Dzina lachi Latin - ciconia ciconia
Chizungu - White dokowe
Kufikira - Ciconiiformes (Ciconiiformes)
Banja - Stork (Ciconiidae)
Chifundo - Storks (Ciconia)

Thumba loyera ndi mtundu wodziwika komanso wofala kwambiri pabanjamo; m'malo ambiri, mtunduwu unakhala synanthropus, i.e. wogwirizana bwino ndi moyo wapafupi ndi munthu.

Malo osungira

Malinga ndi momwe alili padziko lonse lapansi, chinsomba choyera ndi cha mitundu yomwe malo ake mwachilengedwe samayambitsa chidwi kwenikweni. Komabe, m'magawo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwake ndi kosiyana. Madera akumadzulo, kuchuluka kwa adokowe oyera akuchepa, ngakhale anthu ali ndi chidwi ndi mbalamezi. Izi mwina zimachitika chifukwa cholimbikira ntchito zaulimi, zomwe zimachepetsa chakudya cha mbalame, komanso poizoni wawo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso feteleza. Ku Russia, m'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa abuluku kumawonjezeka chifukwa chakuchepetsedwa kwa malo olimapo. Chiwerengero cha azungu oyera padziko lonse lapansi ndi okwana 150,000, ndipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatuwa amakhala ku Russia, Belarus ndi Ukraine. Pankhani yachitetezo chakumadera, dokowe woyera amaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Kazakhstan.

Chikopa choyera

Chikopa choyera - Iyi ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imapezeka m'dera lathu. Mapiko a dokowe ndi opitirira 220 cm, kulemera kwa mbalameyo ndi pafupifupi 4.5 kg. M'dziko lathu, abuluwa amadziwika kuti ndiwo amayang'anira moyo wabanja, komanso kutonthozedwa kunyumba. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati abulu adakhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba - ndiye, mwamwayi. Mbalame za agalu okhala ndi banja lolimba, amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri ndipo palimodzi kulera ana awo.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: White Stork

White Stork (Ciconia ciconia). Gulu la ma ciconiiformes. Banja la Stork. Ndodo Storks. Mitundu White Stork. Banja la agulu limaphatikizapo mitundu 12 ndi 6 genera. Banja ili ndi dongosolo la mbalame zopendekera. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, agulu oyambilira adakhalako nthawi ya Upper Eocene. Zotsalira zina zakale kwambiri za Ciconiiformes zidapezeka ndi asayansi ku France. Banja la adokowe lidafika pachimake pazosiyana siyana munthawi ya Oligocene.

Zikuwoneka kuti m'masiku amenewo, nyengo zabwino kwambiri zidapangidwa kuti moyo wa mbalame ndi mtundu womwe udayambike. M'masiku amakono pamalongosola za mitundu 9 ya zolengedwa zakale, komanso mitundu 30. Mitundu ina ya agulu omwe amapezeka masiku amakono adakhalako nthawi ya Eocene. Ndipo mitundu 7 yamakono imadziwika kuyambira nthawi ya Pleistocene.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya White Stork

Mbalame ya dziwe imakhala yoyera kwathunthu. Pa mapiko ndi kumbuyo pang'ono pali kuluka kwa nthenga zakuda, zimawonekera kwambiri pakuuluka kwa mbalame. Mbalameyo ikaimirira, zikuwoneka kuti kumbuyo kwa mbalameyo ndi kwakuda, chifukwa mapiko ake amapindidwa. Nthawi yakuswana, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kumatha kukhala kosaphulika. Mbalameyo ili ndi mlomo wawukulu, wosongoka, ngakhale. Khosi lalitali. Mutu wa mbalame ndi wocheperako. Kuzungulira maso, khungu lakuda lomwe likuwoneka. Iris ili yakuda.

