Mawonekedwe osazolowereka, kufanana ndi bokosilo - izi ndizomwe zidapereka chilimbikitso kuyitcha nsomba chimodzimodzi matupi. M'magulu a chilankhulo cha Chingerezi, nsomba izi zimatchedwa "ng'ombe" chifukwa cha nyanga zake.

Zokwanira, banja lagalimoto lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 33. Izi nsomba zimakhala ndi mtundu wokongola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azilandira alendo mu aquarium iliyonse. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zam'mimba zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena - ndi chipolopolo. Inde, mudamva bwino! Ndiye chipolopolo.

Amapangidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa mbale m'matumbo am'munsi komanso otsika, ndikupangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati thupi (chifukwa chake dzinalo linapita). Chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake mafupa, thupi la nsomba limasinthasintha. Kusunthika kwa thupi lagalimoto kuli ngati nkhuku zosambira. Koma kusowa kwa kusinthasintha kwa thupi kumaposa kulipidwa ndi zipsepse, kuthamanga kwa kusinthika kwawo kumafikira maulendo 180 pamphindi, i.e. pafupifupi katatu pa sekondi imodzi. “Kusinthasintha” koteroko kumathandiza kuti nsombayo iziyenda mwachangu m'mphepete mwa madzi.

Thupi (Ostraciidae).

Kutalika kwa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi kumayambira 30 mpaka 50 sentimita. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyanasiyana kwambiri: kuchokera ku malo okhala ndi ochepa ma inclusions kupita kumiyala yamitundu yambiri. Mitundu yowonongeka: chikasu, buluu, bulauni.

Thupi - nsomba zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe akanjana.

Nsomba zachilendo izi zimakhala ndi maso akulu akulu; mitundu ina ya nsomba zam'mimba zimakhala ndi nyanga zokongola pamwamba pamaso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizioneka ngati nkhono (kapena ng'ombe, momwe umafunira).

Matupi amaoneka amtundu.

Kukhazikika kwa oyimilira onse a banja la matupi ndi madzi amchere ofunda. Izi nsomba zimatha kupezeka m'malo otentha ndi madera a Indian, Atlantic komanso Pacific Oceans. Mitundu yamagalimoto ambiri ali m'madzi pafupi ndi Australia ndi Indo-Malay Archipelago.

Izi nsomba amakonda madzi ofunda.

Matupi agalimoto amakhala, monga lamulo, m'madzi osaya. Nthawi zambiri miyala yamiyala imakhala nyumba yawo, momwe imabisalira kwa adani ndikupeza ndalama. Makhalidwe a anthu am'madziwa amakhala okha. Mwachilengedwe, nsomba zam'mimba ndizolengedwa zodekha; sizimakonda kupanga mikangano ndikuchita nawo.

Ma urchins am'nyanja, nkhanu, nsomba za m'madzi, masiponji am'nyanja, mphutsi zamitundu ingapo, nkhono, ma holothuri, komanso nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi, zimakhala chakudya cha nsomba zam'mimba. Nthawi zina mbewu zam'madzi zimatha kulowa m'zakudya zawo. Ngati mungayang'ane matupi am'madzi, mutha kuzindikira kuti, ali ndi njala, ayamba kupempha chakudya kwa mwini: chifukwa akulavula madzi, potenga chidwi.

Matupi amadya nyama zam'madzi.

Nyengo yoswana imadziwika m'madzi awa mwa kukhalapo kwa masewera a mating. Amphongo amayamba chibwenzi chokomera mzimayi: amamuzungulira mozungulira, ndikuwapempha kuti asambire limodzi. Chifukwa chachilendo cha kapangidwe ka thupi, omanga matupi a akazi amasesa mazira m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, kuwasiya omasuka kusambira (otchedwa pelagic caviar). Nsomba zansomba zatsopano zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zomwezi zimatengedwera mbali zonse kuchokera komwe zimabadwira. Pofika kutalika kwa sentimita imodzi, mwachangu matupi amgalimoto amakhala ndi kiyubiki ndipo amakhala, monga makolo awo, otha kukhazikika. Asayansi adawona chinthu chimodzi chosangalatsa kwambiri cha nsomba zonse zamthupi: panthawi yobadwa, mwachangu onse amakhala ndi kugonana kwa akazi, koma akamakula, ena mwapang'onopang'ono amasintha kukhala amuna.

