Walrus - A chirombo chachikulu kwambiri ndi khungu lakuda makwinya. Amuna ali ndi khungu lalikulupo m'khosi ndi m'mapewa. Izi zikakula, zimawoneka zokongola kwambiri kwa akazi. The makulidwe a khungu ukufika 10 cm, ndi subcutaneous mafuta -. 15 masentimita Aamuna ndi yokulirapo kuposa akazi - kulemera kwa anthu ena malire matani 2, koma nthawi zambiri amachita musalumphe 800 - 1500 kg. Akazi amalemera pafupifupi 500 - 800 kg. Kutalika kwa walruses wamkulu ndi 2 - 3.5 m.

walruses Young ndi woderapo khungu ndi tsitsi chikasu. Nyama zachikulire "zokhala ndi dazi" pakapita nthawi, khungu lawo limakhala ndi mthunzi wopepuka. Anthu okalamba pakutha kwa moyo amakhala ofiira.

Chinthu chapadera cha pinnipeds awa ndi tusks yaikulu. Kutalika kwake kumafikira mita 1. Amathandizira nyamayo poyenda pamalo oterera komanso poswa madzi oundana. Ntchito zimakhala zazitali zam'mphepete zowongoleredwa zakumaso. Amuna iwo amakhala akuluakulu ndi ntchito nkhondo ndi amuna ena pa nyengo mating. Amphongo okhala ndi zida zazikulu kwambiri amakhala m'malo oweta.

Tizilombo ta phokoso ndilotakata, ndipo tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwira ndi milomo yapamwamba. maso ang'ono. Mabowo akhungu abisika pansi pa khungu ndipo alibe njira yotuluka. Mchira wake ndi wocheperako. The zipsepse kutsogolo bwino akupangidwa kulola walruses kusuntha kwambiri kapena zochepa bwinobwino pa dziko, mosiyana pinnipeds ena ambiri, amene angakhoze kokha kukwawa pansi.

Pali mitundu itatu ya ma walrus omwe ali ndi kusiyana kakang'ono kunja - Pacific, Atlantic, ndi Pacific Laptev.

Walrus. Photos ndi makanema a walruses. Kufotokozera, kubereka, mfundo zosangalatsa za walruses.

Pacific walrus anthu waukulu onse chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa nyama. Amakhala kugombe lakumpoto kwa Eastern Siberia, pachilumba cha Wrangel, kumpoto kwa Alaska. M'nyengo yozizira, ma gulu a ma walruse amasamukira kumwera - ku Nyanja ya Berengovo, ku Kamchatka ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Alaska. Malinga ndi ziwerengero ano, anthu ndi 200 zikwi nyama.

Atlantic walrus wocheperapo ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa abale awo aku Pacific. Kamakhala kumpoto kwa Canada, Greenland ndi dera kumadzulo kwa Russian Arctic. Inatsala pang'ono kuti iwonongedwe kwathunthu ndi munthu chifukwa chosodza kosalamulirika. Kukuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa anthu - 15 - 20,000 anthu.

Laptev walrus anthu ochepa kwambiri - anthu pafupifupi 5,000. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi anthu ena onse mu Nyanja ya Laptev ndi Nyanja ya Kara.

Khalidwe ndi Kubereka

Ma Walruse ndi nyama zoyanjana kwambiri zomwe zimathandizana ndi kuthandizana. Onsewo amateteza ana, kuwonetsa zoopsa zomwe zili pafupi, ndipo mwanjira zonse amakhala otentha kwa onse omwe ali nawo pagululo. Ndi nthawi yokhayo imene walruses kuwasandutsa wovutitsa ndi nthawi mating lapansi. Pakadali pano, abambo akuluakulu okalamba amagonana kumenyera ufulu wawo wokwatirana ndi mkaziyo ndi kukhala ndi udindo waukulu m'busa. Nthawi yonseyi, nyama sizikhala zaukali. Iwo satchula mokwiya adani awo achilengedwe, kuphatikizapo anthu, ngakhale milandu kuukira walrus pa maboti ndi zalembedwa - tusks awo yaikulu mosavuta unagawanika ziwiya sing'anga-kakulidwe.

Walrus. Zithunzi ndi makanema a walruses. Kufotokozera, kubereka, zosangalatsa za walruses.

Abusa a Walrus nthawi zonse amayika oyang'anira kuzungulira gawo lonse la chakumanjawo. Ma sentinell, podalira mphamvu yawo ya kununkhiza, kumva ndi kuwona, amayang'ana zimbalangondo ndi anthu, omwe ndi adani awo akuluakulu m'chilengedwe. Pangozi, mlondayo anafunsa kubangula mokweza ndi n'kudzuka akugona comrades. Khosalo limaponyedwa m'madzi ndipo limatha kubisala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 30, mpaka ngozi itatha. Mwambiri, ngakhale ali ndi chidwi, a waluso amayesa kuti asalimbane ndi wina aliyense, amakonda kubwerera patali. Munthu podziwa kusamala za walruses, sneaks pa mbali leeward pamene kusaka kwa iye, kuyesera kupereka kukhalapo kwake mpaka pamapeto.

Zakudya zazikulu za walruse zimapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma invertebrates, shrimps, nyongolotsi zam'madzi, nkhaka zam'nyanja, nkhanu, nkhanu, ndi nsomba zochepa. Zisindikizo nthawi zina zimagwidwa, koma milandu ngati imeneyi ndiyosowa kwambiri. Njala walruses sanyoza zovunda.