Gawo lalikulu la nthenga za mbalame ndi nthenga komanso nthenga zokutira phewa la mbalame. Pali nthenga zazitali pakhosi ndi pachifuwa cha mbalameyo, ngati mbalameyo yasokonekera, iyo imawagwira. Komanso amuna amuna nthenga zamphongo nthawi yamasewera. Mchirawo ndi wozungulira pang'ono. Mlomo ndi miyendo ya mbalameyo ndifiira. Miyendo ya nkhumba zoyera ilibe. Ikusunthira pansi, dokowe amapukusa mutu wake. Mu chisa komanso pansi zimatha kuyimirira mwendo umodzi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kuuluka kwa dokowe ndi chidwi kuwona. Mbalameyi imawulukira mokhathamira ndi mapiko osafota. Pakutera, mbalameyi imakanikizira kwambiri mapiko ake ndikufutukula miyendo yake kutsogolo. Mbawala ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka, ndipo zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimalankhulirana wina ndi mzake pomenya milomo. Mbalame ikadula mlomo wake, ndikupukusa mutu ndikutambasulira lilime lake, kudina koteroko kumathandizira kulankhulana. Nthawi zina amatha kupanga mawu owuula. Ana agulugufe amakhala ataliatali ndipo pafupifupi, abulu oyera amakhala pafupifupi zaka 20.

Kodi mbidzi zoyera zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: White Stork ku Flight

Agulu oyera oyera a ku Europe amakhala ku Europe konse. Kuchera ku Iberian Peninsula kupita ku Caucasus ndi mizinda ya Volga. Ana agalu oyera amapezeka ku Estonia ndi Portugal, Denmark ndi Sweden, France komanso Russia. Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa mbalame zamtunduwu, agulugufe adayamba kukhala m'mizinda yakumadzulo kwa Asia, Ku Morocco, Algeria ndi Tunisia. Komanso agulu amapezeka ku Caucasus. Mbalame zambiri nthawi yozizira kumeneko. M'dziko lathu, mbidzi kwa nthawi yayitali zimakhala m'dera la Kaliningrad.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mbalamezi zinayamba kukhala m'chigawo cha Moscow. Pambuyo pake, adokowe adakhazikika mdziko lonselo. Kubwezeretsa mbalame kunachitika ndi mafunde. Makamaka kwambiri, agulugufe adayamba kupanga magawo atsopano mu 1980-1990. Pakadali pano, agulugufe amakhazikika m'dziko lathunthu, kupatula mizinda yakumpoto. Ku Ukraine, malo okhalamo achule amaphimba Donetsk ndi Lugansk dera, Crimea ndi Feodosia. Ku Turkmenistan, mtunduwu ndiofala ku Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan ndi Kazakhstan. Akatswiri a zaumoyo adaonanso malo okhalako zogona kum'mwera kwa Africa.

Mbawala ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka. Amakhala nthawi yachilimwe m'malo otetezeka, ndipo nthawi yophukira mbalame zimapita kukazizira kumayiko otentha. Nthawi zambiri ku Ulaya nthawi yozizira kumakhala nyengo yachisanu kuchokera ku Sahara kupita ku Cameroon. Nthawi zambiri, chisanu chambiri nthawi ya chisanu chimakhala pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Chad, pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Senegal ndi Niger. Ana a nkhumba omwe amakhala kum'mawa amatha nthawi yozizira ku Africa, ku Peninsula ya Somalia ku Ethiopia ndi Sudan. Komanso, mbalamezi zimapezeka ku India, Thailand. Western subspecies nyengo ku Spain, Portugal, Armenia. Ana agalu okhala mdziko lathu nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira ku Dagestan, Armenia, koma mbalame zomwe zinali ndi mapiko mdziko lathu zidawonekeranso ku Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan ndi Africa.

