Ku Germany, asayansi pakufufuza kwawo adapeza kuti fern Salvinia Molesta amayamwa bwino zinthu zamafuta, kuphatikizapo mafuta. Mwachilengedwe, mtundu wamtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi udzu, koma popeza wapeza katundu watsopano, utha kukhala wothandiza kuyeretsa madzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja zamadzi zikagwa.
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Kupezeka kwa kunyamula mafuta ndi ma ferns kunachitika mwangozi, zitatha izi zotsatira za mbewuzo zidaphunziridwa mozama. Masipophilic okhala ndi masamba obiriwira amakopa mafuta osiyanasiyana, koma madziwo samasangalatsa. Amakhalanso ndi ma micowa, omwe amatenga ndikulowetsa mamolekyulu azinthu zamafuta.
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Fern wamtunduwu amakhala zachilengedwe m'malo otentha. Imakula pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, ndipo m'malo ena imafalikira pamadzi. M'madera ena padziko lapansi, mwachitsanzo, ku Philippines, chomerachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madzi.
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Matupi amadzi osiyanasiyana amadetsedwa pambuyo pangozi ndi mafuta aluso ndi mafuta, mankhwala osakanikirana ndi madzi, madzi akunyumba. Zonsezi zimadetsa madzi, zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosayenera kwa mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi nyama. Fern imatha kutulutsidwa m'matupi amadzi oyipitsidwa, ndipo popeza imachulukana mwachangu, imatha kuyamwa mafuta mwakuyeretsa thupi lamadzi kwakanthawi.
Pulogalamu yophunzitsa za kupangira mabokosi olumikizana
Pazochitika zakufunika kwapadziko lonse lapansi, nkhani za kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe zikukula. Chaka cha Ecology ku Russia chasintha kwambiri njira yothetsera mavuto ofunikira zachilengedwe, makamaka kuti achepetse kukhetsedwa kwa mafuta ndi kupewa kuipitsidwa kotero.
Mu 90% ya milandu, ngozi zakumaso kwa mafuta zimachitika pamadzi. Kukumana kwa zinthu zovulaza kumatsimikiziridwa ndi owunika za mafuta, omwe amapezeka patsamba la webusayiti: http :vistaros.ru/stati/analizatory/pribor-dlya-opredeleniya-nefteproduktov-v-vode.html
Ziwerengerozi zimaphatikizapo kuipitsa matupi amadzi okhala ndi mafuta a mafakitale okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zapoizoni, komanso kutulutsa katundu popanda kupanga ngozi yophulika.
Mitundu yakuipitsa mafuta
Kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa kumapangitsa mtundu wa ntchito yomwe ikufunika kuuchotsa. Mwachilengedwe, mafuta ndi zopangidwa zake zimakhala zopambana: kupindika kachulukidwe kosiyanasiyana kumawonetsetsa kuti mafuta agawika pakati. Mafuta ena owoneka bwino - mafuta, palafini, naphtha ndi mafuta a gasi, omwe kachulukidwe kake ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kuposa madzi. Pamodzi ndi mphepo ndi mafunde, amatha kufalikira madera akulu. Ndikosatheka komanso kosagawika kupatutsa mpweya womwe umalumikizidwa ndi mafuta ndi madzi, ngakhale zowonongeka ndi zomera ndi nyama. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yayikulu yazithandizo zadzidzidzi ndi kuthamanga kwa kuchitapo kanthu.
Kutulutsa kwanyumba kwamalonda am'madzi, nyanja, nyanja kapena miyala yosafikika amalemba, koma osathetsedwa. Izi ndichifukwa choti mafuta amachokera ku organic ndipo amathandizira ndikupanga ma michere pang'ono.
Njira zoyeserera kuthira mafuta ambiri
Poyamba, panali njira yodzolowera madzi owonongeka ndikusungidwa kwina m'm amathanki. Njirayi yakhala ikulupilitsidwa kokwanira ndi matekinoloji pamagwiritsidwe amafuta omwe amapezeka ndi ma adsorbents osankhidwa mwapadera. Mafuta akatha, zida zimapangidwanso, ndipo zotsalira zamafuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji. Malinga ndikupanga kwa patent, chromium oxide, crumb rumbia, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati sorbents.
Adsorbent yopanda vuto lililonse ndi chipale chofewa. Koma gawo lalikulu la momwe limagwiritsira ntchito ndikupindulitsa kwachuma. Itha kupangidwa pamatenthedwe abwino nthawi yomweyo njira ya mbozi isanadze.
Pofuna kupewa kufalikira kwamafuta pansi, akatswiri anena kuti kuyambitsa mankhwala pazinthu zovulaza, kusungunuka komwe kumakhudzana ndi endothermic reaction (ammonium nitrate). Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muziziritsa madzi m'chilimwe mpaka -12 ° C, chomwe chimathandiza kuwonjezera mafuta m'maso ndikuthandizira kusonkhanitsa kwake.
Kusunga mafiriji, ndichizolowezi kugwiritsa ntchito chipale chofewa pamodzi ndi ayezi. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo uwu, madzi oundana amasula mzere wamadzi kuchokera kumanzere amafuta ambiri, ndikuwakweza pamwamba. Chipale pamwamba chimatenga zinthu chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake. Chifukwa chake, mavuto akukulira mafuta kunja ndi kutulutsa zinyalala amathetsedwa nthawi imodzi.
Njira yomwe ili pamwambapa yothetsa kukhetsedwa kwamafuta imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osungira mafuta, malo opangira mafuta ndi kuyenga mafuta. M'madera oyandikana ndi mafakitale, nyanja ndi mitsinje zimakhala ndi misampha yamafuta apadera ndi ma hydrocyclones.
Misampha yamafuta imayikidwa m'chigawo chonse chamadzi, kuchedwetsa kukoka kwa mafuta, pogwiritsira ntchito sump.
Ngati tiona dongosolo lamafuta amadzi ngati emulsion, ndiye kuti kumasulidwa kwa zinthu zamafuta kumachitika mchikakamizo cha mphamvu ya centrifugal ya hydrocyclones.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera kuti muchepetse ndikufalitsa uve kuchokera ku zinthu zamafuta m'matupi amadzi amalola kuti mukwaniritse zomwe mukufuna, koma mbali yachumayo sikulolani kuti muwakhazikitse kulikonse.
Fern athandizira kuyeretsa pansi pamadzi ndi nyanja zam'madzi kuchokera pamafuta
Asayansi aku Germany ochokera ku Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (TIK) ndi University of Bonn adachita kafukufuku yemwe adapeza kuti mafuta amtundu wa Salvinia Molesta amayamwa bwino mafuta omwe amapangidwa kuchokera pansi pamadzi. Kupezako kwatilola kuganiza za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chomera, chomwe chimawoneka ngati udzu, munthawi zadzidzidzi pomwe mafuta akuthira pamadzipo, Science Daily inati.
"Kuthanso madzi ndi masamba a Salvinia Molesta fern kudadziwika kale," adafotokozera a Claudia Zinger, oyang'anira ntchito ya TIK Institute. Malinga ndi iye, mphamvu ya kuyamwa kwa mafuta idapezeka mwangozi, koma adaphunzira kwa nthawi yoyamba.
Monga momwe bukulo likudziwitsira, masamba a Salvinia fern ali ndi lipophilic kumtunda, ndiye kuti, amakopa lipids - mafuta ndi zinthu ngati mafuta, koma amabweza madzi.
