Mpaka pano, palibe malingaliro enieni onena za momwe ndi kumene, adawonekera makolo akale a munthu. Asayansi ambiri ali ndi lingaliro lokhudza kholo wamba mwa anthu ndi anyani. Amakhulupirira kuti kwina pafupifupi zaka miliyoni 5-8 zapitazo, kusinthika kwa anyani a anthropoid adapita mbali ziwiri zosiyana. Ena mwa iwo adatsala ndikukhala nyama, ndipo ena, atatha zaka mamiliyoni, adasandulika anthu.

Mkuyu. 1 - Kusintha kwaumunthu

Driopithecus

Mmodzi mwa makolo akale akale a munthu ndi Driopithecus "nyani wamkulu" omwe amakhala ku Africa ndi Europe zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo. Adayamba kukhala ndi gulu lankhondo, lofanana kwambiri ndi chimpanzi chamakono. Chifukwa chakuti amakhala mosakhazikika m'mitengo, kutsogolo kwake kutembenukira kumbali iliyonse, zomwe zidagwira ntchito yofunika pakupanga munthu.

• miyendo yakumtunda idathandizira kuti pakhale luso lotha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu molakwika,
• kulumikizana kwasintha, mawonekedwe amtundu wapanga. Panali kusintha kuchokera ku gulu lankhondo kukhala njira yocheza, chifukwa cha izi, mawu olankhula adayamba kukhazikika,
• kukula kwaubongo kwakula
• woonda wosanjikiza wa enamel pamano a dryopithecus akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu yochokera mu chakudya chake.

Mkuyu. 2 - Dryopithecus - kholo loyamba la munthu

Anthu akale - ndani?

Anthu akale kwambiri amakhala ku Africa zaka zoposa 2 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zofukula zambiri zakale. Komabe, ndikudziwika kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba zolengedwa zanyumba zam'madzi zomwe zimayenda molimba m'mbali ndi miyendo yakumbuyo kwake (ndiko kuti, chizindikirochi ndichofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira munthu woyamba) zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Chikhalidwe chotere cha anthu akale monga mawonekedwe owongoka adadziwika koyamba mwa zolengedwa zomwe asayansi adazitcha "Australopithecus."

Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa zaka mazana ambiri, adasinthidwa ndi maofesi apamwamba kwambiri a Homo, omwe amadziwikanso kuti "munthu waluso." Idasinthidwa ndi zolengedwa zowoneka ngati anthu, oyimilira omwe amatchedwa Homo eisengus, omwe amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Latin kuti "munthu wowongoka." Ndipo zitadutsa zaka pafupifupi wani miliyoni ndi theka pomwe mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a munthu wakale, omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi anthu anzeru amakono a Earth - Homo sapiens kapena "munthu wanzeru." Monga tingaonere kuchokera pamwambapa, anthu oyamba pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi yomweyo, adakula bwino, ndikupeza mwayi watsopano. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane momwe makolo onsewa a munthu anali, ntchito zawo zinali ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Kulowa

Mutu wa maphunziro athu ndi: Artiodactyl ndi Equidrop Units. Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikuwona mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ndi moyo wa omwe akuyimira magulu awiriwa.

Malamulowa onsewa amatchedwa osapenda. Monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, nyamazo zimakhala ndi ziboda kumapazi. Tsamba loyambira limasoka kwambiri.

Mkuyu. 1. Chigoba chapachigawo

Australopithecus: mawonekedwe akunja ndi moyo wawo

Anthropology yakale imanena kuti Australia ndi amwewa woyamba kupitilira miyendo. Zoyambira za anthu akale ngati izi zidayamba kudera la East Africa zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni, zolengedwa izi zidafalikira kudera lonse. Munthu wachikulire, yemwe kutalika kwake kunali 135 cm, sanali wolemera mpaka 55 kg. Mosiyana ndi nyani, Australopithecus anali atatanthauzanso kwambiri zogonana, koma mawonekedwe a anyaniwa amuna ndi akazi anali ofanana. Bokosi la chigaza cha mtunduwu linali laling'ono ndipo linali ndi voliyumu yoposa 600 cm 3. Ntchito yayikulu ya Australopithecus kwenikweni siyinali yosiyana ndi ya anyani amakono, ndipo anawiritsa mpaka kuchotsera chakudya ndi kutetezedwa ndi adani achilengedwe.

Gulu la Artiodactyl

Gulu la artiodactyl limapatsidwa dzina la kupezeka kwa nyama ya zala ziwiri zakulidwe pachilichonse, chachitatu ndi chachinayi. Zala zake zimakutidwa ndi ziboda cholimba cholimba. Zala zachiwiri ndi zachisanu zimapangidwa, ndipo zoyamba zinazimiririka. Lamuloli limaphatikizapo nkhumba, nkhosa zamphongo, mbuzi, anyani, mvuu, ndudu ndi nyama zina (mkuyu. 2-4).

Mkuyu. 2 Warthog

Nyama za Artiodactyl zimakhala zazikulu kapena zokulirapo. Amakhala munkhalango, mapiri kumapiri ndi tundra. Ma artiodactyls amakono ndi nyama zodyetsa kapena zopatsa chidwi, ndipo mwa zina zomwe sizinatchulidwenso pamalamulo panalinso ena odyetsa.

Mimba imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osokoneza komanso magawo anayi. Phokoso limadukaduka, pamutu nthawi zambiri mumakhala nyanga kapena ma fang, pomwe nyamayo imapeza chakudya ndikudziteteza kwa adani.

Mkuyu. 5. Nyanga za Deer

Mkuyu. 6. Kapangidwe ka m'mimba ka artiodactyls

Kugawidwa kuma kontrakitala onse kupatula Antarctica ndi Australia, komabe, zikuluzikulu zomwe zimayambitsidwa kumeneko ndi anthu tsopano akukhala ku Australia. Chiwerengero chonse cha mitundu ya artiodactyl chodziwika ndi pafupifupi 200. Dongosolo ili linagawidwa m'magawo awiri: Osapanga dzimbiri ndi Ruminiant.

