.1. Zowoloka ndi zovala zamtchire zochokera ku banja labwino.

2. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa ma kellt kuchokera kwa abale ake onse.

3. Mbalame izi zimakhala ndi mulomo wosazungulira wokhala ndi ma halala opingasa limodzi. Chifukwa choti mlomowo ndi wolimba mokwanira, mbalamezi zimatha kuthyola nthambi za chinangwa, zitsamba kapena mtengo.

4. Mlomo wa pamtanda uli woyenera kuchotsa nthangala za chitsamba.

5. Maulendo onse owoloka amakhala ku Northern Hemisphere. Ambiri amawaganizira kuti ndi mbalame zamtchire. Koma izi sizowona konse. Klest amakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za Eurasia, America ndi Africa.

6. Maulendo owoloka pamalingaliro awo, deta yakunja ndi malo okhala zimagawidwa m'mitundu, zomwe zazikuluzikulu zake ndi zowoloka, zokhala ndi mapiko oyera ndi pine.

7. Pa gawo la Russia mitundu itatu yonse ya mbalamezi imakhala: mtanda wamtunda, msewu wowuma wa pine komanso wopingasa mwa mapiko oyera.

8. Onse oyamba ndi achiwiri amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana pafupi. Mwinanso iwo sakudzilekanitsa. Moyo wawo, nyimbo zaukwati ndi zina zambiri ndizofanana.

9.Patsogolo, malekezero awa ndi osiyana pang'ono: nthenga za mtengo wamtundu wamtondo zili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ofiira, pomwe mtengo wa pine umakhala ndi maonekedwe owala osawoneka bwino komanso owoneka ngati wachikasu.

10. Sosnovik ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka wankhanza kwambiri, bulangeti ndi yotakata, ndipo mulomo ndiwodziwika bwino.

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11. Akatswiri ena a zamankhwala amaona kuti kugawanika kwa mitengo pamitengo ya payini ndi mitengo ya spruce ndikulakwitsa. Sosnovik - imodzi mwazida za mtengo wamkutu, yemwe amakonda kudya zipatso za paini.

12. Mitundu yonse ya pamtanda imakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mutha kuwaona kulikonse. Pofunafuna chakudya, zimawuluka mwachangu kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo ambiri akulu phokoso ndi phokoso.

13. Mbalamezi siziri zazikulu kwambiri - pafupifupi 17 sentimita, pafupifupi ngati mpheta yayikulu. Mchira udagawika pawiri, mbali zoyimitsa mulomo ndizowongoka ndikuwoloka.

14. Miyendo ya mbalame izi ndi zazifupi komanso zamphamvu. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbalameyo izipachika cham'mwamba ndikugwira ma cones olemera.

15. Amuna ndi akazi ndi osiyana kwambiri mitundu. Amuna amakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira kapena wofiirira wam'mimba, kumbuyo ndi khosi, mapiko ndi mchira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira.

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16. M'makwalala achikazi, nthenga zowala zimasinthidwa ndi imvi zobiriwira ndi timaso tofiirira.

17. Kwa zaka zitatu zoyambirira za moyo, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kukungopangidwa. Ali mwana, nthenga zawo zimachita imvi.

18. Kulemera kwake kwamtunda wamphongo ndi pafupifupi magalamu 35 mpaka 40, ndipo mkazi ndi magalamu 30-35. Wingspan - mpaka 30 sentimita. Kutalika kwa mapiko aliwonse ndi masentimita 9 mpaka 10, mchirawo ndi masentimita 6, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita awiri, ndipo mulomo ndi 1.5-2 sentimita.

19. Pali nthano kuti Yesu atapachikidwa, ng'ombe yamphongo ndi mtanda wam'madzi adawulukira. Ng'ombezo zinathyola minga pachikhata chaminga ndikusisita chifuwa chake. Ndipo mtanda woyeserera udayesa kutulutsa misomali yomwe Khristu adapachikidwira, koma mbalame yaying'ono siyinaphule kanthu, iye adangolumitsa mlomo wake. Mulungu adathokoza mbalameyi ndikuwonetsa zinthu zingapo zapadera.

20. Zowonadi, ndikatseka, mulomo wa mbalame umapanga mtanda. Zowoloweka sizingachitike pambuyo paimfa, ndipo zimasaka anapiye m'nyengo yozizira ndi Khrisimasi. Zachidziwikire, pali kulongosola kwa sayansi kwa chilichonse, koma izi sizichotsa chinsinsi chake.

ZIWANDA ZOSAONEKA

21. Mtunda wopingasa ndi mbalame zosagwa chisanu; nthawi zambiri zimaswa anawo ngakhale mu madigiri makumi atatu.

22. Mitambo yoyenda-yokhala ndi mapiko oyera imatha kuyimba nawo kutentha kwa madigiri 50.

23. Kuyimba kwa mbalameyi kuli kofanana ndi msanganizo wa twitter ndi whist. Dzinalo "crossbill" limachokera ku mawu "glue-glue-glue" omwe amapanga.

24. Mbalame izi zimayimba, zikungowuluka mlengalenga, zikukhala panthambi, zimakhala chete.

25. Mtengo wowoloka si mbalame yosamukira. Komabe, njira yolira anthuwa idalemba anthu omwe amayenda ma kilomita 3,000.

26. Malo awo amatengera zipatso za ma cones - iyi ndiye chakudya chachikulu champhambano.

27. Amangoyang'ana malo omwe angapange phindu. Mlomo wawo umakhala wosavuta kutulutsa mbewu. Malo omwe mapilowoka amakhala nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mtedza.

