New York City Medical Bulletin ya 1888 imafotokoza za zochitika zapadera za oyendetsa boti wamtsinje akukoka barge pamwambo wapamwamba ndi mabokosi akuluakulu okhala m'miyala iwiri pabwaloli. Mwa ngozi yoseketsa, pofika nthawi yomwe ngolo yake inali pafupi ndi mlatho wokhala ndi chipilala chotsika, woyendetsa sitimayo pa uta wotchinga adaganiza kuti awone ngati kufulumira kwa gawo lam'mwamba kuli lotayirira, ndikukwera kumunsi ndikukukweza mutu wake pamwamba pa mabatani. Atayimirira ndi msana wake kulowera komwe amayenda, sanawone chilichonse chowopsa, ndipo m'munsi m'mphepete mwake mozungulira, monga mtanda, adadula mbali ya chigaza pafupifupi mainchesi awiri pamwamba pa diso lamanja.

Ndipo chozizwitsa chozizwitsa chidachitika. Pamene, patapita maola angapo, woyendetsa sitirayo adatengedwa kupita kuchipatala, akadali ndi moyo. Madotolo adayamba kuchiritsa bala, osaganizira kwenikweni kupulumutsa wodwalayo, pomwe adatsegula maso ake ndikufunsa zomwe zidamuchitikira. Koma zozizwitsa zidapitilirabe! Madotolo atamaliza ntchito yawo ndikumanga mutu wawo, womwe unali utatsika ndi kotala, wozunzidwayo adatsika pagome la opareshoni. Adafunsa mkanjo wake, nati akufuna kupita kwawo. Zachidziwikire, sanamulole kupita kulikonse. Ndipo komabe, miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake, Rhos adabwereranso mchombo. Kuvulala kwake, zikuwoneka kuti sikunamuwonongetse. Nthawi zina, ankadandaula za chizungulire, koma apo ayi anali munthu wathanzi kwathunthu. Zaka 26 zokha zitachitika ngoziyo, mkono ndi kumanzere zidadwala pang'ono. Ndipo zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, pomwe oyendetsa sitimayo adagonekedwa m'chipatala, madotolo adalemba m'mbiri yake ya zamankhwala kuti wodwalayo anali ndi chizolowezi chomva nkhawa. Popeza kukalamba, wina angakayikire zowona za nkhaniyi. Koma mankhwalawa samadziwanso milandu yovuta yomwe inachitika pambuyo pake.

Mu 1935, mwana anabadwira ku Chipatala cha St. Vincent ku New York, yemwe analibe ubongo konse. Ndipo, komabe, kwa masiku 27, mwanayo adakhala, kudya ndi kulira, mosiyana ndi ana wamba. Khalidwe lake lidali lachilendo, ndipo palibe amene adaganiza zakusowa kwa ubongo pamaso pa mimbayo. Mu 1957, Dr. Jan Bruel ndi George Albee adapanga zokopa ku American Psychological Association. Adachita opareshoniyo bwino lomwe, pomwe wodwala wazaka 39 adachotsa gawo lonse lamanja. Komanso, modabwitsa madotolo, sanangochira mwachangu, komanso sanataye nzeru zake zam'mbuyomu, zomwe zinali zapamwamba kwambiri, atamuchita opaleshoni.

Ndipo mu 1940, mwana wazaka 14 adayikidwa m'chipatala cha Dr. N. Ortiz, yemwe adazunzidwa ndimutu wowopsa. Patatha milungu iwiri, mwatsoka, anamwalira, ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni anali wodziwa komanso wamisala. Madotolo atachita opaleshoni, adadzidzimuka: pafupifupi bokosi lonse lankhondo lomwe limakhala ndi sarcoma yayikulu - chotupa choyipa chomwe chidalowerera kwathunthu minofu yaubongo, yomwe ikutanthauza kuti kwanthawi yayitali mnyamatayo amakhala popanda ubongo!

