Shaki wamutu wakuda | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gulu la asayansi | |||||||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Gill |
Mndandanda: | Hexanchida |
Banja: | Akasaka amutu akuda (Chlamydoselachidae Garman, 1884) |
Onani: | Shaki wamutu wakuda |
- Doymodus painineus
Garman, 1884
Shaki wamutu wakuda , kapena lacquer (lat. Chlamydoselachusgicineus) ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zamatumbo amtundu wa lamellar shark a banja lomwelo. Kunja, imawoneka ngati njoka yam'madzi kapena eel kuposa nsomba zina. Amakhala munyanja zamchere za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Mtundu wachilendowu umapezeka pamphepete kwakunja kwa malo ochezera komanso kumtunda kwa phirilo mpaka kukafika pa 1570 m. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu zakale, shaki ya lamellar imatchedwa "fossil". Kutalika kokhazikika ndi mamita 2. Mtundu wake ndi woderapo. Mu shark wammellar, thupi la njoka, ziphuphu, mafinya, minyewa ndi ma anal zimasinthidwa kumchira.
Shaki iyi imasaka ngati njoka, imapinda thupi ndikuchita kulumphira kutsogolo. Nsagwada zazitali komanso zam'manja kwambiri zimakupatsani mwayi wokumedza nyama zazikuluzikulu, pomwe mizere ingapo ya mano ang'onoang'ono komanso singano imalepheretsa kuthawa. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi cephalopods, komanso nsomba zazing'onoting'ono zazing'onozing'ono ndi asodzi. Shaki yamutu wakuda imabereka mozungulira. Mimba imatenga mpaka zaka 3.5, iyi ndiye nthawi yayitali kwambiri yomwe imadziwika pakati pa ma vertebrates. Mu zinyalala kuchokera ku 2 mpaka 15 cubs. Kuberekanso sikwakanthawi. Shaki zokhala ngati shaki zimagwidwa mu maukonde asodzi aku malonda; phindu lawo loti asodzi ndi laling'ono. Nthawi zina nsomba zamtunduwu zimakhala zolakwika chifukwa cha njoka zam'nyanja.
Kuchulukitsa
Mtunduwu udavomerezedwa mwasayansi ndi katswiri wazamakhalidwe wa ku Germany wotchedwa Ludwig Döderlein, yemwe adapita ku Japan pakati pa 1879 ndi 1881 ndipo adabweretsa mitundu iwiri yatsopano ku Vienna. Komabe, zolembedwa pamalongosoledwewo zidatayika ndipo wolemba mbiri adazindikiridwa ndi katswiri wazamanyama waku America Samuel Garman, yemwe adafotokoza mzimayi wamtali wa 1.5 mita yemwe anagwidwa ku Sagami Bay, Japan. Garman akuti mtundu watsopanowo ndi mtundu wina watsopano ndipo adasankha banja latsopano. Dzina lasayansi Chlamydoselachus painineus amachokera kwa Dr. χχμύςμύςμύς (mtundu wa pad. χχμύδμύδςς) - mvula yodziwika bwino, shaki ndi lat. kuwawa ndi njoka. Kwa nthawi yayitali, shaki iyi idawonedwa ngati mitundu yokhayo yamtundu ndi banja, koma mu 2009 mtundu wachiwiri wamtundu womwewo udafotokozedwa - Chlamydoselachus africana .
Malingaliro omwe amaperekedwa ndi ofufuza oyamba ponena za ubale wapafupi ndi shaki iyi ndi alubino a Paleozoic a cladoselachia sizinatsimikizidwe. Zikuwoneka kuti, shaki za lamellar zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi mano otumphuka, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi gulu limodzi.
Kufotokozera
Shaki wokhala ndi mutu wakuda adadziwika ndi dzina chifukwa cha mafupa ake apakhungu opangidwa ndi ulusi wa gill womwe umaphimba gill. Pali malo 6 mbali iliyonse. Zomwe zimapanga mbali yoyamba kuchokera pansi zimalumikizana ndikupanga khungu lalikulu.