Thupi lachikasu ndi njira yabwino yosankhira m'madzi.

Ngakhale ali ndi chisomo komanso bata, matupi amaonedwa ngati owopsa panyanja. Ayi, samadziyambitsa okha, koma wina akaganiza zowaukira, amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kupha poizoni, chifukwa khungu lawo limabisala poizoni, yemwe amatha kupha mdani. Ngakhale ndizovuta zake, matupi agalimoto ndi nsomba zokoma ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zamayiko ena.

Galimoto yopangidwa m'chifanizo cha nsomba.

Ndipo matupi a nsomba adathandizira, popanda kukayikira, opanga zamagalimoto a Mercedes-Benz kuti apange chitukuko chosazolowereka mumsika wamagalimoto. Mtundu wa Bionic Car umawonedwa ngati kusintha kwenikweni pamsika wamagalimoto, chifukwa ma contour ake amatha kuchepetsa kukana kwa mpweya panthawi yothamanga. Kukoka kwatsopano kwa zinthu zatsopano kuchokera ku Mercedes-Benz ndi 0.19, kumene kwa magalimoto ena (wamba) ndichinthu chochokera kudziko labodza! Monga momwe mungaganizire, ma contour a thupi lamagalimoto atsopanowo amangobwerezeranso silhouette ya thupi la nsomba kuchokera kubanja lamatupi amoto.

Pangani chisinthiko

Opanga a McLaren adayikanso mawonekedwe amiyeso ya bwato loyendetsa bwalo pansi mkati mwazinthu zam'mlengalenga zam'mlengalenga zawo za McLaren P1 hypercar. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wolowera mu injini kunakwera ndi 17%, komwe kunawongolera machitidwe agalimoto: imakhala ndi injini yosakanizidwa yokhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira 903 hp, ndipo injini iyi imafunikira mpweya wambiri - zonse ziwiri kuti apange zosakanikirana ndi kuziziritsa.

Omwe amapanga P1 adatengera njira zing'onozing'ono zophatikizika pafupi ndi boti lamadzi oyendetsa sitimayo - nsombazo zimawagwiritsa ntchito pochotsa chipwirikiti chomwe chimasakanizika ndi madzi osakaniza amadzimadzi amomwemo. Malinga ndi a Stevenson, lingaliro lakapangali lidakongoletsa ma aerodynamics agalimoto.

Wopanga mawonekedwe akuti zachilengedwe zinali ndi zaka mamiliyoni kuti zibweretse mapangidwe angwiro - ndichifukwa chake akuyesera kuphatikiza mayankho otere m'mapulojekiti ake. A Stevenson anati: "Ndi nzeru basi, buluzi kuyenda bwanji padenga? Ngati mungathe kudziwa, muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wofanana ndi matayala agalimoto kuti galimoto isayende mumisewu yonyowa."

Ndikagwira ntchito muofesi yanga, mutha kuganiza kuti ndikuphunzira biology, osati bizinesi yopanga ma auto ya Frank Stevenson

Zachilengedwe zinayamba kukonza ma hydrodynamics kalekale anthu asanakhale ndi chidwi ndi zamalonda izi. Akatswiri opanga ma Mitsubishi Heavy Industries apanga njira yochepetsera mpweya yomwe imapangitsa kuti madzi asamayandikire ndipo imachepetsa pafupifupi 80%: gasi imakhala yotsika kwambiri kuposa madzi, chifukwa chake sitimayo imayenda ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Nsomba zoyenda panyanja imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wofanana - ndipo pamtunda ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mopanda phindu lililonse ngati madzi.

Wolemba thupi la nsomba

McLaren Design Bureau imafanana ndi malo ogulitsira asayansi, malo ojambula zojambulajambula ndi chipinda chophunzitsira cha oimba. Ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta: chotsani opanga kuchokera kumalo awo otonthoza kuti awathandize kuganiza kunja kwa bokosi. "Ndikagwira ntchito muofesi yanga, mutha kuganiza kuti ndikuphunzira sayansi, osati kupanga magalimoto," akuvomereza Stevenson.