Panthawi yosamukira, abuluwa sakonda kuwuluka panyanja. Pamaulendo apandege, amayesa kusankha njira zamtunda. Pazamoyo komanso zisa, abuluzi monga okhala m'malo otetezeka amasankha malo okhala ndi ma biotypes. Mbidzi zimakhala m'malo otetezeka, msipu, minda yothiriridwa. Nthawi zina amapezeka mu savannahs ndi steppes.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbawala yoyambayo imakhala. Tiwone zomwe amadya.

Kodi mbawala zoyera zimadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: White Stork ku Russia

Chakudya cha abuluwa chimakhala chosiyanasiyana.

Kudya kwa dokowe kumaphatikizapo:

• nyongolotsi
• dzombe, ziwala,
• ma arthropod osiyanasiyana
• nsomba zazinkhanira ndi nsomba
• tizilombo
• achule ndi njoka.

Chochititsa chidwi: Mbuluzi zimatha kudya njoka zapoizoni komanso zoopsa popanda kuwononga thanzi.

Nthawi zina agulu amatha kudya nyama zazing'ono monga mbewa ndi akalulu ang'onoang'ono. Ana agalu ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa, kukula kwa nyama kumangotengera luso la kumeza. Mbawala sizimathyola ndipo sizitha kutafuna. Amameza yonse. Pafupi ndi dziwe, ana a nkhumba amakonda kutsuka zomwe adadya m'madzi asanadye, motero ndizosavuta kumeza. Mofananamo, achule amasambitsa achule omwe amauma mu silt ndi mchenga. Storks burp osasokoneza gawo chakudya mu mawonekedwe a grebes. Mafuta amtunduwu amapangika kwa masiku angapo, ndipo amapangidwa ndi ubweya, zotsalira, ndi masikelo a nsomba.

Ana agalu amasaka pafupi ndi zisa zawo m'matanthwe, m'malo odyetserako ziweto, komanso m'madambo. Ana agalu ndi mbalame zazikulu, ndipo kwa moyo wabwinobwino, mbalame zam'nsinga zimafunikira 300 magalamu a chakudya m'chilimwe, ndi magalamu 500 a chakudya nthawi yozizira. Kuthengo, mbalame zimadya chakudya chochuluka, chifukwa kusaka ndi kuwuluka pandege ndizambiri mphamvu. Ana agalu amadya pafupifupi nthawi yonse. Pafupifupi, agulu awiri okhala ndi anapiye awiri patsiku amamwa pafupifupi 5,000 kJ yamphamvu yomwe amalandila kuchokera ku chakudya. Chakudya chopindulitsa kwambiri komanso chothandiza kwa ana a agalu ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi ena amphongo.

Kutengera ndi nthawi ya chaka komanso malo okhala, zakudya za mbalame zimatha kusintha. M'malo ena, mbalame zimatenga dzombe lochulukirapo komanso tizilombo ta mapiko, m'malo ena zakudya zimatha kukhala ndi mbewa ndi ma amphibians. Pakusintha kwanyengo, mbuluzi zimasowa chakudya ndipo zimapeza chakudya chatsopano m'malo atsopano.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya White Stork

Ana agalu ndi mbalame zodekha. Osabereka nthawi amakhala m'matumba. Mbalame zomwe sizimasamba zimasunganso m'matumba. Anthu okhwima amapanga awiriawiri. Nthawi yakudya, awiriawiri amuna ndi akazi amapangidwa; awiriawiri amakhala motalikirana. Mbidzi zimapanga zisa zazikulu, zazikulu ndipo nthawi zina zimatha kubwerera kwa iwo nthawi yachisanu itatha. Nthawi zambiri mbawala amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Yesetsani kuyandikira pafupi ndi dziwe. Mbalame zimapanga zisa zawo m'nyumba zomangidwa ndi munthu. Pa nyumba ndi ma sheds, nsanja. Nthawi zina amatha kukonza chisa pamtengo wamtali wokhala ndi utuchi kapena korona wosweka. Mbalame zimakhala m'malo otentha.

