Mbidzi ya nyama ndi nyama yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi makoswe. Nyama, nazonso, ndi "abale" apamtima agologolo, ngakhale sizili zofanana kwambiri ndi iwo.
Padziko lapansi pano, asayansi apeza mitundu 15 ya nyama. Nthawi ina, m'masiku akale osamukira kwanyama, ma marm adasamukira ku America kupita ku Asia, ngakhale kuti nyama zina, m'malo mwake, zidathamangira kumadzulo. Mitundu ingapo ya oimira awa a banja la agologolo amakhala ku kontrakitala ya ku Europe.
Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu kotani pakati pa mbalame za mbalamezi zomwe zimakhala m'magawo osiyanasiyana, ndipo zimawagwirizanitsa? Zachidziwikire, ngakhale amakhala kumadera osiyanasiyana, nyengo zonse zimafanana. Kuphatikiza apo, phokoso lirilonse limagwera potengera kuzizira. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa nyama izi ndikuti ndizomera ndipo sizikhala zokha, koma m'malire.
Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya marm yomwe ilipo m'chilengedwe?
Marmo agawika m'magulu akulu akulu: mapiri (baibaks) ndi mapiri, gulu lililonse ili ndi mitundu ingapo ya nyama. Mitundu yotsatana ya nkhwangwa ilipo:
- Himalayan marmot
- Kamchatka marmot
- Alpine marmot,
- Menzbir marmot,
- chofiyira chofiyira
- Altai marmot,
- steppegnok (baibak),
- imvi,
- marmot-achikasu achikasu,
- pansi
- ChiMongoli,
- mitengo yamatayilo,
- imvi
- Alaskan marmot,
- Vancouver Groundhog
- Olimpiki ya Olimpiki
- maziko a gulu la bobak.
Moyo wa marmo
Nyama izi zimakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali m'miyoyo yawo. M'malo omwe mbalamezi zimakhala, ndimakola mitundu ingapo, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi cholinga. Mwachitsanzo, amamanga zingwe zotchinga, zotchingira m'chilimwe (kuwatchingira) ndi zingwe zozizira (za hibernation).
Kutentha kwenikweni komanso nthawi yamadzulo, nyama zimakhazikika "m'nyumba" zawo nthawi yachisanu kuti zipse. Kuti pasapezeke amene akusokoneza banjali likugona dzenje, khomo la marm limakutidwa ndi "cork" zopangidwa ndi miyala ndi nthaka. Pamagona, matupi awo amadya chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwamafuta ambiri m'chilimwe. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Marichi, ndipo nthawi zina kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February, nyama zimadzuka ndi kubwerera ku moyo wawo wabwinobwino.
Kodi marmoti amadya chiyani?
Monga chakudya, nyama izi zimasankha udzu wokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amadya zitsamba zosiyanasiyana m'miyezi yosiyanasiyana. Chapakatikati, pomwe chivundikiro chobiriwira sichikwanira, marmoti amayenera kukhala wokhutitsidwa ndi mababu ndi ma rhizomes. M'miyezi yotentha, nyamayo "imadya" ndi mphukira zazing'ono za mbewu zamaluwa, maluwa, zitsamba ndi zipatso zamasamba. Pamodzi ndi zakudya zamasamba, tizilombo timalowanso m'mimba. Ma groundhogs safunika kumwa madzi.
Momwe maroni amaberekera
Patatha mwezi umodzi kubisala, pafupifupi mu Epulo - Meyi, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba m'mphepete. Mayi woyembekezera amakhala ndi pakati pa masiku 30 mpaka 35, kenako mbawala zazing'ono zimabadwa. Pafupifupi, munthu m'modzi amabereka ana anayi mpaka 6. Palibe ubweya kwathunthu kwa iwo, pambali pake, sawona chilichonse. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kamkhongo kakang'ono kamene kamangobadwa kumene sikama gramu 40, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 11. Ndi zazing'ono kwambiri, monga ana agalu! Amayi amadyetsa ana mkaka kwa masiku 50 atabadwa. Ndipo patatha masiku 40 kubadwa kwa mbalamezo, zimatuluka mugawo ndikudya udzu.
