Rajapushka ndi nsomba yodabwitsa, yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwa ogula. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika zakudya zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ndi zochepa zama calories, chifukwa chake nkofunika kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba kwa anthu omwe amadya. Rapushka amatchedwanso raus, ma kilts. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira za usodzi komanso usodzi mdziko muno.
Maonekedwe ndi mitundu
Razapushka monga mtundu wa nsomba zoyera zimakhala ndi mbiri yake:
- Wothandizira waku Europe. Payokha, mitundu ya Pereslavl imasiyanitsidwa, koma kwenikweni ndi ya mabungwe a ku Europe,
- Zojambulajambula ku Siberia,
- Belomorskaya.
Wothandizira waku Europe wotchuka monga kilz, kapena ripus. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nsomba'yi kumachokera pa 13 mpaka 20 sentimita, komabe kutalika kwakukulu kojambulidwa kwa thupi lake kunali masentimita 35 ndi kulemera pafupifupi magalamu 1000. Kapangidwe ka thupi la nsombayo kamafanana ndi hering'i: kamasunthidwa kuchokera kumbali, ndipo pali cholembera patsinde. Nsagwada ya m'munsi imapitilira pamwamba pake. Mulingo woyeserera ndi wokulirapo, koma masikelo 91-96 ndi oyenera mzere mzere wotsatira. Kumbuyo kuli utoto wabuluu wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, m'mimba muli zoyera, ndipo mchira ndi ziphuphu za dorsal ndi imvi, zipsepse zotsalazo zimapakidwa zoyera kapena zina pafupi ndi zoyera.
Wokwawa yemwe amakhala mkati mwa Siberia amawonekanso chimodzimodzi. Ngakhale kukula kwake amakhalabe ofanana: vendace amakula mpaka 35 sentimita, ndipo misa sapitilira 1 kilogalamu. Nsomba zamtunduwu zimakhala zaka 12 kapena 15. Ndipo imafika zaka zakubala pa 6 zaka, pomwe thupi limafikira 200 g.
Carapace ya White Sea ili ndi kukula kocheperako: kutalika sikoposa 25 sentimita yokhala ndi kulemera kosaposa 300 gramu. Kuchuluka kwa nsomba kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 16 mpaka 17, ndipo mwa kulemera - 50 magalamu. Ngati amakhala munyanja, ndiye kuti kukula kwa vendayo kumakhala kocheperako. Thupi la veketi ya Nyanja Yoyera ndi yopapatiza, kumbuyo ndikooterera, ndipo m'mimba ndi koterera. Mtundu wa thupi ndi wofanana ndi wa mitundu ina ya veketi, kupatula zipsepse, zomwe zimapaka utoto, ndipo pamwamba pawo ndiye wakuda. Pakamwa pa nsomba pamayang'ana kumwamba.
Kufotokozera
Kukula kwa vendace ndi masentimita 13 mpaka 20. Makamaka anthu akuluakulu amatha kutalika masentimita 35. Mawonekedwe a vendayo amafanana ndi hering'i mawonekedwe ake, thupi lake limapanikizika pang'ono, nsagwada ya kumtunda ndi yofupikirapo kuposa m'munsi, ndipo ntchengo imapezeka patsinde. Thupi la nsomba limakutidwa ndi masikelo akulu, mbali zake zimakhala ndi siliva, kumbuyo kumakhala kwamtambo, imvi ndi yoyera. Mphesa za nsombazi ndi zoyera, kupatula cha dorsal ndi caudal fin, yomwe imachita imvi.
Kukhazikika kwa vendace
Räpuska amakonda kukhala m'madzi ozizira a kumpoto. Chifukwa chake, ku Russia imatha kupezeka makamaka kunyanja zazikulu, monga Onega, Ladoga, White, Plescheevo, Chudskoe, Pskov. Nthawi zina imapezeka m'mitsinje, ndipo imakhala mu nyanja ya bothnian ndi Finnish ya Baltic Sea.
Wowolayo amakonda kwambiri dothi lakuya kapena dothi lamchenga. Nsomba zimapewa madzi osaya ndi madzi ofunda. Kuphatikiza pa Russia, mutha kupeza vendace ku Scotland, Denmark, Belarus, Germany, Scandinavia, Finland.
Nsomba zimadyera makamaka ma crustaceans aang'ono (cyclops, daphnia, etc.). Kuti tipeze chakudya, vendesi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'matumba ang'onoang'ono.
Kubzala kwa nsomba kumayambira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira kapena nthawi yozizira. Nyanja zakumpoto, nsomba zimamera pang'ono koyambirira - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, ndi kunyanja zamtundu wa Peipsi ndi Plescheevsky - kuyambira pakati pa Novembala mpaka pakati pa Disembala. Mazira a vendace yaying'ono ndi ochepa ndipo mulifupi ndi 1.5 mamilimita okha, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala ochulukirapo - mazira 3600 mwa akazi. Kutha kubereka mu nsomba kumaoneka kale mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, pomwe kukula kwake kukufika pafupifupi masentimita 7.
Mdani woyipa kwambiri wa vendace munyengo zachilengedwe ndi ndodo, yomwe imadyetsa achinyamata ndi caviar a nsomba.
Ngakhale ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, mavenda ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri popha nsomba. Wophika vendayo ndiwotheka mu mtundu uliwonse - wokazinga, wosuta, wamchere. Komanso nsomba za caviar zimadziwika kuti ndizopatsa thanzi.
Wogulitsirayo amagwidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde osiyanasiyana opangira, ndipo nsomba sizigwidwa kawoko. Ku Russia, nsomba zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha kupha anthu ambiri, koma ku Germany zimasungidwa m'malo osungirako apadera.
Kupanga ndi zopatsa mphamvu za vendace
Nsombazi zimakhala ndi madzi, mapuloteni komanso mafuta, komanso michere: fluorine, magnesium, zinki, phosphorous, nickel, histidine, calcium, chromium, chlorine, molybdenum, ndi Vitamini PP.
Nyama yogulitsira imakhala ndi omega-3 acid, komanso calcium ndi phosphorous. Kuphatikiza uku, kuyamwa kwa calcium kumachitika ndikubweza kwabwino kwambiri kwa thupi.
Ubwino wina wothandizira vendace ndi zomwe zili ndi magnesium yayikulu (175 mg pa 100 g ya mankhwala).
Poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina zam'madzi oyera, zopatsa mphamvu za calorie ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala 78 kcal pa 100 g yazinthu zonse. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito vendace ndikofunikira pazakudya.
Ubwino ndi katundu wa vendace
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mafuta a omega-3 polyunsaturated acids amapezeka mundawo, zomwe zimakonda kuwola mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa nsomba kukhala chinthu chowonongeka. Moyo wa alumali wa vendace yatsopano suyenera kupitirira tsiku limodzi, ndipo ndibwino kuisunga mu ayezi.
Mu zaka za m'ma 15-18, ma vendti anali mwayi wa patebulo lachifumu, mbale zake zinali gawo lofunika kwambiri pamiyambo yokhudzana ndi ufumu kapena ulamuliro wa ku Moscow. Ndipo, komabe, zopatsa thanzi za vendace zinkapereka chakudya choyenera kwa minofu ndi mtima, komanso ma cell aubongo. Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu monga histidine ndi magnesium mu nyama ya nsomba kumathandizira mantha amthupi ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.
Ndipo kuti nsombazo zitha kunyamulidwa mtunda wautali, zimayatsidwa ndi kuzizira kwambiri, zomwe zimaloleza kuti zizisunga machitidwe ake kwanthawi yayitali. Kukula kwakang'ono kwa nsomba ndi kwakukulu kuposa kulipidwa ndi mafupa ochepa - osaposa 9%. Nsomba zonse zopindulitsa komanso zopatsa thanzi zimasungidwa ngakhale zimcheretsa kapena kusuta.