28. Mbalamezi zimakonda mitengo ya paini, spruce ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana, koma sizikhala m'nkhalango za mkungudza.

29. Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yopingasa imamanga zisa zawo pamwamba pa mitengo, mbalamezi zimayenda mwachangu, zimakwera bwino kwambiri pamitengo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsikira pansi.

30. Amamanga zisa kuchokera ku nthambi zowala; pansi pake amakungidwa ndi mungu, moss ndi nthenga.

31. M'mimba yambiri ya mazira atatu kapena asanu, wamkazi amagwira anapiye, ndipo wamwamuna amubweretsera chakudya.

32. Zosangalatsa, koma mtanda wa nkhuku umapangidwa kuyambira sabata la 4, izi zisanachitike.

33. Maulendo owoloka amadyetsa ana awo mosangalatsa: samayika mulomo mkamwa mwa anapiye, koma amaponyera zotupa. Zowoloka zikasowa, amatenga chakudya chochuluka ndikuyesanso.

34. Malo okhalamo mbalamezi ndi osagwirizana, chifukwa mbalamezi nthawi zonse zimawuluka kukafuna chakudya.

35. Palibe chifukwa choti mitunda ikawopa kudya zilombo, chifukwa kudya zipatso za cones kumakhutitsa thupi la mbalame ndi ma resins ndikupangitsa kuwawa.

36. Koma mbalamezi sizimakhazikika pansi, zimamva kulimba mtima kwambiri panthambi. Amangoyenda kudutsa mitengo ikusaka chakudya.

37. Mlomo wodziwika bwino umawathandiza, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera omwe amatchedwa mbalame zoyimbira zakumpoto.

38. Mtambo wobowola pamtunda ndi mbalame yolimbana ndi chisanu. Monga mbalame zina, zimaswana zikakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Nthochi zimabadwa nthawi yophukira ndi masika, koma nthawi zambiri pa Khrisimasi.

39. Mtundu wa mbalame zazing'ono umasiyana ndi wamkulu. Poyamba maula awo amadzimvi, ndipo mchaka chachitatu cha moyo amakhala ndi zovala zowala.

40. Mnyumba yamtanda yopanda matandala amasungidwa osiyidwa-zitsulo zonse - ndodo zamitengo ya mbalame zimadulidwa mosavuta ndi mulomo wamphamvu.

41. Ali mu ukapolo, amakonda kutayika kwa maluwa ofiira mu mtundu wa maula.

42. Mnyumba, ma bwaloli amayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito gululi mophatikiza zipatso zomwe amakonda ndi zipatso za pine koma amakonda zipatsozo.

43. Amakondanso mtedza wa paini, koma sangathe kuwaphwanya nthawi zonse, choncho ayenera kudulidwa.

44. Amatulutsa chakudya chotere: Choyamba, chimadula chulu, ngati lumo. Kumugwira ndi mchira, kuyesa kukoka mbaleyo pamalo oyenera. Sizosavuta.

45. Amakhala ndi mchira wake momasuka. Ngati chulucho sichitha kugwirana ndi phazi limodzi, ndiye kuti mtanda umakankhira pamimba yonse.

46. ​​Umu ndi momwe ma elovik amapezera chakudya. Pokana nthawi zambiri ndi ma cones, gawo la teti nthawi zambiri limatsalira pamimba ya khutu.

47. Zopanga zazikulu ndi mbewu zomwe zimakonza thupi, motero mbalamezi sizibola zikamwalira, koma zimasandulika kukhala mai.

48. Ku Ukraine, njira zowoloka zimatchedwa shishkary, ndipo ku Belarus - kryzhadzuby.

49. makolo akale amakono adawonekera zaka 9 miliyoni zapitazo.

50. Mbalameyi yochokera kutsinde la passerines imatha kusokonezeka mosavuta ndi parrot, chifukwa mulomo wokhota, kupusa kwapadera ndi zizolowezi za mbalamezi ndizofanana.

Mbalame ya Khristu

Pakupachikidwa pamtanda kwa Yesu, pomwe kuzunzidwa kwake kunali kwakukulu, mbalame idawulukira mkati ndipo mkamwa mwake idayesa kukoka misomali m'thupi la Yesu. Koma zinyenyeswazi zopanda mantha komanso zabwino, zomwe zimangolimbitsa mlomo wawo ndikusakaniza mawere awo ndi magazi, zilibe mphamvu zochepa.

Wamphamvuyonse adathokoza wolondora pang'ono ndipo adampatsa zinthu zapadera. Zinali zopingasa, ndi kupadera kwake muzowonekera zitatu:

• mtanda mkamwa
• Makanda a Khrisimasi
• kusowa kwa moyo.

Mayankho ku chinsinsiwa ali m'njira ya moyo wa mbalame, koma izi sizosangalatsa.

Kufotokozera kwamakwawa

Zowoloka mbalame - Kukula kwakanthawi kakang'ono, mpaka 20 cm, kuchokera pakulamula kwa odutsa, ali ndi malo omata otsekemera, mchira wamfupi wopindika, mutu waukulu ndi mulomo wapadera, ma halali ake omwe amaweramira ndikusunthidwa mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndikupanga mtanda.

Kodi chifukwa chiyani mtanda uli ndi mlomo wotere, zimamveka bwino pamene mtanda wamtunda umayamba kugwedezeka mwachangu nthangala za ma cones. Chirengedwe bwino chinamsinthira kuti apeze chakudya.

Mawotchi olimba amawalola kudutsa mitengo kuti akwere mitengo ndikulendewera cham'mbuyo mpaka kumapeto. Mtundu wa bere mwa amuna ndiwotuwa--rasipiberi, ndipo mwa akazi ndi imvi. Mapiko ndi michira ya m'mphepete mwake imasanduka zofiirira.