Khalidwe La Groundhog
Marmo ndi nyama zamtendere kwambiri, amakonda kukonza masewera pafupi ndi minks yawo, makamaka kuthengo. Nthawi zina, komabe, amatha kumenyana wina ndi mnzake, koma izi ndizosowa kwambiri. Ngakhale "chibwano" chawo chimawoneka choseketsa kuchokera kumbali. Masomphenya a nyamazo ndi akuthwa kuposa kumva, mbalamezi zimayang'ana munthu kuposa mamita 400! Ngati chiweto chizimva chokha, ndiye kuti chithamanga, ndikuyenda (chikukuvula mchira wake), chikuchenjeza banja lonse kuti nthawi yakubisalira mdzenje.
Groundhog imapindulitsa anthu
Anthu akhala akusaka nyama kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma bwanji? Mafuta onenepa kwambiri nthawi yotentha amapezanso nyama, ngakhale kuti ndi malo ochezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ubweya wa nyama umayamikiridwa kwambiri. Ubwino wamafuta a marmot mu mankhwala wowerengeka ndiovuta kwambiri kudya! Chifukwa cha kutentha kwake, imatha kuchiritsa munthu matenda ambiri.
Komwe kuli marmoti kumakhala
Malowa amakhala m'malo otetezeka a nkhokwe, kumapiri kwa mapiri komanso kumapiri a mapiri. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, amapezeka paliponse pamatanthwe onse, koma kuthamangitsidwa ndi munthu, komanso kulima kwa namwali opatsirana kunapangitsa kuti malo okhala marmel adachepetsedwa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi izi za banja la agologolo sizikugwirizana pakati pa mbewu ndipo sizingavulaze mkate, monga gopher. Amangochisiya izi.
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Maonekedwe a Groundhog
Groundhog imasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi logogoda mwamphamvu, mutu waukulu womwe makutu ang'onoang'ono amakhala. Masamba a chimbudzi ndi yolimba komanso yaifupi, yokhala ndi zibwano zopangidwa bwino. Munthu aliyense payekha amatha kulemera ma kilogalamu 7, kukhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 60 sentimita.
Ubweya wa pamiyala ndi wandiweyani, wopepuka komanso wofewa, pakufunika kwambiri. Utoto ukhoza kukhala wachikaso chowala mpaka chofiirira chakuda ndi kuphatikizika kwa matani ofiira, ofiira kapena otuwa.
Zikopa zapamwamba kwambiri, nyama yokoma komanso malo akuluakulu mafuta opatsa thanzi, omwe samangokhala ndi luso laukadaulo, komanso mankhwala, amafotokozera kutchuka kwa nyama yopanda vuto ili pakati pa osaka.
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Mitundu ya Groundhog
M'madera athu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya marm imatha kukhala. Chodziwika kwambiri komanso chofala kwambiri ndi marmot baibak ndi abale ake apafupi - marmot grim, Siboran marmot. Amakhala mdera lakutchire ndi malo okhala nkhalango ku Europe ... Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza marmam-akuda ndi marmot ang'onoang'ono, Menziber, anthu okhala ndi timitengo yayitali ..