Amadyetsa m'malo osaya. Sindiwo mayendedwe abwino kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi ma pinnipeds ena ndipo samayenda pansi pamadzi akuya kupitirira 80. Pansi pauve, amayenda ndi vibrissa (tinyanga touluka pamlomo wapamwamba). Mukamadyetsa, walrus sagwiritsa ntchito mankhusu ake, koma amakumba pansi ndi mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse ndi kumtunda kwa chizungulire. Ngakhale omnivorousness ndi kususuka, nyama alibe amphamvu zimawononga zimakhudzanso topezeka mu ake kuti "busa". Mwa kumasula dothi, mtengowo umatulutsa michereyo mozama, kenako imapanga malo abwino opititsira nyama zapansi pansi.

Walrus. Photos ndi makanema a walruses. Kufotokozera, kubereka, mfundo zosangalatsa za walruses.

Walruse amakhala zaka 30 kuthengo. Amuna kufika msinkhu ndi zaka 7, koma samasankha amamuchitira mpaka zaka 15. Akazi ali okonzekera kutenga pakati ali ndi zaka 4-6 zakubadwa. Ovulation (nthawi ya kuthekera kwa kutenga pakati) mwa akazi imachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso muFebruwari, koma amuna amakhala okonzeka kukwatirana pokhapokha mkombero wa February. Asayansi sindikumvetsa chifukwa chilimwe ovulation la akazi.

Kumayambiriro kwa dzinja, abambo mwadzidzidzi amasiya kudya, akukonzekera kukhwima. Kusonkhana ndi akazi, amadzionetsera mu luso laphokoso, mpikisano womwe nthawi zambiri umabweretsa nkhondo yankhondo. Akazi kusankha wamwamuna iwo ngati mwamuna kapena mkazi ndi iye mmadzi. Mimba imatenga miyezi 16. Ziwawa zimawonekera pakapita zaka 3-4 zilizonse. ng'ombe Young amabadwa pakati pa April ndipo June ndipo amatha kusambira chibadwire. Mwanayo amakhala ndi amayi ake mpaka zaka 5. Ma walruses achichepere amatetezedwa ndi gulu lonse. Mu nthawi ya ngozi, akazi kuphimba ana awo ndi matupi awo kuti munthu mwangozi udzaphwanya iwo pamene mantha mthunzi madzi ayamba. Mukamasambira, mwana wang'ombe wotopa amatha kukwera pa munthu aliyense wamkulu ndikupuma.

Udindo wa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso ubale ndi munthu

Patapita zaka 18-19. kusodza kwa malonda a Atlantic walrus kunapangitsa kuti nyamayi ithe. Pakadali pano, kusaka kuli koletsedwa kulikonse, koma nzika zina zakumpoto zimaloledwa kukolola walruse pang'ono, koma ndikofunikira kuti azidya okha ndi choletsa kugulitsa nyama, mafuta kapena mafupa a nyama. Kwa Ulaya, walrus nyama mbale sakuwoneka chokoma, koma yophika lilime walrus imatengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma.

Walrus. Zithunzi ndi makanema a walruses. Kufotokozera, kubereka, zosangalatsa za walruses.

Anthu a Chukchi, Yupik (Far East of Russia) ndi Inuit (North America) amadya nyama ya walrus nthawi yonse yozizira, ziphuphu zimasungidwa ndikusungidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa masika, mankhusu ndi mafupa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zosiyanasiyana, zikumbu ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Khungu lakuda lopanda madzi - zokongoletsera nyumba ndi mabwato. Modern zipangizo zotsika mtengo nyumba zilipo kumpoto, ndi walruses salinso mbali chofunika kupulumuka monga zaka 100 zapitazo, koma anthu ambiri zamakolo amakhalabe mu ankafuna, ndipo walrus khungu kusema ndi beading ndi yofunika luso.

Chiwerengero cha walrus ndizovuta kudziwa. Chonde chinyama ndi kufa kwawo sizimamveka. Complicates ndi mawerengedwe ndi zovuta nyengo ya walrus malo. Mtundu wa Pacific walrus umasankhidwa kuti uli pangozi ndi Endangered Species Act. Atlantic walrus ndi anthu a Laptev adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndipo amapatsidwa gawo lachiwiri (kutsika kwa ziwerengero) ndi gulu lachitatu (losowa) labwinobwino, motsatana.

Zotsatira za likutentha ndi mbali ina ya nkhawa maphunziro. Kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa madzi oundana (osachepera mamitala atatu ndi okulirapo kuposa zaka ziwiri) kumakhala kukucheperachepera, komwe kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa nyama ndikutha kwa malo okhala.

Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya alrus ndi 200-250,000.

Walrus. Zithunzi ndi makanema a walruses. Kufotokozera, kubereka, mfundo zosangalatsa za walruses.

Chidwi Walrus Mfundo

• M'nthawi ya ayezi womaliza, ma walruse adagawidwa mpaka madigiri 37 kumpoto. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe zidapezeka kuti zidakwaniritsidwa zaka 28,000 zapitazo. pafupi San Francisco mu USA. Kutali komweko ndi malire akumpoto kwa Africa, Greece, Japan, Turkey.
• Ngakhale kukula kwawo kwakukulu, ma walrus nthawi zina amagwidwa ndi chinsomba cha wakupha.
• Ndi njira amphamvu, walruses tusks gwiritsitsani m'mphepete mwa ayezi, atagwira pansi madzi. Amathandizanso nyama kukwera pa ayezi wokwera. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma siki kunapatsa walrus dzina wamba Odobenus rosmarus, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chi Greek kukhala "kuyenda pamano."
• Mimba ya walrus ndi yayikulu kwambiri mwakuti anthu akumpoto adaipukuta.
• Mu madzi ozizira, mitsempha ya magazi a nyama ndi kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimachititsa khungu la nyama zimakhala zoyera.