Ofufuza kuchokera ku Germany Institute of Technology Karlsruhe adazindikira izi mwachilengedwe mwazomera ndipo tsopano akufuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti athetse mafuta padziko lapansi.
Anazindikira kuti zinthu zotsatsa za kutsogolo kwa fern zimayenda bwino ndi ma lipophilic microfibers, omwe amachedwa kuthira mafuta amafuta ambiri.
Fern wamtundu wa Salvinia Molesta mwachilengedwe ndiwo chomera choyambira chachikulu, choyandama, chopezeka m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Mu malo ake achilengedwe, mmera umaphimba pamadzi pamadzi. M'mbuyomu, asayansi ku Philippines, panjira, adazindikiranso phindu la fern poyeretsa madzi ambiri.
"Mapaipi owonongeka, ngozi pama akasinja amafuta ndi nsanja, kukumba zitsime zamafuta - zonsezi zimadzetsa kuipitsidwa kwamadzi ndi mafuta kapena maukadaulo. - alemba Science Daily.
- Njira zachikhalidwe zoyeretsera zakumwa za mafuta zimaphatikizidwa ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zak chilengedwe.
Izi, mwachitsanzo, kuwotcha mafuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ammadzi kuti apititse patsogolo kuwonongeka kwa mafuta, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri kwa madzi. "
Fern amachulukana mwachangu, ndikupeza mathirakiti akuluakulu amadzi, ndichifukwa chake mbewu imasankhidwa ngati udzu. M'masekondi 30 okha, Salvinia amamwa mafuta kuchokera pamadzi.
Katunduyu akuwonetsedwa mu kanema kakang'ono kakang'ono, komwe adakonza asayansi.
Masiku ano, fern ali ndi mwayi wotha kukhala wotsatsa mtengo komanso wosamalira zachilengedwe wa zinthu zamafuta.
Bungwe la KIT linapanga kale pulatifomu ya pulasitiki pachomera ichi, imagwiranso madzi ndipo imayamwa mafuta, malinga ndi Science Daily.
Asayansi Amasanthula Malo Oyeretsa Madzi Oyandama
Mitundu ina ya ferns yoyandama imatha kuyamwa zinyalala za mafuta m'madzi owonongeka. Zomera zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ndi anthu ambiri ngati maudzu am'madzi, koma atha kutenga gawo lalikulu pakuyeretsa madzi ochokera ku ma hydrocarbons.
Gulu la asayansi kuchokera ku Institute of Technology ku Karlsruhe (Germany) linafalitsa lipoti la kafukufuku wokhudza ntchito yoyeretsa madzi am'madzi. Zolemba za lipotilo zidayikidwa patsamba la magazini ya Bioinspiration & Biomimetics.
Zikuwonetsedwanso kuti ofufuza ochokera ku Institute for Plant Biodiversity (University of Bonn) adalowa nawo chitukuko.
Chomwe amafufuza chinali chithunzi chamadzi chamtundu wa Salvinia, tsamba lomwe limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono. Tsitsili, lomwe limadziwika kuti trichomes, limagwira ntchito ngati zomwe zimayamwa mafuta ndi mafuta.
Pankhaniyi, mawonekedwe a maupangiri a trichomes amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti mayamwidwe akwanira.
Mwa mitundu inayiyo, trichome adasankhidwa kukhala woyenera kwambiri, wodziwika ndi kufalikira kokwanira komwe kumayambitsa kuipitsa.
Asayansi aku Germany adakwanitsa kupanga cholowa m'malo mwa trichome ya m'madzi a fern Salvinia, omwe amatchedwa "nanofur". Thupi limatha kusankha mafuta m'madzi. Kufufuza mozama zamasamba kwathandizira kwambiri asayansi kupeza njira zowonjezera kuthekera kwa kuyamwa kwa zinthu za nanofur.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ferns yoyandama kuti muyeretse madzi kuchokera pamafuta ndi mafuta kumapangitsa kuthana ndi vuto limodzi mwazovuta zachilengedwe. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito nanofur mtsogolomo kungathandize kuthana ndi mavuto awiri:
- chotsani zomera zam'madzi zosafunikira
- ndi kuyeretsa madzi kuchokera pazodetsa zamafuta.
Wachilengedwe madzi chithandizo
Ma microflora ophatikiza mafuta, monga akuwonetsera zakafukufuku waposachedwa, amapezeka pafupifupi m'malo onse achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la MSU Arctic, linapeza ma virus okhala ndi mafuta a palafini, naphthalene, parafini ndi zinthu zina zamafuta m'mitundu yonse yamadzi m'mbali mwa North Sea Route. Zomwezi zimapezedwa ngati madzi ndi dothi la Yenisei ndi Caspian.
Yeretsani matupi amadzi kuchokera pazinthu zamafuta ndizomera zapamwamba. Pamaso pawo, filimu yamafuta yokhala ndi 1 g / l imazimiririka m'masiku 5-10 okha, popanda iwo imatenga pafupifupi mwezi.
Pakati pa mbewuzi pali mabango, matcheni amphepete mwa nyanja ndi mabango am'mbali mwa nyanja, omwe m'mikhalidwe imeneyi amakula bwino - amasandulika masentimita 10-15.
Ndipo hyacinth yam'madzi - eichhornia - imagwira bwino ntchito osati mafuta okha, komanso phenols, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala a zebury, lead ndi cadmium.
M'malo mwake, ogwira ntchito zamadzi nthawi zonse amaganiza kuti eichhoria ndi udzu woipa. Popeza chafalikira kuchokera kuzosungira ku America kupita kumadera otentha padziko lonse lapansi, imachulukirachulukira ndipo zimayambitsa zopinga zambiri kutumiza.
Madzi omwe amakhala ku Eichhornia ndi oyera kwambiri, choncho ku United States kuyesera kotsatiraku kunachitika. Atazunguliridwa ndi khwawa lamadzi osungiramo madzi osungiramo madzi, madzi amchere akakhala ngati ozoni adatulutsidwa.
Eichornia anayeretsa dziwe kuti lisamachotsere zinthu zoipitsa m'masiku asanu okha, ndipo linadzakhala theka la mitengo yomwe kale inali ntchito yoyeretsa.
Kuphatikiza apo, mwa kupopera mbewu zotopetsa, munthu atha kupeza mpweya wofanana ndi mpweya wachilengedwe kuchokera kwa iwo, ndikuwatsogolera, cadmium, mercury, ndi zina zotere.
M'dziko lathu, maphunziro akuchitidwanso pakugwiritsa ntchito eichhoria pazomera zakuchulukitsa, ndipo amachitidwa ndi akatswiri a Permnefteorgsintez. Zotsatira zoyambirira zomwe zimapezeka ku Russia zinali zolimbikitsa.
Koma chomwe chingatilimbikitse kwambiri pamtunda wathuwu ndi "msuweni" wa malo otentha a Eichornia - Canada Elodea, yemwe amatulutsidwa mwachangu kwambiri, komanso, amaphatikiza zinthu zamagetsi.
Akatswiri a Moscow NGO Radon adapeza strontium, cesium, cobalt ndi zinthu zowola za radium pamizu yake, pomwe ma radionuclides sanapezeke munyansi kapena m'madzi achisungiko omwe amatchingira.
Kenako zoyeserera zingapo pakuyeretsa zinyalala zamadzimadzi zochokera ku Canada Elodea zidawonetsa kuti imagwira ntchito bwino kwa masiku 15, kenako nkufa. Unyinji womwe "udawononga" ungatayidwe, ndipo mtanda wotsatira uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa.
