mafuta a cobra ali ndi vuto la neurotoxic. Poizoni wa poizoni amatchinga minyewa, yomwe imayambitsa kupweteka kwamisempha, kupuma komanso kufa. Mphamvu ndi voliyumu yake (mpaka 7 ml) ndizokwanira kupha munthu m'mphindi 15 pambuyo pa kuluma koyamba kwathunthu. Zikatero, mwayi woti umwalira umatha kupitirira 75%. Koma, poganizira mawonekedwe onse amakhalidwe achiboliboli, ambiri, kuluma kokha ndi komwe kumaphetsa anthu. Komabe, panali zochitika zina pamene njovu zaku India zidamwalira patatha maola atatu kapena anayi kuluma kwa mfumu cobra, ngati kuluma kudayikidwa kumapeto kwa thunthu kapena ku zala (mbali zokhazo za thupi la njovu zomwe zimatha kulumwa ndi njoka).
Ku India, anthu omwe amafa chifukwa chakumwa ndi mphiri zachifumu sakhala osowa, ngakhale kuti anthu opitilira 50 miliyoni amafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chakumwa njoka zapoizoni mdziko muno.
Khalidwe loteteza
Podziteteza komanso kupanga chakudya choopsa cha kutsogolo kwa munthu kapena chilombo chomwe chikumuvutitsa, chifuwa chachifumu chimatha kupanga mawu okuwa, osagwiritsa ntchito zida zake zopumira kwambiri. Mwa njoka, limodzi ndi mfumu cobra, njoka yamakoko ya India yokha ndi yomwe imatha kupanga phokoso kudzera pakupuma.
Malingaliro
- Mbiri Yotsatsa: Ophiophagus hannah (eng.)
- Mitundu yowonongeka
- Zinyama zilembo
- Aspids
- Zodzikongoletsa za ku Asia
- Nyama zofotokozedwa mu 1836
- Monotypic genera zolengedwa
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