Walrus. Zithunzi ndi makanema a walruses. Kufotokozera, kubereka, zosangalatsa za walruses.

Chinyama cha Walrus. Moyo wa Walrus komanso malo okhala

Walruses ndinu mmodzi wa anthu ambiri kuzindikira za kumpoto. Zili ndi mafinya m'malo mwa miyendo yomwe imazolowera aliyense, ndi mchira wofanana ndi mchira wa nsomba. Alinso ndi ma ntchofu akulu kwambiri, omwe amawapangitsa kuti asathe kusokonezeka ndi nyama zina, komanso kukana kwapadera nyengo yozizira, chifukwa chake mawuwo walrus mpaka adakhala mawu apanyumba. Nyama zazikulu zazikulu zam'madzi ndizomwe ndizomwe zimapezeka m'madzi a Arctic.

Origin of view ndi kufotokozera

Malinga ndi gulu la zoological, ma walruse ndi am'banja la walrus komanso dongosolo la zikhomo zam'mimba. Ndiye kuti, ali ndi mafupa m'malo mwa miyendo. Achibale awo walruses ndi zisindikizo opindika m'makona, amene ali ofanana kwambiri maonekedwe. Kwa nthawi yayitali, zikhomo zonse zimawonedwa ngati chinthu chimodzi, koma malinga ndi malingaliro amakono, zisindikizo zokhazokha ndi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi walruse, ndipo zisindikizo zenizeni zimakhala za mzere wosiyana kotheratu.

Kanema: Walrus

Ndipotu, omwe ndi pinnipeds ena anachokera makolo osiyana, ndi mawonekedwe ofanana thupi ndi miyendo chafotokozedwa ndi zinthu zofanana ndi moyo. Mizere ya zisindikizo ndi ma walrose adasinthika pafupifupi zaka 28 miliyoni zapitazo. Walruse okha mwanjira yawo yamakono adapanga zaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni 5-8 zapitazo ndipo amakhala m'chigawo cha Pacific. Iwo anthu Arctic madzi kwa pafupifupi 1 miliyoni zaka.

Mitundu itatu yopatukana ya walrus yokhala ndi mizere yosagwirizana, ndi maonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, ndiosiyanitsidwa:

• Walrus Pacific,
• Atlantic walrus,
• Laptev walrus.

Ngakhale, malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa DNA ndikusanthula kwa ma data a morphometric, asayansi adayamba kukhulupilira kuti tiyenera kusiya kuganizira zosowa zamtundu wa Laptev ngati zodziyimira pawokha. Ngakhale kudzipatula osiyanasiyana walruses izi, tinganene kuti kwambiri kumadzulo anthu za Pacific subspecies.

Kodi walrus amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Nyanja Walrus

Walruses padziko m'mphepete mwa nyanja Arctic kuzungulira North Pole. Mtundu wawo ndi wozungulira. Mutha kukumana ndi nyama kumpoto kwa Europe, Asia, komanso m'madzi am'mphepete mwa North America ndi zilumba zambiri za Arctic. Koma mosiyana ndi zisindikizo, walruses kupewa malo onse lotseguka madzi ndi paketi ayezi, choncho amayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja.

Mwambiri, ma walruse amakonda kukhala komwe kuya kuya sikuli oposa mita. Popeza zakudya zawo zambiri zimakhala ndi zolengedwa zochepa, zochepa zomwe mumayenera kulowa pansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndizosavuta kwa nyama. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, pafupifupi walrus aliyense angathe madzi kuti akuya mpaka mamita 150-200.

Chosangalatsa: ma walruse amatha kuchepetsa m'mitima yawo pamadzi. Dongosolo lalikulu la mafuta osunthika, omwe ndi othandizira kutentha, amawathandiza kupirira kutentha kwamadzi.

Nyama migrations nyengo, koma iwo ndi waufupi kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, anthu a walrus amayenda kumwera, koma ma kilomita 100-200 okha. Kwa nyama zazikulu zotere, izi ndizochepa kwambiri.

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha walruses amakhala Chukchi Peninsula, pa onse magombe a Bering Strait, ndi madera ambiri komanso moyo pa Labrador Peninsula. Ma walruse ocheperako amapezeka kumadzulo ndi pakati pagombe la Eurasia. Pafupi ndi Greenland ndi Svalbard, nthumwi zochokera ku Atlantic zimakhala.

walruses awa anapezeka ku mbali ya kumadzulo ya Russian Arctic. Chiwerengero chokhazikika cha Laptev walrus chimapezeka pakati ndi kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Laptev. Izi ndizocheperako.

Kodi walrus kudya?

Chithunzi: Atlantic walrus

Mitengo yambiri ya walrus ndi bivalves ndi ma benthic invertebrates, omwe amakolola mwakuya kwa 50-80 metres.

Chakudya mungatengere:

• Mitundu ina ya nkhanu zam'madzi
• Shirimpi
• Nyongolotsi za Polychaete.

