Cinema Cinema Park Grand Canyon * Nyengo

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Geology

Grand Canyon ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zachilengedwe. Zotsatira zinayi zakuthambo za Dziko lapansi [ ndi ziti? ], miyala yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana ndi mapanga okhala ndi zozama zachilengedwe, zachilengedwe komanso zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi.

Canyon amatengedwa [ ndi ndani? ] imodzi mwazitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zakukokoloka.

Poyamba, Mtsinje wa Colado unadutsa chigwa [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 566 ], koma chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo, mapiri a Colado adadzuka. Zotsatira zakukweza phirilo, ngodya yokhazikika ya Mtsinje wa Colado idasinthika, chifukwa chomwe liwiro lake ndi kuthekera kochotsa miyala ili munjira yake zidakulirakulira.

Choyambirira, mtsinjewo udasowetsa miyala yamtengo wapamwamba, kenako ndikuyika miyala yakuzama kwambiri komanso yamiyala yakale kwambiri. Chifukwa chake Grand Canyon [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 566 ]. Zinachitika zaka pafupifupi 6 miliyoni zapitazo. Canyon tsopano chikuzama chifukwa cha kukokoloka kosalekeza.

Fauna

Mtundu wamgulu la agologolo, Sciurus aberti kaibabensis, amakhala m'miyala yambiri ya pine chikasu. M'nkhalango zowirira zazikulu, zomwe zimamera pafupi ndi malire kumtunda kwa canyon, kumapezeka mbewa zakuda. Ponseponse, mitundu 34 ya zinyama zam'madzi zimakhala m'dera la canyon, kuphatikiza mitundu 18 ya makoswe ndi mitundu 8 ya mileme.

Kumayambiriro koyambirira, ma piranhas okhala ndi mutu wofiira amawuluka kupita kunkhalango ( Piranga ludoviciana ) .

Kukula kwaumunthu

Anthu amtundu waku America (Amwenye) adziwa za Grand Canyon zaka masauzande zapitazo. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za moyo mu canyon zimaphatikizapo zojambula za mphanga zomwe zidapangidwa ndi amwenye zaka pafupifupi 3,000 zapitazo.

Mu 1540, Grand Canyon idapezeka ndi gulu la asitikali aku Spain motsogozedwa ndi a Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, akuyenda kufunafuna golide. Asitikali angapo achi Spain operekezedwa ndi Amwenye Achi Hopi adayesetsa kutsikira pansi pa chimbudzi, koma anakakamizidwa kuti abwerere chifukwa chosowa madzi akumwa.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, anthu a ku Europe sanayendepo kwa nthawi yopitilira zaka ziwiri.

Mu 1776, ansembe awiri aku Spain, limodzi ndi asitikali ambiri, adadutsa Grand Canyon kukafunafuna njira kuchokera ku Santa Fe kupita ku California.

Ulendo woyamba wa sayansi kupita ku Grand Canyon, motsogozedwa ndi wakale wankhondo wakale wa Civil War ndi pulofesa waku yunivesite a John Weasley Powell, udachitika mu 1869. Powell adafufuza ndikufotokozera za chindoko.

Mu 2013, Wichnda Wallenda wodziwika kwambiri ku America adadutsa Grand Canyon, yemwe adadutsa chingwe popanda zingwe zotetezeka.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya

Mu 1940-1950s, oyendetsa ndege okwera ndege ambiri omwe akuwuluka kuderali adakonza njira mwanjira yoti apereke mwayi kwa omwe akuyenda kuti akasangalale ndi malingaliro a Great Canyon. Nthawi zambiri, oyendetsa ndege ankapanga "kutalika" pamphambano ya nyanjayo ndi malembedwe amanzere ndi kumanja kuti athandizire kuwonekera. M'mazaka amenewo, izi sizinali zoletsedwa, popeza oyendetsa ndege amaloledwa anali ndi ufulu, ngakhale pama boti, kupanga ndege zowoneka, zomwe nthawi zina zimayambitsa kuyandikira kwa ndege mlengalenga. Pa Juni 30, 1956, Lockheed Constellation of Trans World Airlines ndi DC-7 ya United Airlines inagundana ndi Grand Canyon. Debris adagwa pansi pa phirilo, ndikupha anthu 128. Ndege yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idawonongeka padziko lonse lapansi mpaka 1960 (pomwe ndegeyo idagunda ku New York), ndipo zitatha izi, ndege zowoneka bwino pamagetsi omwe adayenda mumphepete mwa ndege ku United States zidaletsedwa.

