Gyurza - njoka ndi yayikulu mokwanira. Thupi laikazi motalika limatha kufika 1.5 metres. Amuna ndi ofupikirako, kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi pafupifupi mita imodzi.
Amakhala ndi mutu wopingasa patali wokhala ndi chopindika. Palibe zotchingira pamwamba pa maso. Thupi, mutu ndi nkhope zimakutidwa ndi mamba. Mutu umakhala ndi mtundu wa monochromatic, nthawi zina, umatha kukhala ndi malo owoneka ngati V. Kumbuyo kwa njoka ndi imvi kapena kuwala.
Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wodziwika, koma nthawi zina kumbuyo kumatha kukhala mawonekedwe amtundu wautali kapena mizere iwiri ya mawanga. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda kuposa utoto waukulu. Ikhoza kukhala ya bulauni, yakuda, imvi yakuda, mochepera - chikasu, chofiira, maolivi. Mimba imakhala ndi kuwala kopepuka ndi malo ang'onoang'ono amdima.
Mitundu ya Gyurza
Msonkho wobwerezabwereza wasintha kwambiri, kuyambira kuti anthu ambiri m'derali ndi amphona akuluakulu. Mu XIX - XX zaka mazana ambiri. akatswiri a sayansi ya zamatsenga adaganiza kuti palibe amodzi, koma mitundu inayi yogwirizana imakhala pa Earth - V. mauritanica, V. schweizeri, V. deserti, ndi V. lebetina. Pambuyo pa kupatukana kumeneku, Vipera lebetina yekha amatchedwa gyurza. Kuphatikiza apo, a taxonomists amatenga njoka ku mtundu wa njoka zosavuta (Vipera), ndipo gyurza adakhala Macrovipera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu 2001, potengera kusanthula kwama genetic, mitundu iwiri yaku North Africa ya gyurz (M. deserti ndi M. mauritanica) idapatsidwa gawo la genus Daboia, komanso moyenera, kuphatikiza ndi njoka za Palestina.
Mpaka posachedwapa, herpatologists adazindikira magulu asanu a gyurza, atatu mwa omwe amapezeka ku Caucasus / Central Asia (kudera lomwe kale linali Soviet Union). Gyurza ya Transcaucasian imakhala ku Russia, yokhala ndi zotupa zambiri zam'mimba komanso kusakhalapo (kuchuluka kochepa) kwamalo amdima pamimba.
Tsopano ndichizolowezi kunena zamtundu 6, womwe umafunsidwa:
- Macrovipera lebetina lebetina - amakhala pafupifupi. Kupro,
- Macrovipera lebetina turanica (Central Asia gyurza) - amakhala kumwera kwa Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Western Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan ndi North-West India,
- Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Transcaucasian gyurza) - amakhala ku Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran ndi Syria,
- Macrovipera lebetina adalimakuman,
- Macrovipera lebetina cernovi,
- Macrovipera lebetina peilei - osati yokhazikitsidwa kwathunthu
Komwe kumakhala
Njoka zamtunduwu zimakonda chilala. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku Africa (kumpoto chakumadzulo), Asia, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, India.
Malo abwino ndi malo otsetsereka kapena mapiri okutidwa ndi matchuthi amisili, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyumba zosiyidwa kapena minda yamphesa. Kutalika kwakukulu komwe gyurza imakwera ndi 1.5-2 km.
Khalidwe ndi zakudya za gyurza
Zoyenera kusaka zilibe kanthu nthawi yakusana. Munthawi yotentha, imagwira usiku, m'masiku amitambo - masana. Gyurza amadzimva bwino mumdima ndipo amadziwa bwino za iwo. Imagwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo lake la fungo kufufuza nyama. Itha kukhala m'malo alionse - kuchokera kumapiri mpaka kumapazi ndi zitsamba, kuyambira m'nkhalango kupita pamiyala. Pokwawa, zinthu ziwiri ndizofunikira posankha malo okhalamo: dziwe lapafupi kapena gwero, ndi makoswe ambiri omwe amakhala m'malo osankhidwa.
Pakusala nthawi yachisanu, amakwera mdzenje kapena pansi, pogona pake pamtunda wa mita imodzi. M'nyengo yozizira kumatha masiku 130 mpaka 150. Ndi chisanu chambiri, anthu ena amafa. Amatha kukhala okhaokha, kapena pagulu la anthu 10. M'nthawi yotentha, gyurza iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo lake, momwe imasakira. Zomwe zimadya ndi makoswe, koma chokwawa chimadyanso abuluzi, mbalame, ndi njoka zina. Zakudya zambiri za achinyamata ndi tizilombo.