Pasanathe ambiri, walruses kudya nyamayi ndi holothurians. Mochedwa kwambiri, mitundu ina ya nsomba imadyetsedwa, ngakhale ma walrus nthawi zambiri samvera chidwi ndi nsomba. Ma Walruse amathanso kudya zipatso zina zam'madzi, mwachitsanzo, ana osindikizira kapena zisindikizo zingwe, koma izi ndizosowa kwambiri makamaka pakakhala chakudya chosakwanira aliyense. anthu aliyense payekha amaukiridwa, choncho palibe kulankhula za chikhalidwe chachikulu kudya nyama zina. Nthawi zina, ma walruse amatha kuukira mbalame zomwe zimakafika.

Nthawi zambiri, kuti akwane zokwanira, walrus wamkulu ayenera kudya mpaka makilogalamu 50 a nkhono kapena chakudya china patsiku. chakudya chiri motere. Choyamba, matchire okhala ndi mafangasi ake amphamvu amaponyera pansi pamchenga kapena matope, "amawalima" ndikuchotsa zipolopolo pamenepo. Chipolopolo chawo chimachotsedwa ndikuyenda kwa zipsepse, komwe kumakutidwa ndi mafinya ambiri, ndikuudya nyama. Mofananamo, m'zigawo mphutsi ndi nkhanu amapezeka. Ma walruse awo amachotsedwa pansi kuti adye. Chakudya chimasakidwa pogwiritsa ntchito vibrissae yomwe ili pamaso pa nyamayo.

Features khalidwe ndi moyo

Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Walrus

Ma Walruse ndi ziweto. Kawirikawiri kukula kwa aliyense ng'ombe ndi ku walruses 20 mpaka 30, koma ena rookeries mazana ndi zikwi za nyama pamodzi. Gulu lililonse limakhala lolamulidwa ndi wamwamuna wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wamkulu. Otsalawo nthawi ndi nthawi amakonza zinthu naye limodzi ndipo yesetsani kutenga mutuwo. Phunziro la kutsutsana ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse zazikazi.

M'busa, nyama nthawi zambiri zimagona kwambiri kwa wina ndi mnzake, chifukwa cha malo ochepa kapena ayezi. Nthawi zambiri mumayenera kugona pagona lanu, nthawi zina kupumula mutu wanu pa walrus wapafupi. Ndipo ngati pali malo aang'ono kwambiri, ndiye angathe kugona mu zigawo ziwiri. Malo oyendayenda amakhala "akusuntha" nthawi zonse: nyama zina zimapita m'madzi kuti zidye kapena kuziziritsa, ndipo ma walruse ena nthawi yomweyo amabwerera kwawo kuti agone.

Chochititsa chidwi: m'mphepete mwa ma walrus rookeries pali nthawi zambiri otumiza omwe, pozindikira zoopsa, nthawi yomweyo amachenjeza aliyense ndi mkokomo waukulu. Pambuyo pa mbendera, gulu lonse iri yofulumira mu madzi monga munthu.

Pokhudzana ndi nyama zina ndi inzake, ma walruse amakhala mwamtendere komanso ochezeka. Mwa zina, ma walrose achikazi ali ndi chikhalidwe chamunthu chomwe chimakula kwambiri, motero amateteza ana awo pachiwopsezo, ndipo amasamalira osati ana awo okha, komanso ana ena. Iwo ali sociable kwambiri. Woyang'anira aliyense yemwe ali m'bulu amalola kuti mwana aliyense akhwere kumusana ndi kugona pamenepo kuti apumule.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Photo: Walrus Bakuman

Ma Walruse ndi nyama zamtendere komanso zodekha, koma nthawi yakukhwima, yomwe imapezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, amuna nthawi zambiri amamenyera akazi. Pankhondoyo, amagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zamphamvu, koma osasiya kugonjetsedwa kwamphamvu pamthupi la wotsutsawo. Ma Walruse ali ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri komanso mafuta ambiri omwe amateteza kuti kuvulazidwa kwamkati kwamkati.

Kumapeto kwa Epulo, umuna wokhwima kwambiri umasonkhana mu walrus wamwamuna, ndipo ali okonzeka kukumana ndi umuna. Akazi, nawonso, amakhala okonzekera umuna nthawi imeneyi, ndipo mkati mwa Meyi ayamba kukulitsa Corpus luteum ya mimba.

Pambuyo pa kukhwima, ma walruse onse amakhalabe ndi moyo wawo wodekha ng'ombe. Akazi oyembekezera adzabereka ana awo chaka chimodzi. Mwana yekhayo amabadwa nthawi zonse. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 60-70 kg, kutalika pafupifupi mita. Wambewu wocheperako amatha kusambira m'madzi kuyambira kubadwa, izi zimamuthandiza kuti apulumuke pangozi, ndipo amatsika pambuyo pa amayi ake.

Nthawi yochepetsetsa mu walruses ndi yayitali kwambiri - pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Chifukwa chake, ma walrus amaberekera kamodzi kokha zaka 4-5. Mwana wamkazi amakhala ndi pakati nthawi zambiri pokhapokha mwana woyamba wamwalira. Pakakula tinsomba tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tathupi tomwe timatulutsa tokha kudzidyetsa. Amuna amakhala akulu msinkhu pofika zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, zazimayi pang'ono kale.

Ng'ombe zimapitilizabe kukhala pakati pa gulu limodzi ndi makolo awo, koma monga odziyimira pawokha.

Adani achilengedwe a walruses

Chithunzi: Walruses Russia

Ma Walruse ndi akulu komanso amphamvu kwambiri, anthu ochepa amatha kuwavulaza. Mwa nyama zapamtunda, ma polar okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi chiopsezo chogunda, ndipo amachichita mwanjira inayake. Chimbalangondo chimayang'anira walrus kumapeto kwa ayezi kuyandama kapena pafupi ndi bowo lamadzi oundana, pomwe walrus amatuluka.

