South America ndi kontinenti yomwe ziphuphu zake zimakhala zolemera komanso zosiyanasiyana. Ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimakhala ku South America, ndipo ndizomera ziti zomwe zimamera kumeneko ... ndikufuna kudziwa?
South America - imakhala pamalo achitetezo achinayi pakati pa mayiko ena padziko lapansi. China chake chimakhala chosiyana ndi kontinenti iliyonse, ndipo ku South America ndizopadera.
Ngakhale mlendo wodziŵa bwino zodabwitsazi amadabwitsa: kuli nkhalango zachilengedwe zotentha, ma savannah ndi Andes. Malo awa omwe amatsutsa: Tierra del Fuego pakati pa Chile ndi Argentina ili munyanja yozizira ya Atlantic, mapiri a Pampa otambalala Uruguay ndi Argentina, Andes opambana amawuka kumadzulo ali ndi zigwa zobiriwira komanso minda ya khofi, kumpoto kwa Chile ndi chipululu cha Atacama, komwe ndi malo owuma kwambiri Dzikoli, komanso ku Brazil pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Amazon, adakutidwa ndi nkhalango zowirira.
Andean fauna
Nyama za ku South America zikuwonekera mosiyanasiyana, mosiyana ndi malo ake.
Mapiri atali kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Andes, ali pafupifupi kilomita 9,000. Mapiriwa amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana: m'malo otentha, awiri subequatorial, equatorial, subtropical komanso otentha, kotero ku Andes mbewu zambiri zimakula ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama imapezeka.
Mitengo yovunda komanso yobiriwira imamera m'nkhalango zotsikira, ndipo pamtunda wamamita 2500 pali mitengo ya quin ndi zitsamba za coca. Cacti ndi creepers amakula madera otentha. Ku Andes kuli mbewu zambiri zamtengo wapatali monga mbatata, phwetekere, fodya, coca, mitengo ya hin.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zomwe zimakhala ku South America ndizodabwitsa.
Zoposa mitundu 900 ya amphibians, mitundu 1700 ya mbalame ndi mitundu 600 ya zinyama zomwe sizipezeka pagulu lalikulu zimakhala ku Andes, popeza zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitengo yomwe imakula kwambiri. Gulugufe wamkulu kwambiri ndi nyerere zazikulu zimakhala m'nkhalango. Munkhalango zowirira, mbalame zambiri zisa, zomwe ndizodziwika kwambiri ndizo mbalame, kuphatikiza apo pali zovala zambiri.
Zoyipa za Andes zidakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochita za anthu. M'mbuyomu, makondomu ambiri amakhala kuno, koma lero amasungidwa m'malo awiri okha: Sierre Nevada de Santa Marta ndi Nudo de Pasto.
Condor ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ku West Coast. Imakhala ndi nthenga zakuda zonyezimira, ndipo kolala ya nthenga zoyera imakulungidwa m'khosi. Malire oyera amayenda m'mapiko.
Endor Condor (Vultur gryphus).
Ma condors achikazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna. Kutha kwa mbalamezi kumachitika mu miyezi 5-6. Amamanga zisa m'miyala, pamtunda wa mamita 3,000,000. Nthawi zambiri mazira 1-2 amakhala mu clutch. Zina mwa zokhala ndi mivi yokhala ndi zitsulo zazitali, chifukwa zimakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 50.
Andean Condor nthawi yomweyo wakhala chizindikiro cha mayiko angapo aku Latin America: Bolivia, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Chile ndi Ecuador. Pa chikhalidwe cha anthu a Andes, mbalamezi zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri.
Koma, ngakhale izi, m'zaka za zana la makumi awiriwa mbalame zocheperazi zidatsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake zidaphatikizidwa mu International Red Book. Masiku ano, ma condors ali m'gulu la mitundu yowopsezedwa.
Andean Condor ndiye mtundu wokhawo wopulumuka kuchokera ku mtundu wa Vultur.
Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chachikulu chakuwonongeka kwa ma condors chinali chinthu chodabwitsa, ndiye kuti, malo omwe mbalamezi zidakhalamo zidasinthika. Amakhalanso ndi poizoni ndi mitembo ya nyama yomwe anthu amawombera. Mwa zina, mpaka posachedwapa, ma condors adawomberedwa mwapadera, popeza panali malingaliro olakwika akuti amawopseza ziweto.
