Malingaliro atatu-belu | |||||||
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Mwamuna (kumanzere) ndi wamkazi | |||||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Makanda |
Malo: | Tizilonda |
Onani: | Malingaliro atatu-belu |
- Procnias tricarunculata, orth. var.
Malingaliro atatu-belu, kapena chovala chakuda champhamvu zitatu (lat. Procnias tricarunculatus), ndi mbalame yosamukira ku banja la ku Central America la cating.
Kubwereza mwachidule
Imodzi mwa mitundu inayi ya mabelu amkati, omwe amakhala ku Central ndi South America, komwe kukula kwake ndi kuyambira 25 cm mpaka 30 cm. Thupi, mchira ndi mapiko amphongo ndi a bulauni, mutu, khosi, chifuwa chapamwamba ndi zoyera, mikwingwirima, mphete ya ocular ndi mulomo - zakuda. Mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha ndolo zitatu zokulira za chikopa zomwe zimapachikidwa patsinde pa mulomo. Mphete izi zimatha kutalika kwa 10cm, kutalika nthawi ya nyimbo ndi chibwenzi. Mphete zimakhalabe zofewa ngakhale zitakhala zazitali. Wamphongo agwedeza ndolo, koma apo ayi amakhala pansi. Amatchiwa samakhala orectile, chifukwa samayang'anira minofu. Mphete zozama sizimamatira mbali, ndipo yapakati sigwiranso kumtunda, monga zikuwonetsedwera m'mafanizo ndi zitsanzo zina zakale. Wamkazi ndi wocheperako kuposa wamwamuna komanso wocheperako: amakhala wowala maolivi kwathunthu ndi mikwaso yachikasu pansi ndipo alibe mphete.
Mtundu wa belo ringer wamtunduwu umadziwika chifukwa chokhala ndi mawu osasangalatsa komanso osiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame zonse zomwe zili mgululi, chosinkhira cha belu vitatu chimagawidwa kuchokera kumadzulo kwa Honduras kupita kum'mawa kwa Panama. Ngakhale ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika mokhudzana ndi kusamuka kwa mbalamezi, zimaswana kwambiri m'malo okwera ku Costa Rican (kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Seputembala) ndipo zimabwereranso kumadera otsika mkati mwa miyezi yapakati.
Nyimbo
Chifukwa cha kubisala kwa mbalameyi, nthawi zambiri imatha kudziwika kokha ndi mawu ake "belu", omwe amasindikizidwa ndi amuna okhaokha. Pafupifupi, mawu a anthu ambiri ku Costa Rica ndi nyimbo yovuta kukhala ndi mbali zitatu, komanso mawu ake bonk adapatsa mbalameyo dzina. Izi, zamtengo bonk Imawerengedwa pakati pa mbalame zimveka mokweza kwambiri Padziko lapansi, yomwe imamveka ndi anthu patali kwa 0,8 km. Nyimbo za anthu osiyanasiyana zimasiyana ku Nicaragua ndi Panama, komabe, nyimbo izi zimakhala ndi mawu omveka kwambiri, koma osalemba pang'ono.
Kafukufuku wojambulira za mbalame zojambulidwa ndi a Donald Krudsman, omwe amasungidwa kumalo osungirako a Cornell Ornithological Laborator, adawonetsa kuti chowongolera cha mabatani atatuwo ndi membala wapadera pakati pa gulu lake, pomwe akuphunzira nyimbo zawo, ngakhale nyimboyo imatsimikiziridwa ndi mtima wachibadwidwe, chifukwa yasintha m'zaka zaposachedwa, zomwe zinali pa rekodi.
