Nyama zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi ndizinsomba (ma kitos - m'Chi Greek, "Nyama Ya ku Nyanja"). Koma makolo a chinsomba anali artiodactyls okhala pamtunda.
Cetaceans amawoneka ngati nsomba yayikulu, koma 1 mwa makolo awo ndi mvuu!
Kufotokozera
Chinsomba chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi mtundu wa buluu, mpaka 25-33 m, ndi kulemera mpaka matani 150. Pali zinsomba zazing'ono zazitali pafupifupi 6 m mpaka 4 matani.
Maonekedwe a chinsomba chimafanana ndi dontho lokwezeka; Maso ndi mphuno zazing'ono zimakhala pa korona wamutu.
Kapangidwe ka mano ndi kosiyana:
- Chigoba chokhala ndi mano okhala ndi mano owongoka.
- Mustachioed - opanda mano, amasungunula madzi ndi mbale zamafupa (whalebone).
Msana wa chinsombacho ndi wokulirapo, chifukwa nyamayo imatha kuyendetsa chilichonse. Mutu waukulu umayenda bwino mthupi, kuloza mchira. Ndipo zipsepse zazitali ndi mchira zimamuthandiza kuti atembenuke kapena pang'ono.
Zindikirani!
Anzake a Baleen amakhala ndi masharubu pankhope zawo, ndipo thupi limakhala losalala kwathunthu.
Cetaceans amasiyana mitundu, kuchokera ku malo owonekera mpaka mawanga. Nyama zam'madzi zimatha kusintha khungu pakakhala zaka. Amakhala ndi fungo labwino, koma kukoma sikumapangidwa pang'ono. Koma amasiyanitsa mchere wamchere ndi madzi abwino.
Mahava ambiri sawona pang'ono, koma ali ndi makutu odabwitsa okhala ndi phokoso lalikulu kuchokera ku phokoso losamveka bwino kupita ku ultrasound. Chifukwa chake, khutu la chinsomba limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta.
Kukhudza kulinso bwino kwambiri, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitsempha pansi pa khungu.
Kodi zikwanje ndi chiyani
Kwenikweni, dzina "Whale" limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki ngati chilombo cham'nyanja. Ndipo zonsezi, mwina, kuchokera poti nthawi yoyamba kukumana ndi zolengedwa izi, anthu amangodabwa ndi kukula kwawo. Koma, onse ndiosiyana ndipo ndi chinsomba - tikuuzani tsopano.
Humpback Whale, kapena Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Zinsomba ndi zolengedwa, komabe, chifukwa choti amakhala m'madzi nthawi zonse, adayamba kuphatikizidwa ndikumvetsetsa kwa anthu ndi nsomba, zomwe sizili.
Ngakhale kuti kunja, nkhono zimadziwika mosavuta chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, zimakhala ndi zosiyana zambiri ndipo sizigwira ntchito kwa ma dolphin kapena porpoises.
Whale masharubu
Maonekedwe a anamgumi
Chinthu choyamba chomwe chidwi chimaperekedwa kwa iwo akadziwana ndi anamgumi, ndiye kukula kwawo kopambana. Ngakhale oimira ang'onoang'ono a cetaceans, ngati chinsomba cha umuna wocheperako, ali ndi kutalika kwa 3 mita ndi kulemera pafupifupi 400 kg. Mitundu yambiri ya ma cetaceans imatha kudzitama kutalika kwa 5-12 metres, pomwe ikulemera matani angapo. Zowonadi, mtsogoleri wosagonjetseka ndi mtundu wankhono wamtambo, wachikulire womwe amatha kutalika mita 33 kutalika ndi kulemera mpaka matani 150. Ndizachilendo kuti ngakhale ma dinosaurs akale sanakhale ndi kukula kotere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinsomba chikhale chimphona chotchuka komanso chokhala padziko lapansi.
Pamutu pa chinsomba cha humpback, kusiyana kwa kukula kwa nsagwada zapamwamba komanso zotsika kumawonekera bwino
Zinsomba zonse zimakhala ndi thupi lokhazikika, khosi lalifupi komanso lopanda ntchito komanso mutu waukulu, womwe kukula kwake umasiyana m'mitundu mitundu kuchokera pa 1/3 mpaka 1/5 a kukula kwathunthu. Malingana ndi kapangidwe ka mano, anamgumi amatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri - anamgoneka ndi anamgoda. Anaphuno amtundu uliwonse alibe mano, ndipo mkamwa mwawo mumakhala timiyala ta nyanga taulemu, yomwe imatchedwanso kuti whalebone.
Anzeru a Toothy ali ndi mano, koma kuchuluka kwawo ndi kapangidwe kazake zimasiyana kutengera mtundu.
Zipsepa zazitali za nangumi yotchedwa humpback pansi pa madzi chimafanana ndi mapiko
Pamwamba pa mutu wa chinsombacho pali chotsegulira - dzenje lomwe anyaniwa amapumira. Pakutulutsa mpweya, kasupe wa mpweya wonyowa umatuluka kudzera mu kupumira, kukula kwake komwe kumatengera mitundu ya izi kapena woyimira.
