Mutu wa Russian Federation Chigawo cha Novosibirsk ndi gawo la Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Siberian. Dera lake ndi 178,2 lalikulu mamilimita. km Derali lidapangidwa mu 1937. Imadutsa malire ndi Kazakhstan, Altai Territory, Omsk, Tomsk ndi Kemerovo. Awiri omaliza anali mgawo lake. Malinga ndi data ya 2015, anthu 2746822 amakhala mmenemo, kuphatikiza Novosibirsk.
Kukula kwa dera ndi zachilengedwe
Mitsinje ya Ob ndi Om imayenda kudera lake. Kuphatikiza pamadzi okhala ndi mchere wosiyanasiyana, m'derali muli chithaphwi chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Vasyugan. Nyengo ndi yotentha kotheratu ndi kutentha kwa Januware - 20 ° С ndi Julayi + 20 ° С. Derali limakhala m'malo atatu achilengedwe: steppe, nkhalango-steppe ndi taiga. Nkhalango zimakhala ndi mahekitala oposa 4 miliyoni. kapena gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu. Pakati pazomera zimayambira. Dziko lanyama likuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yotere: chimbalangondo, nsapato, mphonje, beaver, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, hare, otter, capercaillie, hazel grouse ndi ena.
Madera opezeka 500 am'migodi ingapo apezeka m'derali. Izi ndi: mafuta, gasi, malasha ndi malasha a coking, dongo, peat, titaniyamu, zirconium, marble, golide ndi zina zotero.
Zachilengedwe zazikulu m'derali zimatha kutchedwa nkhuni, zomwe malo ake osungirako akuyerekezedwa ndi 278 miliyoni cubic metres. m., ndi nthaka yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zakuchilengedwe: ma uranium, radium ndi radon.
Kuipitsidwa kwa wailesi
Radon ndi gasi wachilengedwe wopanda mtundu kapena fungo. Pansi pazikhalidwe wamba, imakhala yolemera kuposa mpweya motero imakhazikika m'malo otsika, ma cellars ndi zipinda zapansi, momwe kukhazikika kwake kumatha kupitilira muyeso wovomerezeka nthawi makumi angapo. Koma chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti ndi wailesi. Ndipo, chifukwa chake, ndizowopsa kwa anthu. Chifukwa cha kuperewera kwake, imalowa mkati mwa nthaka. Imalowa m'madzi, thirakiti la kupuma ndikuwumitsa ma nyemba ndi ma alfa. Pa gawo la mzindawu pali malo opitilira 12 pomwe mpweya umafikira pamwamba ndi madzi a radon.
Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, ndizomwe zimayikidwa pazowunikira zomwe zinakhala nkhani ya kafukufuku wa sayansi, kenako kumanga kwa mabizinesi aukadaulo. Pakadali pano, ambiri mwa mabizinesi awa sakugwiranso ntchito, koma masamba opitilira 200 okhala ndi kuipitsidwa kwa radio radio atsalira. Gwero lapompano la kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wa m'mlengalenga, dothi ndi madzi a Yeltsovka-2 Mtsinje wa Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrate.
Kuyang'anira zinyalala
Vuto lotsatira la mzindawu ndi zinyalala zamafuta ndi nyumba. Zinyalala za mafakitale zimachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa chakutha kwa kupanga mabizinesi angapo. Koma mzindawu wokhala ndi anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni umatulutsa mamilimita oposa 2 miliyoni. m. zinyalala zanyumba pachaka. Mu mzinda mokhazikitsidwa malo okwana 170 okwana 3,000 amaperekedwa kwa iwo. Komabe, malo awa sakukwaniritsa miyezo yoyera, ndipo koposa zonse, samakonza zinyalala - zinyalala zimadziunjikira ndipo zimafuna kuchotsedwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwa malo atsopano.
Mpweya
Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi mpweya wotulutsa. Gwero lawo lalikulu si mafakitale, koma mayendedwe amumsewu, omwe kuchuluka kwake kukuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Koma apa, nazonso, zili ndi kudabwitsa kwake. Malo osungirako magalimoto akukalamba. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa mwa iwo zimachuluka. Izi ndi: nayitrogeni dayosi ndi kaboni dayokisi. Mlingo wa pamwezi wopitirira muyeso wololedwa wotsirizira umatha kufikira 18. Kuphatikiza pazinthu izi, malire a mpweya wozungulira formaldehyde, fumbi, phenol, ndi ammonia amapitilira.
Gawo lachiwiri lalikulu pakuwonongeka kwa mpweya mzindawu ndi nyumba zamagetsi ndi nyumba zopangira mphamvu zamabizinesi akunyumba ndi aboma.
Novosibirsk m'gulu la kuwonongeka kwa mpweya mumlengalenga kumachitika pakati pa St. Petersburg ndi Moscow.
Kafukufuku wamomwe dziko limakhalira ku Novosibirsk. Kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza m'mlengalenga za mzindawu. Kusanthula kwaubwino wam'madzi ndi ukhondo. Zolinga zakuwongolera zachilengedwe. Ntchito zofunika kwambiri pantchito yoteteza zachilengedwe.