Ngozi inanso idachitika ku Grand Canyon mu 1986. Mmenemo, pakuchita maulendo apaulendo, ndege ya DHC-6 Twin Otter ndi ndege ya Bell 206 inagundana, chifukwa chake anthu onse 25 omwe anali mkati mwawo anaphedwa.

Zambiri za Canyon

Dzinalo: "Grand Canyon" National Park (Chingerezi. Grand Canyon National Park).
Dera: Arizona, United States.
Gulu la IUCN: Grand Canyon - II (National Park).
Tsiku la maziko: 02/19/1919
Dera: 4926.66 km2.
Chithandizo: Dera lamapiri, lamapiri, logawikana ndi zigwiriro, mapiri ndi zigwa za mitsinje ndi malo otsetsereka.
Nyengo: Zouma, pang'ono.
Webusayiti Yovomerezeka: nps.gov/grca
Cholinga cha kulenga: Kusunga madera achilengedwe akum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa USA, zomera ndi nyama, komanso madera a makolo okhala m'derali.
Pitani - kulipidwa

Grand Canyon - Zambiri Zoyendera

"Grand Canyon" - malo okhalapo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arizona ku United States.
Paki imagwira ntchito chaka chonse, kuvomerezedwa kulipira, tikiti ndi yovomerezeka masiku asanu ndi awiri. Msonkhanowu umagawika kumpoto ndipo kum'mwera, Mtsinje wa Colorado amawachotsa. Kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa paki kumasiyana kwambiri nyengo, malo ndi maluwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kumpoto kwa canyon sikufikika pang'ono, ndipo nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri imatsekedwa kwa alendo, nthawi zambiri ndi 10% yokha ya alendo omwe amapezeka pano.
Mu gawo lirilonse la Grand Canyon pali malo ochezera omwe amakhala ndi zofunikira zambiri zothandizira okhala ndi kuperekeza alendo.
Paki, moyang'aniridwa ndi owongolera ovala bwino, mutha kupanga maulendo osiyanasiyana amtundu ndi pagulu: pamapazi kapena nyulu ndi mahatchi, pa basi, galimoto kapena njinga, pa helikopita ndi baluni.
Pali malo ambiri owonera malo omwe mungasangalatse mbali zosiyanasiyana za paki. Ku North Rim kuli malo okwezeka kwambiri a Imperial Point, omwe amapereka chithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha kum'mawa kwa Grand Canyon.
Sitimayi yodziwika bwino komanso yoyenda ndi mitsempha yovuta ndi Sky Trail, Mlatho woyamba wokhala ngati mawonekedwe agalasi. Kutalika kwa nsanja pamwamba pamunsi pa canyon kuli pafupifupi 1200 m, bend yake yayitali kwambiri ndiyokhotera pamtunda wa 21m kuchokera m'mphepete mwa thanthwe. Chifukwa cha galasi lowoneka bwino la masentimita 10, mutha kuwona kukongola kwapadera kwa malo awa kuchokera kutalika kwa mbalame. M'lifupi mwake mlatho ndi 3m, kutalika kwake ndi 42m, ndipo kutalika kwa makhoma m'mbali ndi 1.5m.
Okonda kwambiri amatha kukwera pa Mtsinje wa Colado. Pamenepo, pamayendedwe onse amadzi, alendo amabwera kuchokera ku Lis Ferry.
Mu pakiyo, alendo amatha kujambula ndikuwona omwe ali m'chilengedwe ali kutali kwambiri, kukaona malo okhala komwe kuli awa - mafuko aku India a Valapai ndi Hawasupaya.
Malo otetezedwa ali ndi malo abwino kwambiri oyendera alendo: kuli ma hotelo ndi malo amisasa, njira zoyenda, malo osungirako zinthu zakale, malo odyera ndi malo odyera, malo ogulitsira alendo ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto. Kuphatikiza apo, Grand Canyon ili ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono angapo.
Alendo ambiri amafika pamalopo atayenda maola angapo kuchokera ku South Rim kuchokera ku eyapoti apadziko lonse a McCarran (Las Vegas) kapena Sky Harbor (Phoenix). Kuchokera pamenepo, kupita ku Grand Canyon kuli ma bus a ma transity.
Mizinda yapafupi ndi Williams ndi Flagstaff. Williams ndi mudzi wapakati pa Village Park ndi wolumikizidwa ndi chingwe. Sitimayi imayima pamalo opitilira 100 mita kuchokera pa korona.
M'mapaki adziko lonse, mabasi aulere amayenda pakati pa malo ochezera, ndipo ntchito zamatekisi zitha kugwiritsidwa.