Ndiye pa nthawi yakulowa kuti chimbalangondo chizimumenya, kuti athe kulimbana ndi mtembo. Ndiye kuti ngati sapha kapena kudula walrus kuchokera kumodzi, ndiye kuti walrus amalimbana naye. Pankhondo pakati pa walrus ndi chimbalangondo, chachiwiri chitha kuvulala koopsa kuchokera kumiyendo ya chimphona cha kunyanja.

Zimbalangondo zangobadwa kumene komanso anthu ochepa a walruse ndizowopsa kwambiri. Zimbalangondo zimatha kuwazinga pamtunda, pa ayezi. Ana sangathe kulimbana mwamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa chomenya nyama zolusa.

Pali milandu yodziwika yokhudza kupha kwa whale walrus. Akuluakulu pafupifupi 3 kuchulukitsa kuposa ma walruse, ndipo amalemera kanayi kuposa iwo, chifukwa chake walrus sangathe kudziteteza ku nkhono zakupha. Amatha kuthawa pokhapokha akafika pamtunda. Malingaliro amasaka opha nyama zopha nyama nthawi zonse amakhala ofanana. Amadzilowetsa mu gulu la walruses, ndikuigawa, kenako kuzungulira payokha ndikuyigunda.

Mdani wamkulu wa walruses ndi munthu. Chifukwa cha nyama, mafuta, khungu ndi mafinya, anthu amakonda kusaka ma walruse. Pambuyo pakupha walrus imodzi, mutha kudyetsa banja lanu kwa miyezi ingapo, ma walrus ambiri adamwalira m'manja mwa munthu. Koma osati njala yokha yomwe imakakamiza anthu kupha nyama zamtenderezi, amazilamuliranso posaka.

Tsoka ilo, chifukwa chake, ma walruse ambiri adafa popanda chifukwa. Amasamba pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma walrus kwachepa kwambiri. Kuti muwonjezere, pakufunika nthawi yochulukirapo, ndipo, chilichonse chomwe anganene, njirayi singayende mwachangu.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Chinyama cha Walrus

Palibe zambiri zenizeni zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma walrus lero. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyipa, chiwerengero cha oimira mabungwe a Pacific ndi osachepera 200 anthu. Chiwerengero cha walrus Atlantic ndi dongosolo lozama kumunsi - kuchokera 20 mpaka 25 miliyoni nyama, chifukwa izi subspecies amaonedwa ngati owopsa. Chiwerengero chaching'ono kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Laptev. Ma walruse otero lero ndi kuyambira 5 mpaka 10 zikwi.

Zowonjezera zazikulu pa kuchuluka kwa nyama izi sizimangokhala ndi zochitika za anthu, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo. Makamaka, pali kuchepa kwamlingo woyenera wa ice pack ndi makulidwe ake. Mwachidziwikire, pa ayeziyu, ma walcus amapanga zokolola zawo pakubala ndi kubereka panthawi yakubala.

Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo pakhala pali kuchepa kwa malo opumirako oyenera a walrus pafupi ndi malo oyenera kudya. Chifukwa cha izi, zazikazi zimakakamizidwa kusakhalapo nthawi yayitali kukasaka chakudya, ndipo izi zimakhudzanso kudyetsa ana.

Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ma walruse, kupanga kwawo pamalonda kuli koletsedwa ndi malamulo m'maiko onse. Pocheperako, kusodza kumaloledwa kokha kwa anthu wamba ndi anthu wamba, omwe kukhalapo kwawo kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kukolola kwa walrus.

Chitetezo cha Walrus

Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Walrus

Mabungwe a Atlantic walrus ndi subsapies a Laptev omwe amakhala m'madzi aku Russia amalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia. Omwe amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatetezedwa, ndipo usodzi waletsedwa kuyambira zaka makumi asanu za zana la XX. Masamba opangira malo amati ndiosungirako, ndipo ntchito zamafakitale m'malo awo zimachepetsedwa. Koma kupatula izi, palibe njira zapadera komanso zowonjezera zachitetezo cha walruse zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mwatsatanetsatane.

Mwa zoyeserera zapadziko lonse lapansi, zinali zotheka kuwonjezera kukula kwachilengedwe kwa walruses. Pa avareji, tsopano pali 14%, yomwe ndi 1% kuposa kufa kwa nyama izi. Pamodzi ndi zomwe zachitidwa kale, ndikofunikanso kulinganiza maphunziro azakhazikika ndikuwunika ziwerengero pafupipafupi.

Pali lingaliro kuti pofuna kusamalira kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndizomveka kuti siziteteza kwambiri ma walrasm okha ngati nyama zomwe amadya. Koma ili ndi limodzi mwazomwe mungachite. Palinso malingaliro akuti kuchepa kwa ziwerengero kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Izi zimasokoneza kwambiri kubwezeretsa kwachilendo kwa anthu.

Njira yothandiza ndikungoletsa kuchepa kwamamadzi kwa nyanjayi ndi madzi, komanso kuchepetsa zinthu zosokoneza, monga phokoso la injini za helikopita ndi zombo zodutsa. Kenako walrus athe kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ake ndipo angayambenso kubwezeretsa malo ake mdziko lapansi.

Kodi walrus amawoneka bwanji?

Walrus amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi wa oimira gulu lalikulu la anyani, wachiwiri kwa njovu kukula. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika mamilimita 3-4,5 ndikulemera matani 1.5-1.8, ndipo zazikazi zimakhala zochepa pang'ono kuposa amuna.