Kutalika kwa shaki kumeneku kumatha kufika 2 m, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 1.5 m zazimayi ndi 1,3 m mwa amuna. Thupi limakhala lalitali kwambiri. Mutu ndiwotakata komanso wosalala. Mphuno-zotuwa zimapezeka molunjika ndipo zimagawika malo otseguka obwera ndi otuluka khungu. Maso akulu opindika ndi otambalala. Palibe nembanemba yotentha. Zipsepse za dorsal, anal komanso ziwiri zamkati zimapezeka pafupi wina ndi mnzake kumbuyo kwa thupi. Zipsepse zamtchire ndizifupi komanso zozungulira. Zipsepse zamkati ndi zowongoka ndizazikulu ndi zozungulira. Malipidwe aatali a caudal ali ndi mawonekedwe pafupifupi atatu ndipo amapangidwa ndi lobe imodzi yapamwamba. Pamimba pamimba pali zikwama za khungu zopatulidwa ndi mzere, ntchito yomwe sizikudziwika. Mbali yapakati ya thupi la akazi ndi yayitali kuposa yaimuna, ziphuphu zawo zam'mimba zimakhala pafupi ndi kumat. M'kamwa mwa shaki ili pafupifupi yabwino, osati yotsika, monga shaki zina zambiri. Mphepo za pakamwa pakalibe. Zilonda zam'mimba ndizamasamba. Pa nsagwada zapamwamba komanso zotsika, 19-31 ndi 2129 mano, motsatana. Pali mano pafupifupi 300 mkamwa. Zili ngati nangula wokhala ndi zida zitatu: dzino lililonse lili ndi nsonga zitatu zopindika pafupifupi kutalika kofanana, pakati pawo pali nsonga zazing'ono. Dermal denticles ndi ochepa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chisel, pamtunda wapansi pamsana wa caudal amakhala wamkulu komanso wowonda. Colours ndimtundu wakuda kapena wa imvi. Kuchokera kwa wobadwa kumene ku Africa Chlamydoselachus africana shark larky imasiyanitsidwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma vertebrae (160- 171 motsutsana ndi 147) komanso kutembenuka kwa matumbo ozungulira (35- 49 motsutsana ndi 26-31), komanso mbali zingapo za morphological, mwachitsanzo, mutu wotalikilapo komanso wowonda pang'ono. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa amuna ndi 170 cm, ndipo akazi 200 cm.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Shaki yakuda bii ndi mtundu wamchere wakuya kwambiri, imapezeka m'malo ambiri a Atlantic ndi Pacific Ocean pamitunda yosiyanasiyana. Ku Nyanja ya Atlantic, imagawidwa kuchokera kumpoto kwa Europe kupita ku South Africa. Malo oyandikira kumpoto kwenikweni ndi Varangerfjord waku Norway ndi madzi pafupi ndi Svalbard. Kummawa kwa Atlantic, asodziwa amakhala kum'mwera kwa Norway ndi Scotland, kumadzulo kwa Ireland komanso kuchokera ku France kupita ku Morocco, kuphatikizira Madeira ndi Mauritania. Ku Central Atlantic, amapezeka m'mphepete mwa Mid-Atlantic Range kuchokera kumpoto kwa Azores kupita ku Rio Grande Rise kuchokera pagombe lakumwera kwa Brazil, komanso m'mbali mwa Vavilov Ridge, gombe la West Africa. Kumpoto kwa Atlantic, asodzi awa ndiofala m'madzi a New England, Georgia ndi Suriname. Kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean, asodzi a lamellar amakhala ku Honshu Island, Japan, kupita ku Taiwan, komanso kugombe la New South Wales, Tasmania ndi New Zealand. Pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Pacific, adadziwika m'madzi a zilumba za Hawaii, California, ndi kumpoto kwa Chile.
Shaki za Placid zimapezeka pakuya kwa 120-1450 m, ngakhale sizichedwa kugwa pansi pa 1000 m. Ku Sharuga Bay, asodzi nthawi zambiri amagwera mumkokomo mozama 50 mpaka 200 m, kupatula nthawi kuchokera mu Ogasiti mpaka Novembala, pomwe matenthedwe amadzi akuya mamita 100 apitilira 15 ° C, ndipo shaki zimapita kuzama kwambiri. Shaki zam'munsizi nthawi zina zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa madzi. Usiku, shaki zokhala ngati shaki zimatha kusuntha komanso kupita kukasaka nyama yomwe ili pamadzi. Mumtunduwu, magawano amkati amawonedwa kutengera kukula ndi kukonzekera kubereka.