Mpaka pano, mayiko angapo akonza njira zochotsetsera kuzizwitsa, ndipo pambuyo pake amatulutsidwa kuthengo.
Zilumba zosadziwika bwino za Nyanja ya Titicaca
Nyama zapadera sizimakhala ku Andes kokha, komanso madera a Nyanja ya Titicaca. Apa ndipokhapokha mutakumana ndi whicler wa Titicac ndi chomga wopanda zingwe.
Mzimba wa Titicaca ndi chule wa ku Nyanja ya Titicaca.
Nyanja ya Titicaca ndi yachilendo ku zilumba zake zoyambira ku Uros. Malinga ndi nthano, mafuko ang'onoang'ono Amwenye a Uros adakhazikika pazilumba zoyandama zaka zingapo zapitazo kuti adzipatule kwa anthu ena. Amwenyewa nawonso adaphunzira kumanga kuchokera kuzilumba za udzu.
Chilumba chilichonse cha Uros chimapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zingapo za bango louma, pomwe zigawo zam'munsi zimatsukidwa pakapita nthawi, koma zigawo zapamwamba zimasinthidwa nthawi zonse. Zisumbuzo ndizophukira komanso zofewa, ndipo madzi amatuluka kudzera mabango m'malo ena. Amwenye amapanga nyumba zawo ndikupanga maboti "balsa de totor" nawonso kuchokera kumabango.
Mtundu wa chomga wopanda mapiko ndi mbalame yomwe nthawi zina imadzafika ku Nyanja ya Titicaca.
Masiku ano, pali zilumba pafupifupi U 40 pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Titicaca. Komanso, kuzilumba zina pamakhala nsanja zopenyerera ndipo ngakhale ma solar a dzuwa kuti apange mphamvu. Maulendo obwera kuzilumbazi ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa alendo.
Nyama zaku End South America
Pudu deer amapezeka ku South America kokha. Kukula kwa ngwazi izi ndizochepa - masentimita 30 mpaka 40 okha, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 95, ndipo kulemera kwake sikupitirira 10 kg. Mbawala zazing'onozi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi abale awo: ali ndi nyanga zazifupi zowongoka, makutu owoneka ngati tsitsi ndi tsitsi, ndipo khungu lawo limakhala lofiirira komanso loyera.
Pudu zamkati zimakhala m'nkhalangozi, ndipo zimapita panja pokhapokha usiku kuti zikadye. Kwenikweni, amadya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe mumakhala nyama zambiri zamtchire, zomwe zimapanga chakudya cha agwape.
Mbawala ya pudu yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 40.
M'nyengo yotentha, agwape amasamala kwambiri, koma nthawi yachisanu chipale chofewa chimafika kumidzi komwe nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi agalu. M'mbuyomu, agwape a pudu amapezeka ochulukirapo ku Chile, Argentina ndi Andes. Koma masiku ano, anthu ochepa okha ndi omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa Chile ndi Chilos. Pudu ali mu Buku Lofiyira.
Nyama zakutchire ku South America zaphunzira kupulumuka kumawonekedwe otentha, kuyandikana ndi anthu, komanso ku Andes okwera. Chifukwa cha madera osiyanasiyana a nyengo ku South America, nyama zapaderazi zapangika pano, zomwe anthu amakakamizika kuti azisunga ndi kuchuluka.
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Kufotokozera kwachilengedwe
Kontinentiyo imatsukidwa mbali zonse ndi madzi am'nyanja ya Pacific ndi Atlantic. Gawo lalikulu la gawo lake lili kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Kulumikizana kwa chigawo chachikulu ndi North America kunachitika pa Pliocene panthawi yopanga Isthmus of Panama.
Mapiri a Andes ndi mapiri okangalika, otambalala kumalire a kumadzulo kwa kontinenti. Mtsinje waukulu kwambiri wa Amazon umayenda kum'mawa kwa kaphiriko, ndipo mbewu za m'nkhalango zowerengeka za ku South America zimadzaza dera lonselo.
