Zaka: | Moyo ndi mndandanda wa zosankha za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira. Mbalame Zosamukira ndi kanema wonena za mkazi, tsogolo la mwana wake limatengera kusankha kwake.
Julia anachoka kumudzi kwawo zaka 20 zapitazo ndipo sanabwerereko. Kenako anali ndi pakati. Zaka zonsezi, sanapitirizebe kulumikizana ndi banja lake. Julia adasamukira ku Moscow ndipo zaka zonsezi adakhala mosangalala ndikulera mwana wawo wamwamuna. Koma vuto linagogoda kunyumba kwake. Mwanayo anali wopanda vuto ndipo tsopano akuyembekezera ndende. Mkaziyo ali wokhumudwa ndipo sakudziwa momwe angathandizire mwana, koma chifukwa cha chipulumutso chake amakhala wokonzekera chilichonse.
Ogwira ntchito zamtundu wapadera adaganiza zopezerapo mwayi boma la amayi awo. Ngakhale zaka 20 zapitazo, abambo a Julia adatsogolera gulu limodzi la zigawenga zomwe zidachita nkhondo mumzinda. Zaka zonsezi, kusaka kwenikweni kudachitidwa ndi munthu, koma palibe amene adatha kugwirapo. Tsopano mabungwe omenyera malamulo akutembenukira kwa Julia kuti awathandize, ndipo pobweza amatsimikizira kuti mwana wawo wamwamuna adzamasulidwa. Mzimayi akuyenera kubwerera kudziko lakwawo, kukakhazikitsa ubale ndi abambo ake, kudzikhuthula ndikuwonetsa zonse zokhudza iye ku ntchito zachinsinsi.
Mbalame zosamukasamuka
Mwa chikhalidwe chakusuntha kwakunyengo, mbalame zimagawidwa pokhazikika, kusuntha, kapena kusamuka. Kuphatikiza apo, pansi pazinthu zina, mbalame, monga nyama zina, zimathamangitsidwa mdera lililonse osabwereranso, kapena kuwalowetsa (kuwalowetsa) kumadera omwe amakhala kosakhalitsa, kusamukira kumeneko sikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kusamukira. Kutulutsa kapena kuyambitsa kumalumikizidwa ndi kusinthika kwachilengedwe - kuwotcha kwamoto, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kutulutsa kwina, ndi zina zotere, kapena ndi kukhazikitsanso kwa mtundu wina m'malo ochepa. M'mikhalidwe yotere, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuti zizifunafuna malo atsopano, ndipo kuyenda kotereku sikogwirizana ndi njira yawo moyo kapena nyengo. Mafotokozedwe amatchulidwanso kuti mawu oyamba - kusamutsa mwadala kwa mitundu kumadera komwe sanakhaleko. Zotsirizira, mwachitsanzo, zimaphatikizapo nyenyezi wamba. Nthawi zambiri ndizosatheka kunena mosatsimikiza kuti mbalame zomwe zapatsidwa nkokhazikika, yoyenda mozungulira, kapena yosuntha: mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu imodzimodziyo, ngakhale mbalame za anthu omwewo, zimatha kukhala mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ma wren m'mitundu yambiri, kuphatikiza pafupifupi Europe ndi Circumpolar Commander ndi zilumba za Aleutian, amakhala pamtunda, ku Canada komanso kumpoto kwa United States kumayendayenda pamtunda wopanda kanthu, ndipo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, Scandinavia ndi Kum'mawa Kwakutali kusamukira. Mumankhwala wamba kapena wonyetsa buluu (Cyanocitta cristata) zimatheka ngati gawo lomweli la mbalame nthawi yachisanu limapita kum'mwera, gawo limachokera kumpoto, ndipo gawo limakhala lokhazikika.