Njira zophikira vendace
Pali njira zingapo zophikira vendace. Amayamikiridwa mu mawonekedwe osuta, amchere, atsopano. Kuchokera pamenepo mutha kuphika zakudya monga "Sprats Homemade from vendace", "Marinated marinacea", "Racupa wokazinga ndi kirimu wowawasa", etc.
Ndi nsomba iyi yomwe imaphika zakudya zachikhalidwe zaku France - chitumbuwa chopangidwa kuchokera ku mtanda wokazinga watsopano.
Nayi njira imodzi yophikira vereti: sambani bwino nsomba, chotsani khungu ndikuchotsetsa madziwo. Ikani nsomba mumsuzi, yoyaka ndi madzi otentha ndikuphika kwakanthawi, oyambitsa zina. Nsombayo ikawiritsa, uzizire. Pakadali pano, konzekerani kuvala kwa masamba a bay, viniga, wosasa bwino wa mchere ndi mchere (zida zonse ziyenera kuwiritsa). Tumizani nsomba kukhala chidebe choyera ndikuwaza ndi katsabola, tsamba la bay, allspice, kutsanulira kuvala pamwamba ndikulola kuti zizituluka kwa masiku angapo. Nsomba ikadzazidwa bwino ndi viniga, iduleni ndikukakamiza kwa milungu iwiri.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za vendace
Wosuta veketi yosuta akuwoneka pa chovala mikono yamzinda wa Pereslavl-Zalessky.
Rapushka, yemwe amakhala ku Nyanja ya Pleshcheyev, ankakonda kukhala nawo pakudya ndipo anali m'gulu la chakudya chamadzulo. Nyanjayi inali kwawo makamaka kwa nsomba zazikulu komanso zamafuta, zomwe sizidatha kugulidwa ndikugulitsa. Pankhani ya kusamverako, asodziwo adawopsezedwa kuti aphedwe.
Nsomba zomwe amakonda kwambiri a Finns ndi vendace, zomwe zimakonda kuphika pachikondwerero chilichonse cham'misewu, chomwe chidapangidwa kale ndi ufa. Mwachangu mu mafuta aku Finland akuwonjezera mchere.
Vendace nsomba - kufotokoza
Nsombazi zimakhala ndi mitundu ingapo: Chozungulira White, Sperian, Europe ndi Pereslavl vendace.
Dera loyera la White Sea lakhala m'dera lalikulu kwambiri momwe mumakhala madzi omwe amapezeka pansi pa Nyanja Yoyera, yomwe imaphatikizapo mitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja. Asodzi a asodzi aku Karelian ndi asodzi amateur amatcha herling. Mwa mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo, iyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Kukula kwakukulu ndi 15-17 masentimita, kutalika kwa mtsinje wa munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 25. Kulemera kumasiyana kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 100 g, ngakhale nthawi zina zophatikizira zazikulu zimapezeka - mpaka ma 150 g. M'madziyimidwe awa a ichthyofauna amakula kuposa malo otseguka amtsinje. Cholembera cha White Sea chitha kufotokozedwa motere:
- thupi lopapatiza ndi m'mimba pang'ono,
- mutu waung'ono wokhala ndi maso ofanana
- Chifukwa cha chibwano chaching'ono chapamwamba, pakamwa pamakhala m'mwamba,
- Mtoto wamtambo wamtambo wonyezimira bwino umasandulika siliva m'mphepete komanso moyera pamimba,
- phokoso lakuda kuposa ena
- zikuluzikulu, zokulirapo.
Nsomba zokoma kwambiri ndi nyama yanthete, pomwe mumatha kuphika mbale zingapo zosiyanasiyana.
Carapace yaku Siberiya ndi yayikulu kuposa msuweni wakale, kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 35 cm ndikukula mpaka 300 g kulemera. Kugawidwa mu beseni la Yenisei, pomwe imakhala mosalekeza, ndikupanga magulu ambiri amwazi. Nthawi yayitali amakhala nthawi yayitali, ndipo amalowera mumtsinjewo pokhapokha podula (Seputembara mpaka Okutobala) kuti akaikire mazira. Kutha msambo kumachitika pazaka 4-5, ndipo amuna amakhala okhwima kale kuposa akazi ndi chaka chimodzi. Thupi lalitali komanso locheperako la veketi ya ku Siberia imakutidwa ndi miyeso ya cycloidal. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kwamtambo wonyezimira komanso wamtundu wowoneka bwino wobiriwira, mbali ndi m'mimba zimakhala ndi siliva. Ziphuphu, kuphatikiza mafuta, imvi zopepuka. Nsombazi zimadyera makamaka ku zooplankton, ndipo mazira ake amaphatikiza ndi caviar a mitundu ina ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Ryapushka waku Europe ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamtundu wake, omwe amakhala m'malo otetezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lathu komanso ku Finland. Kuzindikira kwakukulu kumadziwika mu nyanja za Onega, Peipsi ndi Ladoga. Sakonda kusefukira kwa mtsinje, chifukwa chake siwofala m'mitsinje, umapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baltic. Nsomba iyi yokhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso nsagwada zotsika kwambiri imafanana ndi hering'i, koma ndi yocheperako. Kulemera kwakukulu ndi 300 g, kutalika kumafika masentimita 30. Mtunduwo ndi wofanana ndi msuweni wa White Sea.
Pereslavl carapace ndi mawonekedwe osinthidwa a ku Europe. Muli malo osungira amodzi otchedwa Pleshcheevo. Ili ndi dzina la nyanja yayikulu yokhala ndi malo opitilira 50 ma kilomita, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera la Yaroslavl. Vendace wamba amakula kutalika mpaka 30-35 cm, pomwe akulemera 250-300 g kulemera. Amakonzekeretsa madzi ozizira okhala ndi mpweya wambiri. Amawerengedwa kuti ali pangozi, adalembedwa kalekale m'buku la Red. Chifukwa cha izi, komanso kukoma kwake kwapamwamba, zimayamikiridwa ndi asodzi.
Habitat
Kodi vendace ili kuti? Amakonda kukhala m'madzi ozizira, okhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Marshes ndi nyanja zoyenda, kumene mabwalo amnyengo yachisanu amachitika chaka chilichonse, sizili zake. Amasungidwa makamaka m'malo omwe muli mchenga wolimba, pamtunda wopanda miyala, miyala yamiyala ndi malo amiyala ndizosowa.
Nthawi zina amayendera madera oyandikira pafupi ndi gombe ndi madontho akuya. Koma mulimonsemo, kusaka kuyenera kuyambira pamalo akuya kwambiri.
Munthawi zosiyanasiyana, masukulu ambiri a nsomba zamtunduwu amakwera kupita kumtunda (pafupifupi pafupi) ndikusuntha kudera lonse lamadzi. Pamasiku oterowo, ndikosavuta kupeza kutengera kwa vendace, ingoyang'anani mozungulira. Pamwamba pa gulu lotukuka nthawi zonse pamakhala mbalame zam'madzi zanjala.
Onani mawonekedwe
Palibe zododometsa pamachitidwe a vendace ndi momwe zimakhalira. Pankhani imeneyi, sizili zosiyana ndi ena oimira banja la Sigov, omwe ndi ake.