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Zomwe zikuchitika m'moyo wa marmot ndichilengedwe
Groundhog pakhomo la dzenje
Ngakhale malo akuluakulu ogawikirako, mitundu yonse ya marm ndi yofanana. Sitepe yomwe amakhala ndiiwo nthawi zonse imaphimbidwa marmot. Mapiriwo akuwoneka ngati mapiri oyenda pang'onopang'ono padziko lapansi, omwe amaponyedwa ndi mibadwo yambiri ya marm kumtunda kuchokera pansi mwakuya. Marmo amatha kutalika mpaka mita, ndipo madera awo nthawi zambiri amayeza masentimita lalikulu. Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa dothi komanso kuchuluka kwa zotsalira za zinthu zachilengedwe - zotsatira za ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya makoswe, nyengo zabwino pakupanga mitundu yazomera zimapangidwa pa marmot. Chifukwa chake, potengera maziko a steppe, amawonekera kwambiri ndipo akuwoneka ngati mawanga obiriwira. Kukwera kwa marmulo kumathandiza kuti nyamazo zizitha kuona bwino malo ake.
Nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhala m'midzi ndi kutsogolera zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zimawonekera kutali. Atazindikira mlenjeyo, amathamanga kwambiri monga momwe angathere kupita ku ma marm kwawo ndikubisala m'makola awo. Nyama zomwezo, zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, zimayima pamwamba pa marm, zimatuluka m'mizere ndikuyimba mluzu. Alamu imasamutsidwa kuchokera ku marmot kupita ina. Makokawo, atamva izi, amasokoneza kudyetsa kwawo ndikutembenukira kumakutu opulumutsa.
Kulumikizana pakati pa nyama ndi maonekedwe ooneka pakati pa zinyama ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri paulimi ndipo zimasiya mawonekedwe ena a zamoyo zawo. Marmo sangakhale yekha. Ndipo ngakhale akuwedza kwambiri, ziwerengero zawo zimachepera, zimakumana m'magulu ndikupanga magulu atsopano.
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Mabanja a Groundhog
Banja la marmot limatha kukhala pahekala imodzi mpaka hekitala imodzi. Pakhoza kukhala malo okhala ma 3-4 a nesting. Iliyonse mwamabowo mumakhala mabowo angapo, okhala ndi masentimita 20-30 omwe amatsogolera mkati mwachipinda chogona. Zingwe zazitali ndizovuta kwambiri mobisa. M'makalasi akale, kutalika kwa maphunzirowa kukhoza kufika mamitala angapo, ndipo kuya kwake ndi mita 3-4. Palinso zipinda zozizira, chipinda cha ana achilimwe, amakhala pafupi ndi potuluka. M'nyengo yozizira, malo obisalirapo amabisala ndi banja lonse, ndipo nyama zoposa 10 zimatha kupezeka chisa chimodzi. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa zipinda zodyerako ndikakulu kwambiri, ngakhale munthu wamkulu amatha kulowa m'mazimo.
Mukati mwa tsamba labanja pali zimbudzi zina zomwe nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yotentha. Ma Marshmallows amamangirira pamodzi njira zopondapondana, makamaka zowoneka bwino pamene udzu wayamba kutuluka.
Kuphatikiza pa nesting, nthawi zonse pamakhala mabowo oteteza patsogolopa 2-3, omwe ziweto zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.
M'mapiri, mizere ya pansi pamadzi imapezeka nthawi zambiri pamiyala, m'miyala, pansi pa mitengo. Nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pamiyala ikuluikulu, ngati kuti ikusungira malowo.
Kugawa kwa marmot m'malo omwe amakhala ndi kosiyana kwambiri. Ndi mpumulo wocheperako, sangathe kukhazikika, ndipo malo awo amakhala ochepa. Akatswiri amatcha mtundu wamtunduwu kuti steppe. Amadziwika ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha nyama, kufikira anthu 200 pa kilomita imodzi yamalo.
M'mapiri, madera omwe amakhala ndi anthu ambiri amakhala omata pang'ono mmbali mwake. Nyumba zokhala m'malo zimakhazikika m'malo opanda anthu. Palinso mtundu wokhazikika, pamene m'malire omwe siabwino moyo wa nyama izi mungathe kukumana ndi magulu omwe ali kutali kwambiri. Apa, matoko a marm ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndipo pa 1 kilomita imodzi palibe nyama yopitilira 30-40.