Mbalame zokhazikika
Mbalame zokhazikika ndizomwe zimatsatira gawo laling'ono ndipo sizisunthira kunja. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zotere imakhala m'malo momwe nyengo amasinthira sizikhudza kupezeka kwa chakudya - nyengo yotentha komanso yotentha. M'malo otentha komanso kumpoto, pali mbalame zochepa zotere, makamaka ma synanthropes, mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi munthu ndikudalira iye: njiwa ya buluu, mpheta yam'makomo, khwangwala imvi, jackdaw ndi ena. Mbalame zina zangokhala, zotchedwa achisoni, kunja kwanyengo yoswana, imasamukira patali yaying'ono kuchokera kumalo ake odyera - pagawo la Russian Federation, mbalame zotere zimaphatikizapo grouse, grouse, grouse wakuda, pang'ono pang'ono komanso wamba oatmeal. .
Mbalame zoyendayenda
Mbalame zosamukasamuka ndi mbalame zomwe zimangoyendayenda m'malo ndi malo kukafunafuna chakudya panthawiyi yobereketsa. Kusunthika koteroko sikogwirizana ndi cyclicity ndipo zimadalira kupezeka kwathunthu kwa chakudya.
Ku Russia, mbalame zamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo titmouse, nuthatch, jay, crossbill, pike, siskin, bullfinch, waxwing, etc.
Mbalame zosamukasamuka
Mbalame zosamukira zimasuntha nthawi zonse pakati pa malo okhala ndi malo osungira nthawi yachisanu. Kubwezeretsanso malo kumatha kuchitika nthawi yayitali komanso yayitali. Malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, kuthamanga kwothamanga kwa mbalame zazing'ono kuli pafupifupi 30 km / h, ndipo kwa mbalame zazikulu pafupifupi 80 km / h. Nthawi zambiri amadutsa m'magawo angapo poyimitsa kupumira ndi kudya. Zocheperako mbalame, zazifupi ndi mtunda womwe zimatha kudziwa nthawi imodzi: mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kuwuluka mosalekeza kwa maola 70 - 90, kwinaku zikuyenda mtunda wa 4000 km.
Mayendedwe Amnjira
- Kusamuka kosiyana.
- Kusunthira kwa Rollover.
- Kusunthidwa kozungulira. Pakasamukira kuzungulira, njira zoyambira masika ndi nthawi yophukira sizigwirizana.
Kusuntha kumatha kuwongoleredwa molunjika (kuchokera kudera lina kupita kwina ndikukhalabe malo omwe kuli kale), kapena molunjika (kumapiri ndi mosemphanitsa).
Mayendedwe apandege
Mayendedwe osunthira mbalame ndi osiyanasiyana. Kwa mbalame zakumpoto, zimakonda kuuluka kumpoto (komwe mbalame zimakhalira) kum'mwera (komwe zimazizira) ndi mosemphanitsa. Kuyenda kotereku kumadziwika kuti ndi kotentha komanso kosangalatsa kwa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Kusamutsidwa kumeneku kudakhazikitsidwa ndi zifukwa zingapo, zazikulu zomwe zimagulira ndalama - nthawi yotentha kumapeto kwa kumpoto, kuchuluka kwa maola masana, zomwe zimapatsa mbalame mbalame mwayi wopatsa ana awo chakudya: poyerekeza ndi mbalame zam'malo otentha, mazira ake ali pamwamba. Mu nthawi yophukira, kutalika kwa maola masana kuchepera, mbalamezo zimasamukira kumadera otentha, kumene chakudya chimakhala chosagonjetseka ndi nyengo.
Zolemba
- ↑ 12 Bogolyubov A. S., Zhdanova O. V., Kravchenko M. V. "Buku lofotokoza za ornithology. Kusamukira kwa mbalame ”Moscow," Ecosystem ", 2006 pa intaneti
- ↑Adatulutsa mitundu Encyclopedia Britannica. Werengani 2008-09-02
- ↑ Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, David A. Christie “Buku la Mbalame Zadziko Lapansi, Vol. 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes »Lynx Edicions. 2005. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
- ↑ Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Kusamukira Kwama mbalame. Maonekedwe a Geographic Kusamuka. Werengani 2007-09-02
- ↑ 12 Berthold, P. 1993. Kusamukira kwa mbalame: kafukufuku wapadera. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
- ↑ 12 Thomas Alerstam "Kusamukira Kwama mbalame" University of Cambridge Press
- ↑Kusamukira kwa mbalame Universitetet i Oslo. Werengani 2007-09-02
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