Nthawi zambiri, ana agalu amasaka chakudya kuti adyetse okha komanso ana awo. Mbawala zimagwira masana, usiku kumagona nthawi zambiri. Ngakhale zimachitika kuti agulugufe amadyetsa ana usiku. Popita kusaka, mbalameyi imayenda pang'onopang'ono pamtunda komanso m'madzi osaya, nthawi zina imachepetsa liwiro, ndipo imatha kuponyera kolowera. Nthawi zina mbalame zimathanso kuwona momwe zimadyera. Amatha kugwira tizilombo, chinjoka ndi midge pa ntchentche, koma kwambiri amapeza chakudya pansi, m'madzi. Ana agalu amatha kugwira nsomba ndi mlomo wawo.

Pafupipafupi, agulugufe amayenda mwachangu pafupifupi 2 km / h pakusaka. Ana agulu amapeza nyama yawo mowoneka. Nthawi zina mbalamezi zimatha kudya nyama zazing'ono zakufa ndi nsomba. Mbidzi zimatha kupezeka ndi malo okhala komanso nyanja ndi akhwangwala. Mbalamezi zimatha kudyetsa zokhazokha komanso zoweta zonse. Nthawi zambiri m'malo omwe mbalame zimabisala, m'malo okhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, mumatha kupeza magulu a agulu, momwe mumakhala anthu masauzande ambiri. Mbalame zikaudya masukulu, zimamva kutetezeka kwambiri ndipo zimatha kudzipezera chakudya chambiri.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: White Stork Chick

Ana agalu oyera amatha kubereka azaka zapakati pa 3-7. Komabe, ambiri mwa mbalamezi amabereka ali ndi zaka 7. Mbalamezi zimakhala zokhala ndi akazi awiriawiri, awiriawiri amapangidwira nyengo yakuswa. Nthawi zambiri mumalimwe woyamba wamwamuna amalowa mu chisa, kapena kukonza. Ma Steam mawonekedwe pa chisa. Ngati mbidzi zina, zazimuna zikuyandikira chisa, zimayamba kuwathamangitsa ndi mulomo, ndikuponyera mutu wawo ndikuwulutsa nthenga. Pofika pafupi ndi chisa cha mkaziyo, dokowe amam'patsa moni. Mwana wamwamuna akafika pachisa, mwiniwake wa chisacho amamuthamangitsa, kapena mbalameyo ikhoza kukhala pachisa chake, natambalitsa mapiko ake kumbali, kutseka nyumba yake kuchokera kwa alendo osapezekapo.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Asanapangitse banja, agulu amachita zovina zenizeni zikuyendayenda, kupanga mawu osiyanasiyana ndikuwulutsa mapiko awo.

Chisa cha dokowe ndi malo akuluakulu opanga mitengo ya msipu, udzu ndi manyowa. Ikani zomangamanga zokhala ndi mabowo ofewa, udzu ndi ubweya. Chisa cha mbalamechi chakhala pachaka kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokhala ndi mawonekedwe awo. Nthawi zambiri wamkazi woyamba, ndipo akangolowa mchisa, amakhala mbuye wawo. Komabe, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri ndimalimbana pakati pa akazi. Zachikazi zingapo zimatha kuwuluka chisa chimodzi, kulimbana kumatha kubwera pakati pawo ndi imodzi yomwe imapambana ndipo imatha kukhalabe mu chisa ndikukhala mayi.

Oviposition amapezeka mu April. Nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Marichi - Epulo, kutengera nyengo. Wamkazi amayikira mazira ndi masiku angapo. Yaikazi imayikira mazira 1 mpaka 7. Imasunga mazira awiri palimodzi. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 34. Nkhuku zimabadwa zopanda thandizo. Choyamba, makolo awo amawadyetsa ndi nyongolotsi. Chingwe chimawagwira, kapena sonkhanitsani chakudya chakugwa kuchokera pansi pa chisa. Makolonu amayang'anira anapiye awo ndipo amateteza chisa chawo kuti chisawombere.