Klest amakhala ndi chidaliro pa nthambi, ngakhale pang'ono

Kuyimba kwamtunda kwa zikwangwani zambiri kumafanana ndi twitter komanso kuimba kwa mluzu kwambiri ndikuthandizira kulumikiza magulu a mbalame. Kuyimbira nthawi zambiri kumachitika pa ndege zazing'ono, ndipo mayendedwe amakhala chete panthambi.

Mverani mawu a mtanda

Mitundu isanu kapena isanu ndi umodzi ya mayendedwe amasiyana, pomwe mitanda yayikulu imakhala mdera la Russia: klest-elovik, mtanda-paini ndi mapepala oyera okhala ndi mapiko oyera. Onsewa ndi ofanana mu zakudya komanso malo okhala. Mayina akuwonetsa mawonekedwe ang'onoting'ono amtunduwu malinga ndi momwe amakonda nkhalango zachilengedwe zophatikizika komanso kupezeka kwa nthenga zoyera pambali.

Khalidwe la Habitat ndi njira yowoloka

Makolo akale amakumbukidwe amakono ndi akale kwambiri, adakhalako zaka 910 miliyoni zapitazo. Munkhalango zowirira ndi za payini za kumpoto kwa Nyengo, mitundu yayikulu yamapulogalamu yomwe imapangidwa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kumadalira mwachangu kukolola kwa ma cones, omwe ndi maziko a chakudya cha mbalame.

Chifukwa chake, maulendo owoloka amakhala mu tundra komanso zigawo za steppe, amapanga ndege zofunikira kupita kumalo ochulukirapo zakudya. Pali nthawi zina pamene mbalame zam'mimbawa zidapezeka 3,000 km kuchokera pamalo oyamba.

Pacithunzi-thunzi, mbalameyi ikubwela

Ku Russia, amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira zam'mapiri kumwera kwa dzikolo, kumadera akumpoto chakumadzulo. Mbalame imatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zosakanizika zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi spruce. Crossbill sakhala m'nkhalango za mkungudza. Crossbill ilibe adani m'chilengedwe.

Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njere mokhazikika, mbalamezo "zimadzikola" nthawi ya moyo ndikukhala zopanda pake kwambiri, kapena m'malo mwake, zimakhala zowawa kwa olusa. Chifukwa chake, pambuyo pa imfa yachilengedwe, siziwola, kuumitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi lawo likhale lokhazikika.

Maulendo owoloka amadziwa kuuluka bwino, koma kunena izi kudutsa - kusamuka mbalame kapena kudutsa - kukhazikika mbalame, simungathe. M'malo mwake, mayendedwe apamtunda ndi nthumwi zoyimira mbalame. Kuyendayenda kwa mbalame kumalumikizidwa ndi kukolola.

Mtengo wamkwapu umadyedwa ndi nthangala za cones

M'malo omwe amakhala ndi chakudya, mbalame zimakhala nthawi yokwera mitengo. mtanda wa mkombero limakupatsani mwayi wofunikira kuchita, mwachinyengo. Chifukwa cha ichi komanso utoto wowala wa nthenga zawo adatchedwa maparishi akumpoto. Sadzatsikira pansi, ndipo pamtunda amakhala ndi chidaliro ngakhale pansi.

Chakudya cha Crossbill

Kuganiza kuti mtanda wam'madzi umangodya nthangala za spruce kapena maini pine ndikunamizira, ngakhale ndiye chakudya chake chachikulu. Crossbill Beak misozi imang'amba, ndikuwulula mbewu, koma gawo limodzi lokha la magawo atatu ndi atatu ndi omwe amapita kukadya.

Mbalameyi sizivuta ndi mbewu yovuta kufikirako, nkosavuta kwa iye kupeza bampu yatsopano. Zina zonse zimagwera pansi ndikukudya mbewa zazitali, agologolo kapena ena okhala m'nkhalango.

Mtambowo umadyetseranso, makamaka munthawi ya kulephera kwa mbewu, mwa masamba a spruce ndi paini, kumata utoto wokhazikika pamtengowo pamodzi ndi khungwa, mbewu za larch, mapulo, phulusa, tizilombo ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Ali mu ukapolo, sakana mphutsi za ufa, oatmeal, phulusa la kumapiri, mapira, mpendadzuwa ndi hemp.

Mtambo wokhala ndi mapiko oyera

Macaw parrot

Kuswana mitanda

Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, anapiye amawonekera pamtunda nthawi yozizira kwambiri - nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri pa Khrisimasi, monga chisomo chapamwamba kwambiri malinga ndi nthano. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi malo osungirako zakudya.

Zingwe zimamangidwa ndi nsanja ya akazi pamwamba pa conifers kapena pamtanda pansi pa chivundikiro chodalirika cha singano yayikulu kuchokera kumvula ndi ma snows. Ntchito yomanga imayambika ndikutentha kwa chisanu choyambirira ndipo ikuchitika poganizira mayeso ovuta kwambiri: ndi zinyalala zoyeserera za moss, ubweya wa nyama zosiyanasiyana, nthenga za mbalame, ndere.

Makoma a chisa ndi odziwika kuti azikhala olimba: zipinda zamkati ndi zakunja zimapangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi zolumikizana mwaluso, apo ayi makhoma awiri pabalapo. Chisa chimakonda kufaniziridwa ndi thermos kuti chizitha kutentha nthawi zonse. Zowoloka nyengo yachisanu ngakhale chisanu, chogwira ntchito mokwanira kusamalira ana ake.