Munthu waluso: mawonekedwe a anatomy ndi moyo

Homo habilis (wotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini ngati "waluso" monga mtundu wodziimira pawokha wa anthropoids adawoneka zaka 2 miliyoni zapitazo ku kontinenti ya Africa. Munthu wachikulireyu, yemwe kukula kwake nthawi zambiri amafikira masentimita 160, anali ndi ubongo wopanga zambiri kuposa Australia, ndipo ubongo wake unali pafupifupi 700 cm 3. Mano ndi zala zakumapeto kwa Homo habilis zinali zofanana ndendende ndi anthu, komabe, zipilala zazikulu zazikulu komanso nsagwada zake zidapangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati nyani. Kuphatikiza pa kusonkhana, bambo waluso adasaka nyama pogwiritsa ntchito miyala, ndipo adatha kugwiritsa ntchito pepala lodula matupi a nyama. Izi zikusonyeza kuti Homo habilis ndiye cholengedwa choyamba cha humanoid kukhala ndi luso la ntchito.

Chiyanjano chopanda mafuta

Suborder Zosagwirizana zimaphatikizapo mabanja atatu ndi mitundu yopitilira 10. Mulinso nkhumba, mvuu ndi ophika mkate (mkuyu. 7, 8). Chosagulitsacho chimakhala ndi thupi lalikulu komanso miyendo yayifupi yokhala ndi mikono inayi. Mafangayi nthawi zambiri amapitilira pakamwa, mothandizidwa ndi nyama imatha kupeza chakudya chawo ndikudziteteza kwa adani.

Mkuyu. 7. Nkhumba yokhala ndi ndevu

Mkuyu. 8. Babirussa

Kumapeto kwa muzzle kuli chigamba cha cartilaginous. Omwe akuimira chinsinsi ichi ndiwosadabwitsa. Mimba ndi mawonekedwe osavuta. Palibe nyanga, pali mafuta ambiri ofunikira.

Mkuyu. 9. Nkhumba ya Javanese

Pali mitundu 9 yamakono mu banja la nkhumba. Tiyeni titenge mwachitsanzo nkhumba yakuthengo kapena nguluwe zakuthengo. Amagawidwa ku Europe, Asia ndi America. Amakhala m'nkhalango, malo otsika, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zitsamba. Nguluwe zomwe zimakhala ku Europe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 130 mpaka 175 cm.

Mkuyu. 10. Nguluwe zakuthengo

Mbali yakutsogolo ya matupi awo imakwezeka kwambiri ndipo imafikira masentimita 100. Kulemera kwakukulu kumakhala kuyambira 60 mpaka 150 kg, nthawi zina mpaka 300 kg. Khungu lonyowa limakutidwa ndi zitsamba zakuda komanso zolimba za bulauni. Makamba am'munsi agaya amuna amapindika mpaka 10cm.

Mkuyu. 11. Mafangasi a nsagwada yapansi

Nguluwe zamtchire zimadya udzu, zipatso, tubers ndi ma rhizomes a mbewu omwe agwera pansi. Zoweta zimachotsedwa padziko lapansi, nyamayo imaphwanya ndi fangs. Nthawi zambiri m'nkhalangomo mumatha kuwona zimbudzi za boar, nthawi zina nkhumba zimavulaza maselo, monga mbatata.

Nguluwe zakuthengo zimakhala zazing'ono, zimaswana masika. Zachikazi zimabereka 4-5, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka nkhumba 12. Achichepere amawonedwa ndi mafoni kuyambira tsiku limodzi la moyo. Amayi amadyetsa nkhumba ndi mkaka kwa miyezi iwiri. Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ndi miyezi isanu ndi itatu, amuna akamaliza chaka chachiwiri cha moyo.

Mkuyu. 12. Mimbulu

Nguluwe zamtchire ndi chinthu chofunikira kusaka. Kuchokera ku nkhumba zakutchire Mitundu yambiri ya nkhumba zoweta zimadulidwa. Mosiyana ndi kholo lakale, amakula msanga thupi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakula. Nkhumba zakunyumba zimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri - mafuta. Chovala chawo chaching'ono chokhala ndi bedi chimakhala palibe. Mbidzi zamkati zimabadwa popanda mikwingwirima yayitali pakhungu.

Mkuyu. 13. Nkhumba zakunyumba

Mkuyu. 14. Nkhumba yakunyumba yankhumba

Homo erectus: mawonekedwe

Khalidwe lakale la anthu akale, lotchedwa Homo eisengus, ndilowonjezereka kutalika kwa chigaza, chomwe chimalola asayansi kunena kuti ubongo wawo umakhala wofanana ndi ubongo wamunthu wamakono. Maukadaulo apamwamba ndi chibwano cha munthu waluso adakhalabe wamkulu, koma sanatchulidwe monga anatsogolera. Zolimbitsa thupi zinali pafupifupi zofanana ndi za masiku amakono. Poganizira zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale apeza, Homo eisengus adakhala moyo wokhazikika ndipo amadziwa kupanga moto. Oimira amtunduwu amakhala m'magulu akulu m'mapanga. Ntchito yayikulu ya munthu waluso inkasonkhana (makamaka pakati pa azimayi ndi ana), kusaka ndi kuwedza, ndikupanga zovala. Homo eisengus anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kuzindikira kufunika kosungirako chakudya.

Zoyendera zapansi

Dongosolo la Ruminant limaphatikizapo mitundu yopitilira 180 kuchokera m'mabanja 6. Pakati pa mabanja, odziwika kwambiri ndi Deer, Giraffe ndi Barnsters. Gululi lidapeza dzina lodziwika bwino kwa oyimilira: nyama izi zimakonda kutafuna chingamu. Kutafuna chingamu ndi mtanda wazakudya zomwe zimafunikira kukonzanso pakamwa. Kutafuna chingamu kuchokera kutsogolo kwa m'mimba.