T. WEDNES. Njira yachilengedwe yakuyeretsa madzi kuchokera ku mafuta. "Zipangizo zatsopano zoyeretsera madzi omwe ndi mafuta, dothi, kukonza ndi kutaya mafuta. Zambiri za malipoti. ” Moscow, 2001, p. 12-16. V. VARNIKOV. Zida zam'nyumba. "Security Barriers" No. 2, 2002, mas. 14-15.
Njira zabwino zochotsera madzi amvula kuchokera ku mafuta
Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta ndi mafuta zimachitika chifukwa cha njira zambiri zamakono.
Madzi odetsedwa kwambiri ndi mafuta
Izi kapena kuchuluka kwa poyizoni wamadzi ndi zinthu zoterezi kumatha kupangidwa ndi bizinesi yaying'ono (ngakhale malo othandizira kapena poyatsira mafuta komwe iwo akhoza kusungirako), komanso maukadaulo akulu amakono azomera zamakono.
Choopsa chachikulu cha poyizoni wamadzi ndi zinthu zamafuta chimachokera kwa opanga mafuta ndi oyenga, ochokera ku makampani opanga zitsulo ndi mafakitale amakanika.
Palibenso china chowopsa chakupha poyizoni wokhala ndi zinthu zamafuta m'madzi ndi dothi sichingagwire ntchito yopindulitsa pantchito zamadzi zonyansa.
Zowonongeka zamafuta zomwe zimagwera m'madzi
Zikakhala kuti mafuta amafuta amalowa m'matupi amadzi chifukwa chogwira ntchito ngati mafakitole kapena mafuta oyenga, chilengedwe chakumaloko chimaponderezedwa, komwe nthawi yayitali chimatsogolera kuzomera ndi nyama zam'deralo. Iyi ndi njira yowopsa kwambiri yomwe singavomerezedwe konse.
Mitundu yomweyi yomwe ikukumana ndi malo atsopano osungira - nthawi zambiri imalephera kubereka. Ndipo izi ndizabwino. Choyipa chachikulu, kutulutsidwa kwamafuta m'chilengedwe kumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, likalowa pamalo otseguka monga nyanja kapena nyanja, mafuta amafalikira paliponse pomwepo. Imaphimba ukulu wa nyanjayi ndi film yakuda, potero imalepheretsa kupezeka kwa mpweya wabwino ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa anthu okhala pansi pamadzi.
Ndizodziwikiratu kuti popanda dzuwa ndi mlengalenga, palibe nzika zokhala pachilumba kapena m'madzi sizikhala motalika. Izi ziwatsogolera kusamuka kwawo mokakamizidwa. Ngati palibe kwina kothawira, mwachitsanzo, mafuta omwe adakhetsedwa kuchokera ku chomera chomwe chili pafupi ndi nyanja, ndiye kuti kufa kwawo kuli pafupifupi kosatheka.
Kupindika kwa zinthu zamafuta, pakumayamwa kwa zinthu zopanda mafuta zochokera kumakampani oyendetsa mafakitale m'nthaka, kumathandizanso kuti chonde chisawonongeke nthawi yayitali, ndikuwononga kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni. Palibe choopsa chilichonse ndi mafuta, omwe alowa m'madzi apansi panthaka, monga momwe mchere wawo umasinthira.
Makina osunthira aumoyo wamadzi kuchokera ku zinthu zamafuta
Nthawi yomweyo, zimakhala zovuta kuzichotsa m'nthaka, popeza ntchitozi ndizopindulitsa komanso zovuta kwambiri. Ngakhale utayeretsedwa kwathunthu, chonde cha m'dziko chidzachepa kwambiri. Itha kubwezeretsedwa pokhapokha njira zamakono za feteleza ndi machulukidwe amtundu wa nthaka. Ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Kuphatikizika kwamafuta kumadzi, komwe kumadyedwa ndi anthu, kumathandizanso, kumayambitsa matenda a khansa. Komabe, simungavomereze kumwa madzi otere, chifukwa ali ndi vuto pambuyo pake ndi fungo.
Madzi akunyowa mu mzinda wamakono wamamiliyoni ambiri amafunikira kuyeretsa kosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zinthu zamafuta. Izi zimachitika makamaka pamadzi amdothi ochokera kumadera ena, komwe kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi mafuta kumagwera pazinthu zochulukirapo, zomwe zimachokera ku garage ndi nyumba zina zofananira.
Ngakhale pali njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta komanso pazipangizo zamitengo yambiri, zopangidwa zamagalimoto ndi mafakitala enieniwo zimakhudzana ndikugwiritsira ntchito pafupipafupi ndi kusungirako zinthu zamafuta, komanso zoyendera.
Palibe amene amakhala otetezeka ku ngozi, chifukwa chake, kutsanulira kwa mafuta kumachitika pafupipafupi. Monga momwe tikuwonera kuchokera pamawu ndi zigamulo pamwambapa, mafuta otseguka amatha kuvulaza munthu ndi chilengedwe chake. Chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa pazovuta zakumwa zakumwa zakumwa zamafuta.
kukonza menyu ↑
Njira zakumwa zamadzi zonyansa kuchokera kuzinthu zamafuta
Njira zonse zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi zinthu zamafuta (kuphatikiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta komanso m'malo okuchotsa madzi am'madzi) zimagawika m'magulu awiri:
- Njira zamagetsi zamadzi otaika,
- Zachilengedwe zochizira mafuta amchere amchere.
Chiwembu cha msampha wamba wamafuta kapena msampha wamafuta
Chifukwa chake, gawo loyambira lidzakhala lopangira (komanso kukonzekera kwachilengedwe). Pakadali pano, 70 mpaka 95 peresenti ya zoipazi zimachotsedwa (pongogwiritsa ntchito misampha yamafuta kapena akasinja a mafuta opangira mafuta, kukonza bwino sikudutsa 50 peresenti).
Njira zamakina zochotsa mafuta amadzimadzi amadzimadzi (kuphatikiza mafakitale) zitha kuchitidwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhudzanso kuchotsa kwa zinthu zamafuta kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi.
Madzi akunyowa amayeretsedwa ndi zosefera zochotsa zonyansa, nthawi yomweyo zotchedwa "misampha yamafuta" kapena "misampha ya benzo yamafuta" (misampha yamafuta) imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Komanso, koyambirira komanso kumapeto kwa kuyeretsa, ma booms osautsa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amatenga mpweya kuchokera pakumtsinje.
Ndikofunikira kufotokozera apa kuti misampha yamafuta ngati imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa filimu yamafuta yamafuta, yomwe imatha kukhala yodziwika bwino ikamataya mafuta ambiri pakakonzanso mafuta kapena mukamayendetsa.
Pano, ngati gawo lamankhwala ochizira makina am'madzi, njira ya membrane imagwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma izi sizofala kwambiri mu CIS yakale, ngakhale ndi njira yothandizira.
Malo othandizira othandizira mbewu ndi mabizinesi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zakale komanso misampha yamafuta yosavuta.
Njira zachilengedwe zochizira madzi amadzimadzi ophatikizika zimaphatikizapo chithandizo chamankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito - - kuti, madzi amalowa m malo osungirako ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayamwa kapena kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ena ndi mafuta.