Awa ndi nsomba zamtendere, zikuyandikira m'makola ndikuyenda mumtsinje kapena nyanja kukafunafuna chakudya. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri timakhala chakudya chathu - ma cyclops, daphnia, ndi ena. Akuluakulu sadzaphonya mwayi wadyedwe wamtundu wina kapena mtundu wina wa mitundu ina.
Poyerekeza ndi oimira ambiri aku ufumu wakusodza, kukula kwa veketi kumachepetsedwa pang'ono. Amayamba kukhwima pofika zaka 5 zokha. Fomu ya Pereslavl ndiyosiyana, nsomba izi ndizokonzeka kubereka pazaka zitatu zokha.
Kuswana
Wogulitsayo amayamba mu Novembala, pomwe nthawi yophukira yatuluka kale nthaka. Kubalalitsa ndi kwakanthawi kochepa, kufalikira kumatenga pafupifupi sabata ziwiri. Kutengera nyengo nyengo, njirayi imatha kuyenda pakapita nthawi ndikuchitika kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa Disembala. Nsomba zimamera m'malo osaya kwambiri osungira, kusankha malo okhala ndi matope kapena mchenga, wokhala pansi. Azimayi azaka zosiyanasiyana amasambira mazira 7,000 mpaka 15,000, omwe ambiri amadyedwa ndi ruffs, perches ndi anthu ena okhala pansi pamadzi omwe amafunikira chakudya chama calorie ambiri. Kuyambira kupulumuka mu kasupe mwachangu.
Asanatulutse, nsomba imasambira m'masukulu ambiri. Kusamukira kumadera omwe amaphulika kumayambira koyambilira kwa nyengo yoyambilira. Mu nthawi ya masika, nthawi yachilimwe ndi nthawi yozizira, mavenda amadya mafuta, akuyenda mozungulira padziwe pofunafuna chakudya, ndipo asodzi amathamangitsa nsomba ija kuti ipeze nsomba zingapo.
Njira zophera nsomba
M'nyengo yotentha, mavenda amagwidwa mosiyanasiyana: kuchokera kumtunda - pansi ndikuyandama, kuchokera m'bwatolo - ndodo zazifupi zazifupi zokhala ndi mutu wakuthwa.
Popeza nsomba yochenjera iyi ikuopa kubwera pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe, ndodo ya ntchentche idzakhala yangwiro. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito Bologna kapena njira yofananira, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi woponyera nyamboyo. Zopatsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, mphutsi, zidutswa za nsomba ndi nyama ya nkhono.
Kusodza kosangalatsa komanso kosangalatsa kwa nthawi yachisanu kwa mavenda. Kuchokera ku ayezi imatha kugwidwa pa mbewa yokhazikika, mormyshka kapena garland ya mormyshka. Popeza kusodza kumachitika nthawi zambiri pamtunda wopitilira 20 metres ndipo, monga lamulo, pamalo otseguka, ambiri okonda nsomba zokometsazi amakonda kusodza m'chihema. Pomwe jamb yayikulu idapezeka, mzinda wonse wamatenti umakula.
Maphikidwe a Vendace
Chinsinsi chabwino kuposa kuyika mu poto wa timatumbo tating'onoting'ono sichinapangidwebe. Räppa ndi wangwiro chakudya choterocho, kuwonjezera apo chimakonzedwa mu mphindi. Choyamba, muyenera kuchotsa mamba ndi zopaka zina, muzitsuka pansi pamadzi, kenako ndikupaka mitemboyo mu ufa wa rye, m'mbuyomu mukuwonjezera zonunkhira mukukonda kwanu. Mphindi zochepa mu poto wotentha (muyenera mwachangu mbali zonse), ndipo mbaleyo yakonzeka! Mafuta ogulitsa onunkhira amatha kudyedwa pamodzi ndi mafupa ake ang'onoang'ono, omwe ataphika amakhala osaneneka ndipo osakhala pangozi.
Komanso, vendace amathiridwa mchere, kuti pambuyo pake mutha kusangalala ndi kaphokoso kosavuta komanso nthawi yomweyo. Saliyeretsa kuti inyalala, chifukwa pamakhala mkaka ndi kaphala. Nsombayo imathira mchere wonse muchidebe choyera, pomwe chimayikidwapo, ndikuwaza mchere. Chidebe cha lita 10 chimatenga mchere wa 1.5 kg. Chidebe chikadzaza, zomwe zili mkati mwake zimayikidwa pansi pa kuponderezedwa - bwalo lamatanda lopinikizidwa ndi chinthu cholemera. Ponena za zonunkhira, njira yakale iyi ya Karelian sizitchula. Ngati mungafune, inde, mungayesere kuyesa zonunkhira, koma sibwino kutero. Pali chiwopsezo kuti akapha kukoma kosangalatsa kwa nsomba.
Kodi ndi nsomba yamtundu wanji?
Mwa banja lonse la salimoni, lomwe limaphatikizapo chansomba, chovala chansalu chokhala ndi udzu chofanana kwambiri ndi hering'i. Chifukwa chake, m'malo ena limatchedwa molakwika (mwachitsanzo, anthu akuluakulu amapezeka ku Lake Pleshcheyev ndipo ali ndi dzina lodziwika la "Pereslavl herring"). Mayina odziwika omwe alembedwa mu ma encyclopedia ndi vendace, killet, ripus, ndi Latin - Coregonus albula.Palinso mitundu ya ku North America ya Coregonus artedii ndi Arctic Coregonus autumnalis.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Woimira banja la nsomba, vendace (Coregonus albula) ndi nsomba yaying'ono yamchere yomwe imakhala makamaka kunyanja za Kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Russia, komanso ku Nyanja ya Baltic. Räpuska ndi mtundu wofunika kwambiri pakusodza kwamadzi oyera, komanso usodzi wam'madzi ku Gulf of Bothnia (Nyanja ya Baltic kumpoto) ndi Gulf of Finland. Okonza zalowetsedwa m'makina osakhala am'mayiko ambiri.
Ena mwa iwo adaphunzira kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa atsamunda, ndipo kuchepa kwa chakudya kudadziwika. Mafotokozedwe ambiri amakhudzana ndi masheya achilengedwe ndi nyama zam'madzi pofuna kuwonjezera mwayi wa nsomba zam'madzi oyera. Kukhazikitsidwa ndi kugawa komwe kumadalira zomwe zidacitika munyengo yokhala ndi zachilengedwe ndipo zitha kukhala chifukwa chomanga nkhokwe.
Kanema: Cassock
Pali zitsanzo zambiri za kukhazikitsa, makamaka ku Europe, mkati mwa malo amisika yamderalo. Rajapushki amakhalanso kumadera akutali, monga Maine, USA ndi Kazakhstan. Ku Norway, mwachangu omanga ma hatcheries adayambitsidwa mwamagulu angapo amnyanja pakati pa 1860 ndi 1900. Mwa milandu 16 yalembedwa, ndi imodzi yokha yomwe idachita bwino. Ngakhale mawu oyamba ena anali opambana, ambiri a iwo mwina alephera.
M'madzi ena akuluakulu, pali mitundu iwiri yogulitsira, yokhala ndi pulanktivorous mawonekedwe komanso mawonekedwe akuluakulu omwe amatha kupitilira 40 cm kutalika ndikuphatikizanso nsomba mukudya kwanu. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa vendace ndi Arctic cisco, ngakhale ndi zolembera. Kuchulukitsa kwa ma vendace kokwanira nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsutsana pamlingo wa mitundu ndi ma subspecies, popeza polymorphism ndi hybridization ndizodziwika bwino m'mizere yambiri yotsatsira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi mavenda akuwoneka bwanji?