Ponena za miyendo, m'mitundu yambiri yasanduka zipse zapamwamba, zomwe kukula kwake kumatha kukhala kosiyana - kuchokera ku zinzake zazing'ono zam'muna kupita zazikulupo, ngati khwangwala wa humpback.
Nkhope ya humpback whale wokutidwa ndi zipolopolo za parasitic crustaceans
Zingako zam'mbuyo sizikupezeka paliponse, ndipo m'malo mwake, mgawo lumbar pali mafupa awiri ang'onoang'ono komwe minofu ya ziwalozo zimamangiriridwa.
Nyanja ya Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) ili ndi dzina lachiyero cha khungu loyera
Anangumiwo amayenda m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi masaizi akulu a mchira wapawiri, womwe ambiri, mosadziwa, amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yolimba.
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Khungu ndi khungu la chinsomba
Ngakhale chinsomba ndi mamina, komabe, khungu lake ndi losalala ndipo silikhala ndi lingaliro lakukhoza la tsitsi. Pansi pakhungu pali mafuta okwanira (nthawi zina mpaka 1 mita). Ndi mafuta omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonjezera nyongoyi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi michere yofunika.
Pamaso pa khungu la zinsomba zambiri ndimakutidwa ndi majeremusi am'madzi - awa ndi omwe amatchedwa nsabwe za whale, balanids - zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya chinsomba kuyenda momasuka m'madzi.
Humpback whales amachita ndi pakamwa lotseguka ngati scoop
ndiye ndi lilime lake amatulutsira madzi mkamwa mwake ngati pistoni - madzi amayenda momasuka kudzera mu bhale, ndipo ma crustaceans amakhalabe.
Whale amathira madzi ndi plankton
Mtundu wa anamgumi, ngakhale ungakhale wosiyana, koma nthawi yomweyo ndiwanzeru komanso, monga lamulo, ndi wamtambo wakuda komanso thupi lotsika kwambiri.
Habitat
Cetaceans amalima nyanja mosiyanasiyana. Nyama nthawi yozizira imapita kumadzi ofunda.
Anthu pawokha amasungidwa m'magulu a nyama 30-100. Tiyeni tiwone komwe anamgumi amakhala.
Ubongo ndi dongosolo lamanjenje
Mahava ali ndi ubongo wa kukula kokulirapo, komwe amafotokozedwa kuti ali ndi gawo lotukuka kwambiri la ubongo lomwe limayang'anira kumva. Chowonadi ndi chakuti anamgumi amatha kutha kusinthasintha mawu, zomwe zimawathandiza onse kuyenda ndikumapeza chakudya chambiri panyanja mothandizidwa ndi mawu ochokera pachinthucho, chomwe iwonso chimagwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.
Blue Whale Cub (Balaenoptera musculus)
Koma palinso chachilendo chomwe chimachitika mu mkhalidwe wa chinsomba chomwe asayansi akadali kudziwa - ndi pomwe nkhono, ngati ma dolphin, zimatsukidwa kumtunda. Poyamba anthu ankakhulupirira kuti iyi ndi imodzi mwanjira zodzipha za nyama yakale kapena yodwala. Koma Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti siwinsomba zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndizomwe zilipo ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kubwezeretsedwa kunyanja mothandizidwa ndi anthu. Mwina ndi kusagwira bwino kwa kachitidwe ka ecolocation komwe kumapangitsa kuti iwo aziganiza ngati zowona, makamaka popeza mphamvu zina mumaphuno - mawonekedwe ndi kununkhira - sizinapangidwe bwino, chifukwa chomwe mawivi amakhala, titero, amawatsuka kumtunda.
Minke whale mu ayezi wa Antarctic
Malo okhala ndi nsomba
Ziphuphu ndizofala m'nyanja zonse za padziko lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, amasuntha molingana ndi njira zomwe amakonda, pomwe pali malo omwe amadyetsa, kunenepa ndi kubereka.
Mahava amayenda pang'onopang'ono m'madzi - 10-15 km / h, koma ngozi zikafika, amatha kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h.
Nyama yotsuka namgumi wamadzi okuluwa ojambula kuti apange kafukufuku wina wasayansi
Amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu omwe sanaberekane amawerengekanso pamodzi ndi anamgumi, omwe nthawi yakukhwima imapanga gulu la anthu 15. Kuphatikiza apo, alibe utsogoleri, womwe umathandizira kuti pakhale mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa gulu la ng'ombe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zakudya ndizosiyana ndi mitundu ya cetacean:
- ichthyophages amadya nsomba,
- detritophages chakudya pazinthu zanyama (zolengedwa kale),
- wakupha wakupha - idyani nsomba, ma pinnipeds (zisindikizo, mikango yam'nyanja), ngakhale ma dolphin othamanga ndi ma penguin.
Nyanja ya buluu
Chinsomba chachikulu kwambiri cha buluu (buluu) padziko lapansi ndi kutalika kwa 33 m ndi kulemera mpaka matani 150. Khungu la Marble lokhala ndi malo otuwa. Zakudya zake ndi nsomba zochepa komanso plankton.