Biology
Shaki zokhala ngati shaki zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala ndi moyo mwakuya, mafupa awo samawerengeka bwino, chiwindi chimakhala chachikulu, chokhala ndi lipids yotsika pang'ono, chomwe chimawalola kuyerekeza m'mizere yamadzi molimbika. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazitundu zochepa za akhaki omwe ali ndi mzere wotseguka "ma cell a tsitsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mechanoreceptors amapezeka m'malo omwe amakumana ndi madzi am'nyanja ozungulira. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaonedwa koyipa kwambiri kwa asodzi ndipo kumawapatsa mwayi wogwira mwamphamvu kwambiri nyama. Asodzi ambiri ogwidwa ngati shaki analibe mchira, womwe mwina ndi chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi asodzi ena. The tapeworm chimera pa asodzi. Monorygmatrematode Otodistomum veliporum ndi nematode Mooleptus rabuka .
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Nsagwada zazitali zazitali zamoto ndizotambasuka kwambiri ndikuzilola kuti zimize chiwopsezo chonse cha theka la kutalika kwake. Komabe, kutalika ndi mapangidwe ake a chibwano sichimawalola kuti alume ndi mphamvu yomweyo ngati shaki wokhala ndi mawonekedwe achikhalidwe. M'mimba mwa ambiri asodzi ogwidwa, zinyalala zodziwika bwino sizinapezeke, zomwe zimawonetsa chimbudzi chambiri ndi / kapena kutalikirana kwakatikati pakati pa odyetserako. Zakudya za akhaki amtundu wa laconic zimakhala makamaka za cephalopods, komanso nsomba za bony ndi zina shaki. Shaki m'modzi, wamtali mamita 1.6, atafika pagombe la Chöshi, adapeza kambansa wakuda waku Japan wolemera m'mimba 590. Saruga Bay imakhala pafupifupi 60% ya zakudya zomwe zimadya, kuphatikiza mitundu yochepa pang'onopang'ono Chiroteuthis ndi Khalidkomanso champhamvu kwambiri Onychoteuthis, Sthenoteuthis, ndi Ma Todarodkukhala munyanja.
Funso loti munthu wosambira woyipa chotere, ngati shaki yoyaka moto, amatha kusaka amphaka mwachangu, ndimaphunziro chabe. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, asodzi akuda amadya ovulala kapena ofooka atakhwima anthu. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, amagwada ndikulumphira kutsogolo, ngati njoka. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kutseka gill, ndikuyambitsa kukwiya mkati mwa milomo yamkamwa, ndikuyamwa mwa ozunzidwa. Akatikati tating'ono kwambiri, takuthwa komanso totuwa mkati mwa asodzi otchedwa shaki amatha kugwira mosavuta squid, makamaka pamene nsagwada zapita kutsogolo. Kuwona kwa asodzi omwe anali mu ukapolo kunawonetsa kuti amasambira ndi pakamwa pawo. Akuti kuwongolera mano kumdima kungasokeretse squid ndikupangitsa kuti aukire.
Mayendedwe amoyo
Shaki za Placid zimabadwa mwa nthawi zambiri. Mluza wokulirapo umadya makamaka pa yolk, ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa dzira ndi khandalo kumawonetsa kuti mayiyo, mwanjira yosadziwika, amapatsanso mwana wosabadwayo ndi michere. Mwa akazi akuluakulu, pali ma oviducts awiri ogwira ntchito ndi chiberekero chimodzi chogwira ntchito chomwe chili kumanja. Kuberekanso sikungokhala mwachilengedwe, popeza asodzi amakhala pamtunda pomwe kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhala kochepa. Pa nsonga ya pansi pa madzi, yomwe ndi gawo la Mid-Atlantic Ridge, anthu anapeza zodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe zinaphatikizapo amuna 15 ndi akazi 19. Mu zinyalala kuyambira 2 mpaka 15 zatsopano, avareji 6. Masabata awiri aliwonse, wamkazi amayikira dzira limodzi mu oviduct aliyense. Vitellogeneis ndi kukula kwa mazira atsopano nthawi yapakati kumatha, mwina chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo omasuka mkati mwa patsekeke la thupi.
Mazira ndi mazira kumayambiriro kwa kukula amakulunga ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri ka mazira. Pakukula kwa mluza 3 cm, mutu umalozedwa, nsagwada zidapangidwa kale, zotumphukira zakunja zimawonekera ndipo zipsepse zonse zilipo. Mluza wamtundu wa 8-10 masentimita umagwetsa kapisozi ya mazira, yomwe imachotsedwa m'thupi la mayi. Pakadali pano, mluza wakhazikitsanso matimu akunja. Kukula kwa chikopa cha yolk kumakhala kosasunthika mpaka mluza utakula mpaka 40. Kenako imayamba kukhazikika ndikusowa kwathunthu pamene mwana wosabadwayo afika masentimita 50. Pakupita kwa mwezi, mluza umakula ndi pafupifupi 1.5 cm. Kubala mazira kumapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali, mwina mpaka zaka ziwiri, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, osachepera zaka 3.5, zomwe zimayika shark-wakuda m'malo oyamba m'mbali iyi pakati pa onse vertebrates. Kukula kwa shaki zatsopano ndi 40-60 cm. Amphongo ndi zazikazi zimatha kutha msinkhu ndi kutalika kwa 1-1.2 m ndi 1,3-1,5 m, motero.