Mutu | Kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe |
Onani | chotsitsa |
Chilankhulo | Russian |
Tsiku Lonjezedwa | 01.06.2015 |
Kukula kwa fayilo | 27.3 K |
Zinyalala
Vuto lofunika kwambiri ku Novosibirsk ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi zinyalala za m'nyumba. Ntchito zamabizinesi zikachepetsedwa, ndiye kuti zinyalala za mafakitale zimakhala zochepa. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zolimba za maboma kukukula chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe akuchulukirachulukira kukuwonjezereka. Popita nthawi, malo ochulukirapo owonjezera amafunikira.
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Aliyense wokhala mu mzindawu atha kukonza zachilengedwe mu mzindawu ngati atasunga magetsi, madzi, kutaya zinyalala mumkhokwe, kutembenuzira pepala lotayirira, osavulaza chilengedwe. Kupereka kocheperako kwa munthu aliyense kumathandizira kuti chilengedwe chizikhala chabwino komanso chabwino.
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Kutumiza ntchito yanu yabwino pamaziko azidziwitso ndikosavuta. Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe pansipa
Ophunzira, ophunzira omaliza, asayansi achichepere omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso m'maphunziro awo ndi ntchito adzayamika kwambiri.
Wolemba http://allbest.ru
Ministry of Education ndi Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Sukulu Yophunzitsa Maphunziro Apamwamba
Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies
(FSBEI PA "SGUGiT")
Dipatimenti ya Zachilengedwe ndi Management kwa Zachilengedwe
"Mavuto azachilengedwe a Novosibirsk"
Omaliza: St. 21
1. Mkhalidwe wazungulira mzinda wa Novosibirsk
2. Kutulutsa kwazinthu zopweteka mumlengalenga ya mzindawu
3. Mtsinje wa Ob m'dera la Novosibirsk
4. Kupezeka kwamadzi ndi ukhondo ku Novosibirsk
5. Njira zowongolera zochitika zachilengedwe pamizinda yamadzi
6. Kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe
Mzinda wathu sunali waukulu kwambiri ndipo njira zonse zachilengedwe zomwe zimachitika pamenepo zimalumikizana.
Kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kumabweretsa kutsika kwa zachilengedwe mumzinda wa Novosibirsk, kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala kungayambitse khansa yapakhungu mwa anthu, kumasulidwa kwa mpweya woipa m'malo amodzi kumathandizira kusintha kwa nyengo yonse.
Ubale wazachuma komanso zachilengedwe zikukula mwachangu ndipo zikuwonekera mu:
1. Kulimbikitsa kudalira kwachuma. Mpaka posachedwapa, ntchito za anthu ndi zotsatira zake zidapangidwa bwino. Kenako malire omwe adalipo adayamba kutha. Kusintha kwa mafakitale komanso kusinthika kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo kwapangitsa njira yopanga gawo loyendetsa katundu, ntchito komanso likulu.
2. Kuwonjezeka kwa katundu pa zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mukuwona zotsatira zabwino zakutukuka kwachuma. Titha kunena kuti kufera kwa ana kwachepa, kuchuluka kwa zaka za moyo kwachuluka (kuchokera pa zaka 60 mpaka 62), kuchuluka kwa chakudya kudaposa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala kunapulumutsa anthu ku matenda ena ndikuwapatsanso mpumulo kwa ena.
Paulimi, "Green Revolution" idachitika - kupangika kwa tirigu kumawonjezeka nthawi 2.6, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azidye 25% 40%.
Mzinda wa Novosibirsk umakumana ndi mavuto akulu azachilengedwe, zomwe zimatipangitsa kuti tizinyoza kwambiri zachilengedwe.
Zotsatira zake, kuchulukira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, kutumiza kunja komwe ndikofunikira mu chuma.
Komiti ya mumzinda wa Novosibirsk yoteteza zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe yachepetsa njira zoteteza zachilengedwe komanso kulingalira zakukonzekera zachilengedwe polemba zowunikira zachilengedwe za mzinda wa Novosibirsk mu 2005.
Momwe madera amatawuni, 34,2% amatenga malo okhalamo, 12,6% amatenga malo opanga, 37.8% ndi malo osangalalira (kuphatikiza minda). 8,5% - matupi amadzi, 6.9% - ena, kuphatikiza zolemba pamtunda ndi manda. Nthawi yomweyo, 28.6% - gawo la mzindawu limakhala malo opangira ndi osungira.
1. Mkhalidwe wazungulira mzinda wa Novosibirsk
Zomwe chilengedwe cha Novosibirsk zimalumikizana ndi zovuta ziwiri zazikulu: kuwonongeka kwa dothi komanso nyengo yama radiation.
Ku Novosibirsk, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2 ofika kubala amapangika pachaka. nyumba zolimba ndi pafupifupi 500 matani zinyalala za mafakitale. Zinyalala zotere zimabweretsa vuto lalikulu mu mzindawu. Pafupifupi mita za chikwi za 1,500,000 zimatengedwera kukafera pachaka, gawo limasungidwa m'mabizinesi, ndipo gawo lina limapita kumapfumbi omwe sanakonzeke, mapiri a chipale chofewa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'migwagwa ndi kusefukira kwamadzi.