Pakati pa ma kontrakitala ena, iyi imatenga malo achi 4 malinga ndi dera komanso malo a 5 malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pali mitundu iwiri yamawonekedwe a anthu m'gawoli. Mwina malowa adachitika kudzera pa Bering Isthmus, kapena anthu oyamba ochokera ku South Pacific.
Nyengo yachilendo
Kuchokera lamba la equatorial kumpoto ndi kumwera kuli malo ophatikizira, komwe mafunde amtundu wa equatorial amatembenuka nthawi ya chilimwe ndi mvula yambiri ndi mpweya wouma wotentha m'nyengo yozizira. Nyengo kumalo otentha kummawa zimakhudzidwa ndi mphepo yamalonda. Amakhala chinyezi komanso kutentha kwambiri. Pakatikati, kugwa kwamvula kumakhala kochepa, koma nyengo yozizira yowuma imatenga nthawi yayitali.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific komanso malo akumadzulo (pakati pa 5 ° ndi 30 ° S) pamakhala malo otentha otentha kwambiri. Madzi ozizira a Peruvia pano amasokoneza kupanga mpweya komanso kupanga zolakwika. Nayi chipululu chouma kwambiri padziko lapansi - Atacama. Kummwera kwa Brazil Highlands, yomwe ili mdera lotentha, nyengo yotentha kwambiri, kufupi ndi pakati penipeni pa bara, ili kale louma.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific, nyengo yotentha ya mtundu wa Mediterranean imakhala yotentha kwambiri komanso yotentha. Kummwera kwa kontinenti kumadziwikanso ndi nyengo yotentha, yodziwika ndi zosiyana. Pa gombe lakumadzulo, ndi mtundu wam'madzi wapanja wokhala ndi nyengo yotentha yozizira komanso nyengo yotentha. Kummawa, nyengo yake ndi yotentha: Zilimwezi ndizotentha komanso zowuma, ndipo nyengo ya chilimwe imakhala yozizira. Nyengo ya Andes imakhudzana ndi nyengo yotentha.
Zikhalidwe za zomera zakomweko
Kukula kwa Flora kunayamba mu nthawi ya Mesozoic ndipo kuyambira nthawi ya Tertiary, anali atadzipatula ku maiko ena. Chifukwa cha izi, mbewu zaku South America zili ndi mitundu yotereyi ndipo ndizodziwika bwino pakupanga kwawo.
Oyimira ambiri azikhalidwe zamasiku ano amachokera ku South America, mmodzi mwa iwo ndi mbatata wodziwika bwino. Koma mtengo wa cocoa, hevea wa mphira, ndi mtengo wa quinine tsopano wakula pamayiko ena.
Padziko lonse lapansi, akatswiri amadziwa madera otentha a Neotropic ndi Antarctic. Yoyamba ikufanana ndi maluwa aku Africa, chachiwiri ndi maluwa ku Antarctica, New Zealand ndi Australia. Ngakhale izi, pali zosiyana pamitundu yamitundu ndi mitundu yazipangidwe. Savannah ndi yodziwika bwino ku Africa, ndipo ku South America nkhalango zotentha (selvas) ndizambiri. Nkhalango zoterezi zimaphimba madera omwe kuli malo okhala komanso malo otsetsereka a ku Brazil ndi Guiana ochokera ku Atlantic.
Mothandizidwa ndi nyengo, nkhalango zimadutsamo. Ku Brazil, savannahs (campos) amapangidwa makamaka ndi mbewu zamphesa. Ku Venezuela ndi Guiana, mu savannah (llanos), kuwonjezera pa chimanga, mitengo ya kanjedza imakula. M'madera otentha a ku Brazil, kuwonjezera pa maluwa ochokera ku savannah wamba, pali mitundu yolimbana ndi chilala. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mapiri omwe amakhala ndi katinga, komwe ndi nkhalango yachilendo kwambiri yamitengo yopanda chilala. Gawo lonyowa kum'mwera chakum'mawa lakutidwa ndi nkhalango zamtundu wa araucaria ndi oimira malo opanda nthaka, kuphatikizapo tiyi waku Paraguay. Mkati mwa mapiri a Andean kuli malo omwe ali ndi mitengo yobiriwira ya kumapiri yotentha. Zomera zam'malo ochepa zimakhala m'malo ochepa.