Kuyanjana kwa anthu
Shaki yokhala ndi mutu wakuda siyowopsa kwa anthu. Ilibe mtengo wamalonda chifukwa chakufikika, koma nthawi zina imagwira ntchito ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Asodzi a nkhanuzi nthawi zambiri amagwidwa ndi gillnets ku Suruga Bay pa nthawi yausodzi kwa awiri ndi mackerel abodza. Asodzi aku Japan amawona asodzi kuti ndi tizirombo chifukwa amawononga maukonde. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuwunika kwa asodzi akuthambo mu vivo adachita kugwiritsa ntchito Johnson Sea Link yoyendetsedwa ndi madzi mu August 27, 2004. Pa Januware 21, 2007, msodzi wa ku Japan anapeza shaki yoyaka pamadzi, itadwala kapena yofooka chifukwa cha madzi ofunda. Adapita naye ku Avashima Marine Park ku Shizuoka, koma maola ochepa pambuyo pompo shaki adamwalira. International Union for Conservation of Natural yapatsa mtunduwu mtundu wa Chikhalidwe Chosafunikira.
Zolemba
- ↑ Mgwirizano wa Chlamydoselachus painineus Garman, 1884 mu nkhokwe ya FishBase (Yabwezedwanso August 3, 2016).
- Moyo wa nyama. Gawo 4. Lancelet. Ma cyclostomes. Nsomba za Cartilaginous. Mafupa a nsomba / ed. T. S. Rassa, ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - 2nd ed. - M: Maphunziro, 1983 .-- S. 26 .-- 575 p.
- ↑ Gubanov E.P., Kondyurin V.V., Myagkov N.A. Shark of the World Ocean: Upangiri-Wotsogolera. - M: Agropromizdat, 1986. - S. 45. - 272 p.
- ↑Reshetnikov Yu.S., Kotlyar A.N., Russian T.S., Shatunovsky M.I. Mtanthauzira wamagulu awiri wa mayina a nyama. Nsomba. Latin, Russian, English, Germany, French. / kusinthidwa ndi Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M: Rus. Yaz., 1989 .-- P. 18. - 12,500. - ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
- ↑ 123456 Moyo wa Zinyama: m'mavoliyumu 6 / N. A. Gladkov, A. V. Mikheev. - Moscow: Kuunikira, 1970.
- ↑ 12345Chlamydoselachus painineus (eng.). Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN Wamtundu Wowopsa.
- ↑Chlamydoselachus painineus (Chingerezi) mu database ya FishBase.
- ↑ 1234Garman, S.Shark yowonjezera // Bulletin of the Essex Institute. - 1884. - Na. 16. - S. 47-55.
- ↑Garman S. Shaki yachilendo // Kupitilira kwa Imperial Society ya okonda sayansi, anthropology ndi ethnography. - 1884. - Na. 16. - S. 47-55.
- ↑ 12345678Ebert D. A., Compagno L. J. V.Chlamydoselachus africana, mtundu watsopano wa shaki wokazinga wochokera kumwera kwa Africa (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae) (Eng.) // Zootaxa. - 2001. - Vol. 2173. - P. 1-18.
- ↑ 123Martin, R.A.Nyanja Yakuya: Shark. ReefQuest Center for Shark Research.(osatchulidwa) . Tsiku la mankhwala December 29, 2012.Wolemba Januware 5, 2013.
- ↑Chomaliza, P.R., Stevens, J.D. Shaki ndi Ma Rays aku Australia. - (wachiwiri.). - Harvard University Press, 2009. - P. 34-35. - ISBN 0674034112.
- ↑ 123Aidan martin rKonzani Chlamydoselachiformes. elasmo-research.org. Tsiku loti apemphedwe October 16, 2012.Wolemba pa 18 October, 2012.