M'dera lamatawuni muli mpaka 170, malo omwe ali pafupifupi mahekitala 14. M'zaka zaposachedwa, dothi ladzitengera lokha katundu wa anthropogenic mme kusinthika kwake kumatha kubweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa. Mavuto akulu obwera chifukwa cha dothi limakhudzana ndi kukokoloka kwawo, kusefukira kwa madzi, kuwononga zinyalala za m'nyumba ndi mafakitale, kusokonekera kwa malo chifukwa cha kupanga nthaka, kuipitsa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, mchere wazitsulo, zinyalala zama radio, zinthu zamafuta, michere, ma nitrate, mankhwala opha tizilombo, matenda oyambitsidwa ndi matenda a anthu komanso matenda nyama.
Komanso, m'nthaka za Novosibirsk, mkuwa wowonjezera wazaka 10 kapena kuposerapo wapezeka. Zinyumba zanyumba zamtawuni zolimba mu mzindawu sizikhala ndi zida malinga ndi malamulo oyenera. Zinyalala zomwe zasungidwa zimayaka nthawi zonse, mpweya umayipitsidwa ndi fumbi, sokosi, phenol, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide ndi zinthu zina zovulaza.
Ecology ya Novosibirsk imayendetsedwa. Pambuyo pamavuto omwe adapezeka ku chomera champhamvu cha Chernobyl ku boma, chisankho chidachitika pakufufuza koyenera kwa kuipitsidwa kwa wayilesi ya mizinda yokhala ndi anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni. Kuyambira 1988, maphunziro ngati awa akhala akuchita ku gawo la Novosibirsk.
Kuwonongeka kwa radiation ya Technogenic ku Novosibirsk kunapangidwa kuyambira 40-50s. chifukwa cha ntchito yopanga mabizinesi ndi mabungwe azomanga nyukiliya. Mabizinesi ambiri kulibenso, koma zochitika zawo zikuwonekera mumzinda wonse tsopano. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka kwa masamba 217 amatsenga oyipitsidwa pafupifupi m'malo onse. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha kuipitsidwa kwa wailesi chinapezeka m'boma la Kalinin (131), komwe kuli chomera cha Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrate.
Chifukwa cha ntchitoyi, pafupifupi madera onse okhala ndi zodetsa nkhawa za radio radio adachotsedwa, kupatula zomwe zikuluzikulu ziwirizi: Malo omwe ali ndi uve mu malo otetezedwa a NPZhK komanso malo osefukira amtsinje. Yeltsovka-2. Akuyenera kupitiliza kafukufuku wapa radiometric wambiri m'boma la Kalininsky. Kuchokera kuzomwe ntchito yomwe idachitidwa, ndizotheka kulosera kuzindikiritsidwa kwa madera omwe sanawonongedwe poyipitsidwa ndi ma radioactive ndi kufunika kwa ntchito yodziletsa pagawo lathunthu mpaka 1 ha.
Mwambiri, titha kunena kuti pakali pano zinthu zomwe zawonongeka ndi radiation kudera la mzindawu sizili bwino kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi zaka zam'mbuyomu, koma ngakhale izi zili choncho, ndalama zimaperekedwa chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku thumba la chilengedwe la mzindawo pazinthu zomwe zikuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti anthu azitetezedwa.
Novosibirsk, kukhala likulu la mafakitale, malo onyamula anthu ku Siberia, amakakamizika kukhala ndi dongosolo lamakono loyang'anira momwe ma radiation alili mbali imodzi ya boma.
Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi malo omwe dera la Novosibirsk limadalira madera omwe amadetsedwa ndi radiye nthawi ya mayeso a zida za nyukiliya (Altai Territory) ndikuwongolera kwa ngozi mwadzidzidzi (Tomsk Region), malo osinthika amderali, omwe amathandizira kudziunjikira komanso kukhudzidwa kwa anthu a radionuclides achilengedwe, ntchito zamabizinesi ogwiritsa ntchito ma radioion radio zopangira (NZHK). Mzindawu uli ndi mabizinesi opitilira zana, mabungwe azachipatala, mabungwe ofufuza omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma radio radio pazomwe akuchita ndipo amafunikira kuwongolera chitetezo chawo.
Novosibirsk ndi gawo lalikulu la mayendedwe omwe kunyamula katundu ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo radioactive, kumadutsa ndikufika. Zonsezi pamwambapa zikufunika pakuwunika momwe ntchito yoyendera ma radiation imayendera limodzi.
Zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu mwa mzinda wa Novosibirsk zili mkati mwa miyala ya granite yokhala ndi zokutira zamagetsi zachilengedwe - uranium, thorium, potaziyamu ndikugwirizana kwa radium ndi radon, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa chiwonetsero cha anthu kuchokera kumagwero achilengedwe.