Mbiri Yakale Padziko Lonse

M'mphanga yachilendo, nzika zaku North America zidakhala kale zaka 3,000 zapitazo - inali nthawi iyi kuti zojambula za mwala zomwe pano zidapangidwa ndi Amwenye kale.
Mu 1540, "Grand Canyon" paulendo "wowoneka wagolide" wa woyendetsa chigonjetso Garcia L. de Cardenas adatulukira ndi azungu. Kenako gawo lomwe linali ndi malo otsetsereka kwa zaka zopitilira mazana awiri lidayiwalika, ndipo mu 1826 zokha. gulu la achifwamba aku America (wort wa St. John) lotsogozedwa ndi James Ohio Patti adapita kumzindapo.
Zaka zoposa 50 zikubwerazi, amishonale angapo a Chimormon adayesa kusintha mtundu waku India wa a Valapai omwe amakhala kumwera kwa Grand Canyon kukhala Chikhristu. Mu 1858 A John Stron Newberry mwina anali woyamba wasayansi kuyendera malowa, ndipo pomaliza mu 1869. Kutulutsa koyamba kwathunthu kwa asayansi, motsogozedwa ndi Major John Weasley Powell, kufotokozera ndikufufuza mzindawu.
Mu 1883 Madera ambiri m'nkhalango ya Kaibab Plateau kumpoto kwa Colorado Plateau analandilidwa. Mu 1908, idakhala chikumbutso cha dziko lonse, ndipo mu 1909 Grand Canyon National Biological Reserve idapangidwa.
Mu 1919 Congress ya dziko lino idalengeza kuti magawowa ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, ndipo patatha zaka 60, mu 1979, Grand Canyon adalowa nawo bungwe la UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Kuyenda paki

Grand Canyon wayima mbali yakumadzulo kwa mapiri atali kwambiri a Colorado. Imafalikira pansi pa Mtsinje wa Colado - kuchokera pakuwonekera kwa Mtsinje Waling'ono wa Colorado kupita kumtunda wa Grand Wash-Cliffs pafupi ndi Mead Reservoir. Pamenepo, kumtunda, kuli ma gorge awiri - Cataract Canyon ndi Glen Canyon, omwe kuyambira 1963. adasunganso Powell.
Nthawi yomweyo, danga lalikulu la phirilo silimawoneka ngati mwala wopendekera komanso wamtali pansi. Imadzaza ndi milu yosasunthika yamiyala-zotsalira za mawonekedwe osangalatsa kwambiri. Kukokololoka kwa madzi ndi mphepo kumaunjikana mkati mwa khomalo ndi kukongola kwapadera kwamabatire, ma pagodas okongola, nsanja za Gothic, piramidi yakale. Zambiri mwa zolengedwa izi zimakhala ndi mayina awo: Temple of Solomon, Temple of Jupiter, Temple of Zarathustra, Throne of Wotan, Temple of Vishnu, etc.
M'mphepete mwa kumpoto kwa nyanjayo ndiotalika mamita 300 kupitirira kum'mwera. Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa pakiyo, pafupi ndi malo otsetsereka kwambiri a Royal Royal ku Nord-Rome, mutha kuwona zodabwitsa za chipilala chotchedwa "Window of Angels". potembenukira kumadzulo, kumene kachigawo kakang'ono kakuyandikira phiri la Kaibab.
Apa esplanade - thambo lamchenga ofiira, lomwe limasokonezeka ndi madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa madzi - likuyaka ndi kapezi kofiirira kadzuwa. M'malo ambiri, miyala yake imakhala yopanda malire m'mphepete mwa phompho.
Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Grand Canyon, pafupi ndi malo otetezedwa ndi Mead, phulusa lakuda-slag Vulkans-Tron, lomwe linapangidwa zaka pafupifupi 10 zapitazo, limakwera pamwamba pa mtsinje, ndipo madzi ake amvula otsekemera a Colorado, ndikupanga dziwe la basalt lachilengedwe.
Pafupifupi alendo 4,500,000 amabwera ku Grand Canyon chaka chilichonse, koma mutha kukhalabe munokha ngati mungafune. Fern Glen Canyon ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha masamba ake ochulukirapo komanso modabwitsa, ndipo ku North Canyon Vosch kumapeto kwa mapiri kuli nyanja zambiri. Kuphatikiza pa malo achilengedwe, pakiyo ili ndi zochititsa chidwi zakutsogolo zopangidwa ndi manja a anthu.
Kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa paki yamtunduwu kudutsa mlatho woyimitsidwa wa Kaibab, womwe unamangidwa mu 1928, kulumikiza njira ziwiri ndiutali wa 34 km.
Pakhomo lakumwera kwa Grand Canyon, pali chithunzi chachitali cha mita 21 cha Anasazi, makolo a fuko la Navajo. Nyumba yomangidwa ndi miyala inayi yomwe idamangidwa mu 1932 idamangidwa mu 1932 malinga ndi ntchito ya womanga nyumba waku America M. Colter. Pafupi ndi nsanjayo pali mabwinja a Tusayan - malo ofukula zakale a chitukuko cha anthu m'magawo a Grand Canyon. Mabwinja ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale amakumbukiranso moyo wa amwenye akale a Pueblo m'zaka za XI-XII.