Kunja, nsapatozo zimafanana ndi zisindikizo zam'madzi, ndipo thupi lake lalikulu limasiyanitsidwa ndi kusuntha komanso kusinthasintha kwina kwa mikango ndi zisindikizo zam'madzi, ndizodabwitsa kwa chimphona. Thupi la walrus limakutidwa ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri, loyipa ndi zoyambira zam'maso. Makulidwe akhungu pakhungu amatha kufikira 4 cm, pamimba - 8 cm, pakhosi - mpaka 10 cm.

Achichepere amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda, wokhala ndi zaka, khungu limakhala lowala komanso lodana, anthu okalamba amakhala ofiira. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitsempha yamagazi m'madzi oundana, anthu ena amakhala oyera pomwe akusambira.

Ma walruses achichepere ataphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lofiirira, ndipo tsitsi lalifupi, lofiirira lomwe limamera pakhungu la achinyamata, lomwe limafupika pomwe nyamayo imakula. Khungu la walruses wakale limakhala lalibe kanthu.

Pamizere yochepa komanso yayikulu, ndevu zambiri zovuta kuzimata zomwe zimakhala m'mizere ingapo yosiyanasiyana ndizosiyanika bwino. Chifukwa chake, pamilomo yapamwamba ya munthu wamkulu, pakhoza kukhala kuchokera ku 400 mpaka 700 bristles - vibrissae, yomwe ikukula m'mizere 13-18. Vibrissas ndi tcheru kwambiri, ndipo makulidwe ake sakhala otsika ngati waya. Mlomo wapansi ndi waufupi, wapamwamba ndi wamtundu komanso wamtali.

Makutu akunja a walruses kulibe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azioneka ngati zisindikizo zenizeni. Koma mosiyana ndi izi, miyendo yakumbuyo ya walruses imapinda chidendene ndipo imasunthika kwambiri kuyenda pansi. Zolemba kutsogolo ndi pulasitiki komanso mafoni, wokutidwa ndi chimanga. Pa zipsepse, zala 5 zimasiyanitsidwa, zimatha ndi zofupikitsa, zofinya.

Mchira wa walrus sukulitsidwa bwino ndipo ndi lobe lalifupi, lokopa.

Ndi walrus wowoneka bwanji mbali. Chithunzi walrus. Walrus.

Mawonekedwe anatomical

Ngakhale kufanana ndi oimira ena a gulu la ma pinnipeds, ma walrus ali ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe, omwe amachititsa kuti nyamazo zizikhala zapadera zamtundu wawo.

Pharynx ya abambo imakhala ndi zowonjezera ngati matumba osatseka ma valves, omwe amatha kutsitsa ndi kutembenukira mmwamba. Nthawi yomweyo, minyewa yolimba ya esophagus simalola mpweya kuti uthawe. Chifukwa cha "kuyandama" kumeneku, ma sandrus amatha kusambira komanso kusinza ngakhale m'maloto. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cell a mmero amatenga nawo gawo popanga mawu: liwu la walrus ndi chisakanizo cha ng'ombe zokhala kulira ndi makutu ogontha.

Ma testes a Walrus sapezeka mu scrotum, koma mwachindunji pansi pa mafuta. Tizilombo ta mammary timayimilidwa ndi awiriawiri a nipples, ngakhale atha kukhala asanu. Khalidwe lachiwiri logonana la amuna ndi khungu limakula pakhosi, mapewa ndi pachifuwa.

Zoyambitsa pa nsagwada yam'mimba sizipezeka, kumtunda - ochepa kwambiri kapena ana. Mawonekedwe awa amalipilitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mafangidwe opangidwa bwino kwambiri a chibwano chapamwamba - chizindikiro chapadera cha walruses.

Walrus amakanda

Ma fangs osokonekera (kapena manenedwe) opatsidwa amuna ndi akazi. Kutalika kwa nsonga zachikazi ndi 30-40 masentimita, amuna amalume amakula mpaka 60-80 masentimita m'litali (m'malingaliro amodzi mpaka 1 m) ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 3 mpaka 5.4 kg.

Ma Walruse amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe pomenya ndewu, kumayandama ndi madzi oundana ndi thandizo lawo, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida, kupanga mabowo mumtunda wa ayezi. Yaimuna yayikulu pagulu imakhala ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri.

Walrus amakanda.

Zosiyanasiyana ndi ma subspecies

Mtundu wa walrus umafalikira mu mphete mozungulira North Pole. Kutengera ndi malo omwe akukhalako, gulu la masiku ano limasiyanitsa magulu atatu a walruses:

Walrus Pacific (lat. Odobenus rosmarus divergens) amakhala kumpoto kwa Far East. Kugawidwa m'madzi a Chukchi ndi Bering Seas komanso kuzilumba zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa Kamchatka. Anthu ambiri amakhala pachilumba cha Wrangel.

Oimira ma subspecies ndi ma walruse akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna kumafika pamtunda wa 3-4 m ndi kulemera kwa thupi pafupifupi matani 1.7 mpaka 2. Kulemera kwabwino kwa akazi kumatha kufika 900 kg. Ntchito za amuna zimakula mpaka 80 cm, zazimayi mpaka 40-60 cm.

Walrus wa Pacific amatchedwa walrus chakum'mawa kwa Eurasia, ndipo walrus adalandira dzina lachi Latin la divergen chifukwa cha zikwanje zomwe zili zokulirapo kuposa za oyimira mabungwe a Atlantic.