Radon ndi mpweya wachilengedwe wachilengedwe womwe ulibe mtundu kapena fungo. Monga lamulo, pamtunda wa dziko lapansi, radon siziunjikira m'makanidwe owopsa kwa anthu, koma popeza imalemera nthawi 7.5 kuposa mpweya, imatha kukhazikika m'magawo okhala ndi nyumba, zipinda, malo otsika, etc. zochuluka kupitilira MPC nthawi makumi angapo.
Radon imalowanso pamwamba pamiyala m'miyala, kudutsa m'nthaka, kudzera m'madziwe komanso njira zoperekera madzi, kudzera m'madzi. Radon imatha kutulutsa zida zomangira. Zinthu zowola za Radon zimakhazikika pazinthu zafumbi zomwe zimakhala ndi mlengalenga, kulowa mkati mwa kupuma ndikuwumitsa thupi ndi ma cell a alpha, zomwe zingayambitse khansa yamapapu.
Zochita zachuma, kukhudzidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzi pansi panthaka ya Ob, kutukuka kwa gawo popanda kuganizira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusefuse, kukuipiraipira zochitika zamtawuniyi. Ziwonetsero zopitilira khumi ndi zingapo zamadzi a radon akhala akufufuzidwa mumzinda. Pazosowa zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo, zitsime zambiri zidakokedwa ndi zotumphukira m'madzi a pansi panthaka zovomerezeka. Kugwira kwawo kosayenera, chikhalidwe chadzidzidzi cha zitsime chimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa radon kwa kutalika kwakumaso ndikuwonongeka kwa zochitika za radioecological.
Zomwe chilengedwe cha Novosibirsk sichingakhudze zaumoyo waanthu.
Kuthandizira kwamagalimoto pamagalimoto otuluka mu mzindawo mu 2005 kunakwana matani 187,000 / chaka, ndipo zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagalimoto zimaphatikizidwa mndandanda wazinthu zomwe ndizodetsa kwambiri zakumtawuni. Kafukufuku wamlengalenga wamlengalenga m'misewu yayikulu yam'mizinda yodziwika ndi "yocheperachepera" idawonetsa kupezeka kwa mpweya wamagalimoto ngati kabonokosi, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, lead, ndi zina, mosiyanasiyana kopitilira muyeso wovomerezeka wa 1.2-10 ndi zina. M'misewu ina yayikulu, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi zinthu zoyipa kuchokera 40 mpaka 100%.
Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto m'misewu ya Novosibirsk pazaka zitatu zapitazi kudali kupitilira 25%. Malinga ndi zoneneratu zomwe zilipo, m'zaka khumi zikubwera kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ku Novosibirsk. Ndi kukula kwa zombo zamagalimoto amtawuni, kuwonjezereka kwa zinthu zoipitsa mlengalenga kudzachitikanso.
Ndi kukula kwa zombo zamagalimoto amtawuni, palinso zochulukitsa zakupopera mlengalenga. Malinga ndi kuneneratu komwe kulipo, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ku Novosibirsk kukupitilizabe m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, magalimoto otsika kwambiri, chiyembekezo chofooka pakuyenda mwanjira zina (metro, mwachitsanzo), ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zilipo kuti muchepetse zovuta zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mumzinda ndi munthawi yayitali.
2. Kutulutsa kwazinthu zopweteka mumlengalenga ya mzindawu
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa mpweya: magalimoto, mafuta ndi mabungwe amagetsi komanso magwero otsika a mabungwe oyipitsidwa ndi anthu ena (chimneys).
Kuchuluka kwathunthu mu 2005 kunakwana matani 11.9,000. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa ukadaulo wamakono chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zopanga, kuchuluka kwa oyendetsa magalimoto komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wamafuta owotcha.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuwononga chilengedwe m'mlengalenga wamagetsi. Makampani ena monga: mayunitsi a CHPP-2, CHPP-3, CHPP-4, CHPP-5 a nthambi ya Generation ku Novosibirskenergo OJSC amaipitsa mlengalenga. Mphamvu zakuchotsa zodetsa ku mabizinesi a JSC "Novosibirskenergo" zikufotokozedwa pagome:
Mphamvu zamphamvu zoipitsa ndi Novosibirsk TPP, matani chikwi.
Ma radiation opangidwa ndi munthu komanso zachilengedwe
Pansi pa Soviet Union, mabizinesi ambiri am'makampani anyukiliya - ma radiation - amagwira ntchito ku Novosibirsk. Masiku ano, pafupifupi madera 200 okhala ndi radiation yowonjezera amapezeka pafupi ndi mafakitole. M'mlengalenga pali:
Koma kuyipitsidwa kwa ma radio a dothi la Novosibirsk Region kumachitika osati chifukwa cha zovuta za anthropogenic: slab ya granite yomwe mzindawu uli ndi radon. Izi zowopsa ndi zowopsa pa thanzi la munthu komanso moyo.