Mimba imakhala ndi zigawo 4. Mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, dzalitsani chakudya mu gawo lachiwiri, phokoso, limaphimbidwa ndikukhomera gawo lachiwiri, ukondewo umang'ambika kuchokera mkamwa kupita mkamwa, pomwe umasungunuka ndi malovu ndikuwukanda, chakudya chogayikidwachi chimakhala kutafuna chingamu.

Unyinji wamadzimadzi ndiye umagwera m'chigawo chachitatu, buku, pomwe limasungidwa madzi, kenako limalowetsa gawo lomaliza la m'mimba, abomasum, pomaliza kuchita ndi madzi a m'mimba.

Mkuyu. 15. Madipatimenti amimba zoyenda m'mimba

Chifukwa chiyani chakudya chomera chimayamba kuphatikizidwa ndi tizilombo? Chowonadi ndi chakuti zounikira, monga nyama zina zonse, sizikhala ndi ma enzymes awo omwe amawonongeka a cellulose, omwe ndi gawo la mbewu, ndipo matumbo mutualists ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timawathandiza pankhaniyi.

Zowongolera zimakhala ndi thupi lochepera, miyendo yawo yayitali imakulolani kuti muthamangire kuthamanga, ana aamuna amatha kuyenda ngakhale kuthamanga kuyambira masiku oyamba amoyo. Tsitsi lalitali lamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu limakula pakhungu. Mafuta osunthika osakanikirana samapangidwa, ma fang sapezeka, koma pamutu nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyanga (mkuyu. 16, 17).

Oimira ena, monga reindeer, mothandizidwa ndi nyanga amatha kudzipezera chakudya. Ma artiodactyl ambiri ndi nyama zotetezeka ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book. Makamaka, njati zaku Europe, mitundu ina ya agwape ndi nkhosa zamphongo, nswala zazikopa, dzeren ndi goral zalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia (mkuyu. 18 - 20).

Neanderthal: mafotokozedwe a mawonekedwe ndi moyo

Neanderthals adawonekera mochedwerapo kuposa omwe adawatsogolera - pafupifupi zaka 250 zapitazo. Kodi munthu wakale uyu anali ndani? Kukula kwake kunafika pa 170 masentimita, ndipo kukula kwa chigaza kunali 1200 cm 3. Kuphatikiza pa Africa ndi Asia, makolo awa adakhazikika ku Europe. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha Neanderthals m'gulu limodzi chinafikira anthu 100. Mosiyana ndi omwe adalipo kale, iwo anali ndi mafotokozedwe achizolowezi, omwe ankalola anthu amitundu anzawo kusinthana chidziwitso ndikugwirizana bwino. Ntchito yayikulu ya kholo lanthu ili inali kusaka. Kuchita bwino pakupeza chakudya kunaperekedwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana: nthungo, miyala yayitali ya miyala yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mipeni, ndipo misampha yomwe inakumba pansi mothandizidwa ndi mitengo. Zinthu zomwe zidapezedwa (zikopa, zikopa) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Neanderthals popanga zovala ndi nsapato.

Cro-Magnons: gawo lotsiriza pakusintha kwa munthu wakale

Cro-Magnons kapena Homo Sapiens ndi munthu wakale womaliza wodziwika ndi sayansi, yemwe kukula kwake wafika kale masentimita 170-190. Kufanana kwakunja kwa mtundu wa anthu akale omwe ali ndi nyani kunali pafupifupi kosavulaza, popeza zipilala zapamwamba zimachepa, ndipo nsagwada yakumbuyo sinatulutsire kutsogolo . Zida Cro-Magnons sizopangidwa mwala zokha, komanso zamatanda ndi mafupa. Kuphatikiza pa kusaka, makolo aanthuwa anali kuchita ulimi ndi mitundu yoyambirira yoweta nyama (zoweta nyama).

Mlingo woganiza pakati pa Cro-Magnons unali wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa omwe adawatsogolera. Izi zidawathandiza kupanga magulu ogwirizana. Mfundo yotsogola yakhalapo idasinthidwa ndi kayendetsedwe kazinthu ndikupanga zoyambira zamalamulo azachuma.

Makhalid

Zotsalira za Australopithecus zidapezeka ku Africa. Mudakhala zaka pafupifupi,5,5 miliyoni zapitazo. Iye anayenda ndi miyendo, koma manja ake anali atali kwambiri kuposa a munthu wamakono. Nyengo ya ku Africa inali kusintha pang'onopang'ono, ndikukhala youma, zomwe zinayambitsa kuchepa kwa nkhalango. Hafu yayikulu ya humanoid adasinthidwa kukhala ndi malo atsopano poyera. Chifukwa chotentha, makolo akale a munthu, makamaka adayamba kuyendayenda ndi mapazi awo, omwe adawapulumutsa pakuwotcha dzuwa (dera lakumbuyo ndilokulirapo kuposa korona wamutu). Zotsatira zake, izi zinayambitsa kuchepa kwa thukuta, potero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi.

• Amadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakale: timitengo, miyala ndi zina zotero.
• Ubongo unali wocheperapo katatu kuposa ubongo wamunthu wamakono, koma wokulirapo kuposa ubongo wa nyani wamkulu nthawi yathu ino,
• yodziwika ndi kukula kochepa: 110-150 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi kumatha kukhala 20 mpaka 50 kg,
• kudya masamba ndi nyama
• adapeza ndalama zake pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira izi,
• chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 18-20.