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Groundhog hibernation
Kuzungulira kwa chaka kwa chaka kumakhala ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito yapadziko lapansi - imatenga miyezi 4-5, ndi kubisala - komwe kumatenga chaka chonse. M'malo ambiri, mbalame za m'mimba zimadzuka pakati pa masika ndikugona ndi nthawi yophukira.
Chapakatikati, pansi pamagwa, mabowo akuwala atangowonekera kumene malo otsetsereka kumwera. Pa hibernation, amawononga gawo lawo lokhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo kuyambira nthawi yophukira. Koma chiyambi cha kudzikundikira kwatsopano kwamafuta kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono. Mafuta amadziunjikira kuposa miyezi 3-4. Pofika nthawi hibernation malo obisika amakwaniritsa mpaka 2 kilogalamu yamafuta.
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Kuswana Kwapansi
Akazi a Groundhog okhala ndi ana
Malangizo amtunduwu amayambira kulowa m'mizere, asanatulukire kwambiri padziko lapansi. Yaikazi imatha kubweretsa ana 4-5, omwe atatha milungu itatu ya kudya mkaka itayamba kuwonekera. Pofika nthawi ino, mabanja akutha nthawi yachisanu amawonedwa, ndipo nyamazo zimakhazikika m'malo otentha, osasiya malire a chiwembu. Mbalame zokhala ngati mbalame zimatha kugona kwakanthawi m'malo okhala osakhalamo, ndikuziyeretsa komanso pang'onopang'ono kusiya kucheza ndi burashi wamba wachilengedwe.
Monga lamulo, m'miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo, oposa theka la maram onse amkazi omwe amabweretsedwa ndi akazi amafa. Kukula kwachichepere ndi njira yosavuta ya nkhandwe, corsacs, achangu ndi mphungu.
Kuyamba mochedwa kukhwima, kusabereka kwakukulu kwa akazi, omwe ali oposa theka la chiwerengero chonsecho komanso kuchoka kwakukulu kwa nyama zazing'ono, amafotokoza kuthekera kotsika kwambiri kwa makoswe kuti abwezeretse manambala awo panthawi yomwe akuwedza kwambiri.
Zochita ndi kayendedwe ka marm zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri m'miyezi yosiyanasiyana. Malangizo amakhala otakataka kwambiri pambuyo pa kubisala komanso pamaso pa achichepere. Kenako zochitika za nyama zachikulire zimachepa, ndipo pofika nthawi ya hibernation, amachepetsa kangapo chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri. Kuyenda kocheperako komanso kukoka kwa nyamazo kupita kumakumba kwawo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti aziwedza panthawi imeneyi. Koma ngakhale nthawi yayitali, marm amatha pafupifupi maola anayi patsiku kunja kwa burashi.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa kuti sabata lisanafike hibernation mabowo amatseka makomo onse kulowa mdzenje, kusiya imodzi yokha. Kuti achite izi, amakankha miyala ikulu-ikulu m'dzenjemo ndi nkhope zawo, ndikuziphimba ndi dothi ndi ndowe, kenako ndikupanga zonse mwamphamvu. Mapulagi oterewa amatha kukhala ndi makulidwe pafupifupi mita 1.5-2.
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Mtengo wa Marmot
Zikopa za Marmot zimadzaza kwathunthu kwa miyezi 1-1.5 mutadzuka ku hibernation komanso kwa mwezi watha musanagone nyengo yachisanu. Pakusala kwazinyama zogwira ntchito, khungu lake ndilopanda ntchito. Chiyambire ndi nthawi yosungunuka kumasiyana kwambiri. Kukhetsa kumachitika kwambiri komanso kwakanthawi.
Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zikopa, mafuta ndi nyama kumatsimikizira phindu lalikulu lazachuma cha pansi.