Ku USA, pantchito yokumba, a Phineas Gage wazaka 25 wazaka zam'madzi adachitidwa ngozi, zotulukapo zake zidaphatikizidwa m'mabuku a zamankhwala ngati chinsinsi chimodzi chosamveka. Mukuphulika kwa cheke chosinthika, ndodo yayikulu yayikulu 109 cm ndi 3 cm mulifupi inangamira m'tsaya loyipa, ndikugwetsa dzino lakumaso, ndikuwunikira ubongo ndi chigaza, kenako, itatha kuwuluka ma mita ena ochulukirapo, idagwa. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti Gage sanaphedwe pamalopo ndipo sanavulazidwe kwambiri: adangotaya diso ndi dzino. Posakhalitsa thanzi lake lidatsala pang'ono kukhala labwinobwino, ndipo adasinthiratu malingaliro, kukumbukira, kusalankhula komanso kuwongolera thupi lake. Munthawi zonsezi, minyewa yaubongo idawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuvulala kapena kudwala kotero, malinga ndi miyambo yachipatala yodziwika bwino, "wamkulu wathu" samayenera kukwaniritsa ntchito zake zogwirira ntchito pakayendetsedwe ka zinthu m'thupi. Zinafika kuti onse omwe akuzunzidwa amakhala “wopanda mfumu m'mutu mwawo”, ngakhale nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Koma zimachitika kuti munthu kwanthawi yayitali amakhalabe ndi moyo wopanda mutu, ngakhale kuti lingaliro la mankhwala izi ndizosatheka! Nthawi inayake woyang'anira Boris Luchkin, yemwe adamenya nkhondo munthawi yochepa, adanena nkhani yodabwitsa. Mwanjira inayake, pakufufuza kumbuyo kwa Ajeremani, wamkulu wa gulu lawo lodzidzimutsa adadumphanso pachithaphwi cha mgodi. Migodi iyi inali ndi vuto lapadera lomwe limaponyera mita ndi theka, pambuyo pake panali kuphulika. Zinachitika nthawi imeneyo. Masewera amtundu uliwonse. Ndipo m'modzi mwaiwo adawonongeratu mutu wa wonamizira, yemwe amayenda kutsogolo kwa mita kutali ndi Luchkin. Koma kazembe wopanda mutuyo, malinga ndi wolamulira, sanagwe pansi ngati mtolo, koma anapitilizabe ndi miyendo, ngakhale anali ndi chibwano ndi chibwano chotsika. Panalibe kalikonse pamwamba. Ndipo thupi loyipalo silinasinthe jekete lamanja ndi dzanja lake lamanja, natulutsa mapu ndi njirayo kumbuyo kwa chifuwa chake ndikuyifikitsa ku Luchkin, yokutidwa kale magazi. Ndipokhapokha pomwe wonamizira wophedwayo adagwa. Thupi la wamkulu, ngakhale atafa kale akuganiza (!) Mwa asitikali ake, adanyamulidwa ndikuyika m'manda pafupi ndi likulu la gululo. Komabe, palibe amene adakhulupirira nkhani ya Luchkin, makamaka popeza ma scout ena omwe amayenda kumbuyo sanawone tsatanetsatane choncho sanathe kutsimikizira mawu a woyang'anira.

Nkhani zakale za mbiri yakale zimafotokoza za nkhani ngati imeneyi. Mu 1636, a King Ludwig aku Bavaria adaweruza munthu wina wa Diez von Schaunburg ndi anayi a Landsknechts kuti aphedwe chifukwa choutsa mpandowu. Akaidiwo atabweretsa malo ophedwa, malinga ndi mwambo wankhanza, Ludwig wa ku Bavaria adafunsa Diez kuti zomwe akufuna zithe. Podabwitsanso mfumu, adawapempha kuti awaike onse mzere umodzi pamtunda wamtunda wina ndi umodzi ndikudula mutu wake mpaka woyamba. Adalonjeza kuti ayambanso kudutsa mutu wake wa Landsknechts, ndipo omwe adakhala ndi nthawi yopitayo ayenera kukhululukidwa. Noble Dietz adatalikirana ndi abwenzi ake, ndipo adadzuka m'mphepete, anagwada pansi ndikuyika mutu wake pachigonje. Koma wopha mnzakeyo atangoliza ndi nkhwangwa, Dietz analumphira ndipo anathamangira pamalowo, atazizira kwambiri. Pokhapokha atatha kudutsa womaliza mwa iwo pomwe adagwa pansi. Amfumu omwe adadzidzimuka adaganiza kuti sizinali popanda kulimbana ndi mdierekezi, komabe anakwaniritsa lonjezo lake ndikhululuka Landsknecht.