Tsitsi limayamba kuyamba pang'ono ndi pang'ono kufika masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera patatha dzira. Ana agalu amaphunzira kuwuluka moyang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo. Patatha milungu ingapo, makolo amadyetsa ana awo aang'ono. Pazaka pafupifupi miyezi 2.5, anapiyewo amakhala odziimira pawokha. Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, mbalame zazing'ono zimawuluka zokha popanda dzinja popanda makolo.

Chosangalatsa: Ana agulu amakonda kwambiri ana awo, koma amatha kuthamangitsa anapiye ofoka ndi odwala mchisa.

Adani achilengedwe a agulu oyera

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya White Stork

Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa.

Kwa mbalame zazikulu, zotsatirazi zimatengedwa ngati adani:

Zisa za dokowe zitha kuwonongeka ndi mbalame zazikulu, amphaka ndi marten. Mwa matenda omwe amapezeka mumthumba, makamaka matenda a parasitiki amapezeka.

Ana agalu amatenga matenda amtunduwu monga:

• chaunocephalus ferox,
• histriorchis tricolor,
• dyctimetra discoidea.

Mbalame zimafala chifukwa chodya nsomba zomwe zimayamwa ndi nyama, kunyamula chakudya pansi. Komabe, munthu amatengedwa ngati mdani wamkulu wa mbalame zoyera zoyera. Kupatula apo, mbalame zambiri zimafa chifukwa cholumikizidwa ndi zingwe zamagetsi. Mbalame zimafa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwamagetsi, achinyamata nthawi zina amasweka pama waya. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale kuti kusaka mbalame zamtunduwu tsopano ndizochepa, mbalame zambiri zimafa m'manja mwa ozembetsa. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimafa nthawi youluka. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zimafa, mbalame zomwe zimawulukira nthawi yozizira.

Nthawi zina, makamaka nthawi yachisanu, mbalame zambiri zimafa chifukwa cha nyengo. Mphepo, mvula yamkuntho, ndi chimfine zimatha kupha mbalame mazana angapo nthawi imodzi. Choyipa chachikulu chamadontho ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyumba zomwe mbalame zidakhalapo. Kubwezeretsa akachisi osasamba, nsanja za madzi ndi malo ena pomwe pali mbidzi. Mbalame zimamanga zisa zawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kapangidwe ka chisa chimatenga zaka zingapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti agulugufe sangathe kuchulukitsa akauluka kwawo komwe amakhala.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Awiri mbulu zoyera

Chiwerengero cha abulu oyera chikukula ndipo izi sizibweretsa nkhawa. Pakalipano pali magulu awiriawiri padziko lonse lapansi oswana 150,000. Mbidzi zimakhazikika msanga ndikukulitsa malo okhala. Posachedwa, mitundu ya White Stork yalembedwa mu Zowonjezera 2 ku Red Book of Russia ngati mtundu womwe ukufunika kuthandizidwa mwapadera ndi momwe alili chilengedwe. Mtunduwu uli ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wopanda nkhawa.

Kusaka mbuluku sikuletsedwa m'maiko ambiri. Kuthandizira mbalamezi ndi kukonzanso mbalame zomwe zili pamavuto mdziko lathu, malo okonzanso zinthu monga malo osungirako mbalame a mbalame ya mbalame, malo a Romashka omwe ali m'chigawo cha Tver, ndi malo okonzanso a Phoenix akugwirabe ntchito. M'malo oterowo, mbalame zimakonzedwanso ndipo zalandira kuvulala koopsa komanso kukhala ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Pofuna kuthandiza anthu amtunduwu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisawononge zisa ndi nyumba zomwe zimamangidwamo. Samalani kwambiri ndi mbalamezi, komanso nyama zonse zamtchire. Tisaiwale kuti kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa mbalame ndi zamoyo zonse papulaneti lathuli kumachitika chifukwa cha munthu, kumangowononga zachilengedwe. Kupanga misewu, kupanga zovulaza, kudula mitengo komanso kuwononga malo okhala mbalamezi. Tiyeni tisamalire mbalame zokongola izi ndikuziyembekezera nthawi zonse zamasika.