Cetaceans amasamukira okha. Akachita mantha kapena kuvulala kwambiri amatsikira pansi mpaka 550 m. Ngakhale anthu athanzi labwino limangotsika mpaka 100 m.
Nyangayo ili pansi pamadzi 3/4 amoyo. Yaikazi imabereka mwana m'modzi zaka zitatu zilizonse.
Blue whale ndi yautali, yokhoza kukhala ndi moyo zaka 80-100.
Chinsomba cha Humpback
Kukumbukira za Finp hump, adapereka dzina "humpback." Thupi limakhala lakuda ndi malo osowa mpaka 14 m, kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi matani 30, limasiyanitsidwa ndi zophuka pamwamba pamutu (ma warts) ndipo m'mimba mwayera.
Amadyera ma mollusks, crustaceans ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Anangumi a humpback amapanga mawu amphamvu kwambiri osangalatsa kumva. Amakhala pafupifupi zaka 50.
Kalanga whale
Chinsomba chosowa kwambiri ndi chocheperako. Amakhala wocheperako kuposa matani atatu, ndipo mpaka 6 metres. Ali ndi thupi loyera laimvi. Zipsepse zamtchire ndizochepa, ndipo kumapeto kwa dorsal mpaka 25 cm mu mawonekedwe a chikwakwa.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi zamtunduwu ndikuti imakhala ndi utoto woyera.
Zimakhala zovuta kukumana, chifukwa sizowoneka pamwamba pamadzi. Chinsomba sichimapanga chithaphwi ndipo kasupe amatulutsako yaying'ono. Amasambira pang'onopang'ono, kwinaku akusuntha thupi lake.
Zofunika! Amakonda kusungulumwa, wopezeka pakati pa minke whale, komanso opulumuka. Amamuzindikira ndi malo oyera patsaya.
Sperm whale
Choyimira chowoneka bwino cha ma cetaceans ndi sphale whale. Amakhala m'matanthwe, kulowa mkati mwa nyanja.
Mpweya wambiri mumtambo umasungidwa mu thumba la mpweya, komanso m'misempha. Amayankhulana ndi abale a ultrasound.
Whale wovulala wovulala ndiwowopsa chifukwa chaukali wake, umatha kusefukira chombo chozungulira. Chifukwa chakusaka, kuchuluka kwa nyama zatsika kwambiri.
Zimadyera ma crustaceans, squid, shaki zazing'ono, maolloll, etc.
Buku! Sperm whale ndi chinyama chokhacho pomwe munthu wamkulu amatha kuyikiridwa pakamwa pake. Pakachitika ngozi ya chombo, umuna umameza anthu.
Beluga whale
Ichi ndi chinsomba chovekedwa, chifukwa cha mtundu woyera womwe udalandira dzina loti "Belukha". Amakhala mpaka zaka 40, ali ndi zipsepse zamakhungu zozungulira.
Makanda amabadwira mumtambo wakuda. Akuluakulu ali ndi mphumi wawukulu waukulu. Mwayi wapadera pakati pa anamgumi ndi kutembenuza mitu yawo.
Kuswana kwa Whale
Nyama zimafika pakukula zaka 12, koma zakonzeka kubereka mwa zaka 4-5. Nthawi yakukhwima imatenga nthawi yayitali amuna;
Kutengera mtundu wa nyama, kutenga pakati kumatenga miyezi 7-15.
M'nyengo yozizira komanso nthawi yobereka, zazikazi zimasamukira kumwera kukafuna madzi ofunda pamaso pa amuna. Amakhala komweko ndi akhanda, ndipo nthawi yotentha amakhala motentha kwambiri.
Mwana wamphaka amabadwa ndi mchira wake kutsogolo, ndipo amasambira pafupi ndi wamkazi. Mkaka wa Whale ndiye wonenepa kwambiri.
Nyama zazikulu zam'madzi, ogonjetsa zam'madzi amakongoletsa dziko lathuli. Kulanda ndi kusaka acetainya m'maiko osiyanasiyana tsopano akuletsedwa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwawo.
Cetacean Gulu
Dongosolo la Cetaceans ndi gulu labwino kwambiri la nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimawoneka ngati nsomba. Mawonekedwe awo amakhala osasinthika, khungu limakhala lopanda tsitsi, khungu limakhala kulibe, mafelemu amasandulika kukhala otulutsa, amapumira, monga nyama zina zonse, mothandizidwa ndi mapapu. Pakupuma kamodzi, mapapu a cetaceans amadzazidwa ndi mpweya wambiri mpaka malita 14,000, omwe amalola ma cetaceans amitundu yosiyanasiyana kukhalabe pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 90.
Chith. 1. Cetacean Gulu
Nyama zazikulu kwambiri pazamtunduwu, mwachitsanzo, zazikulu kwambiri zopanda nkhono zonse za buluu zinali zazitali mikono 33 ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi matani 150. Tangoganizirani: unyinji uwu umafanana ndi unyinji wa njovu pafupifupi 50, zikuwoneka kuti, mtunduwu ndiwamkulu kwambiri pakati pa nyama zonse zomwe zinakhalako.
Chith. 2. Kulemera komanso kutalika kwa chinsomba cha buluu
Ma dolphin ang'ono kwambiri ali ndi kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi kulemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 30.