Mkuyu. 3 - Australopithecus

Munthu "waluso"

Munthu "waluso" okhala zaka pafupifupi 2-2,5 miliyoni zapitazo. Mawonekedwe ake anali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Adasunthika mowongoka, kuchokera adalandira dzina lake lachiwiri - "munthu wowongoka." Habitat Africa, komanso malo ena ku Asia ndi Europe. Ku Olduvai Gorge (East Africa), zinthu zopangidwa ndi miyala yosakanikirana pang'ono zidapezeka pafupi ndi zotsalira za munthu “waluso”. Izi zikusonyeza kuti makolo akale a munthu wa nthawi imeneyo amadziwa kale momwe angapange zinthu zosavuta zogwirira ntchito ndi kusaka, komanso kusankha zida zopangira zawo. Mwina ndiye mbadwa yachindunji ya Australopithecus.

Zambiri za munthu "waluso":

• kukula kwaubongo - 600 cm²,
• mbali yakutsogolo ya chigaza idakhala yaying'ono, ndikupereka gawo ku ubongo,
• mano si akulu kwambiri, ngati Australopithecus,
• anali wopatsa chidwi
• phazi lidapeza chotchinga, chomwe chidathandiza kuyenda ndi miyendo iwiri,
• Dzanja lamanja limakulirakulira, mwakutero luso lake lakuzindikira lakulirakulira, ndipo mphamvu zakugwirira zachuluka,
• ngakhale kuti mbawala ya m'mimba imalephera kuyankhulanso, gawo laubongo lomwe limayambitsa izi linapangidwa.

Mkuyu. 4 - Munthu "waluso"

Homo erectus

Dzina lina ndi Elementus . Mosakaikira adaganizirapo woimira mtundu wa anthu. Panali 1 miliyoni - zaka 300 zapitazo. Ili nalo dzina lake kuchokera pakusintha komaliza mpaka kuloza kuyenda molunjika.

Zambiri za bambo woyimirira:

• anali wokhoza kulankhula komanso kuganiza mopanda chidwi,
• Anatha kupanga zinthu zovuta kupanga kuti zizigwira moto. Pali lingaliro kuti munthu wopanda pake amatha kuyatsa moto payekha,
• maonekedwe amafanana ndi zomwe anthu amakono akuchita. Komabe, pali zosiyana zazikulu: makoma a chigaza ndiotakata, mafupa a kutsogolo amakhala otsika ndipo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a supraorbital. Nsagwada ya m'munsi yolemerayo ndi yayikulu, ndipo kutuluka kwa chibwanoyo sikukuwoneka,
• Amuna anali akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi,
• kukula kwa pafupifupi 150-180 masentimita, kukula kwaubongo kukwera mpaka 1100 cm³.

Njira yamoyo wa kholo lowongoka la munthu inali kusaka ndi kututa mbewu, zipatso, bowa. Kukhala m'magulu ochezera, zomwe zidathandizira kuti pakhale kuyankhula. Itha kukhala kuti linaikidwa m'malo ndi Neanderthal zaka 300,000 zapitazo, koma mtunduwu ulibe zotsutsana.

Zinyama zoyambirira ndi mbadwa zawo zamakono

"Kodi muli ndi bambo, wamkulu bwanji?" - akuti kamnyamatako kakhumudwitsa anzawo. Nyama zambiri zazing'ono zomwe zikukhala masiku ano zimathanso kunena.Akulu awo akutali anali zimphona zazikulu, mafumu enieni a mitengo ndi nkhalango za nthawi imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zazikazi zazikulu kwambiri zotchedwa moas, zazitali kutalika pafupifupi 3.6 m ndipo zolemera 250 kg, zinali makolo a mbalame zazing'ono zosavulaza za kiwi.

Nawa zilombo zisanu zam'mbuyomu komanso abale awo masiku ano.

Andrewsarchus (Andrewsarchus mongoliensis) ndi nyama yanyama yakudya yomwe inali ku Central Asia nyengo ya Middle - Late Eocene zaka 45-36 miliyoni zapitazo. Andrewsarch - nyama yolusa kwambiri yomwe imadziwika ndi sayansi, inali ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri. Chigoba chake chimakumbukira bwino za chigaza cha ng'ona, zipilala zazikulu zagilomatic zimatha kuluma mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika mamitala 4 (popanda mchira wa mita 1.5), kutalika kwake kumapewa - mpaka 1.6 metres, kulemera - kopitilira tani. Andrewsarch anali wothamanga kwambiri ndipo anali ndi ubongo wopanga. Iye mwina amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala ziweto, akudya zovalazo ndi nyama zazing'ono, koma sakanakonda kuukira anthu akuluakulu. Amatha kuyendetsa zilombo zing'onozing'ono kuchokera ku nyama (mwachitsanzo, mesonichid, yomwe imafikira kukula kwa chimbalangondo chachikulu).

Zomwe zidachitika:
Zotsalira zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri ndi nkhosa ndi mbuzi.

Entelodontidae (Entelodontidae) ndi nyama yomwe sinatheretu kuti Artiodactyl chigawo china cha nkhumba. Unalipo ku Oligocene (zaka 33.9-23.03 miliyoni zapitazo). Nthawi za nyama zikuluzikulu zimabereka zimphona zazikuluzing'ono, entelodont inali nyama yotere. Zazikulu kwambiri zinali za kukula kwa ng'ombe (kutalika pafupifupi 3.5 mamilimita, kutalika kufota mpaka mita 1.8, kulemera kwake ngati tani, kutalika kwa chigawo pafupifupi 75 cm): ndi mano akuthwa, amene amakonda kudya mtembo wopanda kanthu, entelodont sanali wokondweretsa kwambiri kukhala wa nthawi yake. Mafupa okhala ndi mafupa ambiri okhala m'matumbo ambiri adasiyiratu mabala owopsa omwe amangobera abale awo. Nthawi zambiri, mafupa ogawanika a zygomatic, zilonda zam'mimba, ndi kuvulala kwa chigaza chachikulu zimapezeka - nyamazo ziyenera kuti zidavulala pama nkhondo oopsa ndi abale chifukwa cha chakudya kapena chachikazi.