Kuswana
Izi zokwawa ndi oviparous. Amachita chilimwe, kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira 15-30, wokutidwa ndi chipolopolo chowonda kwambiri. Ana amatenga mazira mwezi umodzi ndi theka, i.e. wobadwa mu Ogasiti-Sepemba. Thupi la njoka yatsopano ndi 25-27 masentimita kutalika ndi kulemera magalamu 10-12.
Ana amabadwa ali odziimira pawokha ndipo njoka zimafalikira mosiyanasiyana. Akuluakulu satenga nawo mbali m'moyo wawo wamtsogolo. Amakhala okhazikika pazaka zitatu.
Molting
Kwa nthawi yoyamba pachaka, nthumwi za mtunduwu zitapendekera nthawi yozizira. Munthawi imeneyi, amakhala osagwira ntchito ndipo amabisala kwa wina aliyense mnyumba zawo, popeza ali pachiwopsezo (ndizovuta kuwona komanso kuthana ndi chiwopsezo, kuyenda kwa thupi lililonse kumakhala kowawa kwa iwo).
Mkhalidwe waukulu wa molting ndi chinyezi chambiri, chifukwa chake khungu la gyurza limatayidwa pokhapokha kumizidwa m'madzi kapena kukanda pansi ponyowa pafupi ndi magwero. Atatha kusungunuka, amapuma pogona tsiku lina, osasuntha. Kodi mumadziwa? Njoka yayitali kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi python Fluffy wochokera ku Ohio. Thupi lake limakhala lalitali mamita 7.31 ndipo limalemera 136 kg. Anthu akuluakulu amalimba katatu pachaka: pambuyo pozizira, mu Julayi, chisanu chisanachitike. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wawo, njoka zatsopano zimachita njirayi patatha masiku awiri kuchokera kubadwa. Mbeu zomwe sizinafike pakubala zimafika mpaka katatu pachaka.
Gyurza poizoni
Vuto la gyurza likufanana kwambiri pakupanga / kufalikira kwa poizoni yemwe amadziwika ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la Russell njer, lomwe limayambitsa magazi osagonjetseka (DIC), limodzi ndi hemorrhagic edema. Gyurza wokhala ndi poyizoni wake wamphamvu, wosafanana ndi njoka zambiri, samawopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osasambira. Sathamangira kuthawa, koma, monga lamulo, amasintha ndikudikirira kuti zochitika zichitike. Munthu wapaulendo yemwe sazindikira ndipo akakhudza njoka mosazindikira, amakhala ndi mwayi wolimbana ndi kuponya mwachangu komanso kuluma.
Mwansanga komanso mosaganizira, njoka za Alevi zimaluma agalu ndi ziweto pakudya. Nyama ikaluma, nyama sizipulumuka. Momwe poiziyi umakhudzira thanzi la munthu wolumidwa zimatengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana - kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kulowetsedwa, bala, kuluma, kuya kwa kulowa kwa mano, komanso thanzi la thupi / wamaganizidwe.
Njira ya kuledzera imadziwika ndi poizoni wa njoka zam'mimba ndipo imaphatikizanso ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi (ziwiri zoyambirira zimawonedwa pofatsa):
- kwambiri ululu matenda
- kutupa kwambiri pamalo opumira,
- kufooka ndi chizungulire,
- mseru ndi kufupika kwa mpweya
- chachikulu hemorrhagic edema,
- kusakhazikika kwa magazi,
- kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zamkati,
- minofu necrosis pamalo akumwa.
Pakadali pano, poizoni wa gyurza akuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala angapo. Viprosal (njira yodziwika bwino ya rheumatism / radiculitis), komanso mankhwala oopsa a Lebetox, amapangidwa kuchokera ku poizoni wa gyurza. Chachiwiri chikufunika kwambiri pochiza matenda a hemophilia komanso opaleshoni pakuchita opaleshoni. Kuthira magazi pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito lebetox kuyima kwa mphindi imodzi ndi theka.
Kodi kuchita ndi kuluma gyurza?
Njira yayikulu komanso yothandiza yothandizira pakuluma kwa gyurza ndi makonzedwe a anti-njoka seramu. Theka la mankhwalawa limaperekedwa jakisoni atatu kapena anayi pamwamba pa malo olumidwa. Seramu yotsalayo imalowetsedwa m'dera lodzaza (ngati kuluma kunali m'manja) kapena nkhata (ngati kuluma kunali mwendo). Serum ndi nzeru kulowa posachedwa ola limodzi kuluma.
