ANTEDON NORTH ATLANTIC (Antedon petasus) Wofufuza wotchuka wa ku France wotchedwa Gislen adawona momwe ma anhedones anjala adakhalira ndi matalala omata, milingo yowongoka, ndikuwongola miyendo yonse ya ambulacral. Chakudya chikangolowa mu chinyama cham'madzi, kakombo wam'nyanjayo amayamba kugwira ntchito: nthawi zambiri makomo otseguka otseguka amatseguka, pakamwa kutatseguka tisanazunguluke, miyendo ya ambulacral itawerama mpaka mzere ndikutaya chakudya chomwe chidawagwera. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titangolowa mu mzerewo, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kudzipaka thukuta lomata lomwe limasungidwa ndi maselo a glandular a glandular, ndipo limodzi ndi ichi, chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa cilia, adawongolera kupita komwe kunali mzerewo. Gislen adazindikira kuti mu discambulacra ya dished ya mkamwa ya anhedone palinso kutuluka kwa ntchofu komwe kumayendetsedwa kumapeto kwa disk. Chifukwa cha izi, zotsalira za chakudya zimatsitsidwa ndipo diskiyo imatsukidwa ndi zodetsa. Kuwunika kwa chakudya kunawonetsa kuti amaphatikiza chisakanizo cha detritus, plankton ndi zida zazing'ono za benthic. Mphepo yamchereyi imapezeka pagombe la Norway, Iceland, ndi Great Britain pakuya kwa 20 mpaka 325 m. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yogwirizana kwambiri, A. petasus amayikira mazira m'madzi mwachindunji, osawaphatikiza ndi manja, monga, mwachitsanzo, anhedon ya ku Mediterranean (A. medwireanea) ndi Adriatic anhedon (A. adriatica). Mumtunduwu, kubereka kumayambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena chilimwe, kutengera malo, mazira okhathamiritsa amayimitsidwa ndi ntchofu zam'madzi, komwe amapezeka pafupifupi masiku 5. Mphutsi zophuka bwino ndi zingwe zisanu zokulira dzira.
Kufotokozera:
Dongosolo ili limaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya 560 yamadzi am'nyanja osasunthika l ndi l ndi y. Kimatulides amatsogolera moyo waulere, amasambira kapena kukwawa, osasakira pakamwa nthawi zonse. Ngati mungatembenuzire ena mwa ma comatulide mkamwa kukhala gawo lapansi, ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo amaiganiza molondola. Ma comatulides ambiri nthawi zambiri amasiyana ndi chithandizo ndikusambira kwakanthawi, mokweza ndikukweza m'mphepete. Mukamasambira, anthu angapo matandala amagwiritsa ntchito mbali zosiyanasiyana za cheza, manja awo onse akuchita nawo gululi. Ma comatulides amayenda mothamanga kwambiri pafupifupi 5 m / min, amapanga timitengo tokwana pafupifupi 100, koma amatha kusambira mtunda waufupi. Kusambira kwawo kukuchulukirachulukira m'chilengedwe, ndiye kuti, amasambira ndimayimidwe, akamatopa msanga ndikupuma pang'ono. Amakhulupirira kuti nthawi ina ma comatulides amasambira osaposa mamita 3. Atapumula, amasambiranso mpaka atapeza malo abwino oti angagwirizaniridwe. Comatulides amalumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi mothandizidwa ndi zingwe, kuchuluka, mawonekedwe, kutalika ndi chikhalidwe chake zomwe zimadalira kwambiri malo okhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ma komatulids omwe amakhala pamalopo ofewa amakhala ndi zoonda zazitali, zowongoka zomwe zitha kuphimba dothi lalikulu ndikupereka "anchorage" wabwino. M'malo mwake, maluwa am'nyanja omwe amakhala panthaka zolimba amakhala ndi zingwe zazifupi, zopindika bwino zomwe zimaphimba miyala kapena zinthu zina zolimba. Mukuyenda kwa ambiri a ma comatulides, makhadi satenga nawo mbali.
Ma comatulides ochepa okha ndi omwe alibe chidwi ndi kuwala, mwachitsanzo Tropiomelra carinata. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la mitengoyi limakonda kukhala m'malo otetezeka ndipo limapewa dzuwa. Mwalawo utatembenuzidwa kuti ukuwala mbali yomwe ma comatulides adalumikizidwa, ndiye kuti imasunthira mwachangu kumbali yake.
Banja lokwera kwambiri lamalamulo lomwe likuganiziridwalo - banja la antedonids (Antedonidae), limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 130 ya mitundu 46 ya zikhalidwe. Ma Anthedonids amapezeka paliponse, kuyambira nyambo mpaka pakuya mamita 6000, ndipo amapezeka kwambiri m'malo otentha. Pakati pawo, anthu omwe ali ndi ma ray a 10 ndi omwe amatsogola, pomwe anthu opanga matandala angapo ndi osowa kwambiri. Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri komanso wakale wa Ashpedons (Antedon) tsopano umakhala ndi mitundu 7 ya ku Europe kokha. Mitundu yonse yamtunduwu imakhala yoyandikana kwambiri ndipo imasiyana mosiyanasiyana mwakhalidwe la cheza, kutalika ndi makulidwe a ndudu ndi piniul.
Mu nyanja ya Atlantic kufupi ndi gombe la Great Britain, Ireland, France, Portugal, mpaka ku Azores, pakuya kwa 5 mpaka 450 m, munthu akhoza kukumana ndi A. bifida. Nthawi zambiri nyanjayi imalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zazifupi, zopindika zolimba kumabati a mabasiketi, zimatsitsidwa pansi kuti zigwire nkhanu, ndipo kum'mwera kwa France kuli anthu ambiri okhala pamizu yoyaka ndi zitsinde zamadzi zam'nyanja. Utoto wa A. bifida umasiyanasiyana kwambiri: limodzi ndi anthu ofiirira kwambiri, pinki, achikasu kapena lalanje, komanso ena owoneka bwino, amapezekanso. Mawanga owonda, osinthika amatha kutalika mpaka 12.5 cm. Ndiwosalimba kwambiri ndipo amachoka mosavuta pakukhudza pang'ono. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kupeza fanizo lomwe lingakhale ndi manja onse khumi mwatetezedwe kotheratu, pafupifupi nthawi zonse ming'alu imodzi kapena zingapo zimakhala m'manja mwatsopano. Kuchulukitsa kwa anhedone ndikokulira kwakuti mukadula nyamayi m'magawo awiri, gawo lirilonse limabwezeretsa gawo lomwe likusowalo, ndipo diski yamlomo yomwe idachotsedwa mu calyx posachedwa imasinthidwa ndi yatsopano, pakamwa ndikutseguka ndikutsegulira poyambira. Kukonzanso sikuchitika pokhapokha ngati manja onse akudulidwa kuchinyama. Poterepa, amataya mwayi wakudya ndi kufa.
Mukamadyetsa, anhedon imamangiriridwa ndi ma cirrhs ku gawo lapansi ndikutambasula mikono yake ndi mizere yolunjika yoyendetsedwa kumakona akumanja, ndikupanga mtundu wamtaneti. Siosib akudya zipatsozi zam'nyanja adaphunzira G ndi s-len.
Gislen anawona mu aquarium North Atlantic mitundu A. pelasus. Aitedons anjala adakhala ndi matalala oyala, ma pinnulas owongoka, komanso miyendo yolunjika yolowerera. Chakudya chikangolowa m'madzi, nyanjayo imayamba kugwira ntchito: nthawi zambiri m'miyala yotseguka yotseguka imatsegulidwa, pakamwa lotsekeka limakhala lozungulira, miyendo ya ambulacral imawerama mpaka mzere ndikutaya chakudya chomwe chidawagwera. Tizilombo tomwe timayandikira umphawi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono titalowa mu mzere, nthawi yomweyo adadzipanga okha mu mzere wa zomatira zomasungidwa zomwe zimapangidwa ndimaselo a glandular, ndipo mumadutsa mizere yolowera mkamwa mothandizidwa ndi kayendedwe ka cilia. Gislen adazindikira kuti mu iterambulacra ya disk yotulutsa pakamwa palinso kutuluka kwa ntchofu komwe kumapita kumapeto kwa disk. Chifukwa cha izi, zotsalira za chakudya zimatsitsidwa ndipo diskiyo imatsukidwa ndi zodetsa. Kuwunika kwa chakudya kunawonetsa kuti amaphatikiza chisakanizo cha detritus, plankton ndi zida zazing'ono za benthic. Mphepo yamchereyi imapezeka pagombe la Norway, Iceland, ndi Great Britain kuya kwa 20 mpaka 325. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yapafupi, L. pelasns imayikira mazira m'madzi, osawafikirira kumanja a manja, monga zimachitidwira, mwachitsanzo, ndi anhedon yaku Mediterranean ( A. Medi-lerranea) ndi Adriatic anhedon (A. adrialica). Mumtunduwu, kubereka kumayambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena chilimwe, malingana ndi malo okhala; mazira okhathamiritsa amayimitsidwa ndi nthumbu kuchokera kumapeto amakazi, komwe amapezeka masiku a>>. Mphutsi yomera bwino ndi zingwe zachisanu kumaswa dzira.