Zambiri
Ringer mbalame, Yotsika-zitatu-zotsira-zotsikira, zitatu-zotsira-belu, Chimbudzi cha tsitsi-Zitatu kapena chida chakuda -tatu - mbalame yosamukira kubanja la Central America pobwereza mawu, zomwe zimadziwika ndi makonzedwe apadera a larynx apansi. Ndizosangalatsanso kuti mtundu wa maula amapangidwa ndi mtundu weniweni wotchedwa cotinine. Mbalameyi imadziwika chifukwa cha imodzi mwazosangalatsa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kubisala kwa mbalameyi, nthawi zambiri imatha kudziwika kokha ndi mawu ake "belu", omwe amasindikizidwa ndi amuna okhaokha. Pafupifupi, mawu a anthu ambiri ku Costa Rica ndi nyimbo yovuta kukhala ndi mbali zitatu, koma mkokomo wa "bonk" womwe udapatsa mbalame mbalameyo. "Boti" lankhomalo, lamtunduwu limadziwika pakati pa mbalame zomwe zimveka kwambiri padziko lapansi, zimamveredwa ndi anthu patali kwambiri mpaka mamita 800. Nyimbo za anthu osiyanasiyana zimasiyana ku Nicaragua ndi Panama, komabe, nyimbo izi zimakhala ndi mawu omveka kwambiri, koma osalemba pang'ono.
Kafukufuku wojambulidwa koyimba kwa zovala za mbalame za a Donald Krudsman, omwe amasungidwa kumalo osungirako a Corell Ornithological Laboratory, adawonetsa kuti chowongolera cha mitu itatu ndi chiwalo chapadera pakati pa gulu lake, pomwe akuphunzira nyimbo zawo, ngakhale kuti nyimboyi imatsimikiziridwa ndi chibadwa chawo, chifukwa m'zaka zaposachedwa adasinthika, monga momwe zidalili.
Wodziyimbira “mitu itatu” m'dzina adalandilidwa ndi belo-ringer chifukwa cha ndolo zitatu zokulira zamkati zomwe zimakhazikika pansi patsinde. Mphete izi zimatha kutalika kwa 10cm, kutalika nthawi ya nyimbo ndi chibwenzi. Mphete zimakhalabe zofewa ngakhale zitakhala zazitali. Wamphongo agwedeza ndolo, koma apo ayi amakhala pansi. Amatchiwa samakhala orectile, chifukwa samayang'anira minofu. Mphete zozama sizimamatira mbali, ndipo yapakati sigwiranso kumtunda, monga zikuwonetsedwera m'mafanizo ndi zitsanzo zina zakale.
Kukula kwa mbalamezi kumachokera pa 25 cm mpaka 30 cm. Thupi, mchira ndi mapiko amphongo ndi a bulauni, mutu, khosi, chifuwa chapamwamba ndi choyera, mikwingwirima, mphete ya peri-ocular komanso mulomo ndi zakuda. Zochepa sizikudziwika za kusamukira kwa mbalamezi; zimaswana kwambiri kumalo okwera ku Costa Rican pamtunda wa mamita 1000 mpaka 2300 pamwamba pa nyanja (kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembala) ndikubwerera kumadera otsika mkati mwa miyezi yapakati. Mbalameyi imateteza gawo lake mwachangu, ndipo mlendo akakhala kuti sanadziwe, awolokera, iye amayandikira ndikuyamba kuimba mokweza kwambiri. Mwa njira, nthawi zina amakhala akulakwitsa, akulakwitsa alendo ndi akazi osafunidwa, ndikuyamba kuwathamangitsa ndikuwomba kwambiri, kulumpha kwa chiwonetsero ndi ndege.
Akazi amakhala ndi nkhawa yonse yokhudza chisa ndi ana, kugona dzira limodzi. Amadyetsa zipatso zokha. Akazi alibe mawu. Wamkazi ndi wocheperako kuposa wamwamuna komanso wocheperako: amakhala wowala maolivi kwathunthu ndi mikwaso yachikasu pansi ndipo alibe mphete.
Zachilengedwe Dziko | Nyama
| NyamaChovala chokhala ndi miyendo itatu (Procnias tricarunculatus) ndi mbalame yochokera kubanja la zolembera.
Thupi, mchira ndi mapiko amphongo ndi zofiirira. Mutu, khosi, chifuwa chapamwamba ndi choyera, mikwingwirima, mphete ya ocular ndi mulomo ndi zakuda.
Mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha ndolo zitatu zokulira za chikopa zomwe zimapachikidwa patsinde pa mulomo. Mphete izi zimatha kutalika kwa 10cm, kutalika nthawi ya nyimbo ndi chibwenzi. Wamkazi ndi wocheperako kuposa wamwamuna ndipo wowonekera pang'ono: iye ndiw maolivi wopanda maonekedwe okhala ndi mikwaso yachikasu pansi ndipo alibe mphete.