Palibe vuto ndikakuluma kwa gyurza simungawotche chilonda ndi chinthu chotentha, chifukwa gyurza imakhala ndi mano owopsa omwe amalowerera mkati mwa minofu, ndipo cauterization imalephera kuwononga mphamvu ya njoka. Mosiyana ndi izi, nkhanambo zimapangika pomwe minofu imayambukiridwa mosavuta, yomwe imapangitsa kuti mankhwalawo agwire bwino ntchito. Cauterization imatha kuthandizira kuluma tizilombo tokhala ndi poizoni, monga akangaude, kenako pokhapokha ngati izi zachitika mukangomaliza kuluma.
Choyamba, muyenera kuyamwa magazi kuchokera bala, ndikulavulira. Ma poizoni a njoka kuchokera ku malovu amawonongeka pang'ono, ndipo munthu sangamuwonetsetse ngakhale atakhala ndi mano oyipa. Finyani kapena kuyamwa magazi sayenera kupitirira mphindi 5-8. Zitatha izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizipanga mafuta odzola mu njira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate, viniga kapena koloko.
Kukulumikizidwa kwathunthu kwa nthambi yolumidwa kuyenera kuchitidwa. Wovutitsidwa amapatsidwa chakumwa chochuluka (tiyi, ayran, madzi). Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndikupereka odwala kuchipatala msanga.
Ndi chithandizo chakanthawi, wovutikayo nthawi zambiri amachira tsiku lotsatira.
Mankhwalawa amathandizira gyurza seramu yotsutsa-gyurz. Ku USSR, idayamba kupangidwa m'ma 1930 - yoyamba ku Tashkent, kenako ku Baku ndi Frunze (tsopano ndi Bishkek). Ku Russia, Antigyurz seramu siipangidwa; iyenera kugulidwa kunja. Anti-Gyurz seramu amathandizira kuluma kwa gyurza, efa ndi njoka. Ndizopusa. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ndikuyenera kudziwa kuti sibwino kugwiritsa ntchito seramu mukamaluma njoka.
Adani Akutchire
Mdani wamkulu wa gyurza ndi buluzi woyang'anira. Amakhala kuti alibe poizoni wazakudya izi. Nthawi ndi nthawi, njoka zimakhala zodyedwa ndi nkhandwe, mimbulu, amphaka, nkhandwe, anthu omwe amadya njoka, njoka zazitali kapena njoka zina zazikulu. Samawopa anthu, ndipo poizoni wake amapha chidzu chilichonse. Kumbukirani kuti thandizo loyenerera la wothandiziridwayo ndi wodwala amene angamupulumutse.
Kodi gyurza amakhala ndi ndalama zingati
Kuthengo, njoka za Levantine zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 10, koma kutalika kochulukirapo, mpaka zaka 20 - m'malo ochita kupanga. Koma ngakhale gyurza ikhale ndi moyo zochuluka motani, katatu pachaka imataya khungu lakale - pambuyo komanso koyambirira, komanso pakati pa chilimwe (molt ndiosankha). Zobadwa zatsopano zimataya khungu lawo masiku angapo pambuyo pobadwa, ndipo nyama zazing'ono mpaka 8 pachaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi samawonetsa chidwi chokhudza njoka za Levantine, poganiza kuti kuchuluka kwawo ndi kwakukulu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mapeto ake amathandizidwa ndi ziwerengero: m'malo omwe amakhala, gyurz imakhala ndi njoka zinayi pa hekitala imodzi, ndipo mpaka 20 anthu amatha kudziunjikira pa hekitala pafupi ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe (mu Ogasiti-Seputembala).
Komabe, kumadera ena (kuphatikiza madera a Russia), kuchuluka kwa gyurza kunachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha zochitika za anthu komanso kulanda mosabisala kwa zapamtunda. Njoka zinayamba kusowa m'malo awo, momwe mitundu Macrovipera lebetina idagwera mu Red Book of Kazakhstan (II gulu) ndi Dagestan (II gulu), ndipo idaphatikizidwanso mu buku lokonzedwanso la Red Book of the Russian Federation (III).