Cetaceans amatha kutulutsa mawu ndipo ndiosavuta kuyendayenda ngakhale mwakuya kwambiri.
Chith. 3. Dongosolo lakelo
Kugawidwa kwambiri, kusamukira ku nyanja zonse ndi nyanja zamchere. Mitundu ina munyengo yosamukira imasambira mpaka makilomita 10,000. Pansi pa khungu la zinsomba, mafuta amaphatikizika kuyambira masentimita 18 mpaka 50, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kutentha kwa thupi ndikubwera bwino.
Nyama zimaberekera kamodzi pazaka ziwiri zilizonse. Kutalika kwa thupi lobadwa kumene kumakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi la mkazi. Amayi amadyetsa mwana mkaka. Mkaka wa Cetacean umakhala ndi mafuta opitilira 54%, omwe ali pafupifupi 10 nthawi zoposa ng'ombe. Chifukwa chake, ana amakula mwachangu kwambiri. Mahava amatha kufikira kukhwima pa zaka 4-6.
Chith. 4. Cub ndi chinsomba chachikazi
Ponseponse, pafupifupi mitundu 90 ya ma Cetaceans amakono amadziwika. Dongosolo la Cetacean limagawika m'magawo awiri: Ankhonya a Toothed and Whiskered. Mapanga Okhala ndi mapanga amodzi amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mano ndi mphuno imodzi yokha. Pakamwa ndi lilime ndizochepa. Zinsomba zokhala ndi mame zikuphatikiza mabanja anayi, kuphatikiza mabanja a Sperm Whale ndi Dolphin.
Ma Dolphins a Banja
Banja la Dolphin silimaphatikizapo ma cetaceans akulu kwambiri, kuyambira kutalika kuyambira 1 mpaka 10 mita. Ma dolphin onse amasambira molongosoka, amakhala m'magulu, amayenda mosavuta ngakhale m'madzi ovuta. Amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka. Ma dolphin ndi zilombo zolusa, amadya kwambiri nsomba. Nyama za Killer zimatha kugunda ma cetaceans ena, ma pinnipeds kapena ma penguin. Pofufuza chakudya, amayenda kwambiri.
Chith. 6. Ma Family Dolphins
Suborder Whiskers imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa mano, mphuno ziwiri komanso kupezeka kwa whalebone, ndikupanga zida zojambula. Ndikudutsa madzi mmalo mwake, anamgumi a baleen amapeza crustaceans ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Chilankhulo chake ndi chachikulu, chonyansa, cholemera matani atatu. Pansi pake pamakhala makamaka ndi anamgumi akulu: mitu, imvi, buluu, finwal ndi ena.
Gulu lowina
Oimira banja la Pinniped ndi zinyama zam'madzi, komabe, amapuma ndikubereka pamtunda. Dongosolo lake limaphatikizapo mikango yam'nyanja, ma walrus, zisindikizo, ndi zisindikizo za ubweya. Izi ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zapakatikati zotalika 1.5 mpaka 6 metres ndi kulemera kwa 40 makilogalamu mpaka 3.5.
Thupi lawo limakhala lalitali, lokonzedwa. Mutu ndi wocheperako, mano ndi akuthwa ndipo amagwira ntchito kugwira nyama. Mabowo akakamizidwa m'madzi amatsekedwa. Malilowo asinthidwa kukhala mafoni. Mtambo wa ubweya umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku ubweya wakuda womwe umakhala ndi ubweya wofiyira mu zisindikizo za ubweya mpaka tsitsi lotalikirana silowera. Mafuta okhala pansi penipeni amakhala mpaka mainchesi 10. Amadyera makamaka ma crustaceans, nsomba, ndi ma mollusks. Kamodzi pachaka, amabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi, yemwe amaphimbidwa pansi.
Chith. 7. Sindikiza Hatchling
Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka zitatu kapena zitatu. Amakhala makamaka m'madzi ozizira komanso otentha. Tsopano pali mitundu 30 ya zikhomo. Kukula kwakukulu kumafikira ndi chisindikizo cha njovu za ku Antarctic mpaka 6 mita kutalika ndi kulemera mpaka matani 3.5. Chingwe chaching'ono kwambiri cham'mphepete mwa Arctic chili pafupifupi 78 cm.
Chith. 8. Njovu ya kunyanja
Chith. 9. Zomata
Mwa zikhomo, mitundu ya ma walruse, zisindikizo ndi zisindikizo zidalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la Russia.
Gulu lalikulu
Munthawi iyi, pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya njovu zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu ingapo. Njovu ya ku India ili ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamitala atatu ndi kulemera pafupifupi matani asanu.
Chith. 10. Kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa njovu zaku India
Njovu ya ku Africa ndiye nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuposa nyama zonse zomwe zimapezeka kumtunda. Kukula kufota kwa njovu kumafika mpaka 3.5 metres, kulemera kwakukulu kwa akazi ndi pafupifupi matani atatu, ndipo amuna ndi pafupifupi matani 5.