M'chithunzichi pali chisa cha mtanda.

Makulitsidwe am'mimba mwa mazira 3-5 kumatenga masiku 15-16. Nthawi yonseyi yamphongo imayang'anira wamkazi, imadyetsedwa ndi njere, imawotha ndikufewetsedwa. Mavuto masiku 5 mpaka 20 a mitundu yosiyanasiyana achoka kale pachisa. Mlomo wawo ndi wowongoka poyamba, chifukwa chake makolo amadyetsa ana ang'onoang'ono kwa miyezi iwiri.

Ndipo anapiye amaphunzitsa sayansi ya kudula ma cines ndipo, pamodzi ndi mulomo wosinthika, amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mtanda wakuboola Osatenge zovala zachikuda nthawi yomweyo. Choyamba, mtundu wa maula ndi imvi ndi malo obalalika. Pangotha ​​chaka pokha mbalame zimapakidwa zovala zachikulire.

Klest ndi mbalame yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo. Amazolowera moyo watsopano, amakhala odalirika komanso ochezeka. Kuphatikiza pa kuyenda kosalekeza kudzera mu khungu, amatha kukhala anzeru ndikutuluka.

Zowopsa bwanji - mbalame yoseketsa, eni mbalame zingapo amadziwa: mtanda wamtunda udalipo mawu a mbalame zina m'matulo ake.

Mlomo wapamtunda udawolokedwa kuti ukhale wabwino kutengako nthangala

Pomwe oyimbira omwe amayendayenda ankaphunzitsana kudutsa milomo ndi milomo yawo kuti apeze matikiti amwayi kapena kutenga nawo mbali pakulankhula. Kutha kuphunzira zinthu zosavuta kumapangitsa kuti mbalame zizikhala ziweto. Ngati msewu wopingasa ukakhala m'khola lopumira popanda kusungirako zakudya ndi kutentha, umataya mtundu wake wa rasipiberi, umatembenuka utoto wa mkazi, kenako nkufa.

Mafani a mbalame zoberekera amakwaniritsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawu, motero zimamveka bwanji kudutsa mawu ovomerezeka kapena chovala champhongo. Kuphunzira zowoloka pamtunda ndi ntchito yosangalatsa, kubweretsa chisangalalo cholankhula ndi mbalame zakale zamtchire.

Mbalame ya khristu

Panthawi yozunzidwa kwambiri pamtanda wa Yesu pamtanda, mbalame inawulukira kwa Yesu ndipo ndi mulomo wake inayesa kutulutsa misomali m'thupi mwake. Koma zinyalala zopanda mantha zomwe zimangolumitsa mlomo wawo ndipo magazi adawotha mabere awo zidalibe mphamvu pang'ono. Ambuye adathokoza wopembedzera, namupatsa zinthu zachilendo. Inali chopondera, ndipo kusadziwika kwake mu zinthu zitatu:

• mtanda mkamwa
• wobadwa kale Khrisimasi
• kusakwaniritsidwa.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe

Mitundu yonse ya mitandadza ndiyamtundu wa mbalame kuchokera pamtundu wa passerines, ndipo malinga ndi kapangidwe ka matupi awo amakhala ngati mpheta, koma ndizokulirapo kuposa izo. Mchira wa mbalame yoterewu ndi wamfupi kukula, wokhala ndi khosi loyera. Mutu wake ndi waukulu. Miyendo yolimba komanso yolimba imalola mbalameyo kumamatira kunthambi za mitengo mosavuta, komanso ngakhale kupendekera pansi nthawi yayitali.

Makongoletsedwe amitundu yambiri yamphongo achimaso ndi okongola kwambiri komanso amakongoletsa - rasipiberi ofiira kapena ofiira oyera. Pakati pamimba yonse ya mbalamezi pamakhala timitengo tofiirira. Koma kuchuluka kwa akazi ndi kocheperako, kwamtundu wobiriwira komanso wonyezimira komanso kumaso kwa nthenga. Zidutswa zazingwe zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mtundu wautoto wosasuntha komanso malo owonekera.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi mlomo wa pamtanda, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo. Magawo am'munsi komanso apamwamba pamilomo atakulana ndikuzungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chida champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mbewu zisakhale zolimba kwambiri.

Mitundu ya Crossbill

Mpaka pano, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya pamtundu wapamtunda amaphunziridwa bwino komanso wamba:

• pamtunda kapena wamba (Lohia curvirostra) - mbalame ya m'nkhalango kuyimba. Amuna ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu chofiirira kapena chofiyira komanso pamimba pamimba. Akazi amadziwika ndi madera obiriwira obiriwira okhala ndi nthenga zachikasu zobiriwira pamthenga nthenga. Mbalame yaing'onoyo imachita imvi, yokhala ndi mitundu, ndipo anyamata azaka zoyambira zokhala ndi maula a lalanje.Mlomo sakhala wokulirapo, wamtali, wopindika, wopingasa pang'ono. Mutuwo ndiwokwanira
• Mtengo wa pamtengo wa paini (Lohia rytyorsittacus) ndi nkhalango, m'malo mwake ndi waukulu wamtundu wa nyimbo wokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 168 ndi utoto wa maonekedwe Kusiyana kwakukulu kumayimiriridwa ndi mulomo wawukulu kwambiri, wopangidwa ndi mulomo wolimba komanso mulomo. Pamwamba pa mulomo ndiwosamveka. Akazi amtunduwu amayimbanso, koma mwakachetechete komanso moyenera,
• crossbill yoyera-yoyera (Lokhia leucortera) - mbalame yokhala ngati utali wamtambo, lalitali, lalitali kutalika kwa mutu wa 14-16cm. Mitundu imadziwika ndi dimorphism yotchulidwa kwambiri. Akazi amakhala ndi maula achikasu, pomwe amuna amakhala nthenga zofiirira kapena zofiira. Mapiko ndi akuda ndi mikwaso yoyera,
• Mtanda waku Scotland (Loxia sotisa) ndiye dera lokhalo lomwe limakhala ku Great Britain. Mbalame yaing'ono yaying'ono yokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 15-17 ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 50. Mlomo wapamwamba ndi mulomo wotsika umadutsidwa.

