Dzina lachi Latin: | Anser erythropus |
Gulu: | Anseriformes |
Banja: | Bakha |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Wamtundu wocheperako wa atsekwe, wakunja wofanana ndi wakuda. Kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 61.5 (amuna) ndi 59.5-61.5 cm (zazikazi), mapiko a 134 cm (amuna) ndi 120-125 cm (zazikazi), kulemera makilogalamu 1,2-2,5.
Kufotokozera. Mtundu wa maula, mulomo, miyendo ndi wofanana ndi tsekwe loyera-kutsogolo, komwe, kuwonjezera pa kukula, limasiyana mosiyanasiyana: khosi lalifupi komanso lakuda, mutu waching'ono wokhala ndi milomo yochepa kwambiri, kutalika kwake komwe kumakhala kochepera kuposa theka la mutu. Mzere wakutsogolo ndi wowonda kwambiri kuposa wa tsekwe loyang'ana kutsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, piscule ndi mitundu yotalika kwambiri yokhala ndi mapiko komanso yopapatiza yokhala ndi atsekwe, malekezero a mapiko ake opindika, mosiyana ndi tsekwe loyera-loyang'ana kutsogolo, limatuluka modutsa m'mphepete mwake. Pomaliza, malo oyera pamphumi ya piscula ndi ochulukirachulukira ndipo amabwera pamtunda wopendekera pa korona wamaso, ndipo ngakhale ali patali kwambiri, mphete zachikasu zowoneka bwino ndikuwonekera.
Mbalame youluka imakopa chidwi kwambiri kuposa tsekwe loyera loyang'ana kutsogolo, nthenga zazikulu zam'munsi komanso zapamwamba zakutchire, mosiyana ndi nthenga zofiirira zakuda. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi atsekwe oyera oyang'ana kutsogolo pokhapokha komanso mtundu wa mulomo wawo - ndi wapinki, wamisala yakuda yokha (palibe malo akuda panjayo).
Voterani. Malilidwe okweza kwambiri, akumveka ngati "thu-yu-yu».
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Pakadali pano, ndi mtundu wocheperako wokhala ndi mitundu komanso malo ochulukirapo.Dera lomwe limakhala chisa chake m'mbuyomu lidaphimba gawo la kum'mwera kwa tundra ndi nkhalango yamtchire ya Eurasia kuchokera ku Scandinavia kupita ku Chukotka, tsopano malowa ndi ogawika. Imapezeka pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya atsekwe a ku Arctic nthawi yachisanu; malo achitetezo nthawi yachisanu amakhala ku Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, dera la Black Sea ndi Greece.
Moyo. Pakasunthika masika ndi nthawi yophukira imatha kupezeka limodzi ndi tsekwe loyera-kutsogolo. Pakadali pano, ndizofala kwambiri m'chigwa cha Manych komanso nthawi zina panjira ya White-Baltic komanso m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia. Tizilombo tambiri m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yokhala ndi matalala akulu ndi madambo pafupi ndi magombe. Kusintha, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi mazira 4-6, kumawumbidwa ndi mkazi. Timaboti timasungidwa pamitsinje, nthawi zambiri pamadzi a mapiri.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Pesi la Piskuli lomwe lili kumapiri a kumpoto kwa taiga, kukuchuluka m'nkhalango-tundra ndi gawo lakumwera kwa tundra ku Eurasia. Mitunduyi idayambitsidwa ku Scandinavia. Komabe, masiku ano amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana, mulingo wawo umakhala wofanana. Ku Russia, mbalame zimapezeka m'gawolo kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kupita ku Anadyr Gulf.
Piskulka ndi munthu wokhala m'migwagwa ya kumpoto kwa mapiri a taiga, nkhalango-tundra ndi kumwera kwa tundra, pomwe amakhala m'chigwa cha mitsinje ikuluikulu komanso mitsinje yaying'ono ndikukhazikika kumalire aminda yamvula.
Mbalamezi nthawi yozizira mu Nyanja ya Caspian, mdera la Black Sea, kumwera kwa Western Europe, ku Asia Minor, m'maiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, ku Balkan, ku Azerbaijan ndi
China.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Kulemera kwa mafinya kumachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2.5 kg, awa ndi atsekwe ochepa. Kutalika konseku kumafika pa 66 cm, mapiko - 135 cm.