Atlantic walrus (lat.Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) imapezeka mu Nyanja ya Kara komanso kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Barents, nthawi zina imalowa mu White Sea. Chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kosalamulirika, kuchuluka kwamakono kumaphatikizapo pafupifupi anthu 20,000. Ziwerengero zambiri kwambiri zimapezeka m malo osungirako bwino a Franz Josef Land.

Atlantic walrus ndi malo ochepetsetsa kwambiri: kutalika kwa kutalika kwa amuna ndi 2,5-3 m, akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ntchito zazimuna zazitali 34 mpaka 38 cm, kwa akazi, kuyambira 27 mpaka 33 cm.

Masapulogalamuwo adatchedwa Western walrus ku Eurasia ndipo adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia kuti ndiosowa komanso satha kuchepetsa.

Laptev walrus (lat. Odobenus rosmarus laptevi) ndi gulu laling'ono kwambiri lomwe ufulu wawo monga subspecies ukufunsidwabe. Gulu lakutali la azrus limakhala chaka chonse m'chigawo chapakati komanso chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Laptev, kum'maŵa kwa Nyanja ya Kara komanso kumadzulo kwenikweni kwa nyanja ya East Siberian.

Laptev walruses amapuma m'mphepete mwa East Taimyr, ku Lena River Delta ndi zilumba za Novosibirsk.

Potengera kukula kwa thupi, masanjidwewa amakhala m'malo apakati pa Pacific ndi achibale a Atlantic. Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna kumatha kutalika kwa 4.1 m, zazikazi - 3.7 mamita. Ntchito za amuna zimatha kutalika 65, ndipo zazikazi zimakula mpaka 58 cm.

The Laptev walrus yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ngati masowa komanso osatetezeka.

Komwe walruses amakhala

Ma Walruse ndi anthu okhala kumpoto kwa Far North ndipo amayenda kaulendo kochepera, pamtunda wautali. Amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo osaya, osapitirira 90 m, kupewa ayezi wolimba.

Pokhala ziweto zachikhalidwe, ma walruse amakhala m'magulu a anthu 10 mpaka 20, ndipo paoyandikana amapanga magulu ochokera kwa anthu mazana angapo mpaka atatu, omwe ambiri ndi akazi. Chosangalatsa: monga otsogola sapezeka m'gululo, amuna okalamba amakhala okhulupirika ku nyama zazing'ono ndipo mamembala onse m'gululi ndiofanana mu ufulu wawo.

Ma Walruse amapumula pansi kapena pamadzi oundana, osayenda kutali ndi m'mphepete mwa madzi. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka thupi, kupumula kumachitika pakama, ndipo ma walrus amatha kugona ngakhale m'madzi, osapita masiku angapo kupita kumtunda. Chifukwa chamafuta ambiri (mpaka 250 makilogalamu amafuta mwa munthu aliyense), ma walrus sangamire mwangozi.

Ma Walruse ndi ochezeka komanso amtendere poyerekeza ndi abale awo, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala atcheru komanso osamala: oyang'anira nthawi zonse amakhala pachokhoma chilichonse. Ma Walrus samawona bwino, koma olfaction imapangidwa bwino ndipo anthu amayandikira kwambiri, motero osaka amayesa kuzungulira gululo mbali yotsekerayo.

Pangozi pang'ono, mlondayo akudzutsa abale ake ndi mkokomo waukulu, ndipo zimphonazo zomwe zili ndi nkhawa ndikudzigwera munyanja, kubisala m'mphepete mwa madzi ndipo zimatha kupitako popanda mphindi 10.

Pakapsinjika kotero, anthu angapo amafa pamapondedwe ndipo amakhala chimbalangondo cha ma polar.

Walrus amayenda mphepete mwa nyanja ku Alaska.

Kodi walruse amadya chiyani?

Maziko a chakudya cha walrus amapangidwa ndi mabolodi am'munsi: okhala ndi ma tchire, walrus amatira pansi pamatope ndikutenga zigamba zambiri, zomwe nthawi yomweyo zimakutira ndi mafunde osasangalatsa. Chipolopolo chimakhala pansi, ndipo ma boll, ambiri, amadyedwa ndi walrus. Kuti mukwaniritse walrus, ndikofunikira kudya mpaka makilogalamu 50 a nkhono zam'madzi tsiku lililonse.

Kuchokera pazamoyo za benthic, crustaceans ndi mphutsi zimapitanso ku chakudya cha walrus. Ngati magawo akuluakulu azakudya palibe, ma walrus amayenera kukhutira ndi nsomba, ngakhale samazikonda.

Pankhani ya walruses musanyalanyaze zovunda. Si kawirikawiri, makamaka anthu akuluakulu amawombera zisindikizo ndi maukwati.

Pazakudya zosavuta, ma walruse, komabe, amakula msanga ndikupanga mafuta ochulukirapo a 5-10 masentimita, omwe samangothandiza kuyamwa, komanso amateteza nyama ku hypothermia.

Walrus pansi pamadzi.

Kuswana kwa Walrus

Kutha kwa Walrus kumachitika pazaka 5, ndipo nyama zimatha kubereka kamodzi pazaka 3-4. Nyengo yakukhwima ikupezeka pa Epulo-Meyi ndipo panthawiyi nkhondo zamphongo zazimuna nthawi zambiri zimachitika. Ngakhale omenyanawo amavulazana ndi mankhusu, palibe chomenyera nkhondo.