Zomwe zidachitika:
Nkhumba zakunyumba. Nthawi ina mukatembenuza nkhumba, ganizirani za agogo agogo ake momwe amapangira.

Megateria (Megatherium, ochokera ku "chirombo chachikulu" chachi Greek) ndi mtundu womwe sutha womwe unapezeka ku Pliocene ndi Pleistocene kuyambira zaka 2 miliyoni mpaka 8000 zapitazo mdera la South komanso mbali ina ya North America. Megaterium inali herbivore yayikulu yomwe imaposa kukula kwa njovu ya ku Africa - inkafika mita 6 m'litali. Nthawi zambiri chimphona chija chimadzuka ndi miyendo yakumbuyo kwake ndipo chotsatira chake chimakula. Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mchira wake wamphamvu ngati thandizo lina. Anali ndi zikhadabo zazikulu pamiyendo yake (mpaka masentimita 17), pomwepo chimphona chachikulu ichi chitha kumuwopseza aliyense. Kapangidwe ka ntchentche za megateria kunali kofanana ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera nyama ndikuonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, amaganiziridwa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito kutsogolo kwake kunkhondo.

4. Masoza oyamwa-opatsirana ngati Marsupial

Nyama yotchedwa marsupial saber-toothed tiger, kapena tilakosmil (Thylacosmilus), ndi nyama yanyama kwambiri yomwe inkakhala ku Miocene ku South America. Akambuku a Saber-toot akadali nkhani yayikulu kwambiri m'mabuku ndi mafilimu a ana zokhudzana ndi nthawi ya prehistoric. Zowonadi, ndizovuta kuti tisawope abodza masentimita 18, okhala ndi adani amphamvu makilogalamu mazana anayi. Tilacosmil adafika pakukula kwa mbewa, anali ndi thupi lalitali, miyendo yamphamvu ndi khosi lamphamvu, lalitali. Ma canins apamwamba amakula nthawi zonse, okhala ndi mizu yayikulu kufalikira kufalikira. Ngakhale mawonekedwe ofanana akunja, tilakosmil si m'bale wa tiger-tooted tiger kuchokera kubanja la mphaka.

Zomwe zinachitika.
Zosadabwitsa kuti, sizinali akambuku, ndipo ngakhale amphaka. Wachibale wokhala naye pafupi kwambiri ndiye chotheka.

5. Giant Hyonodon

Hyenodon (Neohyaenodon horridus - watsopano hyenodon) amakhala ku North America (mtundu wapafupi ndi womwe unkakhala ku Asia) ku Late Eocene ndi Oligocene (kuyambira zaka 40 mpaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo). Zonenepa zikuluzikulu zinali zazikulu ngati kavalo, zinali ndi nsagwada zazikulu komanso zolemera pafupifupi tani. Zolengedwa izi zinali makina abwino opha, kusuntha kwambiri, kukhala ndi mtima wophunzitsidwa bwino, ndikuwazunza pagulu lalikulu.

Zomwe zidachitika:
Kankhoswe kakang'ono kokongola.

Pithecanthropus

Pithecanthropus - Amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa makolo akale a munthu. Iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zamunthu wowongoka. Malo okhala Halo: Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, adakhala zaka pafupifupi 500-700 zapitazo. Zotsalira za "nyani wamkulu" zidapezeka koyamba pachilumba cha Java. Amayesedwa kuti si kholo lachindunji laumunthu wamakono, atha kutengedwa kuti ndi "m'bale wathu".

Munthu wakunja

Woimira mtundu wa anthu, m'mbuyomu ankawaganizira kuti ndi anzeru a munthu "wanzeru". Malo omwe amakhala ndi ku Europe ndi North Africa zaka zoposa 100,000 zapitazo. Moyo wa Neanderthals udagwera pa nthawi ya ayezi pomwe, munthawi zovuta kwambiri amafunika kusamalira popanga zovala ndikumanga nyumba. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nyama. Sichiri pachiyanjano chachindunji cha munthu woganiza bwino, koma amatha kumakhala pafupi ndi a Cor-Magnons, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azidutsana. Ophunzira ena amakhulupirira kuti kumenyanako kosalekeza kumenyedwera pakati pa Neanderthals ndi Cro-Magnons, komwe kunapangitsa kuti Neanderthals athe. Amayesedwa kuti mitundu yonse iwiri imasaka. Neanderthals anali ndi thupi lalikulu, lalikulu, poyerekeza ndi Cro-Magnons.

• kukula kwaubongo - 1200-1600 cm³,
• kutalika - pafupifupi 150 cm
• chifukwa cha ubongo waukulu, chigaza chinali ndi mawonekedwe abwinobwino kumbuyo. Zowona, mafupa a kutsogolo anali otsika, matama a masaya anali akulu, ndipo nsagwada palokha inali yayikulu. Chinkacho chidatchulidwa pang'ono, ndipo choyendetsa chapamwamba chidasiyanitsidwa ndi kutulutsa kosangalatsa.

Mkuyu. 6 - Neanderthal

Zoyambira zinayambira moyo wachikhalidwe: nthawi yokumba, zida zamaimbidwe zimapezeka. Zipembedzo zinalipo, monga miyambo yapadera pamaliro a anthu anzawo. Pali umboni kuti makolo akale akale awa anali ndi chidziwitso chachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, adziwa momwe angachiritsire zovuta.

Cro-Magnon

Mbadwa zachindunji za "zomveka" munthu. Panali zaka ngati 40,000 zapitazo.