Mtundu waukulu wa zovala za mbalamezi ndi wonyezimira, koma m'mimba komanso mkati mwake mumakhalabe oyera. Mbali yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya pisculos ndi malo oyera pamutu, omwe amafika pamlingo wamaso. Maso awo azunguliridwa ndi mphete zachikasu, zofanana ndi magalasi omwe amawoneka kuti sanayang'ane kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa manambala akhungu. Miyendo, monga atsekwe ambiri, ndi ofiira. Mlomo wake ndi wapinki komanso waufupi. Mbalame zazing'ono zomwe sizinafikire kutha msambo sizikhala ndi chizindikiro chosyanasiyana - malo oyera.
Maso a Pisculi amangozungulira mphete yachikasu
Mwana wankhuku yodontha ndi yakuda thonje, pamphumi pake ndimtambo wonyezimira, wamtambo wakuda bii umadutsa m'maso, kunsi kwa thupi kumakhala chikasu.
Moyo
Piskulki amapanga zisa pachilumba cha nyanja, amangokhala miyezi itatu apa, ndiye amapita ulendo wautali. Ndege zimatenga pafupifupi theka la moyo wawo, ndipo mtunda wonse womwe amakhala pachaka ndi pafupifupi 8,000 km. Komanso ,ulendo uliwonse umachitika pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,500. Pakati pa ndege ngati izi, Pisculi imayima maulendo ataliatali kuti ibwezeretse mphamvu ndikupitiliza ulendo wawo.
Piskuli nthawi zambiri imawuluka m'magulu omata, pakakhala maulendo ataliatali okhaokha amakhala ndi mzere wozungulira kapena ngodya. Pansi, mbalameyi siyimangoyenda mochenjera, komanso imayenda molimba. Wotsogola, wolephera kuuluka atsekwe, atamuwona munthu patali, ayesera kupita kumtunda ndikabisala mumtambo. Amachita izi mwachangu komanso mwachipambano kuti kuwapeza kumeneko kuli kovuta.
Phale la mafinya
Piskulka, monga atsekwe ena, amadya chakudya chambiri - mahatchi, udzu wa thonje, zipatso, zitsamba zina, komanso zipatso ndi njere. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ma piscules amapeza zofunikira pamoyo wawo pamtunda. M'nthawi yozizira, tsekwe zazing'onozi zimadyera m'minda yozizira, kudya barele ndi nyemba.
Amadziwa kusambira, komanso kusambira, kumangoyika mitu yawo m'madzi.
Kuswana
Pakudya nesting, tsekwe zazing'onozi zimakhala mitundu yosadziwika bwino ndipo modzifunira amakhala pansi otetezedwa ndi adani - okhala ndi njoka zazikazi ndi zabodza za peregrine.
Moyo wokhazikika wa mafiyilo m'dera la Russia ukuyambika mu Meyi - Juni, kuyambira pomwe wafika ku malo odyera. Amapanga zisa m'miyala yamiyala yobisika pansi pa zitsamba. Nyumba za atsekwezi amazipanga mwanzeru ndipo zimangokhala mabowo osaya pansi, omata ndi masamba pansi. Clack nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mazira achikasu a 4-5. Pakasambidwa, mtunduwo umakhala wa bulauni. Yaikazi imakhala pachisa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti, ikabisala, imalola munthu kuti ayandikire, koma kenako imalirira mlengalenga, ndipo yamphongo nthawi zambiri imalumikizana naye.
Kugwedeza kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi, kenako atsekwe amasonkhana pagulu lalikulu ndi molt. Anzeru samasiyana kwambiri ndi ana amaimidwe ena amtunduwu. Ndiwoseketsa komanso achidwi, amaso achikasu, ofewa komanso odekha.