Komanso, mitunduyi imayimiriridwa ndi Loxia mellaga Riley kapena msewu wolankhula Chispanya, ndi Loxia sibiriisa Pallas kapena msewu waku Siberian.

Malo okhala ndi malo okhala

Zipatso za Spruce zimakhala m'malo opezeka nkhalango ku Europe, komanso North-West Africa, kumpoto ndi pakati Asia ndi America, Philippines ndi gawo la mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union. Imakonda mitengo yosakanikirana komanso yosakanikirana, makamaka ya nkhalango zowirira.

Mtengo wa paini wa Crossbill mumakhala mitengo ya paini yotentha. Milandu yambiri ku Scandinavia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe. Mtunduwu umakhala wosowa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mtengo-spruce. Malo okhala mapiko oyera okhala ndi mapiko oyera ndi Russian taiga, Scandinavia ndi North America. Mtunduwu umakonda madera akutchire okhala ndi larch.

Khalidwe la Crossbill

Klest ndi nthawi ya masana, yotentha kwambiri, yosaoneka bwino komanso yaphokoso. Akuluakulu amauluka mwachangu, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendera kuthawa. Chizindikiro cha mtanda ndi moyo wosakhazikika. Mbidzi nthawi zambiri zimawuluka m'malo osiyanasiyana kupita kumalo ena kukafufuza malo opindulitsa.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Klest amatanthauza mbalame zamnkhalango za mtundu wachiwiri wa kubereka, chifukwa chake zimatchulidwa pamasamba a Red Book of Moscow.

Adani achilengedwe odutsana ndi malire sanakhalepo, chifukwa chake, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mbeu za coniferous pachakudya. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyo “imadzikola” m'moyo, motero nyama za mbalame zotere zimakhala zopanda pake, zowawa kwambiri, zosasangalatsa kwa nyama zodya zilizonse. Pambuyo paimfa, mtanda wamtanda suwola, koma umamyamwa, chifukwa cha zotsalira zomwe zimakhala mthupi.

Zakudya, zakudya zopatsa mphamvu

Zidutswa za mbalame ndi zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri. Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi kubowola kolimba, komwe kumatenga pakati ndi mulomo, motero maziko a chakudyacho ndi njere zomwe zimakhala ndi ma conifers.

Komanso nthawi zambiri amawoloka mbewu za mpendadzuwa. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuti mbalame zamtunduwu zizidya tizilombo, nthawi zambiri nsabwe za m'masamba.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! M'nyengo yotentha, chakudya chochepa, mitunda yodutsa ikhoza kuluma nthangala za udzu wamtchire, ndipo zaka zina, magulu a mbalame zotere amatha kuwononga kwambiri mbewu zomwe zabzalidwa.

Kuswana mitanda

Pakadali pakati pakati pa dziko lathu, maulendo owolowera nthawi zambiri amayamba chisa mu March. Kubwerezabwereza nesting kumawonedwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi kapena kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, ndikutulutsa kwofananira kwa larch ndi pine. M'nyengo yozizira, kuyambira Disembala mpaka March, mbalame zimapanga zisa m'madera okhala ndi zokolola zambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyama imabereka mosaganizira nthawi ya chaka.

Zisa za mbalame zimakhazikitsidwa mu korona wowonda wa conifers, nthawi zambiri pamitengo ya Khrisimasi ndipo nthawi zina samakhala pamitengo, pamtunda wa 2-10m pamwamba pamtunda. Gawo lonse lakunja la chisa limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nthambi zazifupi za spruce, ndipo gawo lamkati limayikidwa ndi nthambi zowonda kwambiri, mbewa ndi nyemba. Zinyalala za thireyi m'chisa chotsirizidwa zimayimiridwa ndi tsitsi la nyama ndi nthenga zochepa za mbalame. Pafupifupi m'mimba mwake mumakhala 12-13 cm komanso kutalika kwa 8-10 masentimita ndi tray kukula kwa 7.2 × 5.2 cm.

Monga lamulo, kuphatikiza kwa ma clutch ndi mazira atatu kapena asanu a mtundu oyera ngati chipale chofewa komanso tint ya buluu pang'ono ndi kukula kwa 22x16 mm. Pamaso pa mazira pali timiyala tofiirira. Nthawi yodzala mazira odzaza ndi milungu ingapo, pomwe wamkazi amakhala mu chisa, ndipo yamphongo imapeza chakudya ndikuyidyetsa.

Anapiye amene anabadwa ali ndi ubweya wonenepa wakuda. Masiku angapo oyambawo, chachikazi chimawotcha anapiye, kenako, ndi champhongo, chimayamba kuwuluka m'chisa kukafunafuna chakudya.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Kudyetsa anapiye, mbewu za ma conifers osiyanasiyana omwe amasinthidwa mu goiter yaimuna ndi yaikazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuuluka koyamba kumachitika ndi anapiye azaka zitatu. Pakadali pano, mbalame zazing'ono sizimawulukira patali ndipo zimagona chisa chawo nthawi zonse.