Ma radon achilengedwe amasakanikirana mosavuta ndi mpweya, nthaka yapoizoni ndi madzi akumwa. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti poyizoni wa radon ndiye chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chimayambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo. Osuta amasankhidwa makamaka radon.
Novosibirsk ndi amodzi mwa mizinda khumi “yokhala ndi khansa” mdziko muno. Pazaka zitatu zapitazi, chiwerengero cha odwala khansa chawonjezeka ndi 4%. Pa dispensary, osachepera 10% ya anthu amodzi ndi theka megalopolis amalembetsa.
M'malire a Novosibirsk okha, malo angapo adapezeka komwe mpweya wapoizoni umathauluka.
Mpweya woipitsidwa
Vuto lakuwonongeka kwa mafakitale ndilothandiza m'mizinda yayikulu. Zimphona zakumisiri zomwe zikugwira ntchito ndi mafuta, umagwirira, komanso mafakitale ambiri zimayipitsa mlengalenga ndi ma metro mamiliyoni ambiri. Koma choopseza chachikulu kumlengalenga ndi mayendedwe. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa:
- mayendedwe - 66% ya zotuluka,
- makampani - 4.5%,
- nyumba zochizira zothandizirana (4%) ndi zopezeka panokha.
Kuchuluka kwa poizoni m'tawuniyo kumapitilira masiku 18. Mlengalenga mwaipitsidwa:
- mpweya woipa
- benzapyrene,
- nayitrogeni (dioxide ndi fluoride),
- phenol
- ammonia
- mankhwala.
Novosibirsk ikupanga ngati malo opangira mafakitale. Ntchito zatsopano zikopa anthu ochokera kuderali, kuchuluka kwa anthu kukukula - pali mayendedwe azambiri. Zotheka kwambiri kuti vuto lodana ndi mpweya likukulira.
Madokotala amati kuwononga mpweya ndi komwe kumayambitsa khansa yapakhungu, yomwe ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa oncology ku Novosibirsk. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha odwala omwe ali m'maiko apakati (pomwe magalimoto amapoizoni) ndi m'malo opukutira.
Madzi owopsa
Inya ndi Ob ndi mitsinje yayikulu m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk. Amapatsa anthu madzi, koma nthawi yomweyo amadetsedwa ndi mzinda womwewo ndi oyandikana nawo.
A Ob amalandila zinyalala zochokera ku Novosibirsk ndi Altai Territory ndikuzipititsa ku Novosibirsk Reservoir, pomwe madzi amayeretsedwa pang'ono. Makampani abizinesi nthawi zambiri amataya zinyalala m'mitsinje, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zachilengedwe zizichitika.
Njira yakuthandizira madzi amumizinda ndi yopanda ungwiro, chifukwa chake simungathe kumwa kuchokera pampopi. Asanagwiritse ntchito, ayenera kuwiritsa kapena kusefa.
Ogwira ntchito zachilengedwe akuti dera la Novosibirsk lilibe malo osungirako. Mu 2018, magombe 15 okha ndi omwe adatsegulidwa kuti asambe, 5 mwa iwo ali m'chigawo chapakati. Ambiri mwa matupi amadzi am'derali amaonedwa kuti ndi osayenera kusambira chifukwa chosatsatira malamulo aukhondo.
Zinyalala
Malonda osagwiritsidwa ntchito pamoyo wa munthu ndi zinyalala zokhazikika zam'mizinda. Pali malo otayidwa okwanira 41 mu Dera la Novosibirsk, koma kulibe malo okwanira kutaya zinyalala. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo okuchotsa matawuni, anthu amatauni amakonza zokhazokha - m'nkhalango ndi m'mapiri.
Dera silimataya zinyalala zokha. Njira ina yosungiramo zinyalala ikhoza kukhala yoyatsa moto. Tsopano pali bizinesi imodzi yokhayi yomwe imagwira ntchito kudera lonselo, koma mitengo yotolera zinyalala kumeneko ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa mitengo yonyamula zinyalala, chifukwa chake ntchito zothandizirana zimakonda kutaya zinyalala kale. Malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, mbewu 5 zikukwanira kuti Novosibirsk ndi malo ake atayeretsere zinyalala.
Okhala m'deralo motsutsana ndi kupanga zinyalala zobwezeretsanso zinyalala. Izi zimasokoneza kukhazikitsa njira yachilengedwe.
Kudula mitengo
Kusintha zachilengedwe m'dera la Novosibirsk kungathandize malo obiriwira omwe amayeretsa mpweya woyipitsidwa. Koma mitengo yatsopano sinabzalidwe. Ndipo kudula mitengo mwachikumbu kukupitirirabe.
Zoyeserera kuti zisawononge nkhalango zimachitika pafupipafupi ku Siberia, ndipo ku Novosibirsk sichoncho. Nkhani yatsopano yomwe yachitika ikukhudza kugwetsa mitengo kuzungulira mzindawo. Mitengo yomwe kale inali m'mafamu ophatikiza ndipo inali "chishango chobiriwira" cha metropolis tsopano ndiyabwinobwino. Othandizira amakhulupirira kuti mitengo yamalonda imagulitsidwa kunja, ndipo phindu la malonda kwa eni nkhalango ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe.