Chochititsa chidwi
Pakadali pano, Norway ikukhudzidwa ndi kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa ma pisculi, ndipo ndi dziko lino lomwe lili ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pisculi idaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazamoyo zomwe zikuwopsezedwa kuti zidzatha padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndipo nzosadabwitsa, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yambiri ya tsekwe mdziko muno ndi mbalame 30 zokha! Kuwonongeka kwa aliyense payekha kungakhale ndi zovuta zazikulu kubwezeretsa chiwerengero. Achinyamata aku Norway omwe sanatenge nawo gawo la kubereka kapena omwe mafupa awo anamwalira pazifukwa zina amatumizidwa ku Taimyr Peninsula. Atasungunuka, amachoka pachilumbacho ndikuthamangira kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, akugwirizana m'njira ndi mbalame zochokera kumadera ena. Zolinga zomaliza za njira yawo ndi Iran ndi Greece, komwe adzakhalabe nthawi yachisanu. Ndizovuta kusiyanitsa mafoni aku Norway ndi ena onse. Kuthengo, mbalamezi zimatha kupulumutsidwa ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa anthu pamlingo wina, koma njira zapadera zoteteza zimafunikira.
Mawonekedwe a Mbalame ndi Habitat
Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna wamkulu kumafika masentimita 65-72, ndipo mapiko ndi pang'ono kupitirira mita. Kulemera kwambiri kwa mbalame kumakhala pafupifupi 2-2.4 kg. Mtundu wowerengeka wa pisculi umakumbukira kwambiri atsekwe wamba, omwe amaleredwa kunyumba: brownish ndi imvi mithunzi yosakanikirana.
Chizindikiro cha tsekwe ya singak ndi mulomo wake wamdima komanso mawonekedwe achikasu. Mwa mthunzi wazinthu zambiri, palibe njira yosiyanitsira pakati pa mkazi ndi wamwamuna. Chizindikiro cha kusiyana kwa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi khosi la atsekwe awa, omwe ndi amafupikika kwambiri mwaakazi kuposa achimuna. Kuyambira pansipa, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kumakhala kopepuka, ndipo kumachitika zambiri mkati mwa thupi. Kunja, kufinya kumakumbutsa kwambiri tsekwe wokhala ndi kutsogola. Kusiyanaku ndikungokulira - carp yoyera nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, pali malire achikasu kuzungulira maso a pisculka, ndipo pamphumi pakepo pali malo ena oyera oyera, ofikira mpaka pamwamba pamutu.
Nthawi zambiri, pisculata imakhala pamtunda wokhala ndi mapiri kapena mapiri ochepa. Zisa za mbalame zimakhala m'malo pafupi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono, mitsinje kapena nyanja zazing'ono. Amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu mumtunda wamtchire, wamtchire kapena malo okhala ndi zitsamba zazikulu, m'misili ndi malo akutali pafupi ndi migunda.
Mutha kukumana ndi pisculka kumpoto kwa Eurasia, komwe kumalire ndi tundra, komanso ku Anadyr, m'malo opumira a Kola ndi Scandinavia. Mtundu wa mbalamewu umawonedwa monga wosamukasamuka. Kupima nthawi yachisanu kwa Piskulku kumachitika pagombe la Black Sea, pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, ku Greece, China, Hungary, Azerbaijan kapena Romania.
Nthawi zambiri, piskulka imakhala zisa pafupi ndi malo ena osungira, koma pofuna kudzipatula pokhapokha malo owuma pamapiri ang'onoang'ono ndikofunikira. Nthawi zina zisa za mbalamezi zimatha kuwoneka pa zinyalala kapena padenga - iyi ndi yaying'ono yaying'ono yokhala ndi bango kapena furu.
Kuchulukana
Kumayambiriro kwa XX century. Pisculi inali njira yodziwika komanso yofalikira patali kuchokera kumpoto kwa Scandinavia kufikira Nyanja ya Bering. Tsopano kuchuluka kwa pisculi sikupitirira 30,000 awiriawiri.
Zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zidathandizira kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimadziwika kuti ndi zopanda pake komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.