Poyamba, makolo omwe asiya chisa cha amphaka adadyetsedwa.

Okonda mbalame amayamika kudutsa kwamtambo chifukwa cha utoto wowala bwino ndikuti mbalame yaying'ono yamtchireyi imalowa msanga ndikuyimba. Mukamagwira, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti maula owala amasungidwa pokhapokha kuyambika kwa molt woyamba, ndipo mbalame yosungunuka sikuwoneka yokongola kwambiri panonso.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Nyimbo yodutsa imadzazidwa ndi mawu ambiri komanso nyimbo zambiri, koma ma buluti okhala ndi timiyala tating'ono timakhala ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri.

Amphaka ndi anyezi, maula a kangaude, komanso decoy ndi semolina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophera nsomba.. Ndipo mu zikhalidwe zachilengedwe komanso ma cellular, ma crossbill amadya ma coniferous masamba akhama kwambiri, komanso ma nibble achinyamata mphukira ndi zitsamba zina. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi amuna achikulire omwe ali ndi maonekedwe ofiira owoneka bwino.

Kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa mbalame, kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Mbalame yomwe yagwidwa siyingasungidwe zidutswa, koma zibzalidwe nthawi yomweyo mu khola lachitsulo, momwe timitengo ting'onoting'ono timitengo ndi timitengo tatsopano ta mbewu tikuyenera kuyiyika.

Dongosolo lakumalo lolumikizana mwachindunji limatengera chakudya chokwanira. Mbalame yotereyi imakonzeka kudya zosakaniza za tirigu zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi mapira, mbewu za canary ndikugwiriridwa. Mbalame zamtchire zimakondwera kwambiri ndi mtedza wosweka ndi nthanga za nthungu, nthambi zam'mera zokhala ndi masamba ndi nthambi zamitengo ya coniferous.

Mu khola, ndikofunikira kuyika zovala zamtundu wamadzi am'mwamba pamtunda wamchenga, dongo, phulusa, pathanthwe. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mayendedwe amtunda samalekerera kutentha kochepa kwa zipinda zamkati, kotero ndikofunika kuyika khola ndi mbalameyo pa khonde kapena loggia.

Klest-elovik

Klest-elovik
Gulu la asayansi

Klest the Elovik , kapena chikwapu wamba (lat. Loxia curvirostra), ndi nthiti ya nkhalango yochokera ku banja lanyama (Fringillidae), dongosolo la Passeriformes (Passeriformes). Imadziwika ndi mlomo wamphamvu wokhala ndi nsonga zodutsa komanso kudya zipatso za spruce ndi ma conifers ena (chifukwa chake dzina la Russia la mitundu).

Makhalidwe wamba

Mbalameyi ndi yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mpheta, koma yaying'ono kuposa nyenyezi. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 17 cm, kulemera kwa 43-57 g.

Ndizodziwikiratu kapangidwe kake kamkamwa. Mlomo ndi mulomo zimadutsana pakati pawo, ndipo malekezero ake akuthwa amapendekera m'mbali mwa mulomo. Monga mbawala, imagwiritsa ntchito mlomo kukwera.

Amuna amakhala ofiira kapena ofiira, ndipo m'munsi mwa m'mimba amakhala oyera. Akazi ndi amtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi nthenga m'maso achikasu. Mbalame zazing'ono zimayimiridwa ndi mitsempha, zazimuna zazimuna zoyambira chaka chamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa lalanje. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi zofiirira.

Mlomo suli wakuda kwambiri, wopendekera, wosapindika, wochepera kuposa malekezero, umakhala wautali komanso wowonda poyerekeza ndi mitundu yokhudzana ndi mtanda wa paini.

Ili ndi mutu waukulu, wotambalala pang'ono, ndipo imakupatsani mwayi kuti mupendekeke mozungulira mozungulira kuchokera kumanzere, mchira wochepa, wowoneka bwino.

Kugawa

Klest-elovik amakhala munkhalango zachilengedwe za Europe, North-West Africa, North ndi Central Asia, Philippines, North ndi Central America (kumwera kupita ku Guatemala). Zoperekedwa pagawo la USSR yakale.

Amakhala munthambo komanso yosakanikirana, koma makamaka mu spruce, samakonda kukhala paini ndi larch larch, koma osati m'nkhalango za mkungudza.

Gulu

Malingaliro agawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu:

• Loxia curvirostra bendirei
• Loxia curvirostra benti
• Loxia curvirostra curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758
• Loxia curvirostra grinnelli
• Loxia curvirostra ang'ono
• Loxia curvirostra pusilla
• Loxia curvirostra sitkensis
• Loxia curvirostra stricklandi

Kufotokozera kwa mbalame

Mtambo wopingasa ndi mbalame yaying'ono yokulirapo kuposa mpheta. Izi zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka. Mtambo wopingasa umakhala ndi mtanda wolumikizana, womwe umasiyanitsa ndi unyinji wonse wa mbalame.

Dzinali ndi lochokera ku Latin Latin (Loxia). Maulendo apamtunda ali amtundu wa nyimbo. Ngati tirikunena za chiyanjano cha makolo, ndiye kuti malire ndi a banja labwino, malinga ndi omwe amapita. Ma crossbill makamaka amakhala ku Northern Hemisphere. Zabwino kwambiri m'zakudya zake ndi mbewu za conifers, mainiine pine.
Ma mseu wapamtunda amatha kuthana ndi makilomita angapo chakudya - 2700-3500 km kuchokera chisa.