- ↑ 1234Compagno, Leonard J.V.1. Ma Hexanchiformes kupita ku Lamniformes // mitundu ya FAO. - Roma: Bungwe la Chakudya ndi Zaulimi la United Nations, 1984. - Vol. 4. Shark of the World: Mndandanda Wazodziwika ndi Wodziwika bwino wa Mitundu ya Shark Wodziwika Mpaka Pano. - P. 13-15. - ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
- ↑ 12345Ebert, D.A. Shark, Rays, ndi Chimaera aku California. - California: University of California Press, 2003. - P. 50-52. - ISBN 0520234847.
- ↑ 12Jenner, J.Chokhazikika Paphiri: Zosangalatsa, Zowona, ndi "Bubba" 2004(osatchulidwa) . NOAA Ocean Explorer .. Tsiku la mankhwala December 29, 2012.Wolemba Januware 5, 2013.
- ↑ 12E. I. Kukuev, V. P. Pavlov.Milandu yoyamba ya nsomba zazikulu kwambiri za nsomba zam'madzi zodziwika bwino za Chlamydoselachus painine pa Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Eng.) // Journal of Ichthyology. - 2008-09-30. - Vol. 48, yotulutsa. 8. - P. 676-678. - ISSN0032-9452. - doi: 10.1134 / S0032945208080158.
- ↑Froese, Rainer, ndi Daniel Pauly, eds. (2010). "ChlamydoselachusGHineus" mu FishBase. Mtundu wa Epulo 2010.
- ↑ 1234Kubota, T., Shiobara, Y. ndi Kubodera, T. Zizolowezi za chakudya cha shaki yozikika ya Chlamydoselachus omwe amatengedwa kuchokera ku Suruga bay, chapakati Japan // Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. - 1991. - T. 57, Ayi. (1). - S. 15-20.
- ↑ 1234567Tanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., Abe, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. ndi Suzuki, K. The kubala shark yozizira, Chlamydoselachus painineus, ochokera ku Suruga Bay, Japan // Japan Journal of Ichthyology. - 1990. - T. 37, Ayi. (3). - S. 273-291.
- ↑Martin, R.A.Nyanja Yakuya: Shark(osatchulidwa) . ReefQuest Center for Shark Research .. Tsiku la mankhwala December 30, 2012.Wolemba Januware 5, 2013.
- ↑Martin, R.A.Kumva komanso kugwedezeka(osatchulidwa) . ReefQuest Center for Shark Research .. Tsiku la mankhwala December 30, 2012.Wolemba Januware 5, 2013.
- ↑Collett, R. Pa Chlamydoselacnus straineus garman. Shaki yodabwitsa yopezeka ku Norway 1896 // Christiania. - 1987. - Na. 11. - S. 1-17.
- ↑Machida, M., Ogawa, K. ndi Okiyama, M. Nematode yatsopano (Spirurida, Physalopteridae) kuchokera ku shill ya ku Japan // Bulletin ya National Science Museum Series A (Zoology). - 1982. - T. 8, Na. (1). - S. 1-5.
- ↑Moss, S. Kudyetsa Mechanisms ku Shark (Chingerezi) // American Zoologist. - Oxford University Press, 1977. - Vol. 17, ayi. (2). - P. 355-364.
- ↑Nishikawa, T. Zolemba pamimba ina ya Chlamydoselachus painineus, Garm // Annotationes Zoologicae Japoniture. - 1898. - Na. 2. - S. 95-102.
- ↑ Japan Marine Park Amagwira Ross 'Living Fossil' Shakira, Shampeni, Zithunzi Zojambula Zamoyo '.(osatchulidwa) . Underwatertimes.com. Januware 24, 2007. Tsiku la mankhwala December 30, 2012.
Malingaliro
Fumio Nakagawa. ChlamydoselachusGHineus Garman, 1884 (Chingerezi) (cholumikizana mosagwirizana). J-elasmo (Epulo 30, 2012). - zithunzi zamano, mamba a placoid ndi shaki yonse ya laconic. Tsiku loti apemphedwe October 16, 2012.Yolembedwa pa 23 October, 2012.
Deynega V. A., Pazidziwitso za anatomy Chlamydoselachusgicineus, chala / [Op.] V.A. Deynegi. 1-. - Moscow: mtundu. Imp. Mosk. Univ., 1909. - 26. - (Proinuings of the Comparative Anatomical Institute of the Imperial Moscow University / Wolemba a M.A. Menzbira pr., Issue 7). Chifupa. - 1909. -, 66 p., 4 p. silika.