M'mawonekedwe, vendayo ndi yofanana ndi nsomba yaing'ono yoyera, koma nsagwada yake yotsika ndiyotalikirapo kuposa kumtunda, koma zosiyana ndizowona kwa nsomba yoyera. Maso ogulitsa ndi akulu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nsomba zonse zomwe zimadya m'madzi moyo wawo wonse. Kumbuyo kwa thupi la vekitchiyo ndi kubiriwira kwakuda kapena kwamtambo-wakuda, mbali zake ndiziyera zasiliva, m'mimba ndikuyera, nsonga ya mphuno ndi chibwano chamunsi ndi chakuda.
Mwa achichepere, thupi limakhala locheperako komanso lochepera pang'ono ndi kukula. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, nsagwada yam'munsi imangotuluka kudutsa m'mphepete mwa muzzle, nsagwada yapamwamba imabweranso pamlingo wa mwana, nsonga ya nsagwada yapansi imalowa poyambira m'nsagwada yapamwamba. Mtunda wa pre-dorsal ndi wokulirapo kuposa mtunda woyambira kumapeto kwa kumunsi kumapeto kwa kumat.
Wogulitsayo amadzuka chaka chachiwiri mpaka chachisanu cha moyo, ndipo amakhala wautali wa 9-20 masentimita. M'madera ambiri, ogulitsira samakonda kutalika kwama 25 cm, koma ang'ono ndi akulu amakula munyanja zina.
Mwa vendace, kubala cannibalism kumawonedwa. Pophunzira za izi, kudalirana kwa dzira sikunapezeke, pomwe kuluma ndi kumeza mphutsi zomwe zaswedwa posachedwa kumawonedwa mu 23% ya ogulitsa achikulire. Anthu ang'onoang'ono (komwe malonda amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe nsomba izi zimadya.
Kodi vendace amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: nsomba yogulitsa vendace
Ranapo amadziwika kuti ndi planktivore yapadera, ndipo zooplankton nthawi zambiri amakhala 75% ya chakudya chonse. M'madzi a mitundu yaying'ono ndi yayikulu, mawonekedwe akuluwo akhoza kukhala osadya pang'ono, ndipo nsomba zimatha kupanga 20-74% ya zakudya.
Kukhala zooplanktivore yothandiza, vendace imatha kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa zooplankton, zomwe, zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa msipu wa algae chifukwa cha zooplankton (trophic Cascade). Izi zitha kuthandiza kukokomeza nyanjayo.
Komabe, vendace amakhudzidwa ndi eutrophication, chifukwa chake zotsatira zake chifukwa chamadyetsa makampani ogulitsa zooplankton ndizochepa. Zimayambitsanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kachulukidwe kazachilengedwe - plasha zoyera.
Kapangidwe ka chakudya cha vendace kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso patsiku losiyanasiyana, koma kugawa zooplankton nthawi zambiri kumafanana nthawi iliyonse, mosatengera kuzama kapena nthawi yokumiza.
Chakudya chachikulu cha vendace ndi:
Kuwerengera kwa ma vendace selec shughuli komwe kunawonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri amasankha mitundu yayikulu ya cladocera ndi Copepods ndi woimira wa Cladocera, Bosmina coregoni.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Wogulitsa aku Europe
Wowolayo amachita za kusunthasuntha kwamtondo, machitidwe omwe amagwirizana ndi kupewa chilombo. Komabe, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa zofananirana ndi Europe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomvera chisoni vendace. Chogulitsira chimakhala ndi mazira ocheperako, fecundity yapamwamba, komanso nthawi yotsika yopulumuka kuposa nsomba zoyera.
Chochititsa chidwi: Rappus nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 5-6. Ali ndi zaka 8, amadziwika kuti ndi achikulire. M'madera ena akuluakulu, zaka za vendate zimatha kufika zaka 15.
Creeper nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'malo otseguka a madzi munyanja ndi ma estuarine, omwe amawonetsa chilengedwe cha zooplankton. Zitha kuyembekezeredwa kuti zizindikilidwe mozama masana kuposa usiku chifukwa chosamuka. Popeza ndi mtundu wamadzi ozizira, nthawi zambiri zimapeŵa zigawo za madzi apamwamba kwambiri pomwe kutentha kumapitirira 18-20 ° C.
Chochititsa chidwi: Pakatha miyezi yoyamba kapena iwiri ataswa kuwoneka mu masika, mphutsi ndi ana zimapezeka m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zitatha izi, vendace imayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe amakhalapo. Masana, imayamba kuzama kwambiri kuposa kuya kwa usiku. Amapanganso zibaba masana.
Creeper ndi nsomba yamadzi oyera. Ngakhale imatha kunyamula madzi osafunikira ndi mchere wocheperako, magawidwe achilengedwe pakati pa mitsinje yosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa mchere wam'madzi am'nyanja. Wina angayembekezere kufalikira kumunsi mu mtsinje wamadzi, ngakhale njira yamadzi ikayendetsedwa ndi madamu. Kuthamanga kwakukwera kumachepetsedwa ndi rapids amphamvu ndi mathithi amadzi.
Kugawidwa kudzera m'mawu oyambitsa mwadala kunachitika kudzera mu mapulani a zoperekera, monga kupezeka kwa Lake Inari ndi misonkho. Asodzi a masewera nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito vendace ngati nyambo, ndipo akanyamula nyambo yokhazikika izi zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo ch kulowa m'madzi omwe siawo. Chiwopsezo cha kulengedwa kopambana chimalumikizidwa ndi chilengedwe.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Mitengo yambiri yogulitsira yogulitsa vendace imayamba kugwa pamchenga kapena miyala, nthawi zambiri pamadera aku 6-10 m, koma palinso nthawi yozizira komanso yophukira. Wogulitsayo ali ndi fecundity yayikulu ndi mazira ang'onoang'ono (mazira 80-300 pa gramu iliyonse ya thupi).
Mazira amabadwa nthawi yakusowa kwa nyanja yamadzi mu April. Chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa mazira, yolk sac ilibe zinthu zochepa, chifukwa chake, kupambana kwa ntchito yogulitsa pamsika kumatha kudalira nthawi yayitali pakati pa kukhazikika ndi maluwa.
M'madzi ena am'madzi, mavenda okhwima amatuluka ndikuwonekera m'mitsinje. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka pakati pa Okutobala, malo ogulitsa modzidzimutsa amatseka mtsinjewo m'madzi osaya, ndikutuluka mumtsinje kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Mphutsi zaposachedwa posamukira kumadera akumtunda posachedwa kuswa. Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa mphutsi pa kuwaswa ndi 7-11 mm.
Kafukufuku wina, vendace idawonetsedwa ndi pH 4.75 ndi 5.25 ndi aluminium kapena (200 μg = 7.4 ma micromoles AlL (-1)) chifukwa cha ma endelloin vitellogeneis a Julayi mu nyengo yamvula. Munthawi yofalikira yokhazikika, pomwe 48% ya azimayi olamulira anali atatulutsa kale mazira, 50% ya akazi pa pH 4.75 + Al anali atasinthiratu ma oocytes.
Zigawo zomaliza za azimayi ovomerezeka kwathunthu anali 14%, 36%, 25%, 61% ndi 81% pa pH 4.75 + Al, pH 4.75, pH 5.25 + Al, pH 5.25 komanso pagulu lolamulira, motsatana. Kuchedwa kwa testicular regression kunawonedwa mwa amuna pa pH 4.75 + Al. Kutsika kowonekeratu kwa plasma ya Na (+) ndi Cl (-) ndikuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kunapezeka pokhapokha nthawi yotuluka, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala, womwe umagwirizana ndi kudziunjikira kwa Al mkati mwa minofu ya gill.
Adani achilengedwe a vendace
Chithunzi: nsomba yogulitsa vendace
Adani achilengedwe a ma vendace ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya nsomba, mbalame ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomwe zimadya m'malo a pelagic monga brown trout, loon ndi cormorants. Brown trout ndi wotsogola wofunafuna vendace.
Mbira ndizofunikira kudya nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nsomba ndipo zimatha kukhala zofunikira posamutsa mphamvu kuchokera kuzowoneka za pelagic kupita kumalo okhala zinyalala kapena zamtsinje (nsomba zosamukasamuka), kapena kuchokera kumagulu am'madzi kupita kumadongosolo a dziko lapansi (otetezedwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimadya nsomba).
Chochititsa chidwi: Ranch nthawi zonse amayankha kupezeka kwa Pike ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Amaganiza kuti kusintha kwamapumidwe pomwe ungayang'ane ndi nyama yomwe imayang'anira zilombo kumayamba chifukwa cha magwiridwe amoto chifukwa cha zomwe amachita polimbana ndi ena.
Kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyera kunyanja ndizofunikira pakufa kwa mphutsi komanso kwa achinyamata muchilimwe, ndipo zimachititsidwa ndi kutentha. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimagulitsanso achinyamata ndi nsomba, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumachitika nthawi zonse ndi kutentha kwa chilimwe. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nyengo yotentha, makalasi amphamvu kwambiri adawonekera kwambiri m'ma 1990 ndi 2000 kuposa zaka za m'ma 1970 kapena 1980, ndipo izi zikuyembekezeka kupitiliza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi mavenda akuwoneka bwanji?
Rajapochki nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusunthika kwakukulu mu kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso zimatengera kukhalapo kwa olemba mapulani ena. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa anthu kuyambira pa anthu 100 pahekitala kufika pa anthu 5000 pahekita. M'madzi ambiri, vendace ili ndi kusinthasintha kwakasinthasintha, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mpikisano wokhazikika ukhoza kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakufukula vendace.
Rajapushki ali ndi chidwi ndi:
- kuwonongeka kwamadzi
- kuchuluka kwa thukuta,
- deo oxygenation.
Kwa mitundu yomwe ilipo mosungiramo, ma hydroelectric kuchepa kwamtambo nawonso ndivuto. Kuchulukana kumatha kuchepera - kapena mwinanso kutha - ngati mitundu yachilendo monga ruff itaonekera. Kuyambitsa mwachangu mavenda ndi njira yodziwika yobweretsera mwayi watsopano m'makina atsopano a nyanja.
Izi zimakhazikitsidwa nthawi zambiri ndizomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi boma ndi cholinga chowonjezera nsomba ndi ntchito zam'madzi. Zoyambitsa zina mwadala zidapangidwa kuti zithetse udzudzu, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Asodzi ena a masewera amagwiritsa ntchito vendace ngati nyambo.
Mavuto azachuma omwe amabwera chifukwa chamisika yamisika sanathebe. Ranyapok imatha kukhala ndi phindu lachuma ngati chinsomba chokha, chifukwa chimathandiza nsomba zomwe zimadya nsomba zamtengo wapatali pakuwedza masewera (mwachitsanzo, brown trout).
Koma vendace ikhoza kuonanso zotsatila zachuma pakusodza kwa mitundu ina yomwe ikhoza kusokonekera chifukwa chakuwedza kwa nsomba, monga kuchuluka kwa mitundu yazomera zam'madzi. Wowolokerayo amalembedwa ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi ndipo amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha kwa chilombo.
Chitetezo choteteza
Chithunzi: Red Book Rappa
Anthu ambiri alimbikitsidwe kuyesetsa kusunga zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo mitundu ya zooplankton yomwe ndiyofunikira pakugwirira ntchito kwachilengedwe. Amakhala ovuta kuzindikira kwa omwe si akatswiri, popeza sangawonekere popanda kuwonjezereka. Kuwongolera kwachilengedwe kwa malonda kumatha kusinthidwa ndi mapulogalamu olimbitsa chilombo kapena masheya olusa.
Kupambana kwazinthu zotere kumadalira kunyanjaku komanso kunyanjako. Razpushka ndi nsomba yokoma komanso yofunikira m'misika ina, ndipo kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito nsomba zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, posodza m'madzi ndi m'mitsinje kapena pogwira anthu ambiri pomwe akusuntha.
Razapushka ndi nsomba ya pelagic yomwe imaswana masana ndikutsikira kuzama kwakukulu usiku. Chiwerengerochi chimabalalika usiku, chifukwa chake zitsanzo zimayenera kuchitidwa usiku kuti muchepetse kusiyana kwake. Kuwunikira kuyenera kuphatikizira kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ogwirira ntchito asayansi kuphatikiza njira zosasankhira nsomba (ma gillnets angapo, agwiritse kapena kusankha) kuti adziwe zambiri za mitundu ndi zitsanzo zachilengedwe.
Zotsatira zowononga za vendace zimayang'aniridwa ndikuchepetsa zooplankton. Chifukwa chake, njira zabwino zochepetsera ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowongolera kukula kwa anthu (mwachitsanzo, kugwirira ntchito kwa vendace, kuchuluka kwa owononga).
Wopanga - Awa ndi tinsomba tating'ono, tating'ono komanso tating'ono tokhala ndi msana wobiriwira wobiriwira, m'mimba moyera ndi mbiya zasiliva. Zipsepse zake zakuda zimayamba kuda kulowera m'mbali. Nsombayo ili ndi maso akulu, kamwa laling'ono komanso mafuta onenepa. Malo omwe amakonda kugulitsira vendayo ndi nyanja zozizira kwambiri, pomwe amadya ma planktonic crustaceans, monga Copepods.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a nsomba ndi ofanana ndi hering'i, ndipo mukayang'ana mwachidule ma vendes, amangosokonezeka. Wogulitsayo amadziwika ndi thupi lomwe limapanikizidwa mwamphamvu pambuyo pake. Koma chochititsa chidwi chake ndichakuti nsagwada ya m'munsi ndiyotalika pang'ono kuposa kumtunda, ndipo ili ndi cholembera chamtundu, momwe gawo lomenyedwa la nsagwada limayikidwapo.
Thupi la kilz lophimbidwa ndi mamba akulu, mzere wakumbuyo umayandikira kumbuyo, womwe umakhala ndi utoto wamtambo. Mmbali mwa nsomba ndi siliva, ndipo m'mimba muli zoyera. Zipsepse za dorsal ndi caudal zimakhala ndi imvi, ndipo zina zimapangidwa zoyera.
Kukula kwa ripus ndikocheperako - kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 15 mpaka 20, nthawi zina anthu omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa 35 sentimita amapezeka. Mwachilengedwe, kulemera kwa veketi ndi 100-180 magalamu. Mitundu ina ya nsomba imafika magalamu 300.
Kodi nsomba imakhala kuti?
Kwambiri, ripus amakonda malo akuya komwe kuli dongo kapena pansi pamchenga. Nsomba zimayesetsa kupewa madzi osaya ndi dziwe ndi madzi ofunda. Wogulitsayo amakhala ku Finland, Scotland, Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany, Belarus. Amakhala ndi ma crustaceans ang'ono (daphnia, cyclops, etc.).
Ripus amakonda kukhala m'madzi ozizira a kumpoto.Pagawo la Russia, asodzi akuwedza nsomba munyanja monga Onega, Ladoga, Chudskoye, Beloye, Pskovskoye, Plescheevo. Nthawi zina imakhala m'mitsinje, komanso ma borticine a Finnish ndi Botanical.
Mdani wamkulu wa nsomba mu vivo ndi bobbin, kudya achinyamata ndi caviar a nsomba. Ngakhale kilogalamuyo ndi yaying'ono, nsomba zimadziwika kuti ndizothandiza posodza.
Siberia
Rapushka, omwe asodzi adapereka mayina monga "Ob herring", "saurei". Imapezeka kumadera akumpoto, kuyambira ku White Sea kukafika ku Alaska yomwe. Izi ndi nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pa nsomba. Ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 35, pafupifupi kulemera kwa nsomba kumatha kufika kilogalamu imodzi. Amamwa vendace waku Siberia mwatsopano, mchere komanso utsi.
European
Mitundu yambiri yopezeka matupi obisika amadzi ku Finland ndi Northern Russia. Osowa kwambiri, izi zimasungidwa mumtundu wa Finnish ndi Botanical. Ambiri mwa anthu okhala kunyanja ya Ladoga, Pskov, Onega, nyanja ya Peipsi.
Wogulitsira waku Europe ndi wofanana ndi hering'i: ali ndi thupi lopapatiza, lalitali. Zikuluzikulu zazikulu zimabzalidwa mosanjikiza. Kumbuyo kwa nsomba ndi imvi-buluu, m'mimba muli oyera, mbali zake ndi zasiliva. Nsomba zimatha kufikira masentimita 30 m'litali ndi kulemera pafupifupi 300 g.
Pereyaslavskaya
Uku ndi kusinthika kwa buras yaku Europe yomwe imangokhala mu thupi limodzi lamadzi - Lake Pleshchevo, lomwe ndi madzi abwino otchingidwa ndi madzi omwe amakhala kum'mwera kwa dera la Yaroslavl. Nsomba imadziwika kuti ili ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kulembedwa, zomwe zalembedwa mu Red Book. Chifukwa cha izi, zimayamikiridwa makamaka ndi angler.
Amakonda kukhala m'madzi ozizira komanso okosijeni. Kutalika kwa nsombazi kumatha kutalika mpaka 35 cm. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa vendace kuli pafupifupi 300 g.
Belomorskaya
Nsomba zodziwika bwino komanso zazikulu. Amakhala mu mitsinje ya Nyanja Yoyera ndi nyanja zam'derali. Msodzi akhoza kukumana naye mumitsinje yomwe imalowa mu Nyanja ya Barents. Asodzi am'deralo amatcha nsomba "herring" kapena "zeldom". Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri yamalonda.
Chikwangwani cha Nyanja Yoyera chili ndi malo ochepa, kumbuyo kumimba, kumbuyo nkolunjika. Pamutu wawung'ono pali maso ang'ono ndi mkamwa mokweza. Nsagwada yapamwamba ndi yofupikira kuposa m'munsi. Pathupi pali muyeso waukulu, womasuka. Kumbuyo kwa nsomba ndi imvi-buluu, mbali zake ndizopindika, m'mimba muli pafupi kuyera. Zipsepse za dorsal ndi caudal zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, zina zonse zimakhala ndi kuwala kwakuda.
Wachikulire amafika kutalika pafupifupi 25 sentimita. Nthawi zambiri, toyesa masentimita 14 mpaka 17 zimapezeka m'mphaka. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nsomba ndi magalamu 50. Munthu aliyense payekhapayekha amatha kufikira magalamu pafupifupi 150, koma samapezeka. Vesi la Nyanja Yoyera lomwe limapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi lilinso lochepa.
Chakudya
Chakudya chachikulu pachaka chonsecho ndi crustaceans ang'ono. Amapezeka m'mimba ya anthu daphnia, cyclops, cypris ndi ena. Masana, ma crustaceans amakhala pansi, motsatana, ndipo ogulitsayo amasungidwa mwakuya. Usiku, nyama zodyera zimasunthira kudera lamchenga m'mphepete mwa mchenga, ndipo masukulu a rips amatsatira.
Kuphatikiza pa crustaceans, zakudya zomwe amakonda kugula vendace ndi nyongolotsi, mapira ndi mphutsi za tizilombo. M'chilimwe, amadya tizilombo tomwe tawonongeka m'madzi. Izi zimachitika makamaka munthawi yomwe zimatuluka. Kenako m'mimba mwa nsombazo mumadzazidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbozi ndi tizilombo tina.
Moyo ndi kuwonekera
Ryapushka siosiyana kwambiri ndi moyo wa banja lina loyera. Mutha kukhala ngati veti yokhala ngati nsomba yamtendere yomwe imakonda sukulu. Nsomba zimadyetsa chakudya chazinyama ndipo zimakonda kuyenda mozungulira madzi posaka chakudya. Kukula kwa nsomba kumachedwa. Imafika pa msinkhu wazaka 6 zokha. Kupatula pamenepa ndi mitundu ya Pereyaslovsky, momwe njira yoberekera imachitika pofika zaka 2-3.
Kutulutsa kwa Vendace kumayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Sichikhala nthawi yayitali ndipo zimakhala kwa milungu iwiri. Kutengera ndi chaka, kutha kwa kuwaza kumatha kuchitika koyambirira kwa dzinja. Zoweta, nsombazo zimasonkhana m'masukulu akulu ndikukhazikika m'malo osaya malo komwe kuli mchenga kapena matope pansi, ndikupatsa chidwi ndi mapiri a pansi pa madzi, malo otsetsereka ndi malo otayira.
Vendace kutuluka kumachitika mumdima. Mwa njira imodzi, yaikazi, kutengera kulemera kwa thupi, imatha kutuluka mazira 7 mpaka 15, pafupifupi mamilimita awiri ndi theka. Kubwatchera kumachitika mchaka. Makungu, mapisi ndi ena okhala m'midzi yakumaloko amadya gawo lalikulu la mazira.
Kwa nthawi yayitali yonse, wogulitsayo "amayenda", akusuntha padziwe pofufuza chakudya. Nsomba zimapezeka zochuluka kumadera oyandikana ndi mitsinje komanso m'munsi mwa mitsinje. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, kusamuka kwakanthawi kumachitika kumadzi ndi kunyanja - izi zimachitika kuti ziphukire nyengo yachisanu isanayambe.
Pamagetsi oyandama
Nsomba zimagwidwa kutali kwambiri kuchokera pagombe komanso kuzama kwakukulu. Abakha amakonda kukhala m'munsi mwa madzi. Usodzi, ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito kuyandama komanso "donka". Ndikwabwino kusankha ndodo zokhala ndi "zida zothandizira". Ndikosavuta kuyitanitsa nsomba zamanyazi, koma nsomba zoyipa sizikulimbikitsidwa.
M'nyengo yachilimwe
M'nyengo yotentha, monga nthawi yozizira, amagwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira zomwe zili ndi ndodo za flywheel zokhala ndi mitu yapadera. Wowolokerayo amagwidwa pa mormyshki wamba yozizira: pellet, droplet, nyerere. Ndikwabwino kuti musankhe makonda amtundu wakuda. Node ndi kulemera kwa mormyshek amasankhidwa malinga ndi momwe asodzi amafunira.
Kubala ndi kukulitsa malonda
Kulera nsomba m dziwe ndizopindulitsa komanso mtengo. Koma kuti akonze bizinesi, wamalonda ayenera kudziwa mtundu woyenera kwambiri wa nsomba, njira yoleredwera ndi mawonekedwe ake akusamalidwa. Phindu ndi phindu la kuswana komanso kugulitsa ma venda zikuwonekeratu ngati mutsatira zonse zokhudza dongosolo la bizinesi.