Chith. 11. Njovu ya ku Africa
Chochititsa chidwi ndi kapangidwe ka njovu ndi kupezeka kwa mankhusu. Ntchito zopangidwa kuchokera kwa maxillary incisors. Tusks kukula mu moyo wonse, ndipo ma molars amasinthidwa ndi atsopano zaka 6-7 zilizonse. Thupi lamphamvu kwambiri lamatumbo linaonekera m'zinyama chifukwa chophatikizira mphuno ndi milomo yapamwamba. Ndi thunthu, njovu zimapumira, kumwa madzi, pezani chakudya pamitengo. Amatha kukweza zinthu kuchokera pansi, zazing'ono, monga maswiti, ndi zazikulu, monga mtengo.
Khungu la njovu ndi lamakola, ndipo silikhala ndi tsitsi. Njovu zimadya zakudya zamasamba. Ziweto zimakhala kuchokera kwa ochepa mpaka mazana angapo. Njovu imabereka mwana wa ng'ombe wamphongo kamodzi zaka zinayi zilizonse. Kuchuluka kwa pafupifupi 100 kg ndikukula mpaka 1 mita. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi 22. Amakula pofika zaka 12 zakubadwa.
Chith. 12. Njovu Cub
Gulu Lotsogola
Nyama zamakono zomwe zimadya, pali mitundu pafupifupi 240. Onsewa ali ndi thupi lochepera, losinthika, miyendo yamphamvu, mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi khosi lalifupi la minofu.
Chith. 13. Predator Gulu
Oimira onse ophatikizika amagwirizana ndi kufanana kwa kapangidwe ka mano komanso njira yazakudya.Mafangayi aatali amphamvu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwire ndikugwira akugwira. Chofunika kwambiri ndichoti mano akudya nyama zokhazokha.
Chith. 14. Amatsenga a adani
Chith. 15. Mano olosera
Ochepa pakati pa oimira malamulowa ndi mitundu yazomera, monga panda yayikulu, kapena mitundu yopatsa chidwi monga zimbalangondo. Oyimira wamkulu kwambiri pachikondwererocho ndi zimbalangondo mpaka 3 mita kutalika ndi kulemera mpaka 1 toni. Nyama yaying'ono kwambiri ndi yolemetsa mpaka 13 cm komanso kulemera mpaka 100 g.
Nyama zanyengo zili ponseponse konsekonse padziko lapansi, kupatula Antarctic. Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Gululi limaphatikizapo mabanja 7, omwe tikambirana za chimbalangondo, galu, marten ndi mphaka.
Banja la Canine kapena Canine limaphatikizapo agalu, mimbulu, nkhandwe, agalu a fodya, ankhandwe ndi nkhandwe za ku arctic. Awa ndi nyama zazing'onoting'ono zapakati ndi muzzle, miyendo yayitali komanso zibwano zosagwira.
Chith. 18. Zothandizira Mabanja
Amagwira ntchito, monga lamulo, usiku kapena nthawi yamadzulo. Colouring ndi monophonic kapena mawanga, amadya zakudya za nyama za canine. Wotsogola amayang'aniridwa, kutsatiridwa ndikuthamangitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kununkhira komwe kukuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe, ikatha, ngati pakufunika kutha, imathamanga kwambiri 50-60 km / h, ndipo pafupifupi imathamanga pafupifupi 20 km patsiku. Agalu amaberekera kamodzi pachaka, kubereka kuyambira 4 mpaka 6, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka ana 15 osabereka osagwira ntchito.
Chith. 19. Mwana wa nkhandwe
Bereka banja
Banja la Bear limaphatikizapo pafupifupi mitundu 7, thupi la nyama izi ndi zamphamvu. Mutu ndiwotakata, khosi ndilofupikitsa, mchira, wobisika mu chikhoto chakuda cha nyama, uli pafupifupi wosaoneka.
Chith. 20. Banja la Bear
Zimbalangondo ndizofala ku Europe, Asia ndi North America. Odziwika kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, zakuda komanso polar.
Chith. 21. Kugawa zimbalangondo
Brown chimbalangondo amakhala ku Europe, Asia ndi North America. Kutalika kwake kumafika mpaka 3 metres, ndipo kukula kwake ndi mpaka 750 kg. Itha kudya zakudya zam'mera, tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, kuukira ziweto ndi kudya zovalazo. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, wotanganidwa nthawi iliyonse masana. M'nyengo yozizira, chimbalangondo chimabisala, chomwe chimatha miyezi 4 mpaka 6.5.
Chith. 22. Kutalika ndi kulemera kwa chimbalangondo chofiirira
M'nyengo yozizira, yaikazi imabereka 1èn mu khola, nthawi zina kuposa ana a ng'ombe olemera 500 g. Ziwoli zimabadwa zopanda khungu komanso zopanda mphamvu ndipo zimayamba kuwona mwezi umodzi wokha. Mkaka wa amayi umadyetsedwa mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka zitatu.
Chith. 23. Abereki
Banja la Kunyi
Banja la Kunya ndilo lalikulu kwambiri kuchotsekerako, pafupifupi mitundu 70 ya mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi chikhalidwe chake. Kutalika kwa thupi - kuchokera 15 mpaka 150 cm, ndi kulemera - kuchokera 100 magalamu mpaka 40 kilogalamu. Cunyas ali ndi tsitsi lowonda kwambiri, ambiri mwa nyama zamtengo wapatali za ubweya.