Ma tank osankhika kale oti muchotse zinyalala zamadzi zochotsa mafuta pazinthu zamafuta
Kuphatikiza pa akasinja osokera okhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (monga ma biologically yogwira ma sludge kapena owononga ma bakiteriya), misampha yosiyanasiyana ya biofilters imagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Amakulolani kuti muchotseko zotsalira za zinthu zomwe sizinagwidwepo kale.
Pazotsatira za chithandizo chamankhwala pambuyo poti chachitika ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ntchitoyi sikuti tichotse zinthu zamafuta m'madzi otaika, ngakhale chithandizo cha nembanemba chitha kuchitidwa.
M'mayikidwe apadera a mafuta kapena m'malo oyeretsera mbewu, chomera cha magetsi kapena zamagetsi cha electrochemical (kuwonjezera pa makina) chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Momwemo, madzi omwe adakhala akuchitira mankhwalawa amathanso kuyambiranso ntchito, chifukwa chake njira zina nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yayikulu. Ngati madzi azitha, ndiye kuti poyeretsa mafuta pamadutsa magulu onse a mankhwalawo, kuphatikizira kwachilengedwenso ndi makina.
Zosankha zazikulu zamagetsi zamafuta amadzi ndizonyowa ndi kusinthasintha kwa madzi akumwa oyipitsidwa.
Njirazi zimaphatikizira kukoka madzi kwa madzi munthawi zina, chifukwa chomwe kumangika kwa zinthu zovulaza ndikuwongolera kwake nkovuta kwambiri kuposa madzi (kwenikweni, izi zimachotsa tinthu tomwe timayambira ndi magulu a hydroxide).
Komanso, mafuta oyeretsera amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse pamodzi monga gawo limodzi la chipangizo chimodzi. Chifukwa chake, anthu amakwanitsa kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuyeretsa kwamadzimadzi, ngakhale kuti ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito njirazi zimakulirakonso moyenerera.
kukonza menyu ↑
Zotsukira
Misampha ya gasi wa Petroli kapena misampha ya mafuta (misampha ya mafuta) ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Komanso, zidazi zimatchedwa kuti olekanitsa zopanga mafuta.
Misampha ya mafuta pakukhazikitsa, yokhazikitsidwa mobisa
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa msampha wamafuta kumaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa madzi akunyowa (mwa mphamvu yokoka). Ndi akasinja opangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana - kuchokera koyenera (malo operekera mafuta), komanso kupita ku malo othandizira othandizira mafuta m'malo opangira mafuta, m'malo opangira zinyalala kapena zinyalala.
Monga lamulo, machitidwe oterewa amapereka mtundu wamtunda wa unsembe (pamenepa, amapangidwa ndi konkriti yolimbitsa). Mitundu yaying'ono imatha kuyikidwa pansi, ndipo imatha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena polyethylene.
Momwe magwiridwe antchito a msampha wamafuta akusonyeza kuti, mphamvu yokoka ikadzaza madzi, madziwo amalowa mu fayilo yoyamba, pomwe kumayamba kusuntha kwa zinthu zochulukirapo za zinthu zamafuta kumachitika.
Fyuluta yayikulu ya mchenga yomwe madzi amatsanuliridwanso imatha kukhala gawo la msampha wamafuta. Fyuluta yachiwiri ya mafuta imapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tiwoloke pamwamba.
Pali ma skimmers amafuta amtundu wina. Mwachitsanzo, "skimmer" ndi chipangizo chomwe chimachotsa zinthu zamafuta motere. Tepi imatsitsidwa mu thankiyo, yomwe, pomwe chipangizocho chikuzungulira, chimadyetsa tepi yosonkhetsa ndi zinthu zamafuta (wosanjikiza pang'ono pa tepiyo) kulowa mu chipangizocho.
Mukadutsa msampha wamafuta - tepiyo imabwezeretsanso thankiyo. Chipangizochi chimachotsa kuipitsa padziko lamadzi odetsa mafuta; pakugwiritsa ntchito, pamafunika magetsi. Chida chamtunduwu chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito padera komanso limodzi ndi chozungulira chapansipansi.
Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamfundo ya electrofloration zitha kuonedwa ngati chida cha mtundu wama compact womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo opangira gasi pochotsa madzi akumwa amadzi.
Kukhazikitsa ndi vuto la pulasitiki, chipika cha ma electrode ndi chosakanizira popereka mphamvu, komanso njira yotengera mafuta sludge (sludge). Nthawi zambiri, gawoli limaphatikizidwa ndi fyuluta ya sorption kapena fyuluta ya membrane (yomwe imaperekedwa ndi madzi mutatha kulandira chithandizo ndi electrofloator).
Ma aerotank opangira zinyalala kuchokera ku zinthu zamafuta zimaphatikizira kuperekera madzi ku thanki (nthawi zambiri amakona anayi) momwe maselo a bacteria amagwira ndi mabakiteriya omwe amapanga kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi. Dongosolo la aeration limagwira, lomwe limapereka okosijeni ku thanki, ndipo chifukwa chake limathandizira chidwi.
Ma Aerotank amafunikira kuwunikira kutentha nthawi zonse / mpweya. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala gawo limodzi la njira yophatikizira chithandizo cha bio ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu, monga malo othandizira azomera zazikulu kapena chimbudzi cha chimbudzi.
Njira zamtunduwu zachilengedwe zimatchedwa aerobic, koma makutidwe a oxidation amathanso kuchitika anaerobic. Makina ochotsa mafuta amtundu wamadzi ambiri amaphatikiza njira zonsezi.
kukonza menyu ↑
Kuyeretsa madzi ndi pansi pazosungira zachilengedwe kuti zisawonongedwe
Kuwonongeka kwa malo osungira zachilengedwe kumakhudza chilengedwe chonse ndikuwopseza zotsatira za anthu. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa anthu okhala m'magawo omwe amakhala pafupi.
Ma Vapters ochokera m'madzi obisika amalowa mumlengalenga. Garbage amatenga mawonekedwe oumbika bwino ndikuchita pakupumira komanso kusatetezeka. Zinthu zomwe sizingatheke kuti mitundu yazomera zam'madzi ndi zomera zizitayika zimayambitsa mitundu ina ya mitundu yawo. Izi zimatsimikizira kufunikira kwa chithandizo chachilengedwe cha matupi amadzi ndikukhazikitsa njira zatsopano za izi.
Zosiyanasiyana zodetsa komanso momwe zimakhudzira posungira
Ndikotheka kudziwa kuti chosungira chimafuna kuyeretsa ndi izi:
- kanema wamafuta wamafuta pamadzi,
- nkhokwe zazikulu zamtchire ndi silt,
- fungo loipa,
- kunyowa kwamadzi.
Nthawi zambiri, mitsinje, nyanja kapena dziwe limakutidwa ndi zinyalala za m'nyumba, mitengo ikuluikulu yomwe imamizidwa m'madzi, matope.
Zinthu izi zimayipitsa mkhalidwe wa posungira monga malo ofunikira kwambiri amoyo chifukwa chazomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziwonongeke komanso kutulutsa zinthu zoopsa.
Gawo la Volumetric limakhala chopinga potengera kupititsa patsogolo madzi, kumalimbikitsa kusayenda kwa madzi ndikuletsa njira zodziyeretsera nokha.