Kufotokozera kwa Gyurza
Tchulani dzina lapakati - Levantine Viper. Amachokera kwenikweni kumtundu wa ziphona zazikulu, gawo la banja lanjoka. Ku Turkmenistan amadziwika kuti ndi njoka ya kavalo (at-ilan), ku Uzbekistan - ngati njoka yobiriwira (kok-ilan), ndipo dzina lodziwika bwino la mphekesera waku Russia "gurza" limabwereranso ku gurz yaku Persian, kutanthauza "mace". Akatswiri a herteryologists amagwiritsa ntchito mawu achi Latin akuti Macrovipera lebetina.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Njoka zimadzuka masika (Marichi - Epulo) mpweya ukadzayamba kutentha +10 ° C. Amuna amapezeka koyamba, ndipo patatha sabata, zazikazi zimayamba kukwawa. Sapita nthawi yomweyo kupita kumalo osaka nyama a gyurza, kukakhala kwa kanthawi dzuwa litakhala pafupi ndi nyengo "yozizira". M'mwezi wa Meyi, amamba a Levantine nthawi zambiri amachoka m'mapiri, ndikupita kumapiri. Apa njoka zimakwawa kudutsa malo osaka nokha.
Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa nyama zapamadzi zomwe zimawonedwa mwamwayi, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi akasupe - a Gyurza amamwa madzi ambiri ndikukonda kusambira, kwinaku akugwira mbalame. Ndikusintha kwa kutentha (mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti), njoka zimapita kukasaka usiku ndikusaka madzulo, komanso m'mawa komanso theka loyamba lausiku. Kuwona bwino komanso kununkhira kwamphamvu kumathandizira kuyang'anira nyama mumdima. Amabisala chifukwa cha kutentha kwa masana pakati pa miyala, muudzu wautali, pamitengo ndi m'matalala ozizira. Chapakatikati ndi nthawi yophukira, gyurza imagwira ntchito masana.
Zofunika! Kuzizira, amphaka a Levantine amabwerera kumalo osungira nyengo yachisanu, nkumadzizira okha kapena palimodzi (mpaka anthu 12). Pakusala nthawi yozizira, amakhala m'malo otayidwa, m'miyala ndi m'miyala. Hibernation imayamba kwinakwake mu Novembala ndipo imatha mu Marichi - Epulo.
Gyurza imakhala ndi mawonekedwe achinyengo (nkhungu, ngati kuti yaduladula thupi), chifukwa chomwe njokayo imawonedwa kuti ndiyosachedwa komanso chosakhwima. Malingaliro abodzawa adagonja ma Amateurs kangapo, ndipo ngakhale asodzi odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito njoka nthawi zambiri samatulutsa gyurza.
Akatswiri azakudumphawa amadziwa kuti nyama zanyama zambiri zimangokwera mitengo, kudumphadumpha ndikusunthira pansi, mwachangu ndikusokera. Pozindikira kuopseza, gyurza samangokhalira kusilira, koma nthawi zambiri amamenya, ndikupanga kuponya wofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi lake. Sikuti aliyense wogwira ndodo angagwire gyurza yayikulu m'manja mwake, akumamasula mutu wake. Poyesa kuti ituluke, njokayo samateteza ngakhale nsagwada yake ya pansi, ikaluma kuti ipweteke munthu.
Gurza poyizoni
Ndiwofanana kwambiri pakupanga / mphamvu ya poizoni wa njoka yoipa ya Russell, yomwe imayambitsa magazi osagwedera (DIC), limodzi ndi hemorrhagic edema. Gyurza wokhala ndi poyizoni wake wamphamvu, wosafanana ndi njoka zambiri, samawopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osasambira. Sathamangira kuthawa, koma, monga lamulo, amasintha ndikudikirira kuti zochitika zichitike. Munthu wapaulendo yemwe sazindikira ndipo akakhudza njoka mosazindikira, amakhala ndi mwayi wolimbana ndi kuponya mwachangu komanso kuluma.
Mwansanga komanso mosaganizira, njoka za Alevi zimaluma agalu ndi ziweto pabusa. Nyama ikaluma, nyama sizipulumuka. Momwe poiziyi umakhudzira thanzi la munthu wolumidwa zimatengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana - kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kulowetsedwa, bala, kuluma, kuya kwa kulowa kwa mano, komanso thanzi la thupi / wamaganizidwe.
Njira ya kuledzera imadziwika ndi poizoni wa njoka zam'mimba ndipo imaphatikizanso ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi (ziwiri zoyambirira zimawonedwa pofatsa):
- kwambiri ululu matenda
- kutupa kwambiri pamalo opumira,
- kufooka ndi chizungulire,
- mseru ndi kufupika kwa mpweya
- chachikulu hemorrhagic edema,
- kusakhazikika kwa magazi,
- kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zamkati,
- minofu necrosis pamalo akumwa.