Ofera ambiri amakhala ndi moyo padziko lapansi, izi ndi zinthu zolimba, masoka, zikwangwani ndi mimbulu. Martens amakonda kusunthira pansi, ngakhale amakwera ndi kukwera mitengo. Ma Otter ndi ma ottery a nyanja asintha kukhala moyo wamadzi.
Chith. 24. Banja la Kunyi
Banja la Feline
Banja la Feline limaphatikizapo amphaka amtchire komanso am'nyumba, akambuku, mikango, nyalugwe, zibwano ndi ena. Pazonse, mitundu ya 36 ya genera 4 imadziwika. Kutalika kwa nthumwi za oimira kumayambira 50 mpaka 380 cm.Chipilogalamu chimachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 275 kg. Kutalika kwa mchira kumayambira 10 mpaka 115 cm.
Thupi la mphaka limasinthasintha, lalitali, ndimutu wozungulira wozungulira. Miyendo ndi yayitali, misomali yakuthwa imatha kuyambiranso, mchirawo umakhalanso wautali, nthawi zambiri wokutidwa ndi tsitsi. Amatha kusaka okha kapena m'magulu.
Cheetah ndi amphaka - nyama yothamanga kwambiri, imatha kuthamanga mpaka 110 km / h. Kukhetsa kwa thupi, kwamtoto kapena kwamizere. Mbeta zazikazi kamodzi pachaka, zazikazi zimabereka ana atatu mpaka 9, ofowoka, akhungu, osowa thandizo. Amakhala okhwima pofika chaka chimodzi kapena theka chamoyo, amakhala zaka 15, zochepa pofika zaka 30.
Mitundu 16 yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia kuchokera ku Predatory Order, kuphatikiza nkhandwe yofiira, zimbalangondo zoyera ndi za Himalayan, zotengera za m'madzi, zovala, Amur tiger ndi nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa.
Chith. 25. Wolf
Chith. 26. Chimbalangondo cha Himalayan
Zambiri zaku Cetaceans
Banja lakale kwambiri la anamgumi opangidwa ndi ziziwala zam'madzi ndi ma dolphin. Owayimira ali ndi phokoso lalifupi, lalitali komanso lamutu. Amadyetsa nsomba, nkhono ndi mphutsi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakumba mu dothi lamatope. Amakhala m'mitsinje ya South America, India ndi China.
Kulira m'mbuyomu kudagwira nawo ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chuma cha m'maiko ena olemera. Tekinoloje yopanga ma whale inali kupita patsogolo mwachangu, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika koopsa mwa kuchuluka kwawo. Mtembo wonse wa whale unakonzedwa, koma spermaceti anali wofunika kwambiri. M'zaka zamakumi awiri, zinsomba pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni zinagwidwa.
Kuti awateteze kuti asatulutsidwe, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse unasainidwa mu 1946 kuti awongolere nyama, koma ziwombankhangazi zinapitilirabe kuchepa, ndipo mu 1985 onse cetaceans anasiya. Mitundu yambiri yazinthu zolembedwa imalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo imatetezedwa mwamphamvu.
Zambiri za njovu
Njovu zamtchire ku India zimagwidwa, kuzigwira ndi kuzigwirira ntchito yovuta. Kusaka njovu koletsedwa kulikonse, ngakhale kuli malo osungirako, malo osungira nyama ndi njira zonse zotetezera, olemba ndakatulo akupitilizabe kuwononga njovu chifukwa cha mitengo yake yamtengo wapatali kapena njovu.
Ndi chiletso cha malonda a minyanga, kupanga zochulukitsa zakukula kwachuluka kwambiri, gawo lalikulu la migodi ndi Russian tundra m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Lena. Mu 2009, kutumizidwa kwa fupa lalikulu kwambiri ku Russia kunakwana pafupifupi matani 60.
Mabanja ena ogwirira ntchito
Banja la Raccoon limaphatikizapo nyama zazing'onoting'ono zazitali ndi thupi lotha kusinthasintha, mchira wautali, nthawi zina wogwira. Chochititsa chidwi ndi ma raccoons ndikutha kugwira zinthu zazing'ono ndi manja awo ndi zala khumi. Banjali limaphatikizapo ma raccoon, mphuno, ndi panda yaying'ono. Banja lili ngati canine, chimbalangondo ndi kunim.
Banja la Hyena limagwirizanitsa mitundu inayi yokha, ngakhale ali wofanana ndi agalu, ndiogwirizana kwambiri ndi banja la mphaka. Izi ndi nyama zazikulu, kutalika kwa thupi - kuchokera pa 55 mpaka 165 cm, kulemera - kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 80 kg. Atatu mwa mitundu inayiyo amadya zowola ndi nyama zofooka, akusewera gawo lofunikira kwambiri mwadongosolo.
Chidule Cha Phunziro
Chifukwa chake, phunziroli lidawunikira zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi am'madzi komanso zapadziko lapansi zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana am'madzi komanso zam'madzi.