M'nyanja ya Atlantic, nthumwi za mtundu wina wa comatulid, leptmeter (Leplomelra), amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, pamtunda wopyapyala wamtali pafupifupi 50 kuchokera pagombe la Great Britain, L. cellica amakhala, amadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu wake wobiriwira kapena wamtambo komanso wautali, “mizu” yayitali kwambiri. Maulendo ataliatali otere, omwe amafalikira koma pamtunda, amapatsa leptometer mwayi wokhala pamtunda wofewa, wowoneka bwino popanda kugwa.
Mawu oyambira heliometer (lieliomelra glacialis) ndiofala kwambiri m'madzi athu. Chikombole chachikulu chamtunduwu chamakaso 10, chimagawidwa pakuya kwa 10 mpaka 1300 m nyanja zonse za ku Arctic, kumpoto kopanda gawo la Atlantic Ocean, komanso ku Nyanja ya Japan ndi Okhotsk. Zitsanzo zaku Far East ndizambiri, kutalika kwa ma ray awo kumatha kufika 35 masentimita, kuchokera pansi mpaka 150 mpaka 600 m m'malo ena ma heliometers amapanga masango akuluakulu.
Maluwa akuluakulu am'nyanja ambiri pafupi ndi madzi ozizira heliometer, mwachitsanzo Flororaetra ai.larctica, amakhala ku Antarctic.
Mwa zina mwa maluwa okongola a kunyanja ya Antarctic pali mitundu yomwe imasamalira ana. M'maluwa am'madzi amtundu wa Fripsouielra, mazira amapezeka m'matumba a ana (zipinda), ndipo kukula kwa mazimba kumasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mwa akazi Ph. zipinda zazitali za ana a longipinna zimakhazikitsidwa ndimipanda yambiri ndipo mazenera ambiri amakhala pamtunda womwewo. Zingwe zamtundu wamtambo zikapangidwa, zimachoka m'thupi la mayiyo ndikudutsa gawo la pentacrppus m'madzi. Phalefork ina ya Antarctic - viviparous phnxometers Ph. michere - mazira a amayi ndi pouches ya ana amapita mu magawo onse a chitukuko, kuphatikiza gawo la futureacrinus. Pa zazikazi zamtunduwu, mutha kuwona ma pentacrinus ang'ono omata ndi tsinde m'matumba a ana a amayi. Kanyumba kakang'ono kopangidwa bwino kamatulutsa chamoyo cha mayi.
Kulankhula kwa ana mu milomo ya ana kumabweretsa kukulitsa kugonana kwa m'maso. Mwa oyimira a subfamily Isometrinae omwe amakhala m'madzi a Antarctic, mateche a akazi omwe anagwidwa ang'onoang'ono amakula ngati chipinda, pomwe amuna, nkhonya sizisintha. Mwa izi, mutha kudziwa kuti ndi ndani, mwachitsanzo, mwa anthu a viviparous isometers (Fsomelra vivipara). M'miyala ikuluikulu ya nyanjayi, mazira olemera kwambiri amakula mpaka mphutsi zimapanga zingwe. Kenako mphutsi imachoka m'thumba la ana, koma nthawi yakusambira kwake ndi yochepa kwambiri: nthawi yomweyo imakhala pamlingo wa munthu wamkulu, pomwe imadutsa gawo lina lachitukuko.
M'mitundu yosamalira ana, kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amapangidwa kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu mitundu ya Antarctic Notocrinus virilis kuchokera ku banja la notocrinids (Notocrinidae), maimelo awiri kapena atatu okha pa gawo limodzi la chitukuko amapezeka kawirikawiri m'miseche yopanda ana. Mazira okhathamira amalowa m'misasa yopyola pakati pa khoma pakati pa mazira ndi ana. Komabe, njira yothira mazira m'maluwa amtunduwu sichinafotokozedwebe.
Oimira mabanja ena a comatulids amawonetsanso chisamaliro chofanana ndi cham'tsogolo, koma tikufuna kuyang'anira chidwi cha mitundu yomwe ili yosangalatsa kwambiri kuchokera pakuwona kwachilengedwe kapena kugawa.
Maonekedwe okongola kwambiri ndi maluwa am'nyanja a Comasteridae (Comasteridae). Banja lalikulu ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 100 ya 19 genera. Pakati pawo, mitundu yambirimbiri imakhala ndi mikono mpaka 20-25 cm, ndikukhala m'madzi am'malo otentha. Mtundu wopendekera kapena wowala umakulitsa kufanana kwa nyama izi ndi maluwa. Oyimira banja lino amasiyana ndi maluwa ena okhala munyanja yaulere m'milomo yawo yomwe imakhazikika kumapeto kwa disc, ndipo anus amakhala pamalo apakati. Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi ma comasterid ndi kukamwa kwachilendo. Ndizitali, zimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zazifupi, zam'tsogolo zophatikizidwa, kumtunda komwe kuli mano omwe amapereka malekezero ngati mawonekedwe. Zachidziwikire, ichi ndi chida chogwira kapena kudula zinthu zazing'ono, koma zowonera zamtunduwu ndizochepa kwambiri. Gislen adati chifukwa chothina ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu, ma comterps ali ndi njira inanso yowadyetsera. Amagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zomwe zimangolowa mkamwa kudzera m'mikono ya manja, koma, mosiyana ndi ma comatulids ena, amatha kugwira nyama zazing'ono zokhala ndi zikhanu zam'manja ndikuzisamutsa kumalo omwe akutsogolera. Kuganiza kumeneku kumatsimikizidwanso ndikuti dongosolo la ma ambulacral la comasterid limachepetsedwa pang'ono, ndipo matumbo amatalika nthawi zingapo kuposa maluwa ena opanda zipatso.
Nthawi zambiri pakati pa comasterids, mitundu yokhala ndi kutalika kwamanja osiyanasiyana imapezeka. Pali mikono yayitali yakutsogolo (yopanda pake) ndi yifupi kwambiri, yokhala ndi zinthu zobereka. Maluwa am'nyanja okhala ndi manja oterewa, mwachitsanzo Comatula pectinata, amalumikizana pansi ndikuwonetsa kunja mpaka manja akugwira ndi zigawo za ambulacral zopangidwa bwino.
Ma comasterid ndi nyama zomwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, sizinali zachilendo kwambiri kuwaona akuyandama. K lark adawona mu Torrey Strait momwe ma comasterid amatuluka pansi, pang'onopang'ono komanso movutikira. Izi zimachitika motere: gawo lamanja limakulitsidwa, ndikugwira chinthu choyenera ndi nsonga kumenyedwa, ndikuwunikira chinsinsi chomata. Ndiye kuti m'manja mwamphamvu ndipo nyamayo imakokedwa, kwinaku ikusintha kuchokera kumanja ndi manja aulere. Mwanjira imeneyi, komasterpda imayenda mofulumira kwambiri ngati 40 m / h mpaka ikapeza malo abwino ophatikizika. Ngati kakombo kakunyanja kamakhala ndi malezala a kutalika kosiyanasiyana (izi zimawonedwa ku kotentha kwa Comatula purpurea), ndiye kuti mikono yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutambasulira ndi kulumikiza ku chinthucho, ndipo zazifupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi gawo lapansi pokoka thupi.
Nthawi zambiri, ma comterids ambiri amalumikizidwa pansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma cirrhages, koma m'mitundu ina yomwe imakhala pamchenga wamakhola, ma cirrhuses amachepetsa, gawo lapakati la kapu limasandulika pentagon yosalala yomwe ili pafupi ndi ndege yomweyo. Maluwa otere, mwachitsanzo Comatula rotolaria, omwe amagawidwa pamiyala yam'mbali yamiyala yam'madzi a zilumba za ku Malawi, amangogona pamchenga. Kuchepetsa kwathunthu kwa cirr kutha kuwonedwa mu 198-ray Comathina schlegeli, yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi zilumba za Philippines.
Pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zamagulu ochulukitsa amtundu womwewo, kuchuluka kwa manja kumasiyanasiyana. Comatella stelligera, yomwe imakonda kwambiri masewera a Mala Archipelago, yayamba ndi ma ray 12 mpaka 43.
M'mayiko ena otentha, kusesa kwa zinthu zamtunduwu kumalumikizidwa ndi gawo la mwezi. Zinawonedwa kuti Canthus wa ku Japan (Comanthus japonicus), wokhala kumtunda kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Japan, amaikira mazira kamodzi pachaka mgawo woyamba kapena womaliza. Zogonana zimatsukidwa nthawi zonse madzulo, amuna ndi omwe amakhala oyamba kumasula umuna, womwe umalimbikitsa azimayi kuti aziikira mazira. Mazira amatulutsidwa kudzera pakatikati pa magawo owonda kwambiri, ndi manja onse amiyala yayikulu yotulutsa nyanjayi nthawi yomweyo. Mazira okhathamira amawakhomera mu chipolopolo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi ma spikes osiyanasiyana, singano, etc. Pophimba ndi chigambachi, dzira limayamba kufika mpaka pamlingo wa mphutsi zokhala ndi zingwe.