Nkhani inanso ya moyo pambuyo pa imfa imanenedwa mu lipoti la Corporate R. Crickshaw, lomwe limapezeka m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale a Britain War. Ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane nyengo ya kufa kwa wamkulu wa kampani "B" wa gulu la 1st Yorkshire, Captain T. Mulveni, pa nthawi yakugonjetsedwa ndi Britain ndi India koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19. Izi zidachitika munkhondo yomenyerana ndi manja pa nthawi yomwe a Fort Amara anali kumenya. Mkuluyo anaponya lupanga lake kumutu wa msirikali. Koma thupi lopanda mutu silinagwere pansi, koma linaponyera mfuti, losavala kanthu ndikuwombera kapitawo wachingerezi mumtima, ndipo zitangochitika. Nkhani yodabwitsa kwambiri imatsogolera mtolankhani Igor Kaufman. Nkhondo itatha, wowononga bowa anapeza mtundu wina wa zida zophulika m'nkhalango pafupi ndi Peterhof. Amafuna kuyipima ndikubwera nayo pamaso pake. Kuphulika kuja. Wosoka bowa adasinthiratu mutu wake, koma adayenda wopanda mazana awiri, ndi mamilimita atatu pa bolodi yopapatiza kudzera mumtsinje, kenako adamwalira. Mtolankhaniyu akugogomezera kuti iyi si njinga, panali mboni, ndipo zida zotsalazo zidasungidwa m'dipatimenti yofufuza milandu yaupandu.

Zikuchitika kuti ngakhale kutayikira kwadzidzidzi komanso kwathunthu kwa ubongo sikutanthauza kuti munthu akafa nthawi yomweyo. Komano ndani, kapena ndani amalamulira thupi lake, ndikumukakamiza kuti achitepo kanthu? Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, titembenukira ku chithunzi chosangalatsa cha Doctor of technical Science Igor Blatov. Amakhulupilira kuti, kuphatikiza ku ubongo ndi kudziwa komwe kumalumikizidwa nako, munthu amakhalanso ndi moyo - mtundu wina wa mapulogalamu omwe amaonetsetsa kuti thupi likugwira ntchito mothandizirana ndi ma cell ambiri. Kuzindikira pawokha ndi chifukwa cha zochitika za pulogalamu yotere, ndiko kuti, ntchito ya mzimu. Ndipo chidziwitso chomwe chimapanga pulogalamuyi chimaphatikizidwa ndi ma molekyulu a DNA.

Malinga ndi malingaliro aposachedwa, munthu alibe amodzi, koma mawongolero awiri. Loyamba limaphatikizapo ubongo ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Amagwiritsa ntchito ma pulromagnetic kupatsira malamulo. Nthawi yomweyo, pali ina - mwa mawonekedwe a endocrine dongosolo momwe zonyamulira zidziwitso ndizopadera zachilengedwe - mahomoni.

Zachilengedwe kapena Mlengi adasamalira kuti azitsimikizira kudzilamulira kwa dongosolo la endocrine. Mpaka posachedwa, amakhulupirira kuti zimangokhala ndi tezi za endocrine. Komabe, malinga ndi A. Belkin, MD, mu sabata lachisanu ndi chitatu mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi zam'mimba, maselo muubongo amachoka kwa kholo lawo ndikusunthira thupi lonse. Amapeza malo atsopano ziwalo zonse zazikulu - mumtima, mapapu, chiwindi, ndulu, matenda am'mimba, malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa - ngakhale pakhungu. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwalo chofunikira kwambiri, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngati pazifukwa zina wamkulu wathu wamkulu - ubongo - ukasiya kugwira ntchito zake, dongosolo la endocrine litha kuwatenga. Muli ma molekyulu ake a DNA pomwe mzimu umasungika kwambiri - mapulogalamu omwe amaphatikiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri mthupi komanso chizindikiritso cha munthu. Mwanjira imeneyi, munthu akhoza kulingalira momwe machitidwe a moyo atatha kufa. Ngakhale - - makamaka, kodi imfa ndi chiyani? Ndipo zikafika pathupi.

PILOT SON

Nditha kutsimikizira kuti sindinamvepo za woyendetsa ndege Presnyakov. Koma nkhope yake pachithunzicho inkawoneka yodabwitsa kwa ine. Idawomberedwa pambuyo pa kuthawa, chisoti, momwe mumapumira pomwe mulibe mpweya. Mu mwinjiro uwu, amawoneka kwambiri ngati wopitikirapo kuposa woyendetsa.

Captain Presnyakov wautali waung'ono. Koma simudzazindikira mwachangu izi pachithunzichi, chifukwa amaziwombera m'chiuno. Kumbali inayo, masaya otambalala, ndi maso okhala ndi alkali, ndi nsidze zosasiyananso, komanso zodzikongoletsera pamwamba pa milomo yapamwamba, ndipo chilonda pamphumi chikuwonekera bwino. Kapenanso izi sizovuta, koma kutseka kwa tsitsi komwe kumamatira pamphumi pake kuthawa kovuta.