Nkhani zamalemba
1. Latyushin V.V., Shapkin V.A. Biology. Nyama. Giredi 7. - M: Bustard, 2011.
2. Sonin N.I., Zakharov VB Biology. Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Nyama. Giredi 8. - M: Bustard, 2009.
Maulalo owonjezeredwa pazinthu zapaintaneti
1 Gulu la Amammalia (Source)
4. Porpoises (Source)
Ntchito yakunyumba
1. Kodi ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimapezeka pachimake? Kodi chikhalidwe chawo ndi chiyani?
2. Lembani mabanja omwe adziwani inu. Kodi oimira ake amapezeka m'dera liti?
3. Kodi ndi nyama ziti? Ndi magulu ati omwe mumadziwika kuti ndinu achibuchi?
4. Tchulani mapini omwe mumawadziwa. Ndani mwa iwo omwe amapezeka kudera la Russian Federation?
5. Kambiranani ndi abwenzi komanso banja chifukwa chake nyama monga chinsomba, njovu, ndi zimbalangondo zili m'gulu la a Mammals. Kodi gululi linayamba bwanji?
Ngati mukupeza cholakwika kapena cholumikizana, chonde dziwitsani - pangani zomwe mukuthandizira kuti ntchitoyo ipitirire.
Kapangidwe ka nsomba
M'makhola onse, thupi limakhala ngati dontho lotalikirapo, lomwe limapatsa iwo mawonekedwe osavuta mu mzere wamadzi. Mutu waukulu wokhala ndi chingwe chocheperako komanso chofiyira umalola kuti chinsomba chidule m'madzi posambira. Mphuno zimasunthidwa moyandikira korona wamutu, ndipo maso ndi ochepa thupi. Anthu osiyanasiyana amasiyana pakapangidwe ka mano. Mahava okhala ndi mano okhala ndi mano owoneka ngati ma bulugamu, ndipo ma whale osokosera m'malo mwa mano anthawi zonse amasefa madziwo motero amapeza chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito mafuleti (kapena fupa lamanzere).
Mafupa a chinsomba amapereka mawonekedwe apadera komanso kuthekera kosinthika chifukwa cha kupangika kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kutanuka kwa ma intervertebral disc. Mutu kwa thupi popanda kulocha khosi, kumchira thupi umakhala wocheperako. Mimbayo imatembenuka ndi kuthyoka mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuchokera ku zipsepse zamkati. Ntchito yamagalimoto imachitidwa ndi mchira, womwe umakhala wofanana ndi lathyathyathya, wosinthika kwambiri komanso minofu yolimba. Kumapeto kwa dera la caudal, masamba opezeka molunjika amapezeka. Anangumi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mchira womwe ali nawo kuti azitha kuyenda pansi pa madzi.
Tsitsi ndi mabisidi zimamera pankhope za anamgumi a baleen, thupi limakutidwa ndi khungu losalala komanso lopanda tsitsi. Mtundu wa khungu la nyama ukhoza kukhala monophonic, anti -thunzi - kumtunda wakuda ndi pansi pang'ono, kapena malo. Ndi zaka, ziboda zimatha kusintha khungu lawo. Ma Cetaceans alibe ma recores a olildory, ndipo ma receptor a kukoma samapangidwa bwino. Chinsomba chimatha kusiyanitsa kukoma kwa zakudya zamchere, pomwe zolengedwa zina zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba. Masomphenya osawoneka bwino komanso pafupipafupi myopia amalipiridwa kwathunthu ndi tiziwalo timene timalumikizana. Kumva kwa mamina kusiyanitsa phokoso kuyambira phokoso logontha mpaka ma frequency a ultrasound, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka khutu lamkati. Pansi pa khungu pamakhala mitsempha yambiri, yomwe imapatsa nyamayo chidziwitso chabwino.
Ziphuphu zimalumikizana wina ndi mzake kudzera m'mawu. Kuperewera kwa zingwe za mawu sikunalepheretse chinzomba kulumikizana ndi anthu ena ndikumasewera mawu. Udindo wa chosonyezera ndi mandala omveka amachitika ndi mafuta osanjikiza m'mafupa amkono. Mahava amakhala ndi mayendedwe osayenda pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi zina kuthamanga kwawo kumatha kufika makilomita makumi anayi pa ola limodzi.
Kutentha kwa thupi la chinsomba sikudalira chilengedwe, izi ndi nyama zamagazi ofunda. Mafuta osiyanasiyana amakutetezani ku overetoling wa cetaceans. Mapapo akulu okhala ndi minyewa yopangidwa bwino amalola kuti nyama ikhale pansi pa madzi kuyambira mphindi khumi mpaka ola limodzi ndi theka. Kuyenda pamwamba pa nyanja, chinsombacho chimatulutsa mpweya womwe kutentha kwake kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa mpweya wozungulira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake pakukhathamiritsa, kasupe amawoneka - mtolo wakuzizira, ndipo nawo, chifukwa cha mphamvu yayikulu, chitoliro chimang'ung'udza nyama zina zazikulu.
Kodi anamgumi amakhala kuti?