Maluwa akunyanja okongola omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amatha kupezeka m'mabanja ena a Comatulid. Amphimetra discoidea ndi wokongola kwambiri, wofalikira kuchokera ku Japan kupita ku Australia pamtunda wa 5 mpaka 35. Woimira uyu wa banja lalikulu la maimeter (Himeromelridae), wokhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 50, ali ndi mitundu yayikulu 10 yakuda yoyera. Sleplianomelra spicata kuchokera ku banja la marimetrid (Mnriraelridae) ali ndi ma ray 20, ojambulidwa ofiira ndi achikaso.
Class Crinoidea. Crinoids, kapena maluwa a kunyanja
Makhalidwe wamba. Crinoids (gr. krinon - kakombo), kapena maluwa am'nyanja, ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ma crinozoids, thupi lawo limakhala ndi calyx yomwe imazungulira ziwalo zamkati, mikono isanu yopangidwa mwaluso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kutolera chakudya, ndi tsinde kapena kachitidwe ka tinyanga tomwe timaphatikizira kuti timadzire pansi pa madzi maphunziro. Calyx imakhala yozungulira, yopangidwa ndi lamba wa ma radial komanso malamba amodzi kapena awiri ambale akuluakulu. Chikho chimaphimbidwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi chivindikiro, kapena ma tegmen, momwe muli ma ambulacral omwe amapitilira m'manja ndiye kukankha. Ordovician - tsopano.
Kapangidwe ka thupi. Ziwalo zamkati mwa nyanja zimazunguliridwa ndi kapu, pakati pomwe pakatseguka pakamwa pali mbali yakumtunda. M'kamwa mumalowetsa kugaya chakudya, kupanga chimodzi kapena zingapo zopindika ndi kutsegulira anus mu chitseko chapambuyo pake. Chakudya cham'mimba chagona patsekeke lamkati la thupi ndipo imayimitsidwa pamakoma a thupi pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba. Manja asanu osakhwima kapena manja amawonjezera makapu awo. Kapu imapanga korona ndi manja.Kuzungulira mgonero kumakhala ngalande yapakhungu ya ambulacral system, ngalande zisanu zozungulira zimatambalala m'miyendo ya ambulacral, zimaloledwa kumiyendo yam'nyanja, kusowa kowonjezera, magalimoto oyamwa komanso kugaya chakudya, ntchito yopuma komanso yovuta. Zamoyo za Planktonic ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ngati chakudya cha crinoids. Chakudya chimaperekedwa mkamwa kudzera m'mizere m'manja mothandizidwa ndi miyendo ya ambulacral ndi cilia ya epithelium yopatsika. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimapezeka ndi kakombo wa mnyanja kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza manja ndipo, motalika, kutalika kwa miseru, kapena m'miyala. M'makoma amodzi otentha omwe ali ndi nthambi zamanja 68, kutalika konse kwa mizere ya chakudya kumafika pa 100. Mphete yamanjenje imakhala mozungulira pakamwa, pomwe minyewa yamanjenje imafikira m'manja mikono isanu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ikuyenda.
Chith. 263. Kapangidwe ka kakombo ka mnyanja: 1a, b - monocyclic calyx, 2a, b - dicyclic calyx, 3 - gawo loyang'ana kudutsa kapu, 4 - mawonekedwe apafupipafupi a kakombo wanyanja wamchere, amk - ambulacral, kuvula k, '- - mizu ', cr - korona, pi - kumenyedwa, p - kamwa, manja - manja, phula, h - chikho, mbale: zib - basal, br - brachial, ib - infrabasal, rd - radial
Mafupa calyx. Calyx, kapena theca, yamapangidwe osiyanasiyana, ofanana, opendekera, oboola matumba kapena ozungulira. Gawo la kapu lomwe lili pansi pazomangira manja zimatchedwa dorsal, kapena dorsal, ndipo mbali yakumwambayo imatchedwa chivindikiro, kapena tegmen. Dorsal gawo la theca limapangidwa ndi magulu awiri kapena atatu a mbale. Siyanitsani pakati pamagulu: ma radial (RR), basal (BB) ndi ma infrabasal (IB), gulu lirilonse limakhala ndi ma mbale asanu. Tsinde limachokapo kumunsi kwa kapu kapena m'mitundu yosakhazikika - antennae, kapena cirri, manja amakhala m'manja mwa ma waya. Calyx, mbali yakumaso komwe, kuphatikiza lamba la ma radial, kumakhala ndi lamba lophimba, lotchedwa monocyclic, ngati lili ndi lamba wa basal ndi infrabasal plates - dicyclic. Dorsal gawo la theca nthawi zina limamangidwa kokha kuchokera ku ma radial radiation, nthawi zambiri kokha kuchokera pazoyambira. Nthawi zambiri, ma plates ena ambiri amatenga gawo la gawo la dorsal, pakati pomwe anal (imodzi kapena zingapo) yomwe ili mu posterior interradius, radial, ndi ena amawonekera .Pakati pa chisinthiko, kukula kwa calyx kumawonekera pamaluwa am'nyanja. Kuchulukaku kumachitika chifukwa chophatikizidwa ndi gawo lotsika la mikono mu calyx komanso kupanga zatsopano zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zapakati ndi zophatikizika zamatumbo (onani mkuyu. 271, 5-8).
Chifupa cha dzanja. Manja amayenda kutali ndi mbale za kapu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala obwereza kamodzi kapena kangapo. Manja amapangidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ofanana ndi ma vertebrae mawonekedwe, omwe amalumikizana wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito minofu kapena ligament yotanuka. Monga lamulo, ali ndi zida zazifupi zophatikizika - mapini. Malo ophatikizika ndi manja amawombedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito nsanja zapadera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi gawo limodzi kapena awiri. Manja amatha kusinthasintha komanso kusunthika kwakukulu. M'mikhalidwe yovuta (kutentha kwambiri, kusowa kwa mpweya, kuwukira kwa adani), maluwa am'nyanja amatha kuthyolana ndi manja awo, pomwe mbali zotayika zimabwezeretseka. Manja ndi matchuthi amaperekedwa ndi ma gogo akuzama kwambiri omwe ali ndi mitundu yamakono ya citheary epithelium. Mphepete mwa ma radial ambulacral imapitilira poyambira, pomwe amaloza miyendo ya ambulacral popanda ma ampoules (3 aliyense) kuchoka, amakwaniritsa kugwira kwake ndikukoka. Nthambi zotsogola zamagetsi zimayendanso mumenyoko.
Manja ndi a kutolera zakudya. Mitsempha yachiwiri ya thupi, mitsempha ya mitsempha, ndi ziwiya zamagetsi zamagazi zimapitilirabe m'manja. Kudzera m'miyala yazakudya, manja amalowa pakamwa potseguka pakati pa tegmen. Pakusintha, kutalika ndi kuchuluka kwa nthambi zamanja kumachuluka. Dzanja lamzera umodzi m'mitundu yakale limasinthidwa ndi dzanja lamizere iwiri (mkuyu. 264, 2), dzanja lamizere iwiri imalola nyali ya kunyanja kuti isonkhanitse chakudya chochuluka. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa mikono kumachitika panthawi yokhala ngati dichotomous nthambi kapena popanga cirrus (mkuyu. 264, 1). Komabe, popanga chisinthiko, maluwa am'nyanja adanyamuka, pomwe manja pang'ono kapena pang'ono. Mukamachepetsa dzanja, mbale zambale za radial zomwe zimawathandizanso zimatha kuzimiririka.
Chith. 264. Zokhudza kapangidwe ka mikono: 1 - Kukula kwa mkono wakuwunika kuchokera munthiti yopindika, 2 - kupanga mkono wamizere iwiri kuchokera mzere umodzi, 3 - mbali ya mkono (zigawo 4) ndi ngalande yokhala ndi ambulacral ndi mbale zokutira, 4 - magawo awiri a mkono Diamenocrinus (Devon) manja amatha ndi kuchirikiza mbale zawo zamkapu zowonera
Ma tegmen omwe ali amitundu yambiri yamakono amakhala alibe opanda mafupa akulu akulu. Imalowetsedwa ndi ma pores ambiri omwe amatsogolera kulowa m'matumbo amthupi, kudzera mu omwe ambulacral system imadzazidwanso ndi madzi. Miyendo ya Ambulacral yomwe ili pafupi ndi kamwa imasinthidwa kukhala m'makamwa oyandikira. M'maluwa akale am'madzi am'madzi, ma tegmen adakutidwa ndi mapiritsi asanu amkamwa, kapena pakamwa. Mapiritsi amlomo amapangidwa kuti akhale osiyanasiyana: m'mitundu ina amadziwika mu gawo lazolowera ndipo samapezeka mwa akulu, mwa ena amakhala opanga bwino ndipo amalumikizana molumikizana, mwa ena chivundikiro chimakhala ndi mbale zazing'ono zingapo, momwe mumakhala mbale zokutira , ndi mapiritsi a interambulacral omwe amapezeka pakati pawo. Mbale izi, zomwe zimalumikizana ndi chinzake, zimapanga ngati chipilala pamwamba pa kapu, kamwa imakhala pansi pa chipilala chotere, ndipo chakudya chimalowa m'malo opangira zakudya omwe ali pansi pa chivundikirocho.