Zozizwitsa ndi Zachilengedwe Zaku Canyons

Grand Canyon ili kutali kwambiri ndi canyon zakuya kwambiri za pulaneti (mwachitsanzo, Hell Canyon ku Idaho ndi North Mexico Mexico Barranca del Cobra ndi akuya kuposa iyo), koma ndiye wokongola kwambiri komanso wodabwitsa.
Mpumulo wamakono wa paki yamtunduwu unayamba kukhala zaka 75,000,000 zapitazo. M'masiku amenewo, mapiri a Colado adakwera 3,2 km, khwangwala lalikulu adapangidwa, zaka 18,000,000 zapitazo, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa gawo, madzi amtsinje adayamba kumira, ndipo patatha zaka 12,000,000, Mtsinje wa Colado udayamba kugunda. msewu wake, nthawi yomweyo pamodzi ndi mabungwe awo opanga Grand Canyon. Madzi ake othamanga 25 km / h amathamangira pamchenga mamiliyoni, mchenga, miyala, miyala ikuluikulu, ndikuchotsa miyala;

Tsopano miyala yakale kwambiri komanso yamphamvu kwambiri - miyala ya granites, yophimba pansi pa chisangalalo, chiwonongeko chawo chimachedwa pang'ono. Masana, Colorado imanyamula miyala pafupifupi 500,000 munyanja. Mchenga ndi miyala yomwe imanyamulidwa ndi mtsinjewo imakulitsa chisokonekera, ndipo Colorado, monga sandpaper, pachaka imachotsa "zomata" za granite ndi kotala ya millimeter.
Malo osungira ndi omwe ndi ochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakukokoloka. Makoma ake ndi gawo la dziko lapansi lomwe silidafikepo, pomwe akatswiri ofukula za chilengedwe adawerengera miyala yopingasa 40, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufufuza chilengedwe kuchokera pa Archean mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Carboniferous. Nthawi ya Paleozoic imawoneka bwino pazochitikazo, koma miyala ya Mesozoic kapena Cenozoic imachapidwa kapena ikachoka kwathunthu.

1.6km - Kutalika kwapakati pa malinga a Grand Canyon
2683 km. - Kutalika kwa Grand Canyon m'dera loyang'anira "Imperial Point"
Kuyenda mwachangu kwa Mtsinje wa Colado m'chigwa chapansi kumanyamula madzi amatope kudutsa Grand Canyon.
Grand Canyon Sky Trail ndiye wotchuka kwambiri kuposa onse a Canyon Trails.
Pakapaki mutha kupita kukakwera kavalo.
Natural Arch Window of Angels mu mwala wamchenga wachikaso kumpoto kwa paki yamtunduwu.
Agologolo a Arizona amakhala kumapiri a Arizona ndi New Mexico komanso kumpoto kwa Mexico.
Mtengo wokhala ndi mutu wofiyira wa pyranga, kapena tanager wakumadzulo (Piranga ludoviciana), umakonda mitengo yosakanikirana komanso yophatikizika.
California condor - mtundu wosowa, ku United States sikhala kuposa anthu 500 ake

Grand Canyon Flora

Grand Canyon National Park inakhala kwawo

Mitundu 167 ya bowa
195 mitundu ya lichens
1737 mbewu zamankhwala
Mitundu 64 ya mbewa