Amakhala ku Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras ndi Nicaragua.
Amadya zipatso, zipatso ndi tizilombo.
Mitundu yamtunduwu wamankhwala opangira belu amadziwika chifukwa chokhala ndi mawu osazolowereka kwambiri kwa mbalame zonse zomwe zili mgulidwe.
Chifukwa cha kubisala kwa mbalameyi, imatha kupezeka kokha ndi mawu a "belu", omwe amasindikizidwa ndi amuna okhaokha. Pafupifupi, mawu a anthu ambiri ku Costa Rica ndi nyimbo yovuta kukhala ndi mbali zitatu, ndipo phokoso la bonk linamupatsa dzina la mbalameyo.
Kafukufuku wa nyimbo zojambulira adawonetsa kuti ringer wa mitu itatuyo ndi membala wapadera pakati pa gawo lake, pomwe akuphunzira nyimbo za mitundu ina ya mbalame, ngakhale kuti nyimboyo imatsimikiziridwa ndi chibadwa, chifukwa m'zaka zaposachedwa yasintha, yomwe inali pakalembedwe.
Mayina ena: Woyala wamitu itatu, belu la mbalame.
Zizindikiro zakunja za nsalu yokhala ndi zida zitatu
Chingwe cha mabelo atatu ndi mbalame yaying'ono yotalika masentimita 25-30. Pansi pamilomo ya mbalameyi ndi "mphete" zitatu zakuda zakuda mpaka mainchesi 10. Amayamba kuonekera kwambiri nyengo yakukhwima.
Kusuntha kwa ndolo sikudalira minofu pang'onopang'ono, motero amangamira momasuka, nthawi zina yamphongo imangogwedeza mbali ndi mbali. Zojambula zakale mutha kuwona mphete zikuyimirira pansi, koma ichi ndi chithunzi cholakwika.
Zitatu-zotsukitsira (Procnias tricarunculatus).
Dzinalo "zida zitatu" lidawonekera chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa matupi amtunduwu.
Zowonjezera zazimuna ndi zachifuwa zowala, zokhala ndi mutu ndi khosi loyera modabwitsa. Pamwamba pachifuwa ndi kumbuyo kuchokera pamwambanso kuyera. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi zofiirira.
Yakuda kuzungulira maso
mphete. Mlomo ndi wakuda.
Zachikazi zimakutidwa ndi maonekedwe ochepa a mthunzi wa azitona, monga nuthatch, nthenga pamwamba zimakhala ndi m'maso achikaso.
M'mimba mwawo muli chikasu ndi mikwingwirima ya maolivi. Amuna wamba samatha kutuluka pang'ono pamilomo yawo. Amuna achichepere amakhala ndi utoto ngati wachikazi koma ali ndimphete.
Kugawidwa kwa zovala zamutu wachitatu
Chovala chokhala ndi mitu itatu chimagawidwa ku Central America. Malo okhala amachokera kumadera akumadzulo a Honduras mpaka Panama. Mulinso pakatikati pa Costa Rica, Nicoya Peninsula, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Nicaragua, pafupifupi Sierra de Agalta, Honduras.
Mphete zokhala ndi mitu yokhala ndi mitu itatu zimatha kufika 10 cm, kutalika panthawi ya nyimbo ndi chibwenzi.
Nyengo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Caribbean ndi malo ozungulira oyandikira ku Honduras, Nicaragua komanso kumapiri ndi kumapeto kwa mitengo kudutsa malo otsetsereka ku Panama, Costa Rica. Ku Panama, mbalame zambiri zimakhala nthawi yozizira kumapiri a Caribbean, mwina chifukwa cha kudula mitengo kwa nkhalango ku Pacific Lowlands.
Kukonzanso kwa zida zamutu zitatu
Nthawi yakubzala kwa ma bell-mabelu amakhala mu Marichi - Seputembala, kutengera malo. Munthawi imeneyi, mbalame zimasamukira malo ambiri, zimasintha malo okhala, ndikuyenda pafupi ndi malo okwezeka, zimatalika mpaka 3000 metres, pambuyo pake zimawonekera kumapiri, kumapiri a Pacific Ocean ndi Nyanja ya Pacific.