Ngakhale kuti piscule ndi mtundu wotetezedwa, kusaka komwe kumaletsedwa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosaka kwa osaka chifukwa amafanana ndi tsekwe loyang'ana kutsogolo. Nthawi zambiri mitundu iwiriyi imasokonezedwa, komabe pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Mukawaganizira, mutha kupulumutsa moyo wa mbalame zina. Atsekwe okhala ndi nkhope zoyera pang'ono amakhala okulirapo, unyinji wawo umafikira 3,2 kg. Tsamba loyera pamphumi pawo ndi laling'ono kwambiri kotero kuti limawonekera pafupi ndi tsinde la mulomo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma pisculi kumalumikizidwa ndi vuto losakhazikika nyengo yachisanu, pomwe adayamba kulima mbewu za mafakitale m'malo mwa chakudya ndi chakudya, potero akuwononga gawo la chakudya la tsekwe. Chifukwa chosinthana ndi chilala komanso madzi akukwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian, madera ozizira a pisculata kudera lino amatha. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Azerbaijan ndi China amasaka ndalama zanyengo yachisanu.
A Piskulka amasungidwa mu Shoyninsky Reserve pa Peninsula ya Kanin, komanso yotchedwa Los Zoo.
Khalidwe la Pisculi komanso moyo wake
Jamu iyi ndiosamala kwambiri komanso kukayikira, makamaka ikakhala pagulu lake. Koma nzeru zonse za mbalame zimasowa panthawi yomwe zazikazi zimayang'anira mbewuyo kapena kuwaswa mazira. Zikatero, kufinya kumalekera mwangozi pafupi ndi chisa.
Oimira mbalame zamtunduwu amauluka mofulumira kwambiri, koma kwa wochita chidwi ndi ena ndegeyo imayamba kuchepa. Pokonzekera kupita kumalo otentha, Pisculi imawuluka kwambiri.
Kuuluka kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a mphero wa V-V kapena mzere wa WAV. Pansi, pisculka imayenda ndikulimba komanso kulimba. Komanso, mbalamezi zimatha kuthamanga mwachangu komanso mwachangu.
Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuzindikira pussycat, yomwe imayimirira kumodzi mwendo. Khamu loterolo ndi gulu la mbalame, koma zikaswana, zimakhala ndi malo awo pogona.
Kodi mapisiketi amadya chiyani?
Mbalame zilizonse zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti Anserformes zimatha kudya zonse zomwe zimagwidwa ndi nyama. Ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimawalola kuti azikhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti piskulka amakonda njira zamadzi ndikusamba, komabe amatchedwa mtundu wa mbalame zamtunda. Malinga ndi izi, zakudya zake zimakhala ndizomwe zimamera padziko lapansi.
Chakudya chodziwika bwino cha pisculi ndi udzu wamasamba obiriwira, omwe nyengoyi sili wolemera okha, komanso yamafuta a michere ndi vitamini yomwe nyama iliyonse imafunikira nyengo yozizira itatha.
Palibe kwambiri pisculka yemwe amakonda kudya masamba ndi zimayambira zazitsamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono. Ngati gulu la mbalame limakhala kumalo komwe minda yazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ili pafupi, ndiye kuti ma pisculata nthawi zambiri amayamba kuwachezera, amakonda kudya zakudya zobzala.
Mwa zitsamba zambiri, atsekwe amakonda tirigu, oats, sedge, alfalfa. M'chilimwe, piskulka sanyalanyaza zipatso; imakonda mabulosi ndi mahatchi. Kwambiri, mbalameyi imadya m'mawa ndi madzulo, imakhala tsiku lonse m'madzi.
Kufotokozera
Mwa mawonekedwe ake, Piskulka amakumbukira kwambiri tsekwe wamba, ochepa kwambiri, ali ndi mutu wawung'ono, miyendo yayifupi komanso mlomo. Kulemera kwa zazikazi ndi zazimuna zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo zimatha kuyambira 1,3 mpaka 2,5 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi - 53 -6 masentimita, mapiko - 115-140 cm.
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Mtundu wa nthenga ndi loyera-imvi: mutu, thupi lakumaso ndi laimvi, kumbuyo kwa mchira ndi imvi yopepuka, pali mawanga akuda pamunthu. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chingwe chachikulu choyera chomwe chimadutsa pamphumi yonse ya mbalameyo. Maso ndi a bulauni, ozunguliridwa ndi khungu la lalanje popanda chikopa. Mapazi - lalanje kapena achikasu, milomo yopaka utoto kapena wapinki.