Njira za migodi ya Groundhog
Momwe mungayikire pansi
Njira zomwe zimapangidwira pansi ndizosiyanasiyana. Dera lililonse limakhala ndi zanzeru zake, zomwe nthawi zina sizigwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ena.
Kuwombera mfuti kapena mfuti yaying'ono kumadziwika kwambiri. Kusaka kumachitika makamaka pobisala. Kusungitsa nyama mu burashi ndikosathandiza. Ndikwabwino kuwombera nyama kuchokera ku mfuti zazing'ono zazing'ono, momwe chida chowonera chimasinthidwanso ndi ntchentche ya fupa, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyenera komanso osayaoneka. Chimango chowoneka chimaphimbidwa ndi zida zapadera zachitsulo ndikusuta utsi wamakungwa a birch. Izi zimachotsa kunyezimira kwachitsulo, komwe kumatha kusokoneza kutsata kolondola. Mabomba apadera amamangidwa kumanja kwa mfuti kuti kuwombera kokhazikika kuyambira pomwe uyimire. Zipangizozi zimalola kuwombera kolondola pamunsi pamutu pamtunda wautali wa 50 metres.
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Patulani pamene mukusaka bwalo
Akasaka ambiri amavala mkanjo woyera, mapira am'mondo ndi zidutswa zam'mapewa kuti zimveke zosavuta kuti zizikwera nyama. Mmanja mwa mlenje ali ndi burashi wautali wa tsitsi loyera la ponytail. Ndikusamba burashi, amasaka nyama zosangalatsa.
Kuphatikiza pa zida zake, msakiyo amanyamula chingwe chachitali chokhala ndi waya - dygen. Ndi thandizo lake, amatha kutulutsa marumbu akufa, omwe nthawi zina amagwera kwambiri m'dzenje la dzenje. Wowombera wabwino amatha kukwera mpaka 20 pansi pa mfuti patsiku losaka.
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Msampha Wa Groundhog
Kutchera msampha ndiyo njira yothandiza kwambiri yosodza. Pochita usodzi misampha ya arc No. 3. Panthawi yakuwedza, ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuyiyika osati pakhomo la dzenje, popeza pano nyama imachita mosamala, koma papulatifomu yowonera kapena njira. Kubisala kwabwino ndikotsimikizira kuti msamphawo sudzakhala wopanda kanthu.
Khomalo lolimbitsa msampha liyenera kukhonyedwa pansi kuti chimbudzi chomwe chatalowa mumsampha, kukoka unyolo, chitha kufikira dzenje ndikulowamo. Apa azichita zinthu modekha mumsampha ndipo sangathe kuthyola kapena kupindika unyolo.
Pamageti aliwonse okhala, mutha kukhazikitsa misampha 1-2. Kuwayang'ana tsiku lililonse ndi 910 a.m. ndipo ola limodzi dzuwa lisanalowe. Atagwira mozungulira ma marmot kuchokera ku marmot, zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri kukonzanso misampha ndipo osayisunga pamalo amodzi kwa masiku opitilira 3-4. Pogwiritsa ntchito misampha yokwana pafupifupi 3, mlenje waluso amatha kudutsa ma marm 15 mpaka 15 patsiku.
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Njira zina zopangira migodi
Kuphatikiza apo, agalu nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwire marmit omwe amabwerera kutali kuchokera kumakamba;
Kuwedza nsomba za marmot, kuzinyamula ndi mabowo ndi kufufuta kwa zotsalazo ndizoletsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mtundu wa kusaka - ndiwosathandiza.
Lero tidayankhula za zizolowezi za pansi, momwe nyama izi zimakhalira, zomwe amadya, momwe zimaswana ndi njira zomwe akugwirira ntchito zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama. Kodi mudasakapo nthiti? Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwa ife kumva zomwe mwakumana nazo posaka nyama iyi. Gawanireni nkhani yanu.
Tikuyembekezera ndemanga zanu ndi ndemanga, ganani ndi gulu lathu la VKontakte!