Nkhalango za Novosibirsk ndizofunikira osati malo osangalatsa. Amayeretsa mitsinje, amateteza kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuteteza zachilengedwe m'derali.
Kuyeretsa
Othandizira zachilengedwe komanso oyang'anira mzinda amvetsetsa kuti ndizosatheka kuti zinthu ziyambe kuyenda. Munthu akuipitsa mzindawo - munthu ndikuyeretsa.
Subbotniks ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, kuyeretsa malo obiriwira ndi dziwe, ndi malo achisangalalo kumachitika mchigawochi. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za mndandanda wa ma eco-marathons zinali kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa imodzi mwa magombe, omwe adatsekedwa chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi miyezo yoyera. Tsopano kusambira ndikuloledwa.
Akuluakulu am'deralo atenga pulogalamu yopititsa patsogolo zachilengedwe m'derali. Amapereka:
- kuwunika kwamlengalenga
- kuteteza madzi
- kubwezeretsanso ntchito zakumwa ndi zinthu zotayidwa,
- kuyang'anira zachilengedwe,
- kuyang'anira malo
- kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha radiation.
Amakonza kusamutsa nyumba zowotchera kumzindawo komanso poyendera anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mafuta, kuphatikiza mabizinesi: malinga ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe, mapaipi amalovu amatulutsa zinthu zowopsa mumlengalenga kuposa zonse zophatikizira kutentha ndi magetsi ku Novosibirsk.
M'malo opangira mafuta, kugulitsa mafuta ndi dizilo wokhala ndi sulufule woletsedwa kale. Muyeso umachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mtozo mlengalenga. Kuwongolera poizoni wamagalimoto kwatchulidwa.
Chidwi chimaperekedwa kwa "chishango chobiriwira": nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito zaukhondo, kukolola, kusintha mitengo yatsopano. Magulu ochitapo kanthu akupititsa patsogolo malingaliro amgwirizano wopanga zinyalala ndi makampani achinsinsi.
Zachilengedwe mumzinda
Titha kusiyanitsa magwero akulu akulu, chifukwa cha momwe mlengalenga wamzindawu udayipidwira:
- mayendedwe (amafika pa 66%),
- ntchito yamabizinesi (4.5%),
- zipinda zokomizira anthu wamba (4%),
- mabizinesi amtundu wakampani (makamaka kuchokera ku chimneys).
Zochitika zachilengedwe mlengalenga
Kuyambira matani 300 mpaka 360,000 a zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadetsa thambo zimatulutsidwa mu beseni lankhondo la Novosibirsk chaka chilichonse.
Kuphatikizika kwa ena a iwo kupitirira zikhalidwe zovomerezeka.
Ambiri mlengalenga muli formaldehyde (kuyambira 3 mpaka 4.5 pazinthu zovomerezeka), benzapyrene (mpaka 3 MPC), nitrogen dioxide (kuchokera pa 1.2 mpaka 1.3), ammonia (mpaka 1,2 mozungulira), ndi nitrogen fluoride (mpaka 1.1 moyikirapo) ndi fumbi (mpaka 1.2 MAC).
Kuwonongeka kwa nyengo
Komanso, zachilengedwe za Novosibirsk, komanso mizinda ina yayikulu, sizimangotengera zinthu zovulaza zomwe zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga, komanso pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zosakanikirana monga bata, kutentha mkati, ndi chifunga (zomwe zimatha kudziunjikira zinthu zovulaza mu mawonekedwe a mlengalenga).
Pazonse, kuthekera kwa kufalikira kwa mlengalenga ku Novosibirsk ndikwabwino kuposa, mwachitsanzo, ku Siberia yaku Eastern kapena Kuzbass, komabe sakwanitsa kufika pamlingo woyenera womwe umawonedwa ku Europe ku Russia, pachifukwa ichi kuthekera kwa meteorological kungowonjezereka mumzinda.
Maonekedwe a matupi amadzi
M'mitsinje ya Ine ndi Ob, zodetsa zambiri zimabwera kuchokera kumadera oyandikira. Webusayiti,zomwe zimayambira ku Barnaul ndikufika kumalo osungira a Novosibirsk, zimakhala ndi chiwonongeko chachikulu.
Malo osungirako nyama a Novosibirsk, omwe ndi malo osungirako nyama omwe amatha kudziyeretsa, amalandila madzi odetsedwa kuchokera ku Altai Territory ndikuwongolera mulingo wake kuti ukhale wodetsedwa wapakati. Ndi kuthawa kwawo kopanda dongosolo, mzindawu umathandizira kwambiri kuchuluka kwazakudetsa. Mmodzi amatha kuwona kuchepa kowonekera bwino kwa malo achitetezo amadzi.
Mtsinje wa Ob ndiye gwero lalikulu lomwe limapatsa mzindawu madzi. Chaka chilichonse, mamilimita 700 miliyoni a iyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosowa za anthu. Osachepera 2% ya madzi athunthu amatengedwa kuchokera pansi panthaka.