Zambiri za Cro-Magnons:

• anali ndi maonekedwe okalamba. Mawonekedwe apadera: pamphumi yowongoka bwino, kusapindika kwa nsidze, kutulutsa kwa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino,
• kutalika - 180 masentimita, koma kulemera kwa thupi ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi Neanderthals,
• kukula kwaubongo kunali 1400-1900 cm³,
• anali ndi mawu omveka
• Ganizirani za amene anayambitsa khungu lenileni la munthu,
• Ankakhala m'magulu a anthu 100, kunena kwake, anthu amitundu, akumanga midzi yoyamba,
• Ankagwira ntchito yopanga zimbudzi, zopangira matumba, pogwiritsa ntchito zikopa za nyama zakufa. Pangani zovala, zinthu zapakhomo ndi zida zosakira,
• amadziwa ulimi
• anapita kukasaka ndi gulu la anthu amdzikoli, kuthamangitsa ndi kuyendetsa nyamayo mumsampha wokonzekera. Popita nthawi, ndidaphunzira kuweta zoweta,
• anali ndi chikhalidwe chake chotukuka kwambiri, chomwe chidalipobe mpaka pano ngati zojambula za miyala ndi ziboliboli zopangidwa ndi dongo,
• ankachita miyambo pamaliro a abale. Zotsatira zake kuti a Col-Magnons, monga a Neanderthals, amakhulupirira moyo wina pambuyo pa imfa.

Sayansi imakhulupirira mwapadera kuti ndi munthu wa ku Kor-Magnon yemwe ndi mbadwa yachindunji ya anthu amakono.

Mwatsatanetsatane, makolo akale a munthu adzagawiridwa mu nkhani zotsatirazi.

Phylogenetic udindo

Chikhalidwe cha kakulidwe, kapangidwe kake ka ma caudal, kukhazikika pakukalamba, ndi zizindikiro zina zambiri za mayflies zimawonetsa kuyandikira kwawo. Poganizira zodabwitsa za malo omwe mapikowo ali ndi mapiko ndi kulephera kwa mapiko kuti apindike, zomwe zimadziwika ndi ena omwe akuyimira tizilombo tokhala ndi mapiko, gululi lingathe kutengedwa kuti ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wakale wa tizilombo.

Makhalidwe Akuluakulu

Mawonekedwe a mayflies ndi atatu (osowa kawiri) ulusi wamtali wamtali wamtali kumapeto pamimba. Pali mapiko awiri okhala ndi mapiko ochulukirapo, ndipo mbali yakumbuyo nthawi zonse imakhala yifupi kuposa yoyamba, kapena yochepetsedwa kwathunthu. Ma mbewa wamkulu amatha kukhala maola angapo mpaka masiku angapo ndipo osadya (matumbo a anthu okhwima omwe amalumikizidwa kumalire a pakatikati ndi matumbo am'mbuyo ndipo amadzazidwa ndi mpweya, zida zamtaya zimachepa).

Allosaurus

Mapangidwe ozizira. Akumbutsidwa mtundu wopukutidwa kuchokera pulogalamu "When Dinosaurs Roamed America".

Mongolonics

Chiyambi chomaliza cha Eocene waku Asia. Mongolonyx robustus anapha Giracodont Forstercooperia (Forstercooperia).

Kutulutsa mochedwa kwa mesonychidae (Mesonychidae) kunabweretsa zoopsa padziko lapansi, mmodzi mwa iwo anali a Mongolonyxes omwe amakhala kumapeto kwa Eocene ku Asia. Masiku ano, mitundu iwiri imadziwika: Mongolonix (Mongolonyx robustus) ndipo kenako Mongolonix maxillary (Mongolonyx dolichognathus). Omwe angathe kutsogoleredwa ndi a Mongolonics ndi a Middle Eocene mesonics (Mesonyx), omwe ndi mapapu apakatikati aanthu omwe amadyera mwachangu. Masana, kufalikira kwa nkhalango zowala, ma savannah ndi mapiri, mbadwa za mezzanine zokulitsidwa, ndi carnivores, ofanana kukula ndi mikango yayikulu, adatulukira poyera.

Kukonzanso chigaza ndi mutu wa Mongolonyx dolichognathus.

A generic name Mongolonyx amatanthauzira kuti "zovala za ku Mongolia."

Mitundu imadziwika bwino ndipo ili ndi anthu angapo pamakhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku Mesonyx chimasiyanitsidwa ndi zazikulu zazikulu zazikuluzikulu, zopanda pake P4 / 4, komanso zosamveka bwino komanso zazikulu. Mano ake amakhalanso akulu komanso ochulukirapo kuposa a Dissacus, Harpagolestes ndi ena ambiri am'banja. Mosiyana ndi Dissacus ndi Pachyaena, a Mongolonyx sakhala ndi scingulum pam mano apamwamba ndipo samawonetsa chilichonse cha metaconid pamunsi pansipa za molar. Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi Synoplotherium, Mongolestes ndi Harpagolestes ndi nsagwada yam'munsi yowongoka yokhala ndi symphysis yotalikirana komanso yopapatiza.

Awiri a Mongolonyx robustus adagwira brothoteriid wa Protitan (Protitan). Kutali, ma podonts a Eudinoceras amafalikira mwamantha.

Kusiyana kofunikira kuchokera ku mesonichids ambiri (mwina kupatula Pachyaena) ndikuti ma canins apansi a Mongolonyx ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi Harpagolestes, zisoti zachifumu zam'munsi zokhazokha sizimakhazikika kumbuyo, ndipo mzere wawo wa enamel-dentine sunamangidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, pa p4, zigawo zazikulu za paraconid zikufanana ndi protoconid, pomwe ku Harpagolestes ndi Pachyaena, paraconid imapanga mbali ndi protoconid. Malo omwe ali anteroposteriori paraconid m3 amasiyanitsanso momveka bwino Mongolonyx ku Harpagolestes. Oimira amtunduwu amasiyana ndi a Mongolestes mwa kukhalapo kwa m3 ndikuchepetsa kwa p1.