Chophimba cha kum'mawa kwa La Plata P makamaka chimakhala ndi udzu ndi zitsamba (udzu wa nthenga, ndevu, fescue) ndipo ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa maluwa ku South America. Ili ndi gawo laling'ono, kapena pepala. Pafupifupi ndi mapiri aku Brazil, mbewu za steppe zimaphatikizidwa ndi shrubber. Zitsamba zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse zimakhala pagombe la Pacific.
Ku Patagonia, masamba obiriwira okhala ndi mapiri otsetsereka komanso mapiri otentha otentha (mapiri a buluu, nkhadze, mimosa, ndi ena) amapezeka kwambiri. Madera akum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, omwe ali ndi nkhalango zambiri zobiriwira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yozizira, amasiyana mosiyanasiyana.
Cinchona
Mwa njira, idatchuka chifukwa cha kuchiritsa kwa khungwa lake, komwe anthu amtunduwu adagwiritsa ntchito pochiza malungo. Mtengowu umadziwika ndi dzina la mkazi wa Viceroy wa ku Peru, yemwe adachiritsidwa mu 1638 ndi malungo ndi cinchona bark.
Kutalika kwa mtengowu kumafikira mita 15, masamba obiriwira nthawi zonse amakhala owala, ndipo kumapeto kwa nthambi zimatulutsidwa maluwa a pinki kapena oyera. Chisoti chachifumu chonsecho chili ndi kuwala kofiirira. Kuchiritsa ndi khungwa la mtengo kokha. Tsopano otchedwa cichon amakula kumadera ambiri padziko lapansi.
Mtengo wa chokoleti
Chifukwa cha mbewu izi, mitunduyi imalimidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mtengowu umafikira kutalika kwa mita 8, komanso masamba akulu obiriwira obiriwira ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono oyera oyera oyera osonkhanitsidwa mu inflorescence.
Limamasula ndi kubereka zipatso pafupifupi chaka chonse. Kukutikanso kwa mwana wosabadwa kumachitika kuyambira miyezi inayi mpaka isanu ndi inayi. Kutalika kwa mtengo ndi zaka 25-50.
Hevea wa ku Brazil
Mtengo wapadera womwe umachokera ku mphira zachilengedwe, womwe umapezeka mu milky sap (latex). Latex imapezeka m'malo onse a chomera cha mphira.
Uwu ndi mtengo wobiriwira mpaka mamita 30 kukwera ndi thunthu lolunjika mpaka 50 cm ndi makungwa owala. Masamba ndi achikopa, owoneka bwino, owongoka, ozungulira bwino komanso osungidwa m'mphepete mwa nthambi.
Kusintha kwa mitengo kumachitika chaka chilichonse. Mitunduyi ndi yamitundu yobiriwira yomwe ili ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono achikasu oyera, omwe amakhala ndi mitengo yaying'ono. Chipatso chokhala ndi nthangala zowonda za ovoid ndi bokosi la tricuspid.
Nyama zaku South America
Mitundu yambiri yosowa komanso yosangalatsa ya zomera imakhala kumtunda. Izi zikuphatikizapo sloths, armadillos, vicunas, alpacas ndi ena. Nthiwatiwa za ku America ndi ku Nanda adabisalira malembawo, pomwe zisindikizo ndi ma penguwa zimakhala kum'mwera kozizira.
Akatikati mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu yomwe ili pangozi imapezeka ku zilumba za Pacific za Galapogos. Nyama zambiri sizimapezeka kumakampani ena. Mwachitsanzo, Titikak whistler, wopanda mapiko a chomga ndi deo deer.
Nyama zonse zomwe zimakhala ku South America zimatha kuzolowera chilengedwe.
Kinkaju
Kutalika kwa nyamayo kumayambira 43 mpaka 56 cm, pang'ono m'maso akulu, mutu wozungulira ndi makutu. Chovala chimakhala chofinya komanso chachifupi, chofiirira kumbuyo, komanso chopepuka pamimba. Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi chingwe chakuda kumbuyo kwawo.