Izi zimakhala ndi ngozi inayake, chifukwa, ngati pakuwonongeka kwa Mtsinje wa Novosibirsk, pamakhala ngozi yoti ingasiyidwe popanda madzi.
Zachilengedwe m'malo ena a Novosibirsk
Malinga ndi zitsanzo zomwe zakonzedwa, zomwe zidachitika kuchokera ku West Siberian Environmental Monitoring Center mumtsinje wa Kamenka (womwe uli m'chigawo Chapakati), kuchuluka kowononga kumawonedwa. Chifukwa chake, mu madzi ake amawonetsa sulfide, haidrojeni sulfide, nayitrogeni wa ammonium ndiwambiri kwambiri kuposa momwe amapezekera. Zoyipitsa ziwiri zoyambirira zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu zamafuta azakudya. Komanso, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kwa mtsinjewo, mpweya wochepa kwambiri wosungunuka unadziwika m'madzi ake.
Mphepo ku Novosibirsk zili ndi njira yakum'mwera chakumadzulo, zomwe zimatsogolera kusamutsidwa kwa uve kuchokera kumadera a Leninsky ndi Kirovsky kupita ku Zaeltsovsky ndi Central.
Mchigawo cha Central, malinga ndi zotsatira za kupenyerera, pali kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'mlengalenga, komanso ku formaldehyde ndi mpweya woipa.
Mzindawu uli ndi malo akuluakulu awiri obiriwira, amapezeka m'chigawo cha Soviet ndi Zaeltsovsky. Amathandizira pakupatsa mzindawu mpweya wabwino. Komabe, apa nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe zinthu ziliri ndikugwa kwa mitengo, ngakhale m'zaka zaposachedwa izi sizinachitike kawirikawiri.
Zaeltsovsky boron kwenikweni ndi mapapu a Novosibirsk, ndi amodzi mwa malo achilengedwe ofunikira kwambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wambiri, mpweya womwe umayeretsedwa m'chigawo cha Zaeltsovsky, kenako umafika pakatikati pa mzindawu ndikupatsa oxygen m'derali mpaka m'chigawo cha Okutobala.
Ndikofunikanso kunena kuti chigawo cha Soviet ndi m'mapapo achiwiri a mzindawu, womwe pakadali pano umathandizanso kwambiri kuteteza malo ake obiriwira. Mwachitsanzo, malo achitetezo achilengedwe otetezedwa tsopano akupangidwa, omwe azikhala pakati pamisewu yayikulu ya Academgorodsky ndi Berdsky.
Zochitika pawailesi mumzinda
Kuwonongeka kwadzuwa kwamzinda wa technogenic wopangidwa mu 40-50s m'zaka zapitazi. Zifukwa zake ndi ntchito zamabizinesi osiyanasiyana, komanso mabungwe omwe amalimbikitsa msika wa nyukiliya.
Mabizinesi ena adayimitsa kale ntchito zawo masiku ano, komabe, mutha kuwona zotsatira za ntchito zawo. Mwachitsanzo, madera 217 adapezeka m'malo onse a Novosibirsk momwe mulingo wama radiation unkakulirakulira.
Madera ambiri okhala ndi zoyipa za chilengedwe zili m'boma la Kalininsky (madera 131), apa pali chomerapo mankhwala. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zikuchitika nthawi zonse potumiza ma radiation ambiri mumzinda.
Mwambiri, panthawiyi, ma radio radio a Novosibirsk sanakhale oyipa monga kale, komabe pakufunika zochitika zina zomwe zingatsimikizire chitetezo cha radiation mumzinda.
Mabizinesi oposa zana limodzi, komanso mabungwe azachipatala amagwiritsa ntchito ma radioactive pantchito yawo, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuno, zigawo 8 mwa 10 zikupezeka m'chigawo cha granite misa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zama radio radio, zomwe ndi thorium, uranium, potaziyamu, komanso radon ndi radium, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wokhala ndi nzika.
Makampani abizinesi amzindawu
Novosibirsk mu malonda ake ndi amodzi mwa malo akuluakulu ku Siberia. Pafupifupi 20% ya yonse makina opangira makina amapangidwa ndi mabizinesi amzindawu ndi dera lake. Omwe amasiyanitsidwa pakati pawo ndi makina opangira nkhuni ndi zitsulo. Zitsulo zopanda magetsi komanso zamagetsi zamagetsi zimapangidwanso.