A Mongolonics anali magulu akulu achilengedwe. Kutalika kwa chigaza chawo kudapitilira 50 cm, komwe kuli kofanana ndi chigaza cha Alaskan grizzly. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa Mesonyx, komwe kumadziwika kuchokera ku mafupa ochulukirapo kapena osakwanira, tingaganizire kuti ma mesonychidswa amafika pafupifupi 2.3 m kutalika (osaphatikizapo mchira) ndi oposa 1 mita pakufota. Komabe, mafunso enanso ochulukirapo samadzudzulidwa ndi mawonekedwe akunja, koma ndi moyo womwe amayesedwa a Mongolonics.

Mtundu wa Mongolonyx robustus, mtundu woyamba, unali ndi chigawo cha 52 masentimita kutalika kwamatsenga (kuchokera ku ma occipital condiment mpaka kumalire a fupa la intermaxillary). Mbali yam'mwamba ya chigaza cha misewuyo sinasungidwe, koma ndi maukapolo obwezeretsedwa ndi zitsulo, kutalika kwakenthu kumatha kukhala mpaka masentimita 60. Ngati a Mongolonix anali ndi magawo ofanana ndi a m'nkhalangomo mesonix, kutalika kwake kumapeto kumatha kukhala pafupifupi 1.3 - 1,4 mamita . Ndipo kulemera kwa wolusa wamkulu kumatha kufika 300 - 400 kg. Pazonse, inali chilombo chachikulu chokhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu. Popanga zida za dentoalveolar, a Mongolonics, ngakhale ali otsika poyerekeza ndi akatswiri apamwamba a Harpagolestes ndi Mongolestes, koma mphamvu ya nsagwada zake inali yokwanira kudya nyama yonseyo, ikuphwanya ngakhale mafupa akulu. Imodzi mwazoyipa zoyambira kumapeto kwa Eocene, imodzi ndi a Mongolonyx robustus, imakhala ndi anthu oterewa (mwachitsanzo, Protitan), gyracodonts (mwachitsanzo, Forstercooperia), tapiroids a banja la a Lofialette, akale a nkhumba ndi a pantodonts Eudinoceras. Izi zitsamba monga chakudya cha a Mongolonics. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, malo ochulukirapo osakhala ocheperako (kapena ochulukirapo) okhala ku Asia nawo - madambo omwe Andrewsarchus, Honanodon macrodontus ndi Paratriisodon, sarkastodons ozungulira m'nkhalango (S). Megazverinets okongola oterowo, mwina, sanatengeredwe paliponse pamalo amodzi mpaka Pleistocene North America.

Pakutha kwa Eocene, ma Mongolonics anali ataphwanyidwa - Mongolonyx dolichognathus anali kale wocheperako 15-20% kuchulukirapo kuposa womutsogolera. Kupeza kwathunthu kwambiri - chibwano cham'munsi chimafika pafupifupi 35 cm, pomwe kutalika kwa nsagwada yam'munsi ya M. robustus kunali 49 cm.

Poona zomwe zikupezeka, nduwira za mano awo amphamvu siziwoneka kuti ndizovala kwambiri, mizu yam'maso isanakhazikike pang'ono, chingwe cha enamel-dentin sichimata mano). Poyang'ana koyamba, mano oterewa samawoneka bwino kuti azolowerana ndi mafupa komanso msempha. Izi ndizosayembekezereka kwa ma mesonichids omalizira, chifukwa kwakukulu kumawonetsa kukhudzidwa kwapafupa. Mosakayikira, Mongolonyx ndiwopambana kwambiri pankhani imeneyi kwa mamembala oyamba a gulu ngati Mesonyx, komabe ndi langizo lokwezeka kuposa "akatswiri" monga Harpagolestes ndi Mongolestes.

Nthawi yomweyo, mano akhungu a Mongolonixes ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri (makamaka mu M. dolichognathus). Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti mizu yawo idalumikizana kumtunda kwawo, ndikupanga nsanja ya dentin pansi pa korona, yomwe ingathandize kuwonjezera kutulutsa kwa dzino pambuyo pakuchotsa korona. Kuli kotheka kuti kapangidwe ka mano kameneka kanali kokana kukana kuvala ndipo kumatha kuwonetsa chakudya cholimba kwambiri, makamaka kuphwanya mafupa a mitembo. Ma mesonichids ena omwe ankadya chakudya chofeira sanagwirizane ndi kusintha koteroko - mizu yawo sinaphatikizane, koma adalekanitsidwa mwachindunji pansi pa korona wa dzino.

Kumbali inayo, ma canine apansi a Mongolonixes amachitira umboni kuti asinthane ndi kuluma kwamphamvu, komwe kumawonekeranso mu ma creodonts ena (Sarkastodon, Megistotherium). Kufunga koyandikira koteroko kunakulitsa kuluma, pakukakamizidwa kudzikundikira pamalo ocheperako. Titha kumaganiza kuti nyama zodabwitsazi zimangokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pakuluma kamodzi, ndikuluma wozunzidwayo mwamphamvu, ndipo sizinawavulaze.

Chochititsa chidwi chotsatira cha ma morphology a a Mongolonics ndiye mutu wozungulira wazomwe amachita. Kuphatikiza apo, kuweruza ndi zitsanzo zotsalira, nthambi zamanzere ndikumanja zodziphatikiza kwathunthu kuphatikizidwa m'chigawo cha symphysis. Zotsatira zake, nsagwada yam'munsi idatha kuyendayenda momasuka mbali ndi mbali, kwinaku ikulimbana ndi magawidwe opatsirana (ndizosangalatsa kuti kuthekera kofananako kunayambikanso mu ena omwe adatchulidwa kuti amadya nyama - creodonts a genus Hyaenodon). Chosangalatsa chimodzimodzi ndi kukhalapo kwa thambo lalitali kwambiri lamatumba apadera a mafupa omwe amateteza zotchingira mu ngalande za kupuma. Ankaloleza nyama zolusa kuti zisamadzaze pamene, zikafuna kusaka kapena kudya, zimagwira nyama pakamwa pawo. Pazifukwa zomwezi, mitundu yofananira imadzipangira mwa kudziyimira mwa anthu ena ambiri (mwachitsanzo, ma hyenodons onse omwewo).