Chikopa choyera - iyi ndi mbalame yodabwitsadi, mdziko la nyama ndizovuta kupeza zolengedwa zambirimbiri kuposa agulugufe. Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chithandizo chapadera. Mfundo yoti mbawala zimamanga ndi kukonza nyumba zawo kwazaka zambiri, komanso kuti makolo amalolera wina ndi mnzake, kuthandizira posamalira anapiye, zikuwonetsa gulu lalikulu la mbalamezi. Ngati dokowe wakakhala pafupi ndi nyumba yanu, mukudziwa, ndi mwayi.

Makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chamagulu

Mbawala zoyera ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka. Gawo lalikulu la anthu ku Europe nyengo yotentha ku Africa, ena onse - ku India. Mbalame zazing'ono zimawulukira nthawi yachisanu pachokha, mosiyana ndi akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Kusuntha kwa akuluakulu kumachitika mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Mbalame zosakhazikika nthawi zambiri zimakhalabe m'malo otentha nthawi yachilimwe chotsatira.
Mbawala zoyera zimawuluka bwino kwambiri, ngakhale zimapeta mapiko awo bwino komanso kawirikawiri, zimawuluka kwambiri. Pouluka, amathamangitsa makosi awo kumbuyo, ndi miyendo yawo kumbuyo. Mbidzi zimatha kuwuluka kwa nthawi yayitali mlengalenga, osasunthira mapiko awo.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chodyetsa

Chakudya chowoneka bwino cha mathonje oyera oyera ndi osiyanasiyana komanso amasiyanasiyana chifukwa komwe kuli anthu. Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono komanso nyama zosiyanasiyana zamkati. Zakudya zokondedwa za achule a ku Europe ndi achule, mikanda, njoka (kuphatikizapo njoka zaululu), komanso ziwala zazikulu ndi dzombe. Komabe, agulugufe oyera amafunitsitsa chakudya cham'madzi, ndi nsikidzi zosiyanasiyana, ndi nsomba zazing'ono (kuphatikiza zakufa), abuluzi, ndodo zazing'ono, ndi anapiye ndi mazira a mbalame. Chifukwa chake, “mbulu wokonda mtendere” ndi mdani weniweni. Amakhala m'midzi, agalu mosamala amapeza nkhuku ndi ana agalu omwe amakhala kumbuyo kwa amayi awo. Nthawi zachisanu nthawi ya chisumbu nthawi zambiri amadya dzombe.
Pofunafuna chakudya, mbuluzi zimayenda pamtunda kapena pamadzi, ndipo zikaona nyama, zimakonda kudya mwachangu.

Vocalization

Anapiyewa oyera alibe mawu m'lingaliro lofananira la mawu. Amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake podina mulomo, womwe umalowa m'malo mwa kulankhulana kwa mawu. Nthawi yomweyo, mbuluzi zimaponyera mitu yawo kumbuyo ndikukoka lilime lawo. Makina otulutsa kamkokomo kameneka kamawonjezera phokosolo, kotero kuti milomo yamiyendo imamveka patali.
Mankhusu amiyala oyera amapanga mawu ofanana ndi mphaka.