Mitundu yotsatirayi yamabizinesi ndi oyimira ake akhoza kutchedwa:
- Ndege: "V.P. Aviation Association Chkalova ", atakonza kukonza ndi kukonza ndege,
- Zitsulo: NZMK - mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo,
- "LVK" - nyumba zam'manja, makampu osunthira, nyumba zothamanga,
- pulasitiki: "NZP Uniz", imatulutsa zotulutsa za polyethylene,
- zida zomanga: PromGeoPlast - ma sheet a polymer amapangidwa pano,
- zida: "NIZ" - kupondaponda, driver, komanso zida zokulira,
- chingwe: "NKZ" - chingwe champhamvu chopangidwa ndi mkuwa,
- njerwa: "Strokeramika" -
- fakitoni ya chokoleti ”- zopangira zingapo za confectionery,
- "NKZ" - imapanga zamzitini,
- NLZ - imagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, chitsulo chosayidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga,
- Bungwe Laumisiri Lamaukadaulo - limapanga zida zamagetsi
- "Cinderella", "NMF" - mafakitale opanga mipando, amapanga mipando yamalonda,
- "NFF", "NZMP-Novomed" - zamankhwala,
- "NMZ" - zachitsulo,
- "NFVO", "KORS" - nsapato amapangidwa,
- Baltika-Novosibirsk - mowa umapangidwa,
- "Schwabe" - akugwira nawo ntchito popanga zida zowunika komanso kuwongolera, komanso zida zoyezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani,
- "KPF" - famu yankhuku,
- "Gallop" - zida zoyikonzera, zopukutira, zosintha,
- Sibir ndi fakitale ya zovala
- Chemplast - mankhwala osiyanasiyana,
- SibFlux - kupanga mafakitale otentha kwambiri,
- "Moni" - kupanga mawotchi apakhoma,
- PSF, Severyanka, Mphoto, Sympathy, Classics, Sinar - mafakitale osoka,
- "NEMZ" - kusintha zida zamagetsi otsika,
- "TEK" - zotenthetsa tubular,
- Adalit ndi fakitale yamtengo wapatali.
Makampani olemera amadziwika kwambiri kuchokera ku mitundu yonse yazopanga yomwe imapezeka ku Novosibirsk. Mabizinesi akuluakulu kwambiri amtunduwu amapezeka ku Novosibirsk, komanso ku Iskitim ndi Berdsk (a dera la Novosibirsk).
Kodi pulasitiki ndiye zinthu zamtsogolo? Ayi, zenizeni. Mutha kuwerenga za imodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pankhani yathu.
Ndi magalimoto amtundu wanji omwe amachititsa kuti mizinda yathu ikhale yoyera komanso yokongola m'mawa? Nkhani yothandiza komanso yothandiza pa ulalo wa https://greenologia.ru/othody/vyvoz/kommunalnaya/kommunalnaya-texnika-pum.html.
Kuteteza zachilengedwe ku Novosibirsk
Zochitika zosiyanasiyana zimachitika mwadongosolo mu mzindawu, komanso zochita zomwe zimayeretsa kuyeretsa matupi amadzi ndi malo obiriwira ndikuwasunga bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, mabungwe osiyanasiyana aboma, mabungwe ndi mabizinesi akhudzidwa, ndipo oyang'anira zigawo za Novosibirsk nawonso akuchita nawo ntchitoyi.
Subbotniks amachitika m'malo onse amzindawu okhudzana ndi kutolera zinyalala ndi malo okongola a mapaki, mayadi, mabwalo. Pofuna kuyeretsa gawo la m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Kamenka, womwe umadutsa m'chigawo cha Dzerzhinsky, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, kuchotsera zinyalala, komanso zosunga zinyalala m'misewu yomwe ili mphepete mwa nyanja zikuchitika.
Anachitanso kanthu kena ngati kutaya zinyalala kuchokera mu mtsinje wa Ob. Pa Juni 5, 2014, lidachita chikondwerero cha chilengedwe pomwe gombe la nyanja lotchedwa South-West m'chigawo cha Leninsky lidatsuka zinyalala.
Komanso oyang'anira madera amatenga pulogalamu yoyenera kutsatira:
- kusintha mlengalenga,
- Chitetezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi,
- kuteteza zachilengedwe pakuwononga zinyalala ndi kupanga,
- kuyang'anira zachilengedwe mosalekeza
- pamawonekedwe amzindawu, komanso kupangira nkhalango zomwe zili m'tauni.
- kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha radiology cha anthu.
Ntchito zotsatirazi zikuchitika pakadali pano pofuna kusintha momwe zinthu ziliri mu mzindawo (ndipo ndikofunikira kuzichita mtsogolo):
- Mwa kukulitsa kuchepa kwa zoyipa zachilengedwe mzindawo (makamaka, kuchokera ku zothandizira, komanso kutentha ndi malo opangira magetsi).
- Kupititsa patsogolo konkire komanso njira zoperekera kutentha, mwina kusinthira magwero ena amoto ndi mpweya, komanso kutseka magawo osakwanira amoto omwe angawononge chilengedwe.
- Kuchepetsa mavuto owononga magalimoto, kuyambitsa mitundu yamafuta yamagalimoto, kuwunika magalimoto.
- Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi zinyalala zosavomerezeka monga zinyalala komanso kukonza njira zogwirira ntchito malo ndi kupititsa patsogolo zokondweretsa zawo.
Ngati mukutsatira malamulowa, chilengedwe cha Novosibirsk chidzasintha, chomwe chingathandize kusintha moyo wa nzika zache komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda omwe amadza chifukwa chodetsedwa.