Pakadali pano, poizoni wa gyurza akuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala angapo. Viprosal (njira yodziwika bwino ya rheumatism / radiculitis), komanso mankhwala oopsa a Lebetox, amapangidwa kuchokera ku poizoni wa gyurza. Chachiwiri chikufunika kwambiri pochiza matenda a hemophilia komanso opaleshoni pakuchita opaleshoni. Kuthira magazi pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito lebetox kuyima kwa mphindi imodzi ndi theka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Imfa kuchokera pakuluma kwa gyurz ya Transcaucasian ikuyandikira 10-15% (popanda chithandizo). Monga mankhwala, seramu yotsutsana ndi njoka kapena seramu yotumizidwa ku Anti-Gyurza imayambitsidwa (sizipangidwanso ku Russia). Kudzichitira nokha mankhwala nkoletsedwa.
Habitat, malo okhala
Gyurza ali ndi malo ambiri - amakhala m'malo ochulukirapo a North-West Africa, Asia (Pakati, Kummwera ndi Kumadzulo), Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Western Pakistan, Afghanistan, North-West India ndi zilumba za Mediterranean.
Gyurza amapezekanso m'malo otchedwa Soviet - ku Central Asia ndi Transcaucasia, kuphatikiza peninsula ya Absheron (Azzerani). Anthu okhala ku gyurza okhaokha amakhala ku Dagestan. Njoka zochepa kwambiri chifukwa chakuchotsa komwe zimayang'aniridwa zidatsalira kumwera kwa Kazakhstan.
Zofunika! Gyurza amakonda mitundu iwiri ya chipululu, chipululu komanso mapiri, komwe kuli chakudya chochuluka m'njira zamkati, ma gerbils ndi pikas. Imatha kukwera m'mapiri mpaka 2,5 km (Pamir) mpaka 2 km pamwamba pamadzi (Turkmenistan ndi Armenia).
Njokayo imamatirira malo owuma pansi ndi malo otsetsereka ndi tchire, imatola nkhalango za pistachio, magombe a ngalande zothirira, mapiri ndi mitsinje ya mitsinje, mitsinje ndi akasupe ndi mitsinje. Nthawi zambiri amalowera kunja kwa mzinda, amakopeka ndi kununkhira kwa makoswe komanso kupezeka kwa malo achitetezo.
Zakudya za Gyurza
Kukhalapo kwa mtundu wamtundu wamoyo wam'madzi mu chakudya kumakhudzidwa ndi dera la gyurza - m'malo ena limatsamira nyama zazing'ono, mwa zina zimakonda mbalame. Mwachitsanzo, chidwi ndi izi ndi anamwali aku Central Asia, omwe samanyalanyaza mbalame iliyonse kukula kwa nkhunda.
Zakudya zomwe zimakonda kudya gyurza zimapangidwa ndi nyama zotere:
Mwa njira, agalu achichepere ndi anjala, omwe sanapeze zinthu zowoneka bwino komanso zopatsa mphamvu zambiri, amenyedwa pamadzi owononga. Njokayo ikuyang'ana mbalame zomwe zakhala zikubwera kudzenje lomwe zimabisala, kubisala mumtengo kapena pakati pa miyala. Mbalameyo ikaleka kukhala maso, gyurza imagwira ndi mano ake owongoka, koma osathamangitsa ngati mwatsokayo itatha kuthawa. Zowona, kuthawa sikumatenga nthawi yayitali - mothandizidwa ndi poizoni, womenyedwayo amagwa wakufa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njoka yamezeredwa ndi nyama imapeza mthunzi kapena pabwino pogona, kuti mbali imodzi ya mtembo womwe uli ndi mtembowo mkati mwake pansi pa dzuŵa. Gyurza wodyetsedwa bwino sasuntha kwa masiku 3-4, akupukusa zam'mimba.
Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti gyurza imathandizira kupulumutsa mbewu m'minda, kuwononga magulu azirombo azolima, makoswe ang'onoang'ono.
Adani achilengedwe
Buluzi amaonedwa kuti ndi mdani wowopsa kwambiri wa gyurza, popeza sakhala ndi poizoni woopsa kwambiri. Koma nyama zapambuyo zimasakidwa ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera nyama zomwe zimatha kulumwa - amphaka, mimbulu, ankhandwe ndi nkhandwe - osaziletsa. Masewera a gyurza amawukiridwa kuchokera kumlengalenga - njoka zam'mbuyo ndi odyedwa ndi njoka zimawoneka pamenemu. Komanso, zokwawa, makamaka zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri zimagwera patebulo kwa njoka zina.