Chithunzi ichi ndi cha Volodka Presnyakov. Atapachika pabedi pake. Munthu watsopano akangolowa munyumba, Volodka amubweretsa kujambulayo nati:

Amanena izi ngati kuti akungobweretsa mlendoyo kwa bambo ake.

Volodka amakhala ku Moscow, panjira ya Straw Gate. Zowonadi, pamsewu wa Volodkina mulibe chipata, komanso nyumba yaudzu. Kuzungulira nyumba zatsopano. Zinali pansi pa Peter Woyamba pomwe panali chipata. Ine ndikudabwa komwe iye anayima? Pafupi ndi malo ogulitsa kapena pakona, ku banki yosungirako? Ndipo dzina la mlondayo anali ndani, usiku wamvula, wokhala ndi mvula yambiri, adathamangira pachipata chofunda kuti apume ndikuwotha manja ake kuchokera pachisanu pamiyala yamatabwa? Kwa kamphindi kakang'ono! Woyang'anira sayenera kukhomerera chisamaliro

Pazenera la nyumba ya Volodkin, magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amataya usana ndi usiku: ntchito yayandikira. Koma Volodka adazolowera kulira kwawo ndipo samamuganizira. Koma palibe ndege imodzi yomwe imawulukira pamutu pake osakudziwa. Atamva kulira kwa mota, ayamba, wotetezedwa. Maso ake odera nkhawa amathamangira kukapeza mapiko a siliva ang'ono mgalimoto kumwamba. Komabe, iye, ngakhale osayang'ana kuthambo, amatha kudziwa kuti ndi ndege iti yomwe imawuluka yosavuta kapena ndege komanso kuti ali ndi "injini" zingati. Izi ndichifukwa kuyambira ndili mwana ndidazolowera ndege.

Pamene Volodka anali wocheperako, amakhala kutali, kutali ndi Moscow. M'tauni yankhondo. Kupatula apo, mizinda, monga anthu, ndi ankhondo.

Volodka anabadwira m'tawuniyi ndipo amakhala momwemo. Munthu sangakumbukire momwe adaphunzirira kuyenda komanso momwe adayankhulira mawu oyamba. Tsopano, ngati iye adagwa ndikuphwanya bondo lake - amakumbukira izi. Koma Voldka sanagwe ndipo sanadule bondo lake, ndipo analibe khungu pamwamba pa nsidze yake, chifukwa nayenso sanadule nsidze. Ndipo pazonse, samakumbukira chilichonse.

Simukumbukira kuti, atamva phokoso la injini, adayang'ana china cham'mwamba ndi maso abuluu. Ndipo m'mene iye anatambasulira dzanja lake: iye amafuna kuti apange ndege. Dzanja linali lopukutira, ndi makwinya m'chiwuno, ngati kuti wina wakoka pensulo ya inki.

Pamene Volodka anali wamng'ono kwambiri, amangofunsa. Ndipo atakula - wazaka zitatu kapena zinayi - adayamba kufunsa. Adafunsa amayi ake mafunso osayembekezeka. Ndipo panali ena omwe amayi anga sakanayankha.

"Chifukwa chiyani ndege sizigwa kuchokera kumwamba? Chifukwa chiyani tili ndi ma asteris, ndipo kodi a Nazi ali ndi mitanda ndi michira?"

Volodka amakhala ndi amayi ake. Alibe bambo. Ndipo poyamba adakhulupirira kuti ziyenera kutero. Ndipo sanadandaule konse kuti kulibe abambo. Sanamufunse za iye, chifukwa samadziwa kuti bambo ayenera kukhala abambo ake. Koma tsiku lina anafunsa amayi ake:

Adaganiza kuti ndikosavuta komanso kosavuta kuti amayi ayankhe funso ili. Koma amayi adangokhala chete. "Mulole iye aganize," Volodka adaganiza ndikudikirira. Koma amayi sanayankhe funso la mwana wawo.

Volodka sanakhumudwe kwambiri chifukwa amayi ake anasiya mafunso ake ambiri osayankhidwa.

Volodya sanafunse izi kwa amayi ake. Mukufunsa chiyani ngati amayi sangayankhe? Koma iye sanayiwale za funso lake mosavuta ndi kuiwala za ena. Adafuna bambo, ndipo adadikira kuti abambo awonekere.

Mopanda pake mokwanira, Volodka amadziwa kudikirira. Sanayang'ane abambo paliponse ndipo sanafune kuti amayi ake amupezere bambo omwe akusowa. Adayamba kudikirira. Ngati mnyamatayo akuyenera kukhala ndi bambo, ndiye kuti posachedwa amapezeka.