Mawonekedwe pafupifupi a kiyubiki thupi nthawi imodzi amakhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira kukoka

McLaren sakhala yekha mu ulemu wake wama bionics. Galimoto yamaganizidwe a Mercedes bionic idabwera chifukwa chophunzira za nsomba zam'mimba pakhungu, zomwe zimagwira ngati chida, cholimba komanso cholimba. Mawonekedwe pafupifupi a kiyubiki a thupi lagalimoto ali ndi mphamvu yotsika modabwitsa (ichi ndi chizindikiro cha kukana kwa sing'anga komwe chinthucho chikakumana nacho chikasuntha) - ndipo galimoto yokokedwa ndi nsomba imayika chojambula ichi. Akatswiri adathandizanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta ndi 20%, ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni - ndi 80%.

Poyesera kupanga galimoto yopanda mavuto, Woyendetsa ndege waku Japan Nissan adapanga maloboti ang'onoang'ono otchedwa Eporo, omwe adawonekeranso za moyo wapamadzi. "Zinali zokwanira kwa ife kuti tipeze amayi kuti tipeze njira zapamwamba kwambiri zopewera kugwedeza padziko lapansi - machitidwe a sukulu ya nsomba," atero Toru Futami, injinala wamkulu wa dipatimenti yatsopano yopanga zaukadaulo. Kusuntha kwa nsomba zomwe zimayendera m'masukulu komanso nthawi yomweyo zimapewa kugundana komwe kumayambitsa maziko a mapulogalamu a aluboti.

Sisumu Fujita, yemwenso amapanga Eporo, anati: "Zipangizo zatsopanozi ndizosavuta, ndipo nsombayi imatsatira malamulo atatu: usamayende kwambiri, usayandikire pafupi, komanso usagundane." Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chopanga maloboti, Nissan adapanga njira zamagalimoto ake smart braking system (IBA) ndi chenjezo la kugunda kwamaso (FCW). Pa maziko awa, mutha kupanga magalimoto odziyang'anira okha osafunikira zolemba, magetsi pamsewu komanso zitsogozo zamayendedwe.

Tili ndi machitidwe omwe, mu malingaliro, amatumiza ndi masamba a wiper. Nyama sizikhala ndi maburonso m'maso mwawo Frank Stevenson

Mutha kusiyanso magawo ndi zina zomwe mukudziwa. "Tili ndi machitidwe omwe, poganiza, amatulutsa ndi masamba a waya. Zinyama sizikhala ndi ziphuphu m'maso mwawo," atero Stevenson.

Zachidziwikire, ma bionics samawerengera nsomba zokha. Mwachitsanzo, maloboti a Eporo ali ndi zida zoyeserera mtunda wa laser zomwe Nissan adapanga imodzi mwama projekiti ake akale. Okusinziira ku misingi gya bumblebee embeera mu bbanga: bumblebee asobola okulaba ebizibu ebiri mu ddagala lya mita bbiri mu kitundu ky'ebiggya 180. Ngati loboti ya Eporo ikawona chopinga choterechi, imatha kutembenuza matayilo mbali yakumanja ndikupewa kugunda.

Bionics imakonda chidwi ndi makampani agalimoto, koma zinsinsi zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamsewu. Posachedwa, NASA idasankha kuchititsa malingaliro awanthu pagulu lazomwe ma spacesuit amtsogolo akuyenera kuwoneka. Khungu loyipa la nsomba ndi zokwawa zinapangitsa kupangika kwa amodzi mwa olemba.

Opanga akuwoneka kuti akumvetsetsa kuti chilengedwe ndichopepuka kwambiri kuposa iwo. Chifukwa chake, samazengereza kutembenukira kumagwero osayembekezereka kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, nsomba yozikika mu hotelo ya Caribbean.

Mutha kuwerenga zolemba zoyambirira mu Chingerezi patsamba la BBC future.