Tizilombo timakhala pakati pa mathirakiti akuluakulu amvula yamvula yamapiri, kumene kuli chakudya chochuluka.
Mnyamatayo amateteza gawo lake mwachangu, ndipo akangopikisana nawo atalowa m'dera lokhalamo anthu, iye amawuluka pafupi ndikuyamba kupanga ndege zowuluka ndi kudumpha, motsatana ndi mayendedwe akuimba mokweza. Nthawi zina, chowomba chachimuna chimathamangitsa chachikazi.
Khalidwe lachigawo limadziwika munthawi yokhazokha.
Kupeza nyimbo yotsuka nyimbo masamba ndi zovuta. Mbalamezi zimakhala moyo wobisalira, koma mulimonsemo, oimbawo amapereka nyimbo zawo modabwitsa komanso mwamphamvu.
Kuimbira kwa mawu kokhala ndi belu lachitatu kumatchedwa kuyimba “belu,” chifukwa amuna okha ndiwo amayimba. Mwa mitundu yamtundu wa nyimbo zomwe zikuimbidwa, nyimbo yokhala ndi belu ndiwodziwika kwambiri pakati pa oimba onse okhala ndi nyimbo. Amveka pamtunda wamamita 800.
Mu nthawi yakuswana, mawu achimuna achimphamvu m'mawu amphamvu amatha kufananizidwa ndi kubangula kwa chiwuluka chouluka. Akazi alibe luso lotulutsa mawu. Muli nkhalango pafupifupi sizingayambike. Chikazi chimayikira mazira 1-2. Iye yekha amanga chisa ndi kudyetsa ana. Wamphongo panthawiyi amasungidwa yekha pamakona a mitengo.
Mitundu yamtunduwu wamankhwala opangira belu amadziwika kuti ali ndi liwu limodzi mwachilendo kwambiri komanso losiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame zonse pamtundu wake.
Zomwe kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha zida zamfuti zitatu
Malo okhalamo ophatikizidwa ndi mitu itatuyo, makamaka m'mapiri a chisanu kumapiri a Caribbean, amasinthidwa kukhala minda yamabanana, malo opangira ng'ombe.
Ku Maiz Indian Reserve, Nicaragua, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi
kutsika, monga kuteteza nkhalango sikuchitika pamlingo woyenera.
Kumpoto kwa Costa Rica, 35% ya nkhalango zomwe zidatsala zidachotsedwa mu 1986-1992. Gombe la Pacific, komwe mitu yokhala ndi mitu yachitatu yamadzala, samasungidwa bwino.
Malo otsetsereka a Caribbean ku Panama ali pachiwopsezo chogulitsa malo olima.
Chiwerengero cha mbalame chimatsika mofulumira, chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwathunthu ndikuwonongeka kwa malo awo.
Chovala chokhala ndi zida zitatu ndi membala wapadera pakati pa gawo lake.
Zitatu-belu ringer chitetezo zochita
Ma ringleader atatu a ringleader amatetezedwa m'mapiri angapo osungirako malo, makamaka ku Agalta National Park Sierra de (Honduras), Monteverde m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe (Costa Rica) ndi La Amistad - paki yapadziko lonse (Costa Rica ndi Panama).
Kulera mbalame kumapezeka m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe - nkhokwe ya Amwenye-Maiz (Nicaragua). Malo okhala ndi miyendo itatu amasungidwa pamodzi ndi zinyama zina kumalo othaŵirako a Barra del Colado ndi Tortuguero National Park (Costa Rica), Corcovado National Park (Costa Rica), m'mphepete mwa madambo a Ramsar malo, ku Coiba National Park (Panama).
Njira zoteteza ndi zida zamanja zitatu
Kuti tisunge chowongolera cha mitu itatu, maphunziro amafunikira kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa magawidwe amtunduwu ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa mbalamezo, makamaka kunja kwa Costa Rica.
Ndikofunikira kuphunzira zachilengedwe, komanso kusunthika kwakanthawi kwa mabelu osambira.
Madera atsopano otetezedwa ayenera kukhazikitsidwa, makamaka pamalo otsetsereka a Pacific ndi malo otsika ku Costa Rica, ndipo chitetezo cha mbalame chikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ku Maiz Indian Reserve (Nicaragua).
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