Mimba za Walrus walrus zimatenga masiku 340 mpaka 370, 1 1 kubadwa, mapasa osowa kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupilo kumachokera pa 80 cm mpaka 1 m, ndipo misa ndi pafupifupi 30 kg. Kuyambira m'masiku oyamba amoyo wawo, ma walrose amatha kusambira.

Kuyamwitsa kumatha chaka chimodzi, nthawi zina mpaka zaka ziwiri, ngakhale kuyambira zaka 6 miyezi walrus amayamba kudya chakudya chachikulu cha makolo ake. Akazi amakhala ndi chibadwa chobadwa nacho ndipo samasiya mwana wake ngakhale atakumana ndi ngozi yoti afe.

Mwanayo amakhalabe ndi amayi ake mpaka zaka 3, mpaka minyewa yake itapangidwa bwino. Mayi akamwalira, woweta ng'ombeyo amasamalira ana amasiye. Ndipo mulimonsemo, ma walrose onse amakhudzidwa ndi ana onse, amateteza ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, thandizirani. Mwachitsanzo, posambira, mwana wang'ombe wolema amatha kupumira pakukwera kumbuyo kwa galu aliyense.

Ngati mayi wataya mwana wawo chaka chimodzi cha moyo wake, ndiye kuti amatha kubereka chaka chamawa. Kutalika kwa moyo wa walruses ndi zaka 30-36, pomwe nyama 20 zoyambilazi zikupitabe kukula. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, pakati pa walruse pali abambo ataliatali omwe zaka zawo zimaposa zaka 40.

Wamkazi walrus wokhala ndi mwana.

Kanema: Mwana wa walrus adabadwa kumalo osungira nyama ku Germany.

Adani a walruses

M'madera akuluakulu otentha, ma walrus ali ndi adani awiri okha achilengedwe: chimbalangondo cha polar ndi whale.

Kukhala yamabingu ya lonse Arctic Circle, ndi kumalo ozizira kuukira chimbalangondo walruses mu nkhani kwambiri, ndi kusowa pachimake chakudya. Kupatula apo, kuchita ndi walruses pamtunda ndikovuta kwambiri, ndipo m'madzi ndizosatheka.

Chifukwa chake, chimbalangondo chimayenera kutsatira mosamala munthu wakale yemwe sanaberekeko, kapena kutchingira balere pamtondo wowongoka komanso munthawi yomwe walrus amatuluka, ndikumenya ndikumenya kwamphamvu pamiyendo yake, kenako ndikupha.

Wakupha zinsomba, amene amakula 8 mamita m'litali, nkhosa kumenyana ndi gulu la walruses kusambira, kugunda kutali anthu angapo ng'ombe, kudya. Ma Walruse amatha kupulumutsidwa pokhapokha ngati akutsikira pamtunda kapena ayeyante nthawi yake.

Ndipo kwanthawi yayitali, munthu amakhalabe mdani wamkulu wa walrus. Awonongedwe woipitsitsawu wa walruses ndi American ndipo liziwawa European St. John cha m'ma 18-19th zinachititsa kuti dontho lakuthwa mu anthu ndi mofulumira kwathunthu ku madera ambiri osiyanasiyana.

Mabwinja osinthika a walruse amapezeka m'malo otentha, koma ndi anthu omwe amayendetsa walrus kupita ku North Pole komwe kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti munthu alowemo.

Masiku ano, kusodza kwa ma walruse ndi koletsedwa ndi malamulo a mayiko onse, ndipo kusaka pang'ono, mokhazikika, kumaloledwa kokha kwa nzika zakumpoto, kuphatikiza a Chukchi ndi Eskimos.

Walrus nsomba ndi anthu ameneŵa wa North

Ngakhale atakwanitsa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, moyo wa mayiko ambiri akumpoto udakali wolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi usodzi wa walrus. Amasaka nsanja kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito magawo onse a nyamayo pabizinesi.

Kuzifutsa nyama ndi gwero singasiyanitsidwe ndi mapuloteni mu dzinja ndi imatengedwa mwa Aaborijini chakudya zakudya. Zipatso za Walrus zimapatsa mphamvu ndikutchinjiriza mpaka kuphukira ngati chakudya chamtengo wapatali. Khungu lolimba limapita kukamanga nyumba, maboti oyandikira kwambiri ndikupanga zingwe. The m'mimba ndi m'mimba zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ali oyenera kupanga artisanal zovala madzi. Mafuta amatenthetsedwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito yotenthetsera komanso kuwunikira nyumba.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri yazikhalidwe zakumidzi yambiri ndikupanga zamisamba ndi zofunikanso kuchokera ku mafupa ndi walrus.

Mfundo chidwi

Nyama zomwe zimazungulira m'madzi zimadziteteza zokha ndi abale awo mpaka kufa: zimalowa m'mabwato ndipo zimathyola mabowo, ndimatembenuzanso mabwato ndi zida zawo zamphamvu.

M'masiku a Kaputeni Cook, oyendetsa boti okhala ndi nkhungu yowaza amatha kudziwa kuyandikira kwa gombe ndi mkokomo wa ma walrus mating, omvera makilomita angapo, ndipo chifukwa cha izi nthawi zambiri amapulumutsidwa kuchokera kugunda ndi ayezi.

Kutalika kwa baculum fupa, limene lili mu walrus mbolo pafupifupi 50 cm, chomwe ndi umboni mtheradi mwa nyama mawu kutalika thupi ndi kutalika mtheradi. Chifukwa cha ichi chapadera, mawu achipongwe akuti "walrus horseradish" adabadwa.