Kubala, kulera komanso kulera

Malo okhalamo zikhalidwe zazikulu za nkhusu ndi mitengo yayitali, komwe amamanga zisa zazikulu, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Pang'onopang'ono, agulugufe adayamba kukhala osati pamitengo, komanso pamadenga a nyumba, m'miyala yamadzi, pamatanda amagetsi, pamakina am'mafakitole, komanso pazipangizo zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu makamaka kuti akope abuluku kuti azisa. Nthawi zina gudumu lokhala ndi tayala yakale limakhala ngati nsanja. Chisa chomwechi nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agulu kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo popeza banjali limakonza ndi kukonzanso chisa chaka chilichonse, chitha kufikira zazikulu (kupitirira 1 mita mulifupi ndi 200 kg). "Pansi" pa chisa chachikulu chotere, mbalame zina, zazing'ono - mpheta, nyenyezi, ngolo - nthawi zambiri zimakhala. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zotere zimatumizidwa ndi ana “ngati cholowa” kuchokera kwa makolo kupita kwa ana.
Mukamamanga kapena kukonza zisa, nthawi zina abulu amatenga nthambi zofukizira kapena mipanda yamoto pamiyala ya anthu wamba. Pakadali pano, osati chisa cha stork, komanso nyumba yomwe padenga pakepo imatha kuwotchedwa. Kuchokera apa kunachokera nthano yoti ngati dokowe wakhumudwitsidwa, ndiye kuti itha kuwotcha nyumba ya wolakwayo.
Amphongo amafika m'malo awo okhalamo masiku angapo m'mbuyomu kuposa zazikazi ndi kukhala zisa zawo. Ku Russia, mbidzi zimafika kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo. Wamphongo ndi wokonzeka kusiya mkazi woyamba kuti adzaoneke mu chisa chake, ndipo ngati pakuwoneka wina (mayi wa chaka chathachi), kulimbana pakati pawo kuti akhale ndi ufulu wokhala chisa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, wamwamuna satenga nawo mbali mumikanganoyi. Wamkazi wopambanayo amakhala mchisa, ndipo mwamunayo am'goneka, naponya mutu wake ndikumwetulira mkamwa mwake mokweza. Yaikazi imaponyanso mutu wake ndikudula mulomo wake. Khalidwe la mbalamezi limatsutsa lingaliro lofala ponena za kukhulupirika kwachilendo kwa agulu kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kusintha wamkazi pachisa ndichinthu chachilendo. Pambuyo paubwenzi ndi matching, aikazi amayikira mazira 1 mpaka 7 (nthawi zambiri 2-5) mazira oyera, omwe banjali limalowa nawo. Monga lamulo, chachikazi chimagona usiku, ndipo champhongo masana. Kusintha kwa mbalame pachisa kumayendetsedwa ndi miyambo yapadera ndikudula milomo. Kubwatcha kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 33. Amphaka oswedwa amawoneka, ndi milomo yakuda. koma osathandiza konse. Poyamba, makolo amadyetsa anapiyewo ndi manyowa, ndikuwapatsira "mulomo ndi mulomo" ndikusintha chakudya pang'onopang'ono. M'zaka zakudyetsa, anapiye onse amakula chisa, ndikusowa chakudya, achichepere nthawi zambiri amafa. Ndizachidziwikire kuti abulu akuluakulu amasankha mwankhanza kuponyera anapiye ofoka ndi odwala mchisa. Chifukwa chake mu nkhaniyi nawonso, nthano za "ulemu ndi kukoma mtima" kwa agulu sizigwirizana kwenikweni ndi zenizeni.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ana aang'ono aang'ono amayesa kuuluka moyang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo ali ndi zaka 54-55. Kenako, kwa masiku ena 14-18, ana amakhala limodzi, ndipo masana "anapangira" ndegewo, nawulukira ku chisa chawo chakusiku.
Ali ndi zaka 70, amachoka chisa kwathunthu. Kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ana amakhala akuuluka kwawo nthawi yachisanu chokha, popanda makolo, omwe amakhala m'malo awo okhalamo kufikira Seputembara. Ndizodabwitsa kuti agulugufe achichepere mosadodoma amapeza malo osangalatsa omwe sanakhalepo.
Mbawala zoyera zimayamba kukhwima pazaka zitatu, koma anthu ambiri amayamba kudzala patapita zaka 6.