Poganizira izi pamwambapa ndikuzindikira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, mwina nyama zambiri zoterezi, zitha kulingaliridwa kuti a Mongolonics anali osaka nyama zambiri. Mwachiwonekere, omwe amathandizidwawo anali herbivores ochulukirapo, mwachitsanzo brontoterias (makamaka achichepere), omwe anali ofala nthawi imeneyo. Mwachidziwikire, a Mongolonics satha kuthana ndi womenyedwayo wamkulu, komanso adagwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu.Nthawi yomweyo, ndizowonjezeranso kuti a Mongolonics nthawi zina amadya mitembo yomwe adapeza kapena kutenga nyama kuchokera kwa omwe amadyera mphamvu kwambiri (kapena kutsutsana kuchokera ku mphamvu zofanana - pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo panali mafoni akuluakulu aku Asia).

Kuswana

Kutuluka kwa mphalaphala nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu, pomwe munthu amatha kuwona gulu lalikulu la tizilombo, pomwe msonkhano wamtunduwu umachitika. Ndege ya Mayfly imakhala ndi mitundu ingapo yobwereza mayendedwe. Kukutira mapiko awo mwachangu, kumakwera m'mwamba, kenako ndikuwuma, ndipo chifukwa cha kutalika kwa mapiko ndi zingwe zazitali zazitali, pokonzekera, zimatsika. "Dansi" yotereyi imachitidwa ndi mayendedwe a mbewa nthawi yakubzala. Wamphongo, akuuluka kupita kwa mkazi, pomwepo mlengalenga kuchokera kumunsi kumalumikizana ndi ma spermatophores ku malo ake obadwa, omwe alipo awiri pamayipi - kumanzere ndi kumanzere. Akakhwima, anyani amwalira, ndipo zazikazi zimayikira mazira awo m'madzi, mwina atakhala pansi, kapena (Baetis rhodani ndi ena) kutsikira pansi pamadzi kudzera mmera, pambuyo pake iwonso amafa. Nthawi zina kupanga mazira (Cloon dipterum) .

Mitundu ndi maonekedwe a mazira a mbewa zimasiyana kwambiri. Kupanga kwawo kumasungidwanso ndi mawonekedwe enaake (m'mitundu ina, mazira amaikidwa mulu, mwa ena amwazika). Mazira amatha kunyamula zida zomangira pazinthu zam'madzi - ulusi wokhala ndi timinofu kumapeto.

Makhalidwe a Larvae

Mphutsi zonse za mbewa zimamera m'madzi. Awa ndi anthu okhala m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yachangu. Amapezeka m'madzi oyenda. Mosiyana ndi kachilombo wamkulu, mphutsiyo imakhala ndi zida zothandiza kwambiri pakamwa. Mphutsi zimadya mwachangu (makamaka chomera zinyalala). Ma morphology a mphutsiwo ndi osiyanasiyana, koma pazinthu zingapo amapezeka mosiyana ndi maziko a tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala m'madzi. Mphutsi za Mayfly zimakhala ndi mchira wautali kumapeto kwa m'mimba, ngati tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pakhoza kukhala awiri a iwo (ngati ulusi wapakati umachepetsedwa, ndipo cerci yekha amapangidwa). Koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala ulusi wachitatu. Magawo 7 oyamba am'mimba amakhala ndi timatanda tating'ono (timbale ting'onoting'ono kapena tambiri, nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi chingwe, kapena ngati njira imodzi yophatikizira kuchokera kumbali zomwe zigawo za trachea zimalowera). Pa mphutsi zomwe zangoyamba kusungidwa mazira, matendawa sapezeka. Gawo lazilomboli limatha zaka 2-3. Nthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zimasungunuka nthawi zambiri (23 molts for Cloon dipterum ).

Gawo lomaliza la nymphal, kukhetsa, limapereka gawo loyambirira lolingalira (subimago). Wina amene amatuluka pakhungu losatha lomaliza amakhala, mosiyana ndi akuluakulu, thupi ndi mapiko limapindika ndi tsitsi laling'ono ndipo silinathe kubereka. Pakapita kanthawi (kuchokera maola angapo mpaka masiku angapo), ma subimago amawonetsanso. Mu molt wotsiriza, munthu wokhwima mwakugonana (wamkulu) amatuluka pakhungu la subimago. Palibe dongosolo lina lililonse, kupatula kwa mayiwe, kulibe kusungunuka wobadwa kumene aliyense payekha.

Chitetezo

Mitundu itatu yatchulidwa pa IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 1 monga inatha (EN) ndi 2 monga kuzimiririka (EX):

Acanthametropus pecatonica - mtundu wamiyendo yochokera ku banja la Acanthametropodidae, womwe umadziwika ndi mphutsi zokha, womwe umadziwika kumpoto kwa North America kumapeto kumtunda kwa Mississippi river bas, kumadzulo kwa dera la Great Lakes. Mwina nyamazo sizinafe. Pentagenia robusta - mtundu wina wamadzi owonongeka kuchokera ku banja la a Palingeniidae, omwe anali ku Ohio River Basin (kum'mawa kwa North America). Mwinanso ndizofanana ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri kum'mwera kwa North America. Pentagenia vittigera . Tasmanophlebi lacuscoerulei - mtundu womwe uli pangozi wa mayonesi kuchokera ku banja la Oniscigastridae, womwe ndi mtundu wa nyanja ya Kar Lake ya Kosciuszko kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia.