Salamander amawona, kapena moto salamander (Latin Salamandra salamandra) ndi wa banja la Real salamander (Salamandridae) kuchokera ku lamulo la a Tailed Amphibians (Urodela). Nyama imatsogolera moyo wobisika, womwe umasiyanitsa kwambiri kuphunzira kwa zizolowezi zake mwachilengedwe.
Ngakhale izi zimachitika mwapadera, kutchula za mutha kupezeka kale m'mipukutu yakale. Dzinalo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Persian kupita ku Russia kukhala "wokhala pamoto." Kale, anthu adawona zolengedwa zikuthawa lawi lamoto.
Kuponya mitengo pamoto, anthu adawononga nyumba za salamander, ndikuthawitsa kuthawa mwamantha. Momwemo nthano idawonekera, ngati kuti iwo abadwira pamoto. Ambiri amakhulupirira moona mtima kuti ndi poizoni wawo anthu anzeru otere amatha kuzimitsa lawi.
Poizoni awo adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsatira zipembedzo zingapo zakum'mawa kuti azisinkhasinkha kuti athe kulowa mokwanira ndikumawona zinthu.
Kufalitsa
Malo okhala ali ku Europe, Northwest Africa ndi West Asia. Amachokera ku Iberian Peninsula kumadzulo mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Turkey kummawa. Salamanders oyaka moto amakhala ku Portugal, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Greece Italy, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Spain ndi Ukraine. Zili ndizofala kudera lonse la Balkan.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ku Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Israel, Syria ndi Iran.
Malo omwe amakonda kupitako a salamanders ndi osakanikirana ndi nkhalango zowuma ndi mitu ya beech. Amalolera kukhala m'miyala, mitsinje ndi zinyalala zambiri zamtchire.
Ndiosowa kwambiri kuwawona munkhalango zachilengedwe ndi m'malo otseguka. Pafupi ndi malo owoneka a salamander, mtsinje wokhala ndi madzi apompopompo ndipo madzi abwino otuluka ayenera kuyenderera. Nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa m'munsi mwa mapiri kuyambira 600 mpaka 1200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Subspecies 15 amadziwika. Mabungwe omwe adasankhidwa amakhala ku Balkan Peninsula, komwe nthawi zina amapezeka kumwera kwa Germany ndi ku Poland.
Khalidwe
Salamander owoneka ndi amodzi mwa nyama zamadzulo; zimatha kuwoneka masana mvula ikangogwa. Amakhala tsiku lonse dzenje losiyidwa ndi makoswe, pansi pamiyala, pansi pa mtengo wakale kapena pobowapo.
Ngati ndi kotheka, amatha kudzidulira payekha dothi lofewa lalitali pafupifupi 40 cm ndi 4-6 cm mulifupi.
Ndi nyengo yozizira, cholengedwa ichi chimayamba kuzimiririka, chikasankha malo obisika achinyontho komanso otetezedwa ku chisanu. Zipinda zapansi, zitsime, mapanga kapena grottos ndizoyenera kubisala.
Chitetezo chabwino kwa a amphibians ndi poizoni wake wam'mbuyo-khutu (mumps) ndi mizere ina iwiri ya timadzi tambiri ta poizoni tokhala kumbuyo kwa mchira. Amatha kubisala chikasu choyera kapena choyera, chomwe, chikawuma padzuwa, chimakhala ndi zowawa. Ma poizoni omwe ali momwemo amatha kuyambitsa kutukusira kwa mucous membrane mwa olusa.
Moto salamander umatulutsa poizoni pamulingo wa Reflex panthawi yovuta kapena pakukhudzidwa.
Mphamvu yamagetsi ikamakulirakulira, mpweya woopsa wambiri ungathe kutulutsidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, njoka zina zokha ndizomwe zimasankha kuukira akuluakulu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Popita kusaka, salamander yemwe amawona akuyandikira pang'onopang'ono nyama yake ndikuigwira ndi kamwa yake. Nthawi zambiri mlenje amakhala wosakwiya kwambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito momwe angathawire, koma munthu wonyada ameneyo samadziona kuti ndi wapamwamba kuposa ulemu wake.
Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amphibians amadya nyongolotsi zazing'ono, akangaude, tizilombo ndi maulesi. Pokhala ndi nyengo yabwino, amakumana achule ang'onoang'ono ndi ma newts.
Kuswana
Chakumapeto kwa nyengo yamasika, dothi litayamba kale kutenthetsa bwino, salamander woonayo akuyamba nthawi yakutentha. Mwana wamwamuna wokondwa, ndikukweza mutu wake, amayenda akusaka dona wamtima. Kuwona wachibale wake, amamuyandikira kuti adzadziwitse jenda.
Ngati ndi chachikazi, ndiye kuti champhongo chimakalowa pansi pake ndikusemphana ndi spermatophore pansi. Wamkazi amugwira ndi cesspool wake.
Spermatozoa amasungidwa mu thupi la mkazi mpaka mazira okhwima. Mazira okhwima amalowa muchiberekero, komwe umuna umachitika.
Yaikazi imakhala hibernation nthawi yonse yozizira, ndipo pofika masika, imafunafuna mtsinje wokhala ndi mabanki athyathyathya komanso njira yopang'onopang'ono. Pamenepo iye amayikira mazira, pomwe mphutsi zimaswa.
Salamander wamkulu sangathe kusambira. Ngati mayi ali ndi mwana akatenga ndalama zake, ndiye kuti akhoza kufa.
Monga lamulo, wamkazi m'modzi amatha kubereka kuchokera ku 20 mpaka 40 mphutsi, kutalika kwake kumafikira 22-37 mm. Amapanga bwino ma gills kunja, pali awiriawiri miyendo ndi caudal fin. Utoto umasiyana kuchokera ku imvi yopepuka mpaka maolivi omwe ali ndi malo ambiri. Kwa miyezi itatu ali m'madzi, amadya mphutsi ndi ma crumpaceans amphipod.
Kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti, metamorphosis imachitika. Mapeto ake, salamander wachinyamata wamavuto amapita kumtunda. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 6 cm.
Mphutsi zomwe zimabadwa nthawi yophukira zimatha nyengo yozizira padziwe, ndipo zimakula akadzakula. Kutengera nyengo yozizira, kutha kwa msambo kumachitika mwa zaka 3-4.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 10 mpaka 24, kutalika masentimita 32. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna ndipo amakhala ndi minofu yolimba. Kuwala kwa dimorphism mumtundu kulibe.
Mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso opingasa umatha ndi kupindika mozungulira. Pakamwa pa zala zakupha mumaoneka bwino. Khungu limakhala lonyowa, lonyowa komanso lomata.
Msana wakuda umakutidwa ndi mawanga owala achikaso, lalanje kapena ofiira. Pamtengo waukulu kumbuyo kwake kuli tinthu tambiri tapoizoni. Pali zala zinayi kutsogolo ndi zisanu pamiyendo yakumbuyo. Chingwe chopanda chopindika chafupifupi kuposa thupi.
Thupi lotsika limakutidwa ndi khungu loonda lakuda kapena lakuda.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa salamander wamtchire nthawi zambiri sikupitirira zaka 10. Ali mu ukapolo, adatsala zaka 20 mpaka 24.
Mayendedwe amoyo
Njira yofalitsira ma salamanders samveka bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kusiyana kwakukulu mu kuzungulira kwa salamander kwamtunduwu kutengera ndi malo okhala komanso kutalika kwake kumtunda kwa nyanja kumadziwika.
Nthawi yobereketsa imayamba kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yachilimwe. Pakadali pano, champhongo m'dera la zovala zimayamba kutulutsa chimbale, ndikupanga tinthu tokhala ngati ma spermatophore.
Magulu awiri oyang'anira moto - S. s. fastuosa ndi S. s. bernardezi - nyama zamoyo, zazikazi sizimayikira mazira, koma zimatulutsa mphutsi. Masamba otsalira amapanga mazira.
Oyimira mitunduyi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka zitatu. Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndichilengedwe mpaka zaka 14; zoyerekeza zina zidapulumuka zaka 50 mu ukapolo.
Fumbo Lakusintha
Salamander - mu alchemy, mzimu wamoto ngati chinthu choyambirira - choyambira moto. Nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ngati buluzi wa salamander, yemwe, malinga ndi chikhulupiriro chodziwika, amatha kukhala ndi moto, popeza anali ndi thupi lozizira, ndipo amatha kuwoneka pamoto ndikutuluka, ndikubisala m'nkhalango yoponyedwa pamenepo. Amakhulupilira kuti ukauponya pamoto, uzimitsidwa.
Salamanders adazindikiridwa poyimira amatsenga akale ndi akatswiri a alchemists omwe ali ndi chinthu chamoto. Chizindikiro cha salamander ndi kuzizira kwachilendo kwa thupi, kulilola kuti lizikhala pamoto popanda kuyatsa, komanso kuzimitsa moto wina uliwonse. Salamander anali chizindikiro cha mwala wofiyira wa mwala wa wafilosofi. Amakhulupilira kuti mothandizidwa ndi dongosolo la magalasi ndizotheka "kutsitsa" mphamvu yamayendedwe a dzuwa mu chombo chotengera magalasi motero kupemphetsa ndikugonjera salamander ku zofuna zake.
Zithunzi zakale zimagwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha salamander monga chizindikiro cha olungama - wosamalira chikhulupiriro pakati pa anthu omwe adzafa. Kuyika salamander pa chida chake champhamvu, mwini wakeyo, adalengeza kuti anali wolimba, ndipo sanawope konse zoopsa.
Pliny Mkulu (29-79 AD) anali woyamba mwa ntchito za olemba akale omwe adakhalako pofotokoza mawonekedwe a cholengedwachi. Malinga ndi iye, salamander ndi buluzi wowona, kwenikweni, ngati salamander wamakono. Komabe, potengera kutentha kapena kuzizira kwa mtundu wa salamander, Pliny anali m'magulu: cholengedwa chimazizira ngati ayezi. Monga olemba ena asanakhale iye, Pliny sanali wotsimikiza momwe salamanders adabadwira. Malinga ndi iye, zolengedwa izi zimatha kuwoneka mu nyengo zopanda nyengo zokha komanso kuti zimachokera ku chinthu chosadziwika. Izi, zikuwoneka kuti, zidakakamiza Pliny kuti aziganiza kuti nyamazo sizichulukane kotero kuti sizibereka ana. Kuphatikiza apo, Pliny adalongosola kuti nyamayi ndi imodzi mwazinyama zapoizoni kwambiri.
Zochita za poizoni wa salamander ku Pliny zimaperekedwa pa gawo lonse momwe wolemba akuwonetsera kuzindikirika ndi chinyengo cha cholengedwa ichi. Kuphatikiza apo, pofotokoza za Sextius wina, akukayikira kwambiri lingaliro lakuti opanga salamuyo amazimitsa moto, ponena kuti ku Roma akadazindikira kale za zomwe adakumana nazo, akumalemba moto woyaka komanso wowononga mumzinda.
Mu chikhalidwe chachikhristu, katundu wodabwitsa wa salamander kuti asayake pamoto nthawi yomweyo anali wokhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chatsopanocho. Aurelian Augustine amakumbukira salamander potengera maumboni oti matupi a anthu amatha kuwotcha, kuzunzidwa, kwamuyaya, zomwe asayansi anzeru amasikuwo ankaseka. Ngati tizingolankhula pagawo lalikulu, ndiye kuti Augustine amalankhula za zozizwitsa. Chozizwitsa, chokhala ndi mawu ambiri otanthauziridwa mchilankhulo cha Chilatini, chidamvetseka kale ngati chinthu chomwe chimachitika "motsutsana ndi chilengedwe." A Augustine, polankhula zakupezeka kwa mulungu wachikhristuyo, ponena kuti kunalibe chozizwitsa, chifukwa chilichonse chomwe chimachitika ndikuchitika ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu. Zosokonekera pang'ono, titha kunena kuti lingaliroli lidabweretsa zotsutsana kwambiri pachikhalidwe chachipembedzo chowonjezeracho. Ngati "wapamwamba", chikhalidwe chophunzitsidwa chikadakana zozizwitsa, popeza palibe chomwe chingachitike motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu, ngakhale zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosangalatsa kwa ife, ndiye kuti mapisi, ofotokozedwa m'miyoyo ya oyera mtima, nthawi zonse amafunafuna chozizwitsa kuchokera kwa woyera, chomwe adachiwonetsa, potembenuza osakhulupirira kukhala Chikhristu. Komabe, pofuna kuwonetsa kuti matupi a otsutsidwa atha kuzunzidwa kwamuyaya kumoto, Augustine amapereka umboni wambiri wonena za zinthu ndi zolengedwa zamoto pamoto, popeza nthawi zambiri amapereka mndandanda wautali wa "zozizwitsa" zosasinthika. Ndipo apa salamander adabwera wothandiza kwa iye.
Kufanana pakati pa zochitika za salamander ndi zamabuku zimapezeka kale. A "Physiologist" omwe adalembedwa m'zaka za zana lachiwiri AD, adayala maziko pamaziko omwe salamander angamvetsetsedwe mophiphiritsa mu Middle Ages. Nyama mu Physiologist nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosafanizira ndi mawonekedwe amunthu wabwino, otchulidwa m'Baibulo, mulungu, ziwanda kapena machimo. Nkhani yokhudza salamander m'lingaliro ili sizinakwaniritsidwe zomveka, koma kufanana kwake kunawoneka bwino.
M'zaka za XII, nkhani ya salamander imatembenuka mosayembekezereka. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, kalata imazungulira ku Europe, akuti adalemba ndi King of India John, yemwenso ndi mtsogoleri wachipembedzo. Chimodzi mwazambiri zodziwika bwino zakalezi zidapangitsa kuti azungu azikhulupirira kwakanthawi kuti ku India kuli wolamulira wolungama komanso wamphamvu yemwe ku Europe adayesa kwakanthawi kuti apange mgwirizano kuti amukope pomenya nkhondo ndi Asilamu. Mwachiwonekere, palibe John, monga dziko lake, yemwe adakhalako, koma izi zidayambitsa kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa ndale za ku Eastern ndi makhothi aku Europe komanso upapa. Kalata ya Mkulu John, sitingalembedwe kunja kwa Europe. M'malo mwake, iyi ndi buku la zozizwitsa zomwe chitukuko cha ku Europe chidachita Kummawa, ndipo ntchitoyi silingalembedwe kummawa kwa Byzantium. Palinso salamander pakufotokozera kwa chigawo cha dziko la Mkulu John.
Dera
Carpathians, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italiya, Luxembourg, Makedonia, dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslav Republic, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain. , Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia. Salamander wamoto akukwera mpaka 2000 m kumapiri.
Mawonekedwe
Khungu la salamander wamoto limakhala loonda, losalala komanso lonyowa. Mapapu ndi amphamvu, afupi. Pali zala zinayi zakutsogolo ndi zisanu zamiyendo pamapazi. Swimming membranes kulibe. Muzzle wopusa, wamaso akulu akuda. Pamwamba pa maso pali nsidze zachikaso. Kuseri kwa maso pali tiziwiti tambiri - maukwati. Mano ndi akuthwa komanso ozungulira. Thupi limakhala lalikulu komanso lalikulu. Mchira umakhala wozungulira pamtanda. Amuna ndi ocheperako poyerekeza ndi achikazi, ochepa thupi komanso osachepera. Matako a amuna ndi autali, akamayandikira kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo amabwera. Milomo yawo yovala ndiyotupa kuposa zachikazi. Ziwalo za mzere wotsatira zimangokhala mu gawo lazous.
Habitat
Mapiri ndi mapiri (mpaka 2000 m). Pewani malo ouma komanso otseguka. Salamander woyaka moto amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje, m'nkhalango zakale zokhala ndi mapokoso amphepo (sipewa nkhalango zosakanikirana, komanso ngakhale zodyeka). Amakonda mosses ofewa, komwe anthu amafikira anthu 1-2 pa 100 m 2.
Kukula
M'madzi, salamanders achikazi amabala pafupifupi mphutsi zopangidwa pafupifupi 0,2 g, kutalika 25-30 mm). Ali ndi magawo atatu a girrus akunja, mawanga achikasu amawoneka m'munsi mwa malekezero, mchirawo ndi wautali, wopindika, wopingidwa ndi khola lalikulu, wopitilira kumbuyo kwa crest. Mutu ndi waukulu, wozungulira, thupi ndi wokwera, wothinikizidwa pambuyo pake. Mphutsi za salamander ozimitsa moto ndi nyama zolusa, nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa mu cannibalism. Nthawi yamalutsi imakhala nthawi yonse ya chilimwe, metamorphosis imatha mu Ogasiti-Seputembala, ndi kutalika kwa mphutsi kwa 50-60 mm. Ma salamanders opangidwa mokwanira amayamba kupumira pang'ono ndikusiya dziwe. Metamorphosis isanathe, mphutsi zimayamba kukwawa pansi, nthawi zambiri zimakwera pamwamba pa madzi kumbuyo kwa mlengalenga.
Kuchulukitsa / kusamalira
Mtundu udalowa Buku Lofiira la Ukraine.
Ndemanga: salamander wamoto umatulutsa poyizoni - salamander, yomwe ndi alkaloid yomwe imagwira ntchito pamanjenje (imayambitsa kukhumudwa, kupuma, mtima wamitsempha komanso ziwalo zina), ikuwumitsa malo a medulla oblongata. Ngati galu amadya salamander, amatha kufa ndi poizoni. Mlingo wowopsa wa salamandrin pa mbewa ndi pafupifupi 70 mcg.