Njira zoyeretsera madzi kuti asadetsedwe
Kutengera kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa, kukula kwa nkhokwe ndi mtundu wa kuipitsa, njira yotsukira inayake imasankhidwa kuchokera pazotsatirazi:
- kukonza makina
- njira ya mankhwala
- njira yachilengedwe
- kukhudzana ndi madzi okhala ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
Njira yofala kwambiri ndi makina. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito, malo osungiramo madzi amayamba kuthiridwa ndikukupopera madzi. Pambuyo pake, amayamba kukonza pansi - kuchotsa zinthu zonse zakunja, zinyalala ndi silika.
Chophimba chimayikidwa pansi kutsukidwa, chomwe chimatha kukhala mchenga, miyala yaying'ono, dongo. Sitolo yoyeretsedwa imadzazidwa ndi madzi atsopano.
Kufunika kwa madzi am'madzi kumapangitsa njira iyi kukhala yoyenera kunyanja zazing'ono, m'madziwe (kuphatikiza a mafakitale).
Palinso njira ina yoyeretsera makina - kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chomwe chimasefa madzi. Amizidwa mu dziwe. Madzi odutsa mu chipangizochi amasiya zinyalala zazing'ono mkati mwake.
Zosefera zimafunikira kusintha kwakanthawi kuti magwiritsidwe ntchito adayenera.
Poyeretsa pansi pamakina, zida zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazotsuka ndi popewa pansi zinyalala.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamankhwala ndikofunikira ndikutanthauzira kwa zinthu zina ndi zina zamadzi. Mwa izi, kusanthula kwamadzimadzi kumachitika mwachangu.
Zovumbulutsidwa mmenemo zitsulo zolemera, zopangidwa ndi kuvunda ndi kuwola, mwachitsanzo, amoni ndi mchere wake, zimafuna kuti pasakhale mbali.
Ndikofunikira kuwerengetsa mosamala komanso molondola zomwe ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimayenera kufotokozedwa m'madzi ndi kuchuluka kwake kuti kusalowerera kumachitika ndipo madziwo ndi otetezeka pazinthu zamoyo. Komanso, kudzera mu mankhwala, mankhwala amathandizidwa ndi mpweya.
Gawo la tizilombo tomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi. Chipangizo chokhala ndi aerobic ndi anaerobic mabakiteriya omwe amaikidwa mkati amayikidwa pansi pamadzi.
Mabakiteriya amenewa alibe vuto kwa anthu komanso nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madzi. Mukuchita ntchito zawo, chilengedwe chakumasamba sichisintha.
Zamoyo za patathogenic zimafa chifukwa cha mpikisano komanso kuwonetsedwa kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa munjira yachilengedwe poyeretsa chitsulo.
Kuyeretsa kwamadzi ndi ma radiation a ultraviolet kumachitika ndi gawo lapadera la kuwala kwa UV. Amayikamo chosungira ndikuchotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ma virus. Kuthira kwamadzi kumachitika ndi kufananizidwa ndi ntchito yamafuta awa pa quartzization. Njira yake imawonedwa kuti ndi yodalirika komanso yothandiza. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi makina oyeretsa.
Njira zoyeretsera madzi kuchokera kumadzi amafuta
Pazochitika zakufunika kwapadziko lonse lapansi, nkhani za kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe zikukula. Chaka cha Ecology ku Russia chasintha kwambiri njira yothetsera mavuto ofunikira zachilengedwe, makamaka kuti achepetse kukhetsedwa kwa mafuta ndi kupewa kuipitsidwa kotero.
Mu 90% ya milandu, ngozi zakumaso kwa mafuta zimachitika pamadzi. Kukumana kwa zinthu zovulaza kumatsimikiziridwa ndi owunika za mafuta, omwe amapezeka patsamba la webusayiti: http :vistaros.ru/stati/analizatory/pribor-dlya-opredeleniya-nefteproduktov-v-vode.html
Ziwerengerozi zimaphatikizapo kuipitsa matupi amadzi okhala ndi mafuta a mafakitale okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zapoizoni, komanso kutulutsa katundu popanda kupanga ngozi yophulika.
Mavuto azodzikongoletsera: zomwe zimayambitsa ndi njira zovutikira
"Kutumphuka" kwamadzi, silt, fungo losasangalatsa, chipwirikiti, kukula kwa msamba wa algae - zonsezi ndi mavuto omwe amakumana nawo eni madamu okongoletsa. Ndipo munkhaniyi tikambirana kwambiri za iwo, komanso za zomwe zimayambitsa ndi njira zopewera izi zosasangalatsa.
Vuto loyamba: "maluwa" osungira
Kubadwanso kwa alicicular alusa a genus Cyanophyta ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu pakusintha kwamtundu wamadzi. Imasanduka yobiriwira ndipo imakhala pafupifupi opaque.
M'nyengo yotentha, matenthedwe am'mlengalenga ataposa madigiri 30, izi zimatha kuchulukana kwambiri kotero kuti kwakanthawi kochepa zimakhala pamwamba pa nyanjayi ndi danga mpaka 1 cm.
Kuphatikiza apo, amagwira ntchito kwambiri pakumenya mpweya, womwe umadzala ndi kufa kwa nsomba.
Njira yothetsera vuto
Nyali za Ultraviolet zithandiza polimbana ndi alicellular algae. Mphamvu zawo zimawerengeredwa mu chiŵerengero cha ma watts a 2 pa kiyubiki ya madzi.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala omwe amapangidwira kuti awononge algae, koma popanda radiation ya ultraviolet, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo sikungakhale kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito othandizira nthawi zonse.
Kusowa kwa madzi ndi kuchepa kwa madzi abwino kumateteza kukula kwa algae. Mukamasankha pampu, tsatirani lamulo: kwa 1 mita ya cubic yamadzi - 1 W mphamvu ya unit.
Zomera zapamwamba - maluwa okongoletsa, mabango, zomwe ndi zosefera zachilengedwe, zidzakhala othandizira abwino pakutsuka posungira.
Vuto Lachiwiri: Madzi Amitambo Kuwonekera poyera komanso ukhondo wa dziwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zokongoletsera.Malangizo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awafotokozere. 1 point ikutanthauza kuti kuwonekera kwamadzi kumakhalabe kosazama mita imodzi.
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chizindikiro ichi chichepe. Choyamba, awa ndi mphamvu osakwanira kapena kusowa kwathunthu kwa zosefera zomwe ziyenera kuyeretsa dziwe kuchokera pazinyalala zomwe zimagwera mkati mwake kuchokera kunja - fumbi, masamba, mbewu, dothi, ndi zina. Kuchepetsa kuwonekera kwa madzi ndi nsomba, kutukula litsiro kuchokera pansi kufunafuna chakudya, komanso kuyendetsa timitengo ta mbewu zakufa zomwe sizikhazikika pansi.
Njira yothetsera vuto
Choyamba, ndi kulabadira ngati madziwo ndi osadetsedwa bwino. Kenako - pezani ngati nsomba ili ndi chakudya chokwanira choti chitha kugawidwa, chifukwa ngati sichoncho imakweza silt, kuyesa kupeza chakudya. Zitha kukhala zothandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba padziwe.
Kubwezeretsa kuwonekera kwa posungira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera. Amakhutitsa detritus ndi okosijeni ndikuyikweza pamwamba. Zotsatira zake, detritus imatha kusonkhanitsidwa mosavuta pamanja kapena ndi skimmer kuchokera pamadzi.
Ngati ndi kotheka, ma sorbyt amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, omwe, m'malo mwake, kutsitsa pansi mpaka pansi.