Mawonekedwe

Kuzindikira chopingasa - ndikoyenera kuyang'ana mulomo wake - ndi mawonekedwe ake okha, ndi mtundu wa mbalame yokha. Mtundu wa maula, mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kwa mithunzi yathupi. Mitundu yofunika kwambiri ndi iyi: wobiriwira, lalanje, imvi, chikaso. Nthawi zina mawonekedwe amtundu amatha kuphatikizira ndi kape wowoneka bwino, koma amangochita amuna okha. Mchirawo umagawidwa pawiri. Ponseponse, mitanda yopingasa imakhala ndi thupi lamphamvu komanso khosi lalifupi, zomwe zimawonjezera kuzungulira kowoneka.

Kukula konse kwa mbalameyi sikumasiyana kukula kwakukulu, kutalika: 17-20 cm kutalika, ndipo osapitirira 50-60 magalamu a kulemera.

Kubala ndi kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa mbalame

Palibe nthawi yotsimikizika yoperekera zakudya kwa mbalamezi. Mu zisa zotenthetsedwa ndi moss ndi nyemba, zazikazi zimayikira mazira 5 amtundu wabuluu.

Kwa masiku 14, mkaziyo amatenga mazira. Ndipo ngakhale atawoneka tiana tating'ono, iye samachoka kunyumba kwawo kufikira anapiye. Nthawi yonseyi, wamwamuna ndiye mthandizi wake wodalirika komanso womuteteza. Amadyetsa chachikazi mkamwa mwake wachilendo.

Zowoloka nyengo yachisanu Ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe siopa kubweretsa anapiye kuzizizira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chimodzi chachikulu cha mbalamezi. Ndi nthawi yozizira pomwe ma cones a conveers okhwima.

Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, makolo amayenera kudyetsa anapiye awo mpaka mulomo wawo utakhala wofanana ndi wawukulu wowolokera. Mtengo wokhala ndi ulusi utangopezeka m'ndime za achibale achikulire, amaphunzira kudula ma cones ndipo pang'onopang'ono amayamba kudzidalira.

Ma Chingwe imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi akuluakulu osati kokha ndi mulomo wake, komanso ndi mtundu wa kuchuluka kwawo. Poyamba, imachita imvi ndi mbalame.

Okonda mbalame ambiri komanso nyama akudziwa mtanda wake chosangalatsa, chosangalatsa komanso chabwino. Ndi mbalame zochezeka komanso zamtundu wabwino. Izi zimathandizira eni atsopano kuti azikhala ndi chidaliro kuti ali ndi tsitsi pambuyo pa ukapolo chifukwa chakufuna. Mbalame imazolowera chilichonse chatsopano chomwe chimachitika ndi mtanda mwachangu kwambiri.

Zakhala zikutchulidwa kuti khola la munthu wamiseche liyenera kukhala lolimba. Zingakhale bwinonso nyengo yotentha kumanga chiweto chonga cha mlengalenga, chokhala ndi tchire ndi mitengo mkati mwake. Izi zimapatsa mbalame mwayi woti imve ngati ali mu ukapolo, monga zimakhalira m'nkhalango.

Chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yotere, mbalame imamva bwino ndikubala mu ukapolo. Ngati machitidwe ake akukonzera kuti asasowe, ndiye kuti mbalameyo siikhala yowala komanso yokhazikika, ndiye kuti mtambowo umazirala pang'onopang'ono kenako umamwalira.

Sichabwino kusunga mbalame m'chipinda chotentha, sizikhala bwino pamikhalidwe yotere. Ndikusamalidwa bwino, msewu wopingasa, ukasamalidwa bwino, sangalalani ndi kuyimba kokongola komanso kosakhazikika, kwamtundu wabwino.

Mwamuna ndi mkazi: zosiyana

Pazowoloka, maonekedwe a kugonana ayenera kutchulidwa kwambiri - amuna ndi owala kuposa akazi.

Nthawi zambiri, amuna amakhala ndi rasipiberi, lalanje, mithunzi yobiriwira, pomwe akazi amakhala ndi zovala zonse za pastel - imvi, chikasu, choyera, chobiriwira, chimayamba kulowa imvi. Potengera kukula kwa thupi, amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana.

Pochita maulendo owoloka, wamphongo amatengedwa kuti ndi wodyetsa - ndiye amene, pambuyo pobadwa kwa anapiyewo mpaka ana awo, amasamalira kudyetsa kwawo.

Khalidwe ndi kadyedwe

Klestov amatchedwa oyenda chifukwa cha moyo wawo komanso kukonda ndege. Sakonda kukhala padziko lapansi. Mbalamezi zimamva bwino kukhala m'mitengo. Ndizosangalatsa kuti nsanja zodutsa zimakhala ndi ma tchuthi olimba, chifukwa chomwe amatha kupachika pansi osataya moyenera, popanda zizindikiro zosasangalatsa kapena kutopa. Maulendo owoloka ndi mbalame masana omwe amakonda kupuma usiku.

Habitat

Mbalame zimakonda zokongola m'nkhalango za paini, posankha mitengo yayitali kwambiri, pomwe nyama yakudya kapena diso la munthu silimawoneka. Pothawirapo iwo ndi kuchulukana kwa nthambi za payini kapena spruce, zomwe zimawateteza ku mphepo ndi matalala.