Chith. 265. Mitundu ya kapangidwe ka chivundikiro (tegmen): 1 - mapiritsi okha amkamwa amapangidwira, 2 - chivundikiro chokhala ndi minda ya ambulacral, 3 - mapiritsi amlomo amachepetsa (amasungidwa pafupi ndi pakamwa), 4 - malo opangira chakudya amapezeka pansi pa chivundikiro champhamvu, dzenje la anal, m - madreporitis, mapiritsi: am - ambulacral, pa - anal, iam - interambulacral, kapena - pakamwa
The anus imayikidwa pambali yakumanzere ya calyx disc discradially, pafupi m'mphepete mwake. Mumaluwa am'madzi okhala m'madzi abata, opanda madzi, chubu la anal linaonekera, litakutidwa ndi mbale zazing'ono. Chubu choterocho chimalola kuti nyamayo ichotse chimbudzi patali patali ndi pakamwa.
Chith. 266. Mitundu yamiyala yamakungwa am'nyanja: 1 - tsinde la Eifelocrinus wolumikizidwa ku koloni ya bryozoans (kumangidwanso), 2 - 'anchor' of Aticyrocrinus, 3 - the sychetrical stalk with antennae (masharubu) a Myelodactylus, ozungulira korona (cr), 4 - Phulusa la Amonirinrinus lozungulira calyx
Tsinde. Pesi losunthika limalumikizidwa kunsi kwa calyx, ku malo ake apakati, omwe amakhala ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana: kuzungulira, kopanda, Quadrangular, pentagonal, ndipo sikofunikira kwambiri patatu komanso hexagonal. M'mitundu ina, tsinde limakhala lalitali mamita angapo, mwa linzake limakhalabe lalifupi kapena litrophi kwathunthu. Mwanjira zina, chikhochi chimakula ndi maziko ake. Kupyola mu tsinde lonse limadutsa njira yolamulira yomwe ili ndi gawo lina losiyanapo. M'miyambo yakale yam'madzi, pamiyala iyi panali mizere isanu ya mbale zomwe zidapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Popanga chisinthiko, kusintha kosinthika kuzungulira pakuphatikizika kwa mbali zisanu zilizonse zoyandikana kukhala gawo limodzi la tsinde kumawonedwa. Nthawi zambiri pamagulu omwewo, magulu akuluakulu omwe amakhala ndi mutu wamphuno amapezeka. Maluwa am'nyanja amalumikizana ndi gawo lapansi m'njira zosiyanasiyana: pakakulitsa tsinde mpaka pathanthwe pokhazikitsa chitsulo chambiri kuzungulira zigawo zikuluzikulu ndikupanga chosakanikirana, ndikupanga nthambi zamphukira kumapeto kwa tsinde, ndi mtundu wa nangula womwe umapangidwa kuti uzikonza. kapena matanda a polypnyaki ndikuthandizira kuti azilumikizidwa kwakanthawi, pomwe ena - amapotoza kuzungulira kapu m'malo ozungulira ndipo mwina adawathandizira Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso pafupi ndi pansi mothandizidwa ndi tinyanga tambiri tosiyanasiyana (onani mkuyu. 266, 5). Zomwe zimadziwikanso ndikukula komwe kumakhala kumapeto kwa tsinde la chotupa, komwe kumagawika m'magulu awiri ndipo zikuwoneka ngati chikhodzodzo chosambira chokhala ndi moyo wam'madzi. Pomaliza, pamitundu yambiri tsinde lidasakhalapo ndipo silinali pagulu la achikulire m'mitundu yambiri yamakono. M'maluwa osasunthika oterowo, tsinde limangokhala magawo okha chitukuko cha mwezi ndi theka, chikho chawo chitha zokha popanda izi ndipo kakombo kakunyanja kamadutsa njira yaulere. Pansi pa chikho, antennae, kapena cirri, amakula. Kusuntha kwa maluwa otere kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi manja, koma mu kupita kumodzi iwo amasambira mtunda waung'ono (mpaka 3 m), ndikupanga mpaka kumenya 100 pamphindi. Chiwerengero, kukula, kutalika ndi mawonekedwe a anangula zimatengera momwe akukhalira: maluwa a kunyanja omwe amakhala pazilonda zofewa amakhala ndi maonekedwe owonda, owongoka, maluwa okhala pamiyala amakhala ndi tinyanga tating'ono tosongoka.
Chith. 267. Sintha chisinthiro kuchokera pamizere isanu kupita pa cyclic
Kubalana ndi chitukuko. Chomwe chikufufuzidwa bwino kwambiri ndi kubala komanso kakombo kamakono, kopanda nyambo zam'madzi zamtunduwu zomwe sizili mtundu wa Antedon. Maluwa am'nyanja ndi okongola. Maselo ogonana okhwima m'minofu ya manja, kutulutsa kwa zinthu zoberekera nthawi zambiri kumachitika nthawi imodzi, ndipo mazira amaphatikiza ndi madzi. Mazira ophatikizidwa amakhala obisika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma spikes osiyanasiyana, singano. M'mazira awa, mazira amakula mpaka kukula. Poyamba, mphutsizi zilibe pakamwa ndipo zimangodya za yolk. Ku mbali yotsogola, amakhala ndi chikho cholumikizira. Pambuyo posambira kwakanthawi m'madzi, mphutsi zimamira pansi, zimagwirizanitsa gawo lapansi ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi. Kumapeto kwakanthawi kochepa kumakhala phala, ndipo lonse limasandulika calyx. Cilia yophimba thupi la mphutsi imazimiririka, ndipo kuphatikizika kwa ziwalo zamkati kumazungulira 90 °. Mapiritsi asanu amkamwa amawonekera, ndikupanga piramidi kumtunda wapamwamba, mapiritsi asanu oyambira amapangidwa kuchokera pansi. Pakati pawo ndi chiyambi cha mapiritsi a stem 3-5 infrabasal amapezeka. Pakadali pano, mafupa a kanyanja kakang'ono kakang'ono kofanana ndi mafupa a ma cystoids ena a Paleozoic. Posakhalitsa, pakati pa mapiritsi oyambira ndi pakamwa, chovala chokhala ndi mapiritsi asanu a radial chimayamba, ndipo manja amatuluka. M'malire pakati pa calyx ndi tsinde, zigawo zatsopano za tsinde zimapangidwa. Pakatha milungu isanu mphutsi zitakhazikika, kakombo kakang'ono kamayenda pang'ono pafupifupi mamilimita 4 kumtunda. Mtsogolomo, mikono imakutalika pang'onopang'ono, mkono uliwonse umagawika nthambi ziwiri, kukankha kumawoneka mbali ina, yomwe imasinthana. Pakadali pano, kakombo wa mnyanja ndi ofanana ndi omwe amaimira kakombo wanyanja wamtundu wotchedwa Pentacrinus. Pakapita kanthawi, mapiritsi amkamwa amachepetsa, ndipo kumtunda khungu limayamba - tegmen. Mapiritsi oyambira nawonso amachepetsa. Kenako chikho chimasunthika kuchoka pa tsinde mosakhalitsa, ndipo kakombo kakang'ono, ndikusandulika, osayamba kusunthika, akuyamba kukhala moyo wapa mafoni, kuyenda mothandizidwa ndi manja. Kuti muphatikize kwakanthawi, cirri amakula kumapeto kwa kapu. Kafukufuku wofotokoza zamaluwa amakono am'madzi amakono akuwoneka ngati nthumwi zoyimira kuchokera kuzomata.
Chith. 268. Ontogeneis wa Antedon bipida: 1-2 - mphutsi zosayandama (parietal mbale yoyang'ana pansi), 3 - siteji yolumikizidwa (yofanana ndi cystoid), 4 - siteji ya pentacrine ndi manja osiyana, chikho chosanja, mapiritsi: bz - basal, kapena - pakamwa, rd - chowonera
Zoyambira taxonomy ndi gulu. Dongosolo la maluwa amnyanja amatengera kapangidwe kake ka calyx yonse, kapangidwe kake ka dorsal gawo, kapu (tegmen), manja ndi tsinde, pamtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha malo a anal, interradial komanso interbrachial plates. Ophunzirawa akuphatikizaponso magawo anayi: Camerata, Inadunata, Flexibilia, Articulata, pomwe atatu oyambirira adakhalapo kuyambira Ordovician mpaka Perm, ndipo oimira achinayi, omwe akuwonekera koyambirira kwa Triassic, akupitilizabe kumadzi amakono (mkuyu. 269-272).