"Ndikudandaula kuti abambo adzaoneka bwanji?" Anafunsa Volodka. "Kodi abwera poyenda kapena abwera pa basi? Ayi, abambo adzakwera ndege - ndiye woyendetsa." M'tauni yankhondo, pafupifupi anyamata onse anali ndi abambo ngati oyendetsa ndege.

Akupita kokayenda ndi amayi ake, adayang'ana amuna akubwera. Adayesa kulingalira kuti ndani mwa iwo akuwoneka ngati bambo ake.

"Uyu ndi wautali," adaganiza, akuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mkuluyo, "simungathe kukwera bamboyo kumbuyo kwake. Ndipo bwanji alibe mwana wa masharubu? Abambo akuyenera kuti ali ndi masharubu. Osati ngati wogulitsa mu buledi. Ali ndi masharubu ofiira. . Ndipo masharubu apapa azikhala akuda ... "

Tsiku lililonse Volodka ankadikirira mwachidwi kubwera kwa abambo. Koma abambo sanachokere kwina kulikonse.

"Amayi, ndipangireni bwato," nthawi ina a Volodka adapereka mbaleyo kwa amayi ake.

Amayi anayang'ana mwana wawo osathandiza, ngati kuti wamufunsa funso limodzi lomwe sanayankhe. Komano mwadzidzidzi kutsimikiza kunawonekera m'maso mwake. Anatenga piritsi m'manja mwa mwana wake, natenga mpeni waukulu wakukhitchini ndipo anayamba kupanga mapulani. Mpeni sunamvere amayi ake: sanadule monga amayi ake anafunira, koma momwe anakondera - mwamwayi. Kenako mpeniwo unaduka ndikudula chala cha amayi anga. Magazi apita. Amayi anaponyera nkhuni mundawo kuti:

"Ndikadakugulira bwato."

Koma a Volodka adagwedeza mutu.

"Sindikufuna zomwe ndagula," adatero, ndikunyamula piritsi pansi.

Anzakewo anali ndi mabwato okongola okhala ndi zitoliro ndi matanga. Ndipo Volodka anali ndi chitsulo choyaka. Koma zinali tayi zomveka izi, zotchedwa zakuba, zomwe zidagwira nawo gawo lofunikira kwambiri mtsogolo mwa Volodkina.

Nthawi ina Volodka anali akuyenda m'mbali mwa nyumbayo ali ndi bolodi m'manja ndipo anakumana ndi mnzake Sergei Ivanovich kumaso. Mnzakeyo anali woyendetsa. Tsiku lonse anasowa pa eyapoti. Koma a Volodka "adasowa" mu kindergarten. Chifukwa chake sanakumanepo ndipo sakudziwana konse.

- Moni, m'bale! - adatero Sergey Ivanovich, akukumana ndi Volodka m'khonde.

Volodka adakweza mutu ndikuyamba kuyesa mnansi. Mpaka m'chiuno, anali atavala malaya oyera oyera, ndipo mathalauza ake ndi nsapato zinali zankhondo. Tawulo adapachikidwa paphewa pake.

- Moni! - adayankha Volodka.

Anaitana aliyense "inu."

"Mukuyenda chani pamsonkhanowu nokha?" - adafunsa mnansi.

"Ndipo bwanji sukupita?"

- Musalole. Ndikhosomola.

- Mwinanso munadutsa pamatumba opanda ma galoshes?

Pamapeto pa zokambirana, zomwe zidachitika mu mseu wamdima, mnansi wina adazindikira piritsi m'manja mwa Volodka.

- Bwatchi ndi chiyani? Uwu ndi bwato, osati bwato, "anatero mnansiyo ndipo anati:" Ndikupangire bwato. "

"Usachite izi," Volodka anachenjeza motero natulutsa piritsi.

- Dzina lanu ndi ndani? - Mwa njira, mnansi anafunsa, akuyang'ana mtengo.

Volodka. Ndizabwino. Amayi anamutcha Volodenka, ndipo apa - Volodka. Zabwino kwambiri!

Momwe Volodka akuganizira dzina latsopano, mnansi wina adatulutsa penknife m'thumba mwake ndipo mosazindikira adayamba kukonza pulawo.

Ndiye bwato bwanji! Wosalala, wosalala, wokhala ndi chitoliro pakati, wokhala ndi mfuti pamphuno. Bwatilo silinayime pansi, linagwera mbali imodzi, koma m'matumbu ake adamva bwino. Palibe mafunde omwe angamupangitse iye. Anzake a Volodkin atangodzidzimutsa, anafufuza kuti adziwe bwino. Aliyense amafuna kumugwira, kukoka chingwe. Volodka anapambana.