Zomera izi zimatengera kusiyana kwamamita 2,500 kuchokera pamalo apamwamba kwambiri kumpoto kwa Roma mpaka pansi pa chinsanja.
Popeza malo achilengedwe akum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa mapiri ndi makoma ake ndi osiyana kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mtundu wawo wapadera, Grand Canyon ili ndi mbewu zambirimbiri zodziwika bwino m'malire ake, ndipo 10% yokha yazomera ndizosowa. Mitundu 63 ya mbewu ili ndi chitetezo chapadera kuchokera ku US department of Game ndi Fish department.
Madera okhala m'nkhalango zokhala malo otetezedwa ndiwotheka kupatula pamenepo, ndipo amapezeka kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Mtsinje wa Colado. Apa mutha kuwona miyala yakuthwa yokutidwa ndi nkhalango yaying'ono ya fir (Abies sp.), Spruce (Piceapungens), pine wachikasu (Pinus ponderosa) ndi oak (Quercus sp.).
Mpweya wotentha wa chipululu cha Sonora umakhudza gawo lakum'mawa kwa nyanjayi, ndipo chipululu cha Mojave - chakumadzulo, choncho m'chigawo chachikulu cha dambo pamangopezeka udzu, udzu wamphepete komanso zomera zam'mizere.
Pamapeto pa zaka za XIX. dambo la Kaibab linali litakutidwa ndi kapeti yopanda udzu, koma ng'ombe zitasungidwa pano, ziweto zomwe zimafika pamitu 100,000, udzu udasowa ndipo chitsamba chowawa chafalikira paliponse.
Pansi pa Grand Canyon pali malo ena apafupi ndi Mexico omwe ali ndi ma cacti (Cactaceae), Yucca (Yucca spp.) Ndi agave (Agaves spp.), Ndipo m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Colorado ndi mabungwe ake, masamba a m'mphepete mwa nyanja atukuka m'njira zamitengo ya tamaris (Tamaris sp.) Kapena msondodzi (Salix spp.).

Zinyama Zamzinda wa Grand Canyon

Zinyama za Grand Canyon ku USA sizosiyana kwambiri ndi maluwa. Pakiyo pali mitundu pafupifupi 90 ya zinyama, mitundu 300 ya mbalame, 50 mwa mbalamezo, ndipo zina zonse zimayima mumtsinje kuti zipumule nthawi ya kuthawa, mitundu 9 ya amphibians, mitundu 49 ya zokwawa ndi mitundu 25 ya nsomba.
Nyama zambiri zimakonda biotope ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Apa mungapeze mitundu yachilendo ya anyani apamwamba, monga canyon cog (Hyla arenicolor), chala chamawonekedwe ofiira (Bufopunctatus), Woodhouse toad, kapena toad of-footed toad (Bufo Woodhousii). Mitundu 33 ya crustaceans ndi 11 am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amapezeka mumtsinje, mitundu ina 26 imakhala m'mitengo yayitali pafupi ndi madzi.
Pali polo zochulukirapo mu paki, koma nthawi yomweyo, mamkrats (Ondatra mesothicus) ndi ma beavers aku Canada (Castor canadensis) ochokera ku biotope yapafupi madzi adatsala pang'ono kusowa. Amphaka (Microchiroptera) amakonda mapanga ndi mapanga a Grand Canyon, koma amapeza chakudya m'malo obiriwira omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Malo omwe amadyerako nkhalangoyi ndi coyote (Canis latrans), owoneka skunk (Spilogale putorius) ndi rickeron striper (Procyon lotor). Nthawi zina puma (Puma concolor), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) ndi imvi nkhandwe (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) imatsika m'malo awa.
Pamalo otsetsereka mungakumane ndi beefhorn (Ovis canadensis) ndi conductor waku California (Gymnogyps californianus), mitundu 18 ya mileme ndi swwing (Apus) - chakudya chachikulu cha peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).
M'nkhalango zowirira zomwe zimabisala ma pyrangs okhala ndi mutu wofiyira (Piranga ludoviciana), ngwazi zamtundu wakuda (Odocoileus hemionus) zimakondanso malo awa.
Omwe amadziwika kwambiri paphiripo pali mitundu iwiri ya agologolo: Abertu (Sciurus aberti), omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa canyon, ndi Arizona (Sciurus arizonensis), omwe amakhala kumwera chakumwera.