Chith. 269 Chigawo chotsika cha Camerata. Chithunzi chojambulidwa (1-3 - mu pulani, 4 - pambali): 1 - Cleiocrinus (Ordovician wapakati), 2 - Glyptocrinus (mochedwa Ordovician), 3 - Platycrinites (Devon - Perm), 4 - Acrocrinus (kaboni)
Chith. 270. Subclass Inadunata. Chithunzi chojambula: 1 - calyx kusinthika kwa ma crinoids a inadunate, 2 - Cornucrinus (Ordovician): 2a - kumbuyo kwamaonedwe, 2b - mawonekedwe apamwamba, 3 - locrinus (pakati - mochedwa Ordovician), 4 - Cupressocrinites (pakati pa Devonia): 4a - chikho ndi Manja, 4b - mawonedwe a calyx omwe ali pamwambapa, 5 - Cromyocrinus (kaboni), dc - dorsal ngalande, mapiritsi: anal - anal, kapena - pakamwa (kuti mumve zowerenga zina zonse. Onani mkuyu. 263)
Ecology ndi tekonomy. Maluwa a kunyanja ku Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic anali okhala m'malo osaya kwambiri a nyanja. Ena a iwo amakhala pansi otetezedwa ndi miyala yam'manja, ena adatsikira kuzama. Mitundu yamakono yamadzi am'nyanja imakhala mozama konse: kuyambira pansi mpaka paphompho (mpaka 9700 m), kuyambira malo otentha kufikira malekezero a polar. Nthawi zina amapanga madera akuluakulu - "meadows", opanga mtundu umodzi. Mwinanso "maluwa" a maluwa am'nyanja adakhalapo nthawi zam'mbuyomu, popeza zigawo za crinoid limadziwika, zimakhala ndi zigawo, zomwe nthawi zambiri manja ndi zinyalala zamkapu zimakhala. Maluwa akuya kwambiri panyanja amakhala ndi mikono yayitali, yophukira, matupi woonda komanso kamtundu kakang'ono; kumapeto kwa tsindeyo kumakhala ndi mizu yosiyanasiyana. Mumaluwa am'madzi okhala m'madzi ofunda, calyx imakhala yayikulu kwambiri, nthawi zina imakhala ndi spikes, tsinde, monga lamulo, limafupikitsidwa, nthawi zina kulibe, ndipo kakombo wam'nyanja amamangiriridwa mwachindunji kumtunda ndi kapu. Maluwa ambiri amakono am'madzi amasunthira pang'onopang'ono pansi ndi manja awo. Ma crinoids oyenda momasuka omwe amapezeka kale mu Paleozoic (Silurian, Perm), gawo laling'ono la maluwa am'nyanja mwachionekere linatsogolera moyo wamantha. Izi zikuphatikiza mawonekedwe a Silurian (Scyphocrinites), momwe pulogalamu yosambira yopumira (pneumophore) idawonekera kumapeto kwa tsinde. Mphaka wa kunyanja, wosasinthika (Saccocoma) utasambira chifukwa cha kamnyamata kakang'ono ndi mikono yayitali. Kuyenda kocheperako kwa maluwa am'nyanja kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuti zizikhala ndi zinthu zina, zothandizirana mosiyanasiyana, mpaka parasitism yamakono. Nyongolotsi za banja la Myzostomidae nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pamaluwa am'madzi, zina zimakwawa pamwamba pa tsinde ndi calyx, zina zimatupa kwapadera pazinyumba zawo, ndipo zina zimafalikira mkati. Ena gastropod mwina anali commensalists a maluwa am'nyanja. Mbali yakumapeto kwa calyx ya ma Paleozoic crinoids, zipolopolo za gastropod mollusks (platinoderatids) zimapezeka kotero kuti m'mphepete mwa estuarine anali pafupi ndi anus wa kakombo wam'nyanja;
Chith. 271. Flexibilia subclass: 1 - chikho cha taxocrinus kuchokera ku Devon chokhala ndi chipolopolo cha gastropod clam Platyceras (Pl), 2a, b - gawo la tsinde la kaboni lomwe lawonongeka ndi parasitic misostomids (Annelides), 3,8 - Sagenocrinites (Silur), chikho chimaphatikizapo brachial (br) ndi mapiritsi a interbrachial (ibr), 4 - Protaxocrinus (Or Orovovician wapakati - Silurian), 5-6 - kuchuluka kwa chikho chifukwa cha mapiritsi a brachial, 7 - Ichthyocrinus (Silurian - mapema Dyoni), chikho chimaphatikizapo mapiritsi a brachial , (kusankha onani. 263)
Mbiri yakukula kwa crinoids. Zomwe crinoids zimadziwika sizikudziwikiratu. Amakhulupirira kuti anali okhaokha ku Cambrian kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi lokhala ndi ma dystoids ndipo chitukuko chawo chimalumikizidwa ndi kuwonekera kwa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa thupi - manja opangidwa kuti azisonkhanitsa chakudya. Manja sakhala okonda ku brachioles cystoid ndiadoktoid. Mu Ordovician woyambirira, oimira zigawo ziwiri amadziwika: camerath ndi inadunate, ndikuyamba kuyambira pakati Ordovician, subclass of flexibilia. Ngati magawo awiri oyamba apanga magulu opatuka, ndiye kuti dziko la Flexibilia limakhalabe lochepa pa nthawi ya Paleozoic, kumwalira pakati pa Permian. Makamaka ambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana anali a camerata komanso ma inadunates ku Devonia ndi Early Carboniferous.Chiwerengero cha camerata chikucheperachepera kumapeto kwa Carboniferous, ndipo oimira omalizira a chipani ichi amafa pakati pa Permian. Inadunates, m'malo mwake, ku Perm imapereka kung'ala watsopano ndipo amadziwika ndi kugawa bwino. Chimodzi mwazigawo za inadunate (enkrinin) zimapitilira mu nthawi ya Triassic, koma zimamwaliranso kumapeto kwa Triassic. Oimira oyamba a subclass adatchulika mu Triassic, mu Jurassic ndi Cretaceous, amakhala ambiri, pakati pawo, limodzi ndi mitundu yolumikizidwa, ma crinoids osasunthika amawonekera. Nyanja zamakono, mitundu (75 yamitundu) ndi mitundu yosaposa 500 (mitundu yoposa 500) ndiomwe amaimila gulu lakale la crinoids lokha, komanso gawo lonse la crinose.
Chith. 272. Subclass of Articulata: 1 - Uintacrinus (Late Cretaceous), 2a, b - Marsupites (Late Cretaceous), 3 - Saccocoma (Late Jurassic - Cretaceous), ma mbale: iber - interbrachial, pamodzi - pentagonal base mbale (kwa ena onse a notion the fig. . 263)
Khalidwe
Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa tsinde muubwana (pa siteji ya pentacrinus). Pambuyo pa metamorphosis, pomwe pali kukanidwa kuchokera ku tsinde, ma anhedones amayenda mothandizidwa ndi cirrhae (zomwe zimagwira mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi), ndipo amatha kukwereranso m'chigawo chamadzi mwamphamvu. Ma Antedones amapezeka panthaka yolimba yamadzi osaya (osakwana mamitala 200) munyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific.
Maonedwe
Mwanjira Antedon Mitundu 14:
Antedon (Antedon medwireanea) Kodi ndi mtundu wa maluwa osagwirizana pakati pa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, limakhala pakati pa algae omwe amatchedwa meadows panyanja, omata m'matanthwe kapena pansi pa coral, pamtunda wa 220 mamita kuchokera pamadzi. Imakhala ndi mtundu wa lalanje wofiira. Kanyanja kamnyanja kamtunduwu kamatha kuchoka kumtunda ndikuyamba kusambira momasuka munyanja, mwachangu ndikumata.
Class Lilies (Crinoidea) (Z. I. Baranova)
Dzinalo la gululi ndi lochokera ku Chigriki ndipo limamasuliridwa ku Russian kutanthauza "ofanana ndi maluwa." Inde, nthumwi za kalasi iyi zimakhala ndi thupi lodabwitsa ngati duwa. Utoto wokongola kapena wowala wa ambiri amathandizira izi. Ndizachikongoletso chenicheni cha minda yamadzi yamadzi. Maluwa am'nyanja amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja ndi m'madzi am'madzi, omata pazinthu zam'madzi. M'modzi mwa iwo - maluwa okongoletsedwa - amakhala moyo wawo wonse ali pachiwonetsero, akumaluka pa tsinde lawo. Ena - maluwa osasunthika - atasinthira moyo wamtendere, adataya tsinde ndipo adapeza mwayi wodzipatula kuchoka pamtunda ndikukasambira mtunda waung'ono, akusunthira mphezi zawo ngati zipsepse. Komabe, pachitukuko chilichonse, kakombo kosagawanika kamakhala kolumikizidwa, komwe kumawonetsa kuyandikira kwa magulu onse a maluwa amakono am'nyanja.
Kapangidwe Maluwa am'nyanja ndi achilendo kwambiri. Matupi awo ali ndi mawonekedwe a kapu, ndipo mbali yowonjezereka imatembenukira kumtunda, komwe mitsempha ya korona, kapena mikono, imachoka. Misewu ndi mawonekedwe a kalasi iyi, ndipo maluwa osiyanasiyana am'nyanja amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a mphezi.