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Kamodzi pachaka, pakati pa chilimwe, Piskulek imayamba kusungunuka: choyamba, kutsitsa kumasinthidwa, kenako nthenga. Munthawi imeneyi, mbalame zimakhala zosatetezeka kwambiri kwa mdani, chifukwa kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kawo m'madzi, komanso kuthekera kuchoka mwachangu, kumachepetsedwa kwambiri.
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Habitat
A Piskulka amakhala kudera lakumpoto la Eurasia, ngakhale ku Europe konsekonse chiwerengero chawo chatsika kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndipo akuwopsezedwa kuti atha. Malo odikira nyengo yachisanu: m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Zakuda ndi Caspian, Hungary, Romania, Azerbaijan ndi China.
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Malo ang'onoang'ono, obwezeretsa, mwa mbalamezi amapezeka ku Finland, Norway, Sweden. Zinyama zamtchire zazikulu kwambiri zili ku Taimyr ndi Yakutia. Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi, malinga ndi asayansi, sikuposa anthu 60-75 miliyoni.
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Pokhala chisa chake, Piskulka imasankha miyala yamapiri, kapena yamapiri, yamiyala pafupi ndi mayiwe, malo osefukira, madambo, mitsinje. Zisa zam'misewu pamalo okwera: mabowo, malo osefukira, ndikumapangira zazing'ono mkati ndikuziziritsa ndi bulu, fluff ndi bango.
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Asanapangitse banja, mbalame zimayang'anani kwa nthawi yayitali, zimathera masewera a mating. Wamphongo amalumikizana ndi wamkazi kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyesa kukopa chidwi chake ndi zovina komanso mkokomo waukulu. Pokhapokha ngati tsekwe atapanga chisankho, ndiye kuti banjali limayamba kuswana.
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Nthawi zambiri Piskuli amayikira mazira atatu mpaka asanu amtundu wachikasu, omwe amambawo amakoka kwa mwezi umodzi wokha. Anzake obadwa mosadalira, amakula msanga ndikukula: m'miyezi itatu - uku ndikukhazikika kwa achinyamata. Kukula muzochitika zamtunduwu kumachitika mchaka, pafupifupi zaka 5-12.
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Gulu la nkhosalo limachoka kunyumba ndikuyamba kwazizira koyamba: kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Amawuluka nthawi zonse ndi kiyi kapena chingwe cholowera, mtsogoleri amawongolera paketi - womuimilira komanso wokhazikika.
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Chakudya cha Pisculi
Ngakhale kuti Piskulka amathera tsiku lonse lamadzi, amapeza yekha chakudya pamtunda. Kawiri pa tsiku, m'mawa ndi madzulo, gululo limatuluka m'madzi kukafunafuna mphukira za udzu zazing'ono, masamba, clover ndi nyemba. Pazakudya zake pali zakudya zomwe zimachokera ku mbewu zokha.
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Piskulki amaona zipatso zowola ndi zipatso za mabulosi zili zabwino kwambiri. Komanso, zimatha kuwoneka pafupi ndi minda yomwe ili ndi nthangala kapena mbewu.
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Zodziwika bwino
Piskulka ndi yofanana ndi mtundu ndi tsekwe loyang'ana-kutsogola, koma yaying'ono kwambiri pakukula.Komanso ili ndi mulomo wamfupi. Akuluakulu odziimira ali ndi malo oyera oyera pamphumi, omwe amafikira mpaka kumutu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika pa 53 mpaka 66 cm, mapikowo amachokera ku masentimita 120 mpaka 135. Kuchulukitsa kwa mbalame yayikulu kumachokera ku 1.6 mpaka 2.5 kg.
Kufalitsa
Zisa za Piskulka kumpoto kwa Eurasia pamalire ndi tundra, kumpoto kwa taiga ndi m'nkhalango. Ku Russia, zimapezeka kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kupita ku Anadyr Gulf. Kupezekanso pa Scandinavia Peninsula. Nyengo zamphepo pafupi ndi Nyanja Zakuda ndi za Caspian, ku Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Peninsula ya Balkan, Azerbaijan ndi China.