Malo okhala anamgumi ndi nyanja zam'madzi zadziko lapansi. Nyama zimamwazikana kudera lonse, koma nyengo yozizira imasamukira kumadzi ofunda ndikukhala pafupi ndi gombe. Awa ndi ziweto, amakonda kukhala m'magulu limodzi ndi makumi kapena mazana angapo aanthu. Mahava amasamukira kutengera nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira komanso nthawi ya kubereka, anamgumi ndi akazi awo amasambira m'madzi ofunda, ndipo nthawi yotentha amakhala m'madzi ofunda kapena otentha kwambiri.
Kodi anamgumi amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za Whale zimatengera mtundu wake. Plankton amasankhidwa ndi planktophages; mollusks amakhala ngati chakudya cha teutophages. Chakudya chamoyo chathanzi pa ichthyophages, zinthu zovunda zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zimagwiritsa ntchito disritophages. Nyama za Killer ndizo zimayimira okha ma cetaceans omwe samasaka nsomba zokha, komanso ma pinnipeds monga zisindikizo, ma penguins ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Ma dolphin ndi ana awo amathanso kukhala ozunzidwa akupha.
Whale whale
Mmodzi mwa oimira ma cetaceans ndi nsomba za chinsomba. Dzinalo la nyamayo limachokera ku utoto wake. Ana a Beluga amabadwa ndi khungu lamdima wakuda, kenako amasintha kukhala imvi, ndipo anthu akuluakulu amakhala ndi utoto woyera. Nyama imakhala ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mphumi yayitali. Chinsomba cha beluga chimatha kutembenuza mutu, popeza ma vertebrae am'chiberekero samasankhidwa. Mahava ambiri alibe mwayi wotere. Nyamayo ilibe dorsal fin, ndipo zipsepere zazing'onozo ndizowoneka bwino. Chifukwa cha izi, dzina la mamina wochokera ku Chilatini amatanthauza "dolphin lopanda mapiko". Zaka makumi atatu mpaka makumi anayi - zambiri za zinsombazi zimakhala ndi moyo.
Anangumi amenewa amakhala m'matanthwe am'madzi, koma amasuntha nthawi ndi nthawi. Mbawala za ku Beluga zimatha chilimwe ndikutuluka kugombe, m'malo osungirako zinyalala ndi kudyetsa. Nthawi yakusungunuka, malengedwa amapaka madzi osaya pamiyala yam'nyanja, motero amayesera kutaya khungu lakale. Chaka chilichonse, anamgumi a beluga amayendera malo omwewo, kukumbukira malo omwe adabadwira, komwe amabwerera nthawi yachisanu itatha. M'nyengo yozizira, anamgumi amakhala m'malo obiriwira, akumayenda pakati pa ayezi ndi misana yawo yamphamvu. Koma nthawi zina pamene nyongolotsi zakokedwa ndi madzi oundana, ma belugas amatha kugwa mu ayezi. Vutoli limaperekedwa ndi zimbalangondo zokhala ndi polar ndi anamgumi opha, omwe ma beluga whale amatha kukhala chakudya. Kusuntha kwa Whale kumachitika m'magulu awiri: m'modzi mumakhala akazi angapo okhala ndi ana, mu wachiwiri pali amuna achikulire. Kuyankhulana pakati pa anthu payekhapayekha kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zikwangwani zomveka ndi kuwomba m'manja pamadzi. Panthawi yophunzira za anamgumi a beluga, panali mitundu yoposa makumi asanu yomwe imalengeza.
Killer whale
Ofufuza ambiri akadali kukangana kuti wamkulu whale ndi chinsomba kapena dolphin. Ngakhale kuti chinsomba chomwe chimapha chimatchedwa kuti "whale" yemwe amapha atolankhani komanso pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa chinsomba, nyamayi ndi ya ma dolphin. Nyama iyi imasokonezeka ndi chinsomba chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake: ma dolphins ali ndi zipsepete zakuthwa kwakantha, ndipo pakuwedza whale amawombedwa ndi lonse.
Mating'i ndi kuwereketsa anamgumi
Chinsomba ndi nyama yokhala ndi ana omwe amabereka kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Wanyamayo amadzaza pofika zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, koma ali ndi mwayi wobereka pofika zaka zinayi. Amuna okwatirana pachaka chonse, motero nthawi yakukhwima imakhala yayitali kwambiri. Mimba imayamba kutengera mitundu ya cetacean ndipo imatha kutenga miyezi isanu ndi iwiri mpaka isanu ndi isanu. Pobala, akazi amasamukira kumadzi ofunda.
Zotsatira za kubadwa kwa mwana, kamphaka kamodzi kamatuluka, komwe kamasiyira mchira wachikazi kutsogolo. Mwana wobadwa nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi mwayi wosunthira pawokha, koma amakhalabe kwa kanthawi pafupi ndi mayi ake. Kudyetsa chinsomba kumachitika pansi pa madzi, chifukwa mkaka wa whale umakhala wambiri komanso wamafuta ambiri, chifukwa chomwe sichisungunuka m'madzi. Mwana atadyetsa amakhala pafupifupi awiriawiri. Munthawi yonse yodyetsa, amayi ndi ana amphaka amatsatiridwa ndi wamwamuna.