Maluwa onse oyenda panyanja osasunthika, mosiyana ndi ma echinoderm ena, amawongolera pakamwa (pakamwa) mbali yakumanzere, ndikulowera mbali yotsutsana ndi mbali yotsutsa, ya abori. Onsewa ali ndi mafupa olimba opangika, okhala ndi zigawo zazikulu zamiyeso ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabooleredwa ndi mabowo popyola mitsempha kapena njira za ambulacral. Ngakhale zigawo zamkati zimalowetsedwa pakhungu la nyama, zimawoneka bwino kuchokera kunja, monga maluwa akuluakulu amawonekera poyera. Mbali ya aby ya calyx imakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chokhala ndi ziwiri (monocyclic calyx) kapena atatu (kapu ya dicyclic) corollaskusintha magawo okhala pafupi ndi ma radii ndi ma interradius ozungulira pakati (chachikulu) chikho, matebulo asanu mu corolla iliyonse. M'maluwa oyenda panyanja okhala ndi maziko a calyx, ndendende ndi malo ake apakati, mapesi osinthika amalumikizidwa, omwe amathandizanso kuphatikiza nyamayi ndi gawo lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njira zophatikiza ndi maluwa a kunyanja kwa gawo lapansi ndizosiyana. Mwanjira zina, cholembera cha tsinde chimakulitsidwa mu mawonekedwe a disk kapena mbedza, mwa ena, mizu yaying'ono imakulitsidwa kuchokera kumunsi kwa tsinde, ndipo chachitatu, njira zamafoni (ma cirres) zimakonzedwa m'mphete pamodzi ndi tsinde lonse patali. Mumaluwa osasunthika, momwe cholembera chimodzi chimatsalira kuchokera ku tsinde, kuphatikiza ndi gawo lalikulu la calyx, kuphatikiza kwakanthawi kwa gawo lapansi kumachitika ndi mizu yolumikizidwa (ma cirrhas), yokhala ndi zikhadabo kumapeto. Zingwezo ndizolumikizana ndi mafupa amkati, kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri, monga momwe zimawonera ku kakombo wathu wakumpoto wa Heliometra glacialis, malo apakati a calyx amakula ndikupanga gawo lotchedwa chulu lamkati. Pansi pa fossa iliyonse pamakhala kotseguka pomwe chitsa cha mitsemacho chimadutsa mu cirrus. Wotsogola amatha kupitilira zana.
Chith. 130. Kapangidwe ka kakombo ka nyanjayo Heliometra glacialis: A - maonekedwe a kakombo, B - tsatanetsatane wa calyx ndi gawo la cheza, C - gawo loyamwa la kakombo kakang'ono (kakulidwe). 1 - cholumikizira chapakati pa calyx, 2 - cirr, 3 - malo omwe amaphatikizika ndi khirilo, ma ray - ma ray, 5 - gawo loyambirira (vertebra), 6 - gawo lachiwiri la mizere, 7 - mbale yoyatsira, 8 - yotsegulidwa, 9 - khomo lotseguka, lokhala ndi papillomas 10 - ma ambulacral grooves, 11 - kukweza kwa mankhwalawa, 12 - anus, 13 - masapulogalamu, 14 - pores omwe akutsogolera ku malisipidwe olimba, 15 - zigawo zikuluzikulu zamkati
Manja a maluwa am'nyanja alinso ndi mafupa othandizira opanga bwino, okhala ndi magulu, kapena ma vertebrae, otchedwa ma brachial mbale. Pulogalamu yoyambirira yamabatani imakhala yolumikizidwa ndi ma radial a calyx omaliza, omwe ali pafupi ndi malire amlomo. Mafupa a mafupa amalumikizidwa ndi thandizo la minofu, kuwapatsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso kusuntha. Kulongosola koteroko kwa ma ray kumawonekera kuchokera kunja mu mawonekedwe a kusiyana kopingasa pakati pawo. Komabe, m'malo ena, kulumikizana kwa ma bulachi kumachitika popanda minofu, ndiye kuti malire pakati pawo sawonekera ndipo amawoneka ngati poyambira pang'onopang'ono. Izi mafupa amatchedwa syzygal, ndi kuthekera kwa maluwa kuthyola nthambo zawo munthawi zovuta, mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwambiri, kusowa kwa oxygen, kuwukira kwa adani, kumagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi njira yolimba kwambiri yolumikizira ma vertebrae. Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti kuchokera pa 75 mpaka 90% ya maluwa osweka ma mchenga wawo pamayendedwe achilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri samanjana. Zachilengedwe malingaliro ofikira (kuthyola) manja ndichinthu chofala kwambiri pakati pa maluwa am'nyanja, ndipo zotayikidwazo zimabwezeretseka mwachangu (kukonzanso). Nthawi zambiri, ma ray obwezeretsanso amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma ray ena kwa nthawi yayitali ndi mtundu wopepuka komanso yaying'ono. Monga lamulo, syzygal sutures imasinthana ndi mafupa am'mimba ndipo imachitika pambuyo pa vertebrae itatha 3-4. Pafupifupi zitsamba zamtundu uliwonse, nthambi zammbali zimasinthira kumanja kapena kumanzere - kumenyedwa, yophatikizanso magawo, kapena vertebrae, yomwe ili kumbali ya abor. Izi zimawombera ndipo zimapangitsa ma ray kuyang'ana. Maluwa a maluwa am'nyanja nthawi zambiri satero ndipo amakhala nambala isanu. Nthawi zambiri, kuyambira pagawo lachiwiri la brachial, amadzaza, kenako amakhala 10, kapena kuchulukana, kenako nambala yake imatha kufika 200. Patsogolo pakamwa pa mtengo, kuphatikiza nthambi zake zonse, mpaka kukankha, kumadutsa nthambi yofananira ya ambulacral, yomwe imakhala mzere wowirikiza wa miyendo yambalo Pansi pa ma ray, ma geno amenewa amalumikizana limodzi ndikupita kukamwa ya calyx, pomwe amawongolera limodzi ndi radii kupita kukatsegula pakamwa, komwe kuli mitundu yambiri mkati mwa disc yamlomo. Chotulutsira pakamwa cha calyx chimangophikidwa kokha ndi khungu lofewa ndipo chimakhala chopanda mafupa. Khungu lake limalowetsedwa ndi ma pores ambiri omwe amatsogolera m'mitsempha ya ciliary ndikulowerera mkati mwa thupi ndikuthandizira kudzaza dongosolo la ambulacral ndi madzi. Miyendo ya ambulacral yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi kamwa imasandutsika pakamwa pompopompo, yokhala ndi ma papillomas ooneka bwino. Mikwingwirima yoyamba, yopanda mizere, imakonda kumangiriza kumbali yamkamwa ndipo, ngati milomo yamlomo, imathandizira pakudya. Anus ili pamalo okwera pang'ono omwe amapezeka mumitundu yambiri mu imodzi mwa makina a disc yakumlomo, pafupi m'mphepete mwake. Kukamwa kwamaluwa am'nyanja kumalowetsa kummero, kumalowa m'mimba, kenako m'matumbo, ndikupanga malupu limodzi kapena zingapo.
Chakudya cha maluwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta detritus. Njira yawo yazakudya ndizabwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi njira zodyetsera ena echinoderms. Amadyetsa chabe. Chakudya chimaperekedwa mkamwa mothandizidwa ndi miyendo ya ambulacral komanso chifukwa cha zochita zambiri za cilia za epithelium ya vertagal ya ma ambulacral grooves. Udindo wofunikira mu izi umaseweredwa ndi ntchofu zomwe zimasungidwa ndi ma cell a glandular a mizere. Ikuta tinthu tating'onoting'ono, timakhala chakudya, chomwe ndimayendedwe amadzi chifukwa cha zochita za cilia, chimatumizidwa kukamwa kudzera ma ambulacram. Mphamvu ya njira imeneyi yodyetsa zimadalira kutalika kwa mizere. Ming'aluyo ikakhwima kwambiri, mizere italiitali, ndiye kuti chakudya chitha kuperekedwa pakamwa. Akuyerekezedwa kuti mumtsinje wanyanja wotchedwa Metacrinus rotundus, womwe umakhala ndi ma ray 56, utali wonse wa mizereyo ndi 72 mndipo m'malo otentha otentha Comantheria Grandicali a 68-ray, mizere imatha kukhala 100 m.
Malo akuluakulu otere a maluwa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake kocheperako kumachotsera kufunika kopanga njira yapadera yopumira. Kupuma pang'ono pang'ono mwina kudzera pakhungu, miyendo ya ambulacral ndi anus.
Maluwa am'nyanja ndi nyama zangokhala. Maluwa olimba amangoyenda ndi manja awo, mitundu ina yopanda matalala yopingasa imasamba pang'onopang'ono m'malo osiyanasiyana, pomwe oimira banja Antedonidae amatha kusambira mtunda wautali (mpaka mamita angapo pakapita kamodzi). Kusambira anhedones osati nthawi zambiri. Ngati mikhalidwe ilola, ndiye kuti kwa miyezi ingapo akhoza kukhala malo amodzi, kuphatikiza ndi zitsulo zawo. Kuyenda kochepa kwamaluwa kumawapangitsa kuti apezeke ndi matenda ndi tizilombo tina, mpaka tizilomboti. Chifukwa chake, mphutsi za banja la Myzostomidae zimatha kupezeka zoposa zana pa kakombo kamodzi, ndipo zimachita mosiyanasiyana: zina zimasaka momasuka pamwamba pa kakombo, ena amapanga mapini, ma ray, zotupa zapadera, pomwe zimayikidwa, ena amakhala majeremusi enieni amkati.
Pakati pa adani owopsa kwambiri a maluwa a kunyanja ndikofunikira kutchula ma mollusks ang'onoang'ono banja Melanellidae. Akuyendayenda m'maluwa, amaboola mbali zawo zolimba ndi mafupa awo, ndikulowa minofu yofewa ndikuyidya. Malamba nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi mitundu ingapo yaying'ono yomwe imakhazikika m'malo ogaya, kapena mu anal cone, kapena diski pakati pa cirr.