Kuphatikiza pa uchi, umadyanso zomera, zipatso, tizilombo ndi nyama zazing'ono, sichimadana ndi mazira ndi anapiye. Awa ndi anyani amphaka amodzi omwe amakumana ndi abale okha kuti aweta.
Chimbalangondo chochititsa chidwi
Pali malo oyera kapena ofiira kuzungulira maso ndi mphuno. Nthawi zina amakhala pachifuwa. Ubweya wake ndi wakuda kapena wakuda. Maso ali ozungulira, ochepa kukula. Mataka amtali amatalika ndi zibwano zazikulu zokumba pansi. Zimbalangondo zina zimakhala ndi nthiti 14, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ali ndi 13. Amadyetsa makamaka pazakudya zam'mera kapena tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi nyama.
Nyama yamtchireyi imakhazikika pamitengo ndipo sichikhala mozizira. Ziwalo za chilombo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperachepera. Nyamayi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Jaguarundi
Kudya kwamphaka kakang'ono kumeneku kumakhala kofanana ndi weasel kapena mphaka. Jaguarundi ali ndi thupi lalitali (pafupifupi 60 cm) ndi miyendo lalifupi, mutu wawung'ono wozungulira wokhala ndi makutu atatu. Kutalika kwa kufota kumafika 30 cm, kulemera - mpaka 9 makilogalamu.
Ulusi wofananira wopaka utoto wa imvi, ofiira kapena ofiira, osayimira malonda. Imapezeka munkhalango, malovu kapena madambo.
Amadya tizilombo, nyama zazing'ono ndi zipatso. Jaguarundi amakhala ndikusaka yekha, amakumana ndi anthu ena kuti aberekane.
Nayi, yachilendo, yodabwitsa, yosangalatsa komanso yolusa ku South America, yomwe mbewu ndi nyama zake ndizodziwika kwambiri osati pakati pa asayansi omwe amalumikiza miyoyo yawo ndi kuphunzira kkontinentiyo, komanso pakati pa alendo achidwi omwe akufuna kudziwa zatsopano.
Piranhas
Piranhas mwina ndiye nsomba odziwika kwambiri ku South America, odziwika chifukwa chokonda nyama yatsopano. Amasaka pagulu, amenya nyama yomwe akumana nayo panjira ndi liwiro la mphezi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amang'amba. Amadya chilichonse chomwe akumana nacho, ngakhale zovunda. Mitundu ina ya ma piran ndiotalika 30 cm, koma ambiri aiwo ndi ochepa. Mpaka pano, milandu yosadziwika komwe piranhas imakumana ndi munthu, koma imayika ngozi yayikulu ku ziweto zomwe zikuwoloka mtsinje. Amafunitsitsa kudya ana azitsamba, omwe mwangozi amapezeka kuti amachoka mchisa kulowa mumtsinje.
Morpho
Agulugufewa, omwe amakhala pafupifupi mitundu 80, mwina ndi anthu okongola kwambiri m'nkhalango za kudera la Amazon. Ndizazikulu kwambiri, mapiko awo amatha kufikira masentimita 20. Amatha kupezeka kudera lonse kuyambira ku Mexico mpaka kumwera kwa Brazil.Mbali yakumwamba ya mapiko a amuna imapakidwa utoto, ngati lamulo, mu mtundu wamtambo wabuluu, koma imatha kukhala yachikasu komanso yofiirira. Kukongola kwawo kodabwitsa kunakopa chidwi cha osonkhanitsa ambiri, mwakuti ambiri mwa iwo anawonongedwa. Tsopano m'maiko ambiri, agulugufe a morpho amatetezedwa.
Dolphin ya Mtsinje
Ma dolphin akuluakulu kwambiri am'madzi padziko lapansi amakhala m'mitsinje ya Amazon ndi Orinoco. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 2.7 m, ndipo amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa zazikazi. Popeza amasambira m'madzi amatope a Amazon, ma dolphin safunikira kuwona, koma kachitidwe kawo kazithunzi amapangidwa kwambiri. Amatumiza zizindikiro mumtundu wa akupanga, womwe, womwe umawonetsedwa kuchokera kuzinthu, ubwerera. Ma dolphin a mumtsinjewo amathandizira kulumikizana, kenako amazindikira nyama, ndipo amawagwira ndi mano awo.