Vuto Lachitatu: Kukula Kwa Algae Osasunthika Aliconicular colonies algae a genus Kladofora, Ulotrix ndi Spirogyra, omwe amawoneka ngati ulusi wobiriwira, amakula m'mphepete mwa mitundu yonse - miyala, konkriti, pulasitiki, filimu komanso zitsulo. "Chingwe" chomwe chimatchedwa kuti sichimangokula pamakoma okha.
Chifukwa choyamba chakukula kwa tchire lokongola ndikuwonetsa nthawi yayitali dzuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa photosynthesis.
Kuwonongeka kwa madzi komwe kumagwiridwa feteleza osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, ammonium nitrate, kumathandizanso kukula kwambiri kwa algae.
Mvula kapena kuthirira udzu, feteleza amagwera mu dziwe, ndipo "ulusi "wo umawatenga mosavuta ndikuyamba kukula mwachangu kwambiri. Ichi chikuwoneka ndi kuwonongeka kwa kwachilengedwenso kachilengedwe chosungira.
Njira yothetsera vuto
Ndikosatheka kuthana ndi zodetsa zilizonse, choncho ntchito yayikulu ndikuchepetsa kukula, zomwe ndi zoona. Zingwe zazikulu zimatha kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zoyezera pakamwa kapena zoyeretsera.
Njirayi iyenera kuchitika kawiri pa sabata. Dzazani dziwe ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya "ulusi" - mwachitsanzo carp.
Koma samalani - nsomba zochokera m'malo osungira mafakitale zimatha kunyamula matenda omwe ndi owopsa kwa anthu okhala dziwe lanu.
Njira yothamanga kwambiri yoonekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Amawononga mizu ya algae, koma imatha kukhala poizoni kwa okhala kunyanjayi.
Vuto lachinayi: siltation wa pansi pa chosungira
Kudzikundika kwa chimbudzi cha pansi, chotchedwa silt, ndi gawo lofunikira m'moyo wa dziwe lililonse. Zotsalira za chakudyacho, zomera, masamba okugwa, dothi likugwera m'madzi kuchokera kunja, pang'ono ndi pang'ono.
Pamtunduwu, njira za anaerobic zimayamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ubweretse nsomba. Pa kutentha kwambiri, zinyalala za organic zimawola ndikamasulidwa ammonia ndi ammonium. Zinthu izi zimamanga oxygen, zomwe zingayambitse kufa kwa nsomba.
Njira yothetsera vuto
Kawiri pachaka, yabwino kwambiri kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso kumapeto kwa nyengo yophukira, muyenera kuyeretsa dziwe. Njira yosesedwa bwino imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti muchepetse kuzemba.
Biofilter yapadera imachotsa ammonia, ndipo kusefa kwamakina kumachepetsa kwambiri phokoso lakumunsi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikanso kuchotsa nthawi zonse zinyalala zoyandama pamalo osungira. Mutha kuchita izi pamanja kapena kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yapadera yowunikira.
Pamatenthedwe amadzi ambiri komanso kuluka kwakukulu, ndikofunikira kusintha 20-30% yamadzi mu dziwe sabata iliyonse.
Othandizira amagetsi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuthana ndi siltation, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo sikulimbikitsidwa, chifukwa izi zimatha kukhudza nsomba zomwe zimakhala mu dziwe.
Vuto lachisanu: fungo lamadzi lamadzi
Vutoli limakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa phulusa la dziwe, chifukwa chake, titatha kuyankha funso lakale, munthu akhoza kuthana ndi vutoli pang'ono. Pewani fungo losasangalatsa lithandizanso njira zapadera.
Njira yothetsera vuto
Sinthani kapangidwe ka madzi mu dziwe komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito posintha.
Ngati kapangidwe kake sikukwaniritsa miyezo, mutha kuyibwezeretsani mwachizolowezi pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yama mankhwala. Kuchulukitsa kwachilengedwe komanso kusinthasintha kwa madzi pafupipafupi kungathandizenso.
Onetsetsani kuti mwawonetsetsa momwe madzi akusinthidwira - ngati magwiridwe akewo sakukwaniritsa miyezo yake, iyimirirani kwa masiku atatu zisanachitike.
Alexander Ozerov, katswiri wokongoletsa zam'madzi
Zomera zapamwamba zam'madzi zam'madzi zothandiza pochotsa zinyalala pamafamu
Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana za vuto la chithandizo chamadzi amadzimadzi kuchokera kumalo opangira nkhuku, zinyalala zomwe zimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito dziwe lachilengedwe ndi mitundu yayitali yamadzi am'madzi ndizomwe zimawonjeza bwino kwambiri pakuwongolera bwino kwa chithandizo cha madzi akumwa. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi kuthekera kopanda malire kwa mbewu zapamwamba pazomwe zimachitika m'moyo wawo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopezeka m'madzi oyipa. Kutaya mosamala manyowa amadzimadzi ndi madzi otaika, kukonza ndi kulera nkhuku ndi kukonza michere ndi vuto lofunikira lomwe likufunika mwachangu ku mabizinesi a nkhuku. Zinyalala za nkhuku zimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zambiri za organomineral. Amisili amagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ochizira zinyalala zam'mizinda, mafakitale, ndi ziweto zimagawanitsa madzi oyipitsidwa ndi njira zochizira zoberekera zamafesi awo. Maofesi ambiri othandizira mafakitale omwe amagwira ntchito ndi otsika mtengo kapena ophwanya teknoloji ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito, osapereka chithandizo chokwanira. Pansi pa izi, akukonzanso njira zomwe zilipo pochotsa zinyalala zamadzimadzi, chinthu chotsimikizika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndikutaya mitundu yayikulu yamadziwe am'madzi okhala ndi zomera zam'madzi zapamwamba [1, 2]. M'zaka zaposachedwa, macrophytes agwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera poyeretsa madzi kuchokera ku michere, mafuta, ma hydrocarbon onunkhira, zinthu zamafuta, mafuta amafuta, zitsulo zolemera, mchere wosiyanasiyana wochokera kumadzi oundana ndi madzi achilengedwe, pakuchotsa zinyalala zamagulu kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zomera zam'madzi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zotulutsa mpweya mu nthawi ya photosynthesis, zimakhala ndi phindu pa kayendedwe ka oxygen m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Bacteria ndi algae omwe amakhala pamtunda pamadzi amatengapo gawo pa kuyeretsa kwamadzi. M'mitengo yamadzi am'madzi am'madzi, phytophilic fauna imapangika, yomwe imatenganso gawo pakudziyeretsa kwamadzi ndi pansi pamatope, ndipo zolengedwa za benthic zimagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chokhala ndi silt ndi mabakiteriya omwe amakhala pamenepo. Mothandizidwa ndi njirazi, mpweya wa madzi osungunuka m'madzi umawonjezereka, mawonekedwe ake ndi michere imachulukitsidwa, mchere wamadzi ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapakati pazomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa. Kuchita bwino kwa cholepheretsa kusefera kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kupsinjika kwa phytocenosis (i.e., kuchuluka kwa mphukira kudera la unit), kukhalapo