Maluwa onse am'nyanja ndi odabwitsa. Malonda ogonana amakula m'mipini yapafupi kwambiri ndi calyx. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amatulutsa umuna choyamba kudzera pazitseko zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa munsalu panthawi yakusasinthika kwa kubereka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mazira azimuna azitha kutuluka. Zotsirizirazi sizikhala ndimabowo apadera, ndipo mazira amatulutsidwa ndikuphwanya makhoma a otsekeredwa. Mazira amitundu yambiri amaphatikizidwa mwachindunji m'madzi. Mphutsi yokhala ngati mbiya imapangidwa koyamba kuchokera dzira losautsa ziphuphu, yemwe amakhala ndi moyo waufupi mu plankton poyerekeza ndi mphutsi za echinoderms zina. Pakatha masiku awiri kapena atatu, imamira pansi ndikugwiritsira ntchito gawo lapansi kapena zinthu zina zolimba, kuphatikiza makolo ake. Kuphatikiza kwa lobar kumachitika ndikutha kutsogolo, pambuyo pake kumataya cilia ndikuyamba kuyenda.
Thupi la mphutsi limayamba kutalika ndikusiyanitsa tsinde ndi calyx, pamwamba pomwe kamwa imayamba. izo cystoid gawo lazous. Posakhalitsa, chikho chimazindikira mawonekedwe a mitengo isanu, manja akutambalala m'mphepete mwa kamwa, tsinde likupitilira kutalika, gawo lolumikizana limakula, ndipo mphutsi zimakhala ngati kakombo kakang'ono panyanja kayamba kugwedezeka. Ili ndi gawo kale pentacrinus. Dzinali ndi chifukwa chakuti m'mbuyomu, pomwe kakombo kakang'ono kopanda matanthwe a Atlantic, a Antedon, anali asanaphunzirepo, mphutsi zoterezi zimatengedwa ngati mtundu wa maluwa oyambira otchedwa Pentacrinus europeus. Makulidwe a pentacrinuses ndi ochepa - kuchokera 4 mm mpaka 1 cm, koma mitundu yayikulu ikhoza kuchitika m'madzi ozizira a Antarctic, mpaka 5 cm lalitali.
Chith. 131. Magawo a kakonzedwe ka kakombo ka mnyanja: 1 - lobola wanyanja, 2 - nyanjayi panyanja poyambira, 3 - siteji ya pentacrinus, 4 - idatembenuza wokhathamira wopatsa nyali wa kakombo wa nyanjayi wa Phrixometrus wokhala ndi pentacrinoids yomwe idapangika pachifuwa cha ana.
Kukula kopitilira kwa magulu onse a maluwa amakono am'madzi kumachitika mosiyanasiyana. M'maluwa oyenda panyanja omwe amakhalabe amoyo wawo wonse, zigawo zatsopano za stalk zimakhala mbali ya calyx. Pesi likukula kukula. Muli zigawo zingapo (vertebrae) zomwe zili pamwamba pa chinzake, chofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Magawo a tsinde, omwe amalumikizidwa mosasunthika mothandizidwa ndi minofu ndikuboboledwa pakati ndi njira yomwe minyewa ndi ziwalo zina zimadutsira, kumayamba maselo ena amtundu wina pamizu yonseyo, ena pokhapokha. Kakombo wam'nyanja amakhala kwathunthu ngati duwa. Kutalika kwa maluwa amakono kumafikira 75-90 cm, ndipo mitundu ya zinthu zakale zidali zimphona zenizeni, mpaka 21 kutalika m.
Kupanda kutero, kukulira kwa maluwa a pentacrinus osasunthika akutuluka. Pakatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka, chikho chawo chimasiyidwa chokha kuchoka pa tsinde ndikusintha kukhala ndi moyo waulere, ndipo pang'onopang'ono chimacho chimafa.
Maluwa oyenda panyanja ndi nyama zakale kwambiri pakati pa ma echinoderm amakono, koma apezeka munyanja posachedwa. Kope lawo loyamba lidapezeka mu 1765 pafupi ndi chilumba cha Martinique (Atlantic Ocean) ndipo likufotokozedwa pansi pa dzina la "sea palm". Pakadali pano, mitundu 75 ya maluwa okongoletsa omwe amadziwika, amagawidwa kwambiri akuya kwambiri, mpaka 9700 m. M'malo mwake, maluwa osasunthika am'madzi amakonda madzi osaya, amatha kupezekanso pamtambo, motero, amadziwika ndi akatswiri odziwa zachilengedwe kale kwambiri kuposa oyambira. Kutchulidwa kwa mitundu ya Mediterranean ya Antedon kupezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za XVI. Maluwa amoyo okhala amoyo kwaulere amapangidwa bwino kwambiri. M'madzi amakono, mitundu ya 540 ndiyodziwika, yomwe imapezeka m'malo otentha komanso madzi a Antarctic ndi Arctic. Komabe, malo akuluakulu ogawikirako nyamazi ndi madera otentha a Indian ndi Pacific Oceans. Maluwa onse amakono ndi amodzi chothandiziramaluwa ophatikizika (Articulata) ndi zinayi zosankha, atatu omwe amaphatikiza maluwa okongoletsedwa ndi imodzi yokha - yosasunthika (Comatulida).
Mwa maluwa okongoletsedwa, oyimira odziwika kwambiri chigwirizanoisocrinide (Isocrinida). Zili ndi mbali yayitali, yokhala ngati mbali zisanu, yokhala ndi mphete zazikuludi zazikulu kutalika konse, mainchi asanu, yomwe ili patali kwambiri. Mizere ya maluwa amakongoletsedwa kwambiri, ndipo korona wawo amafanana kwambiri ndi duwa. Maluwa amenewa nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndikubowola pomwe adasweka, kotero njira yolumikizirana ndi gawo lapansi sinadziwike kwa nthawi yayitali. Posachedwa, zowerengeka zonse zapezeka pazingwe za telegraph. Zinapezeka kuti maluwa am'madzi a gawo ili ali ndi kufalikira pang'ono pamunsi pa tsinde, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi. Kuphatikiza gawo lapansi kumakhala kosalimba, maluwa nthawi zambiri amasunthika ndikukhala ndi moyo wambiri kapena wocheperako, wogwirizanitsidwa kwakanthawi ndi cirrus wa tsinde ku chinthu choyenera. Zinali zotheka kuyang'anira maluwa akutukuka kuchokera pansi, pomwe mphete ya cirr, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi nthawi yopuma, idakulungidwa mkati, kutanthauza kuti inali mkati momveka bwino.Mitundu yambiri yam'mphepete mwa gululi ndi ya Metacrinus, yomwe imayimiriridwa kwambiri ku dera la Indo-Mala. Apa mutha kupeza Metacrinus nobilis (Gome 17), wokhala m'malo akuya pafupifupi 250 m. Kanemayo ali ndi tsinde loyera pafupifupi ndi korona wachikasu kapena wowoneka ngati lalanje.
Kuzama kwa 145-400 m pagombe la Japan mutha kupeza mtundu wina - Metacrinus interruptus. Imamatira mosavuta ku chinthu chilichonse, chifukwa chafotokozeratu zingwe zomwe zili ndi zikhadabo.
M'madzi athu mutha kukumana ndi oimira gawo lina la maluwa otuwa - chigwirizanomillericrinide (Millericrinida), yodziwika ndi tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, miyala yocheperachepera, komanso phesi lozungulira, yokhala ndi mizere pansi pake. Mwa izi, ndikofunikira kutchula poyamba zamitundu yonse yamadzi am'nyanja a Bathycrinus, omwe ali ndi mitundu 9, omwe amagawidwa kumadzi akuya kwambiri komanso kotentha.
Ku Pacific Ocean ku Commander Islands pamtunda wa 2840 m Bathycrinus complanatus adapezeka. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kameneka, kotalika masentimita angapo, komwe kamalumikiza gawo lapansi ndi mizu yayifupi yomwe ili kumapeto kwa tsinde. Tsinde linalo silikhala ndi zonyoza.
Pafupifupi mitundu yakale ya Bathycrinus pacificus, yomwe imapezeka kumwera kwa Japan kuzama kwa 1650 m. Mizere yake ndi yaying'ono, ma calyx ndi ma ray ndi amtambo wachikaso (Mtamba 22).
Mtundu wokulirapo wa Atlantic ndi Bathycrinus ukalipentala. Kutalika kwa tsinde lake ndi 27 cmndi manja - 3 cm. Tsinde limatha ndi mizu yocheperako koma yolimba yomwe imamangira nyamayo kumtunda. Kupezeka wakalipentala wa batikrinus pafupi ndi Iceland, Greenland, Norway ndi Svalbard pakuya 1350-2800 m.