Mbalame yosamukira kapena yozizira

Maulendo owoloka ndi mbalame zokhalamo. Amadziwika ndi dzina ladzina. Pofunafuna chakudya, matebulo amayenda mtunda wautali. Ponena za maulendo ena opita kumayiko ena chifukwa cha nyengo, izi sizokhudza iwo. Maulendo apandege ndi mbalame zakumpoto, zosinthidwa bwino ndi chisanu, kuwonjezera apo, zimasinthidwa ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri. Monga chitetezo ku chimfine, nsanja zodutsa zimakonda kufunda zisa zawo - pansi pake amakhala nthawi zonse wokutidwa ndi moss kapena tsitsi la nyama, lomwe limapanga wosanjikiza.

Mwachikhalidwe kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu yamtunduwu wa mbalamezi: mtengo wamtanda, mtanda-pine, ndi mapiko oyera. Palinso ma subspecies.

Klest-elovik

Wamphongo amakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, wonyezimira, wamtambo wamtambo. Akazi amakhala ndi mitundu yosachepera utoto: imvi yobiriwira, chikasu chosinthika. Kapangidwe kamalangidwe kake kamakhala kolumikizana, makulidwe ake ndi kochepa, kotakata. Kutalika kwa thupi: 17-20 cm, kulemera - 43-55 magalamu.

Mitengo yamkutu imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma za ku Europe, Central Asia, Africa, North ndi Central America, ndi Philippines.

Mitengo ya spruce, monga mitundu ina yonse yowoloka, ndi mbalame zamasiku. Amphamvu kwambiri ndipo samangokhala phee. Mitengo ya spruce imayenda mofulumira, imakhala ndi miyendo yolimba yomwe imamatirira bwino nthambi.

Mtengo wa pine

Kwa mbalame yamtunduwu, imadziwika ndi mtundu wofanana ndi mtengo wamtanda. Mbali yake payokha ndi mlomo wambiri yochititsa chidwi. Ngati mulomo wakuthwa kwa mphiri wawung'ono ndi wocheperako, ndiye kuti mtunduwu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu, ozungulirazungulira omaliza. Kutalika kwa thupi: kuyambira 16 mpaka 18 cm, kulemera - mpaka 50 magalamu.

Sosnovik amakhala m'maiko a Scandinavia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe. Mtunduwu ndi wocheperako kuposa mitengo ya spruce.

Mtambo wokhala ndi mapiko oyera

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zamtunduwu ndi mitundu yambiri yamapiko, yomwe imasungunuka ndi kuyera. Woyambira wamkulu ndi wakuda - masamba okha kapena mizere yayitali pamapiko ndi yoyera. Amuna amapakidwa utoto wowala kuposa zachikazi - rasipiberi, lalanje ndi chikasu, zachikazi - imvi.

Kutalika kwa thupi: mpaka 16 cm, kulemera - 43-50 magalamu.

Malo okhala mapiko oyera okhala ndi mapiko oyera amaonedwa kuti ndi: Russian taiga, Scandinavia, North America.

Mbalamezi zimadzimva kukhala zabwino kwambiri ngakhale chisanu chodutsa 50, kwinaku zikuimba nyimbo zawo.

Ndi chisamaliro mosamala, mtanda wamtunduwu umafika zaka 10 mu ukapolo. Zowoloka zimayenda bwino pamagetsi, ndimochezeka. Mbalamezi zimasungidwa bwino kwambiri m'matumba akuluakulu oyeza mita 1 ndi 1.8 m.Zinthu zoyenera kwambiri za m'maselo ndizitsulo.
Zowoloka pamtunda zimazolowera kumalo atsopano.Muyenera kudziwa kuti ali mu ukapolo, kuwoloka mapepala msanga kumatha msanga.

Kuswana kunyumba

Kuberekanso kunyumba kuli pamlingo wabwino kwambiri. Mukamaweta mbalamezi, okonda ambiri amatenga timiyala ta m'mphepete mwa ngalande, ndikuyamba kuimba bwino bwino Canary.

Kunyumba, nsanja zowoloka bwino, koma pokhapokha eni ake atasamalira bwino. Choyamba, mbalame zingapo zimakhazikitsidwa mu khola, momwe zimasankhira wokwatirana. Zotsatira zomwe zimapangidwira zimasinthidwa ku cell ina kuti ziberekenso. Mikhalidwe ya chisa chopangidwa mwaluso mu khola, njira zopyola zimapereka ana abwino.

Zosangalatsa

1. Zowoloka pamtunda zimatchedwa mbalame ya Khristu. Pali nthano kuti pamtanda wa Yesu, mbalameyi idafuna kuchotsa misomali m'thupi.
2. M'moyo wonse, maulendo owoloka amadzilimbitsa okha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti amamwa phula yambiri, yomwe singalole matupi awo kuola.
3. Maulendo owoloka ndi njira zowuluka mtunda wautali mukufufuza ma cones, mpaka 3,500 km kuchokera ku chisa.
4. Makolo akale amakumbukidwe amakono adawoneka padzikoli zaka zoposa 10,000 zapitazo.
5. Zowoloka pamtunda zimatha kumamatira nthambi zolimba ndi manja awo. Mothandizidwa ndi izi, amatha kukhala momasuka ndikusankha mbewu zomwe akufuna ku ma cones.
6. Klestam saopa chisanu - opanda 50 iwo amawona ngati kutentha wamba.

Kuyimba

Malambalala a nyimbo. Nthawi yomwe amakonda amakonda kuyimba nthawi ya ndege. Zimakhala zosatheka kuwona nyimbo yomwe ili pamtunda. Nyimbo za Melodies zoimbidwa ndi mtanda zimawoneka ngati mzungu kapena kuwonekera kwina. Nthawi zina, mawu ake amtunduwu amafika pang'onopang'ono. Poyerekeza ndi mawu, nyimboyo imafanana ndi zilembo: "guluu" - "guluu" - "flé".