kwa mizu yamadzi ndi kukula kwake, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa masamba ndi kutalika konse kwa mbewu. Izi zimabweretsa kutsika kwa velocity yotchinga mu malo oyalidwa ndi masisitere a ma particles oyimitsidwa. Kuyala pang'ono kumayendetsedwa ndi ntchofu pamtunda wa mbeu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kukulira kwa mbewu ndi matope awo, ndizothandiza kwambiri ndikuyeretsa kwamadzi kuchokera kuzinthu zoyimitsidwa. Zomera zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo zimaphatikizanso mu kagayidwe kake michere ina yaziphuphu zomwe zimakhala pansi pawo, kuphatikiza mankhwala oopsa. Zina mwazo zimapanga machubu azomera ndikudziunjikira cham'madzi ndi mobisa ziwalo za mbeu. Ma mankhwala ena, monga phenols, ma hydrocarbon onunkhira. Mothandizidwa ndi phytofiltration, kuwonekera kwa madzi kumawonjezeka, kuchepetsedwa kwake kwamadzi kumachepa. Udindo waukulu munjira iyi ndi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja (mabango, matebulo, mabango, mana, ndi zina zambiri. ) ndi zomera zamira m'madzi (rdestam, elodea, Hornwort, uruti, etc.). Mineralization ya zovuta organic amapezeka pamaso pa oxygen. Pakachitika vutoli, malo osungirako mpweya osungunuka amawonongeka mwachangu, chifukwa chake madzi amadziyeretsa amachepetsa. Pakupanga kagayidwe, mbewu zam'madzi zapamwamba zimatulutsa zinthu zomwe zimapanga thupi, monga kusakhazikika komanso maantibayotiki, m'malo achilengedwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha microflora ya pathogenic. Zawonetsedwa kuti m'matumba a macrophyte ma coli titer ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa m'malo otetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zimatulutsa ma metabolites osiyanasiyana, ma organic acid, ma polyphenols mu chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala ndi phindu pa ntchito yofunika ya mabakiteriya a heterotrophic ndi zinthu zina. Zomera zimayimira dimba lalikulu pakupanga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timathandizira pakuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuyeretsa kwamadzi. Zakudya za m'mimba zimadziunjikira masamba ndi zobereka. Awo kwambiri ndende mu mphukira kumayambiriro kasupe (chifukwa chosamuka ku mizu). Zomera zikamakula, ndende imachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa nyengo yomera (kuyambira mu Ogasiti), kutuluka kwa michere yazinthu zosafunikira zam'mimba zomwe zimapangidwa mobisa. Komabe, gawo lalikulu la zinthuzo limatsalirabe m'mitengo ya zomerazo ndipo, litasungunuka, limabwereranso m'thupi lamadzi, ndi kulipitsanso. Chifukwa chake, kuti tisunge nkhokwe mu boma la "wathanzi", kudulira kwadongosolo kwa madzi am'madzi kumafunika. Amadziwika kuti mitundu yonse yazomera zomwe zimapangidwa muzosungiramo madzi, ndizothandiza kwambiri pochotsa zinyalala. Mitundu yayikulu yamadzi am'madzi am'madzi oyambira ndi awa: mabango am'madzi, matchuthi otambalala, mabango wamba, bata laling'ono ndi tricolor Malinga ndi mabukuwo, chothandiza kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa dziwe la mbewu zosenda zochepa kapena "amphibian", makamaka bango ndi malo ogulitsa. Kukula kwa dziwe la duckweed kumawonetsa molakwika pamakhalidwe, kumachepetsa kwambiri mpweya wosungunuka ndikuwonjezeka kwa BOD5. Kuti muwonetse kuchuluka kwa anthropogenic, akatswiri amati kugwiritsa ntchito ma hydrophytes oyenda ndi ma hydrophytes oyimitsidwa: duckweed, utoto-wofiira wamadzi, kapisozi kaphokoso, rdest, elodea, Hornwort, etc. Kafukufuku wazinthu zonse zopezeka pansi, zomilizidwa mokwanira, mbewu zapamwamba m'malo osungira zachilengedwe sizinachitike. Koma malinga ndi zomwe apezeka, pafupifupi mphamvu yayikulu yakum'mwera kwa Canada, chovala chamadzi cha achule ndi uruti spiky titha kuzindikira. Mphamvu yakuthambo yamadzi am'madzi otalikirapo pamadzi owonongera sichidaphunziridwe zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chofufuzira motere. Ganizirani makhwala am'madzi apamwamba kwambiri am'madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinyalala pamadzi (Chithunzi 1). Bango wamba limatha kutulutsa m'madzi ndikudziunjikira michere yoposa 20. Ndi zokolola zake, kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, ndi phosphorous amachotsedwa m'madzi - zinthu zazikulu zomanga thupi zomwe zimayambitsa eutrophication yamadzi - kubereka kwakukulu kwa plankton, zomwe zimatsogolera kumaluwa a matupi amadzi. Chifukwa cha photosynthesis, chifukwa chomwe mpweya waulere umatulutsidwa, makutidwe ndi okosijeni a organic akuthamanga. Mabango am'madzi ndi amodzi mwa mitundu 20 ya mabango omwe amapezeka mu CIS. Monga akuwonera ndi maphunziro a Limnological Institute. Max Planck (Germany), mabango amatha kutulutsa phenol kuchokera kumadzi - chinthu choyipa kwambiri chachilengedwe chopangidwa popanga mafuta ndi mafuta. 300 g ya bango biomass imayeretsa kwathunthu malita 5 a madzi a phenol pakukonzekera kwake kwa 10 mg / l m'masiku 4, 40 mg / l m'masiku 12, 100 mg / l m'masiku 29. Bulrush imachotsa zinthu zina zachilengedwe kuchokera kumadzi otaika: xylene, pyrocatechol, pyridine, resorcinol, komanso mafuta ndi mafuta. Popanga njira zamadzi otayira, pamaso pa malo ogulitsa, mizu yake yolumikizana imachita mbali yofunika. Zili mwa mitundu iwiri yogula: imodzi - yocheperako imapita m'mwamba kuchokera kunthambi za ma rhizomes, zimasunthira m'madzi ndikutenga zinthu zam'mera ndi zophatikiza mwachindunji, pomwe zinazo zimayendetsedwa pansi, kulowa pansi ndikuchotsedwa mu izo. Chifukwa cha izi, katemera amatsukidwa kuti ayeretsedwe ndi madzi, ndi nthaka pansi. Njira imodzi yotsika mtengo yothandizira mankhwala apamwamba ndi njira yachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito chomera cham'madzi otentha - eichhornia (hyacinth yamadzi). Eichornia ndi chomera choyandama chamadzi choyikiramo chosungiramo madzi osokoneza, pomwe mbali yake imakongoletsanso, ndipo gawo lamadzi ndilopanda mizu, ndipo ndi gawo lochita kusefa. Kugwiritsa ntchito eichornia kumakhazikitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwa mbeuyo kubereka ndi kukula kwambiri munthawi yabwino. Zomera zimapezeka pamtunda wa kutentha pamwamba pa 16 ° C. M'malo otentha, nyengo yomwe imakula m'malo otentha ikhoza kukhala miyezi isanu ndi inayi. Mu nthawi yophukira, kutentha kwapakati pamadzi kukafika pansi pa 14 ° C, malo osungika oteteza madzi amatha kulekerera kutentha kwa nthawi yochepa mpaka 6 ° C usiku ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumawoneka kotheka, popanda zizindikiro zakufa. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumatha. Mu malo osungika otseguka mbali zonse, mbewu zidayamba kufa zochulukirapo kale pamtunda wa kutentha pafupifupi 6 ° C. Chomera chimatsuka bwino dziwe lomwe lidalembedwa ngati dziwe lakufa, mitsinje yaying'ono, zimbudzi, akasinja osakira mafuta, zoweta, ziweto, ndi zina zambiri. chiyambi, amachepetsa kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndizambiri muzakumwa: nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu, calcium, magnesium, sulufa, manganese, ammonia, ntchito yamagulu azitsulo zolemera amachepetsa. Zosintha pazizindikiro zina zamankhwala ochotsera madzi opanda mchere amtundu akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 2 [3, 4]. Kuti mbewu yobzala mbewuyo, ndikuti kuyeretsa kuchitika bwino, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale nyengo yabwino yazomera pazomwe zimafunikira, i.e. pangani machitidwe kuti zitsimikizire kuti masinthidwe azomera, kusunga zofunika pa chaka chonse, kuphatikiza nthawi yozizira, ndikukhathamiritsa mikhalidwe yothandiza mankhwalawa kapena madzi ozungulira. Ntchito zovuta kuzithandizira pama dziwe zachilengedwe zimagwira ntchito chaka chonse ngati njira yodziyang'anira yokha. Madzi akunyowa kuchokera kumapangidwe amitundu kupita kumzake amachitika ndi mphamvu yokoka. Madzi okwanira amaperekedwa kuti azithandizidwa mwanjira imeneyi kuti athe kuonetsetsa kuti mbewu zam'madzi zambiri zili pamtunda wa zomangira. Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti posinthanitsa ndi mbeu komanso masamba ake ena abwinobwino, pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito madzi owonongeka, mwachitsanzo, kutaya kapena kusinthanitsa, madzi okhala ndi pH ya 5 mpaka 9 komanso okhala ndi zoyambirira zazikuluzikulu zodetsa zakudutsidwa mpaka, mg / l: ammonium nitrogen 200, phosphates 18, iron 22, alkalis 17, surcineants 14, sulfide 21, mafuta a mafuta 25, phenols 340, kuyimitsidwa kolimba 1500, ndi BOD5 osaposa 1000 mg O2 / l ndi COD osaposa 2000 mg O2 / l. Zozama zapamwamba pazakudya zina zimalepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu, mpaka pakufa kwa mizu. Kutentha kozungulira sikuyenera kugwa pansi pa +16 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwa yankho la michere kuyenera kusungidwa mosiyanasiyana kuyambira +15 ° C mpaka +36 ° C. Zikatero, mbewuyo imapeza mphamvu: m'masiku 7, chomera chimodzi chimapatsa 3 mpaka 6 mphukira. Zofunikira za "michere" mu sing'anga yomwe ikula (m'madzi owonongeka) imayang'aniridwa ndikusanthula pafupipafupi ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, kumayendetsedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zofunika kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi oyeretsedwa. Munthawi yosinthira, kuti muthe kuyendetsa njirayi, kuwonjezereka kwa mbeu (mbali zawo) ikhoza kuchitika. Tekinoloje yolima zam'madzi am'madzi apamwamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ngalande zimatengera njira yopangiramo kubzala ma rhizomes pamodzi ndi dothi la amayi powafukula munkhokwe zachilengedwe, ndikuwapititsa kumalo obzala, ndikuwonetsa dothi lamizu pansi pa malo oyenda. Pakufukula, mabedi otsekedwa a bango amasankhidwa pamlingo wa 40-60 zimayambira pa 1 mita kukwera kumapeto kwa nyengo yokulira mpaka 3-4 m, bango 2 ° - 250 pa 1 m2 kukwera mpaka 1.5-2,5 m. ikuchitika mpaka kuya konse kwa ma rhizomes amoyo a mbewu: mabango - - 1 - 2 m, bango - ndi 0,6-0.8 m. Dothi lopulumutsidwalo limabalalika motsika pansi pa zigawo zoyenda motalika za 3-4 m pa 12-14 m kutalika kwa mzere, kenako ndikugawika pamwamba ndi wosanjikiza 15-25 cm. Kututa ndi kubzala mbewu zapamwamba zam'madzi zam'madzi zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika, atangosefa nthaka. Chifukwa choti zinthu zobzala bango sizilimbana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi asanapangidwe, zigawo za mayendedwe a ngalande ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi zotayidwa m'mene zimayambira. Mukabzala mabango m'magawo, magawo oyenda mu mseuwo ayenera kudzazidwa nthawi yomweyo mpaka akuya mamita 2. Kukula kwa mbeu zam'madzi zapamwamba kumayendetsedwa ndikucheka pamtunda, pomwe ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwa mizu ndipo zimayambira zokha. Kutulutsidwa kwa ngalande kuchokera ku biomass, yomwe yatha nthawi yamasamba, kumatha kulepheretsa kuipitsa kwachiwiri, kulowa mu nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu ya zinthu zakupha zomwe zimapezeka mumitengo ndi masamba, komanso kutsitsa kwamadzi posungira. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa chithandizo chonyowa kwamadzi zinyalala zam'madzi kumatheka pang'onopang'ono kwa 10-20 m / h kudutsa m'nkhalango za mbewu, pomwe nthawi yopatsirana iyenera kukhala maola 2-4 nthawi yachilimwe ndi maola 4-6 m'nyengo yozizira. Pakutha kwa nyengo yokulira, magawo am'madzi am'madzi apamwamba omwe amakhala pamwamba pa madzi amaphulika ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa ngalande, pomwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndikuchotsa pamanja. Chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika yazomerazi pachaka, chithandizo chamadzi chonyansa chimapitilirabe nthawi yozizira. Kutalika kwazomera zam'madzi zapamwamba kwambiri pamtunda wa 5 ° C ndipo pamwambapa pafupifupi masiku 244 pachaka [5, 6]. Njira zachilengedwe zakuyeretsa mothandizidwa ndi madzi am'madzi ambiri zatsimikizira momwe zimathandizira madzi akumwa am'madzi, popeza ndiwothandiza kwambiri zachilengedwe komanso zachuma, chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa ukadaulo komanso mtengo wotsika wogwira. Kuti tiwonjezere njira yothanirana ndi madzi amchere, makamaka nthawi yopanda chisanu, timapemphedwa kuti tigwiritse ntchito chikhalidwe cham'madzi cham'madzi chambiri chomwe chimatha kukula mwachangu, kubereka komanso kuyamwa kwambiri kuchokera kumalo am'nyanja pafupifupi zinthu zonse za biogenic. Udindo wazomera zam'madzi zam'madzi pazonyowa zam'madzi zitha kuchepetsedwa: Kupezeka kwa mbewu zam'madzi zapamwamba kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsira ntchito bwino, monga momwe zimatsimikizidwira ndi kusanthula kwa madzi oyeretsedwa omwe amapezeka munyumba yochokera ku dziwe lachilengedwe (Chithunzi 3). Pomaliza, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje achilengedwe ochotsa zinyalala zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yayikulu yamadzi pamadzi amchere, ndizotheka kuthana ndi vuto la chilengedwe cha nkhuku kugwiritsa ntchito madzi akuchotsa zinyalala, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma nitrate, phosphates ndi zina zodetsa kufikira pazoyenera zovomerezeka zazoyipitsidwa kwa iwo kutaya kotetezedwa m'matupi amadzi, ndipo kumakhala maziko a ntchito yopanga zinthu zosafunikira zachilengedwe popanga ulimi. Amadziwika ndi kukonza kwambiri pochotsa zinyalala, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito mosavuta komanso kuwononga ndalama zambiri, amakupatsani mwayi kuti mutaye madzi amtundu omwe amawononga chilengedwe. Zolemba
Chithunzi cha wolemba: Bolusaeva K.M., Bekbosynova A.B.