Ulimi wamafuta azimbudzi: mitundu yonse
Masiku ano, kulima nsomba m'madzi agawidwa m'magulu awiri: madzi ofunda komanso ozizira. Cassock ndi nsomba yomwe imayesetsa kupewa matupi amadzi ndi madzi ofunda, njira yachiwiri ndiyoyenera. Ponena za momwe njirayi imayendera panjira, minda yama dziwe imagawidwa muntchito zonse, kudyetsa ndi kusedza nsomba.
Chuma chadongosolo lonse chimapereka mwayi kuzungulira kwazinthu zonse zam'madzi kuchokera ku mwachangu kupita kwa anthu akuluakulu omwe angapezeke bwino. Kudyetsa minda kumalima nsomba zachikulire, ndipo ma hatcheries amakula mphutsi, mwachangu, ndi chaka chimodzi; nthawi zina nsomba zimakula mpaka zaka ziwiri. Kutengera ndi nthawi, makampani amagawidwa m'mafamu ndi chaka chimodzi, zaka ziwiri, komanso zopitilira zaka zitatu.
Matupi amadzi posungira vendes
Famu yokhala ndi dziwe yopanga bwino imapereka mwayi wokhala ndi malo angapo osungiramo zosowa ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Dziwe loyamba komanso lofunikira kupezeka pafamuyo likukula. Chosungira ichi chili ndi zofunikira zambiri pokonza ndi kukonza. Dziwe liyenera kukhala pamalo osavomerezeka ndi masamba achichepere komanso malo abwino operekera mazira, kuwaswa mazira ndi mphutsi.
M'madziwe, kupezeka ndi madzi amayenera kukhala achangu komanso odziyimira pawokha. Dziwe lowala likuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira akazi ochepa.
Chotsatira, muyenera kupanga dziwe la mwachangu, pomwe malo ayenera kukhala opatsa thanzi, palibe poizoni ndi majeremusi omwe angawononge nsomba zazing'ono.
Dziwe litatha, nsomba zimamasulidwa kulowa dziwe lakukula, komwe anthu amadyetsedwa, komanso komwe ana azaka zamtsogolo amapsa mtsogolo. Kuti zitheke, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyika matziwe oyambira pafupi ndi nyengo yachisanu.
Cinthu cina cofunika kwambiri pakupeza nsomba bwino ndi kupezeka dziwe lozizira. Nthawi zambiri, ogulitsa ambiri amawonongeka nthawi yachisanu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mpweya komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha. Kuzama kwa dziwe sikuyenera kupitirira 1.5 metres. Kasupe wamadzi amalimbikitsidwa kuti aikidwe pafupi ndi malo opanda peat.
Kudyetsa dziwe kumathandizira kulima zinthu zamalonda, chifukwa chake kukula kwake kumapitilira magawo a ena, chifukwa vendala amafunika ufulu wambiri. Dera la mahekitala 150 ndikulimbikitsidwa. Voliyumu siyenera kuchitikanso; ndizovuta kwambiri kuwongolera nthawi yonse yakukula kwa nsomba ndi chitukuko. Kubadwanso kwa maenje ang'onoang'ono ndikokwera kwambiri chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa zinthu zabwinoko kuti kukhazikitsidwe kwa maziko kudyetsedwe.
Zothandiza katundu
Chopanga ndi nsomba yamadzi oyera, koma mafuta ake athanzi amakhala ndi asidi ambiri a omega-3, izi ndichifukwa choti nsomba yaying'onoyo imakonda kudya osati phytoplankton, koma crustaceans ang'ono kwambiri, omwe amapezeka munyanja zambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo.
Mapindu a Omega-3 amadziwika ndi ambiri. Choyambirira, mafuta awa ndiofunikira kuti thupi laumunthu lisungike umphumphu ndikusunga luso lamalingaliro - akulu ambiri amakhala ndi kuperewera ndi kuchepa kwa zinthuzi.
Mu nyama ya omega-3 yogulitsira, sizikhala motalika ngati nyama yam'madzi. Koma kuzizira kwamakono kumathandiza kuthetsa vutoli. Mukamasula nsomba moyenera, imasunga zinthu zofunikira pakapita nthawi. Mwa zina, ripus imakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Mapuloteni. Kumizidwa mosavuta ndi kukimbidwa ndi thupi.
- Vitamini PP Amatenga gawo limodzi pakukhudzidwa ndi redox thupi lonse.
- Mbiri. Ndi asidi ofunika omwe amalimbikitsa kukula kwa maselo ndi kukonzanso maselo.
Komanso, nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala ndi mchere wambiri: sulfure, molybdenum, chlorine, fluorine, zinc, chromium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous ndi ena.
Chuma china chofunikira ndikuti vendace imakhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu zochepa - zopezeka 45-88 zopatsa mphamvu pa 100 magalamu azinthu. Lilinso ndi mafupa ocheperako kuposa mitundu ina yamadzi oyera: ndiyezokayikitsa kuti 1/10 yamtunduwu idzasindikizidwa. Chifukwa cha izi, ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kusangalala ndi ma veketi osuta, amchere komanso owuma.
Mtengo wamtundu
Kuphika burashi ndizovomerezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Simalimbikitsidwa osati mwatsopano, komanso amakonda kudya mchere kapena kusuta. Wokoma wotsekemera komanso wotchuka mu phwetekere, wokometsedwa. Gwiritsani ntchito nsomba yokazinga msuzi wowawasa wowawasa.
Ndi vendace yomwe ndi maziko a mbale yachikhalidwe yaku Kifinishi - mkate wopangidwa kuchokera ku mtanda wokazinga watsopano. Kukonzekera koyenera kwa vendes kumatsimikizira kulandira mbale zokoma. Musanaphike, onetsetsani kuti mwatsuka nsombazo, chotsani khungu ndikuyembekezerabe mpaka madzi atadzuka. Kenako, nsomba zimakonzedwa kutengera zomwe amakonda.
Mwachitsanzo, ndizodziwika kwambiri kutola kaphikidwe, kuwiritsa kwakanthawi, ndipo itatha, kutsanulira kuvala kuchokera ku viniga, tsamba la bay komanso mchere wosakanizidwa bwino, mchere. Pambuyo pake, nsomba imakonkhedwa ndi katsabola ndi allspice, katsabola amawonjezeredwa, amasiyidwa masiku angapo. Ndiye nsomba imanyowa muviniga, kenako ikani katundu ndikuchoka kwa milungu iwiri. Chakudya choterocho chimakhala chokongoletsera chenicheni cha tebulo lililonse losangalatsa.
Wogulitsa wowonda kwambiri, komanso khutu, wokonzedwa pamaziko a nsomba. Palibenso zotsutsana zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, chokhacho chokha ndicho kukhalapo kwa thupi lawo siligwirizana ndi nsomba zam'madzi.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za nsomba
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa za vendace. Nayi ena a iwo:
- Pa chovala mikono ya mzinda wa Pereslavl-Zalessky wosuta akuwonetsedwa.
- Rape, yemwe amakhala ku Nyanja ya Pleshcheyevo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika zakudya zomwe pambuyo pake zimaperekedwa kwa anthu achifumu. M'mbuyomu, zinali zoletsedwa kupha nsomba ndikugulitsa. Lamuloli likaphwanyidwa, asodzi a nsomba amatumizidwa kuti akaphedwe.
- Cassock anali m'gulu la chakudya chamadzulo.
- Ryapushka amadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zomwe amakonda kwambiri a Finns, chifukwa ndichizolowezi kwa iwo kuwaza chidutswa cha nsomba, kukulunga ndi ufa, ndikutumizira anthu omwe abwera pachikondwerero chamsewu. Nsomba yokazinga mu mafuta awiri: kirimu ndi rep. Kotero kukoma kwa nsomba kumakhala bwino kangapo.
Rajapushka ndi nsomba yapadera yomwe imakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri, komwe kulibe mafupa, omwe amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi ma gourmets ambiri. Zakudya zambiri zokometsera zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku nsomba, kuphatikiza nsomba zam'madzi komanso ma pulpings a dumplings. Nsomba zotere zimawetedwa ndipo zimakula m'madziwe, ndipo sizimagwa.
Kodi mukudyera magiya ati?
Ndibwino kuti mukumera mu nyengo yachisanu komanso nthawi yachilimwe, gwiritsitsani matayala, pansi, matayala a mormyshevye. Zinyalala zam'madzi, chipolopolo ndi mphutsi zam'madzi, nyongolotsi zamagazi, ndi mphutsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nyambo.
Pa ntchito yausodzi:
- ndodo zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito,
- kugwedeza ndodo za usodzi.
- mormyshki "nyerere", "pellet", "droplet".
Asodzi amagwira nthito ndi zakidny ndi zotchinga kapena maukonde okhazikika kapena maukonde.
Yokazinga ndi kuphika
Yeretsani nsomba iliyonse kuchokera pasikelo (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mbali yolimba ya chinkhupule kuchapa mbale), yokulungira mu ufa (matebulo) ndi zonunkhira ndikuyika mu chiwaya ndi mafuta otentha. Mwachangu mpaka golide wa bulauni kwa mphindi 3-5 mbali iliyonse.
Mitundu ya ku Finishi ya mbale imasiyanasiyana mwa ufa wa rye womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika.
- nsomba (m'matumbo ndi m'miyendo),
- batala
- anyezi, osemedwa mphete,
- mbatata (yosenda ndi kusenda)
- tsamba la Bay, tsabola, mchere.
Ikani anyezi, nsomba, ndi mbatata m'migawo yamafuta a stewpan. Pakhoza kukhala magawo angapo (kutengera chiwerengero cha zinthu). Onjezani zonunkhira ndi kuwonjezera madzi pamwamba. Simmer mpaka mbatata kuphika.
- nsomba za peeled
- mbatata, kusenda ndi kusenda,
- kaloti wapakatikati
- theka anyezi wosenda,
- mayonesi
- amadyera ndi zonunkhira.
Sakanizani mbatata ndi gawo la mayonesi ndi zonunkhira. M'mbale yophika, yophika ndi mafuta a masamba, ikani mbatata, ndiye kaloti, anyezi, mitembo ya nsomba. Phimbani mbale ndi mayonesi pamwamba ndikutumiza ku uvuni wambiri. Kuphika pafupifupi mphindi 40.
Kalakucco
- tirigu ndi rye ufa - 200 g iliyonse,
- madzi - magalasi atatu,
- mafuta masamba - 2 tbsp.,
- mchere.
- nsomba zopanda mitu ndi michira - 700 g,
- nyama yankhumba - 150 g,
- mpunga - supuni 1,
- kirimu - 50 ml,
- mchere.
Kuphatikiza apo, batala (la mafuta).
Knead pa mtanda ndi yokulungira theka pakupanga. Ikani mpunga ndi mitembo ya nsomba pakatikati (mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito mafinya), kutsanulira kirimu. Ku mchere. Ikani nyama yankhumba pamwamba. Tulutsani theka lachiwiri la mtanda, kuphimba, kulumikiza m'mphepete kuti mupange chinthu chomwe chimawoneka ngati bun. Ikani keke mu uvuni ndikuphika kwa mphindi 20 ku 200 ° C.
Kenako chotsani, mafuta ndi batala, wokutani ndi pepala lophika ndi zojambulazo ndikuyika mu uvuni kwa maola ena atatu, kutsitsa kutentha mpaka 140 ° C.
Kugawa ndi malo
Mitundu yaku Europe ya vendace imakonda kukhala m'madzi, koma nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mitsinje, komanso m'mphepete mwa Baltic ndi nyanja: ku Finnish ndi bothnian. Wowolayo amakonda kukhala padothi kapena pamchenga, kupewa madzi ofunda. Mutha kukumana naye ku Finland komanso madera akumpoto kwa Russia, ku Denmark, Scandinavia, Scotland, Germany, Belarus ndi Lithuania. Mitundu ya Pereslavl imapezeka ku Lake Pleshcheevo kokha.
Wotsatsa waku Pereslavl amakhala munyanja imodzi yotchedwa Pleshcheevo. Ili kumpoto chakum'mwera kwa dera la Yaroslavl: mavendawa ndi achikondi mwachangu, chifukwa amasiya kukhala womasuka ngakhale kutentha kwamvula kwa + 16 ... + 17 digiri Celsius. Chifukwa cha chidwi cha anthropogenic, vendace mu Nyanja ya Pleshcheyevo amawoneka pokhapokha pamlingo wina womwe umakwaniritsa zofunika za kutentha kwa madzi ndi mpweya wake. Mutha kuzipeza pakuya kwa 10-25 metres, koma dzuwa likamalowa limapezeka pamwamba. Posachedwa, anthu omwe ali munyanjayi adayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi yawo yokhala ndi moyo imachepa ndi zaka ziwiri.
Wobwereketsa Siberia amakhala ku Laptev Sea Basin. Carapace iyi imadziwika kuti ndi nsomba yomwe imasamukira kumadzi komwe imakhala m'madzi amchere kwambiri, koma ikasinja imakwera m'mitsinje. Mtundu wa White Sea umapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Arctic Ocean. Wogulitsirayo amatchedwa herring, kapena Zeldyu.
Kulanda vesi
M'nyengo yotentha, vendace amagwidwa m'bwatomo komanso kuchokera pagombe. Kuchokera pagombe - mpaka pansi, ndodo yodziwira ya flywheel kapena Bologna, ndikuchokera m'bwatomo - kupita ku ndodo yosanja yomwe ili ndi mutu. Kuyandama posayenda si njira yabwino kwambiri yosodza kwa nsomba zomwe zimabweramo mwangozi.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndichisodzi chazizira. Kuchokera pa ayezi, vendayo amagwidwa kokongoletsa, mormyshka ndi mbeza. Kugwedeza kukhazikika. Kusodza kumachitika mozama kupitirira 20 m, kotero mumphepo yamkuntho palibe chochita popanda chihema pa ayezi. Pomwe vendes imapezeka, anthu amderali amamanga nyumba pa dziwe ndipo amazigwira bwino.
Zambiri zosangalatsa
Rapushka, yomwe imapezeka ku Nyanja ya Pleshcheyeva, sinali gawo chabe la chakudya chamadzulo, komanso idaphatikizidwa mumakampani a anthu achifumu. Nsomba zazikulu komanso zamafuta zochokera kunyanjayi, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti ("Pereslavl herring"), sizinathe kugulidwa kapena kugulitsa m'zaka za zana la 16 pansi pa lamulo la tsar. Mwa cholakwa choterocho, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, ali ndi nkhawa ndi boma la vendace, adawopseza kuti adzamupha ndi usodzi. kwa akulu.
Wosuta veketi yosuta akuwonekera pa chida chovomerezeka cha mzinda wa Pereslavl-Zalessky.
Ndipo ku Finland, pamwambo uliwonse wamsewu, mutha kuwona momwe nsomba yokondedwa ya ku Finish, yogulitsa, yophika poto yokazinga, atakulungidwa mu ufa wa rye. Chogulitsacho chimaphikidwa mu mafuta achi repinishi, onetsetsani kuti akuwonjezera batala mukaphika.