Rhizocrinus lofotensis wafalikira kwambiri ku Atlantic Ocean. Dera lake limayambira ku Norway kupita ku Bay of Biscay kum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean komanso kuchokera ku Davis Strait mpaka Florida kumadzulo. Zing'onozing'ono, zachisomo lofoten rhizocrinusyokhala ndi mutu wazitali zisanu (nthawi zina 4- ndi 7-beam) pamutu wowonda kwambiri wa masentimita 7, ilinso ndi gawo lalikulu logawa kuchokera pakuya ku 140 mpaka 3,000. m. Imafikira gawo lapansi, monga nyama zam'mbuyo, zokhala ndi mizu yopyapyala, yokhala ndi nthambi zambiri.
Chith. 132. Maluwa oyenda panyanja: 1 - Rhizocrinus lofotensis, 2 - Holopus painti
Njira yosiyanirana pang'ono ndi oimira mabanja ena a millericrinids. Mwachitsanzo, Proisocrinusruberrimus, wa banja la Apiocrinidae, wakhazikika pansi ndi maziko osavuta a tsinde. Mafuta awa amakumana pakuya kwa 1700 m pafupi ndi zilumba za Philippines. Mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ofiira modabwitsa. Pali lingaliro kuti maluwa amenewa amatha kuchoka ndikuyenda pamwamba pa gawo lapansi kwakanthawi.
Njira yachilendo kwambiri yopezera woimira wachitatu chigwirizanomaluwa okongoletsedwa - Koretocrinida. Mitundu yokhayo yamoyo kuderali - Holopus paint - idapezeka mu 1837 mu nyanja ya Caribbean pakuya kwa 180 m. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, ndi anthu pafupifupi 12 okha omwe adakandidwa. kapoloamapezeka m'dera lomwelo pakuya kwa 10 mpaka 180 m. Fossil wamoyoyuyu akufanana ndi nkhonya m'dambo la knight (mkuyu. 132, 2). Tsinde limafupikitsidwa, ndipo kudziphatika kwa gawo lapansi kumachitika ndi maziko a kapu. Kuphatikiza apo, zigawo zonse za calyx, mwina zina mwa zigawo za tsinde, komanso vertebrae yoyambira ndi yachiwiriyo imalumikizana ndikupanga chubu, kumapeto kwake komwe kumakulitsa, ndikugwira gawo la thanthwelo ndikuwalumikiza. Chifukwa chake, ziwalo zamkati ndi kanyumba kamkamwa mwa kakombo kamayikidwa mkati mwa kiyilo yooneka ngati chubu. Pakamwa pamatseguka pakatikati pa disc ndipo amazunguliridwa ndi mbale zikuluzikulu zisanu. Manja onse khumi a kakombo ali ndi masaizi osiyanasiyana, mbali inayo ndiakulirapo kuposa winayo, chifukwa akakulungika ngati nkhono, nyamayo imakhala ndi mbali yopindika. Kumenyedwa m'manja, mosiyana ndi maluwa ena, kutembenukira mkati, kupita kumbuyo kwa inzake, ndikupanga chubu chopitilira mosalekeza. Holopus imadyetsa, monga maluwa ena, pazinthu zam'madzi, zomwe zimaperekedwa pakamwa kudzera m'mitsinje yamadzi yomwe imapangidwa ndi machubu am'madzi oyamba chifukwa cha ambulacra cilia.
Holopus ndi imodzi yamaluwa ang'onoang'ono amakono. Kutalika kwa fanizo lake lalikulu sikumafika 6 cm.
Mitundu yonse ya 540 ya maluwa osagwirizana ndi a amodzi zosagwirizanacomatulide (Comatulida). Comatulides amatsogolera moyo waulere, amasambira kapena kukwawa, osakhazikika pakamwa nthawi zonse. Ngati mungatembenuzire ena mwa ma comatulide mkamwa kukhala gawo lapansi, ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo amaiganiza molondola. Ma comatulides ambiri (kupatula oyimira okha banja Comasteridae) nthawi zambiri amasiyana ndi chithandizo ndikusambira kwakanthawi, mokweza ndikukweza m'mphepete kapena pang'ono. Anthu angapo pakusambira amagwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyana amiyendo yawo mpaka manja onse atenga nawo gawo pang'onopang'ono. Comatulides amasuntha pafupifupi 5 m mphindi iliyonse, uku akuchita zikwanje pafupifupi 100, koma samasambira konse mtunda wawukulu. Kusambira kwawo kumakhala kosangalatsa, ndiko kuti, amasambira ndimayimidwe, akamatopa msanga ndikupumira kwakanthawi. Amakhulupilira kuti palibe oposa 3 osambira comatulides pakapita kamodzi mkoma atapuma amasambiranso mpaka atapeza malo oyenera oti adzaphatikizidwe. Comatulides amalumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi mothandizidwa ndi zingwe, kuchuluka kwake, mawonekedwe, kutalika ndi chikhalidwe chake zomwe zimadalira kwambiri malo okhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maluwa. Mwachitsanzo, ma komatulids omwe amakhala pamiyala yofewa amakhala ndi ndowa zazitali, zowonda, zowongoka zomwe zimatha kuphimba dothi lalikulu ndikupereka malo abwino osungira. Mosiyana ndi izi, maluwa a miyala omwe amakhala pamiyala amakhala ndi zokumbira zazifupi, zolongoka zolimba, zokutira mozungulira kuzungulira zinthu zilizonse zolimba. Mukuyenda kwamaluwa ambiri, akwatibwi satenga nawo mbali.
Ma comatulides ochepa okha ndi omwe alibe chidwi ndi kuwala, monga Tropiometra carinata. Gawo lalikulu la iwo limakonda kukhala m'malo otetezeka ndipo limapewa dzuwa.
Ngati maluwa omwe amamangiriridwa amalo atembenuzidwira kukuwala, ndiye kuti amasunthanso mwachangu kunsi kwake, kwamtunda.
Banja lalikulu kwambiri mwa gawo ili banjaanhedonide (Antedonidae) - mitundu yonse ya anthu zana limodzi ndi makumi anayi ndi umodzi. Kumanani anhedonides kulikonse kuchokera pa litala mpaka 6,000 m, ndipo ndizofala kwambiri kunja kwa malo otentha. Pakati pawo, anthu omwe ali ndi ma ray a 10 ndi omwe amatsogola, pomwe anthu opanga matandala angapo ndi osowa kwambiri. Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri komanso wakale kwambiri wa mtundu wa Antedon tsopano umakhala ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yokha ya ku Europe. Mitundu yonseyi ndiyolumikizana kwambiri ndipo imasiyana mosiyanasiyana mwanjira ya ma ray, kutalika ndi makulidwe a kirala ndikuyamba.
Mu nyanja ya Atlantic kufupi ndi gombe la England, Ireland, France, Portugal, mpaka ku Azores pakuya kwa 5 mpaka 450 m ikhoza kupezeka Antedon bifida. Nthawi zambiri kakombo kameneka kamalumikizidwa ndi ndodo zake zazifupi, zopindika zolimba kumadengu a mabasiketi, zimatsitsidwa kuti zigwire nkhanu, ndipo kum'mwera kwa France kuli anthu ambiri okhala pamizu yoyambira ndi zitsinde zamadzi zam'nyanja. Mtundu wake umasiyanasiyana kwambiri: limodzi ndi anthu ofiirira kwambiri, pinki, achikasu kapena lalanje, komanso ena owoneka bwino, amapezekanso. Mawindo owonda, osinthika amatha kukhala 12,5 cm. Amakhala osalimba kwambiri ndipo amachoka mosavuta kukhudza pang'ono. Monga mitundu ina yambiri, Antedon bifida imaphwanya m'mphepete mwake mosavutikira kapena pangozi. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kupeza fanizo lomwe lingakhale ndi manja onse khumi mwatetezedwe kotheratu, pafupifupi nthawi zonse ming'alu imodzi kapena zingapo zimakhala m'manja mwatsopano. Kuchulukitsa kwa anhedon ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ngati kudulidwa kukhala magawo awiri, theka lililonse limakhala lalingaliro lonse, ndipo disk yotsekedwa kuchokera pakatikati imasinthidwa ndi yatsopano, pakamwa, potseguka komanso poyambira. Kukonzanso sikuchitika pokhapokha ngati manja onse akudulidwa ku kakombo. Poterepi, nyama imalephera kudya ndi kufa.
Chith. 133. Nyanja yosasunthika ya kakombo Antedon bifida
Mukamadyetsa, anhedon imalumikizidwa ndi cirre ku gawo lapansi ndipo imatambasulira mikono yake ndi zikhomo zomwe zimatambasulidwa kumanja ngodya mbali, ndikupanga mtundu wa netiweki. Njira yodya maluwa amenewa yafufuzidwa. Gislenom (Gislen T.).
Gislen anawona mu aquarium North Atlantic mitundu Antedon petasus. Ma anhedones anjala adakhala ndi matanda ofala, ma pinnulas owongoka ndikuwongola miyendo ya ambulacral mowongoka. Chakudya chikangolowa mu samariyo, kakombo wonse amayamba kugwira ntchito: kawirikawiri masamba obisalamo otseguka amatseguka, pakamwa kutatseguka tisanazunguluke, miyendo ya ambulacral itawerama mpaka mzere ndikutaya chakudya chomwe chidawagwera. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titangolowa mu mzerewo, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kudzipaka thukuta lomata lomwe limasungidwa ndi maselo otsekemera a mzere, ndipo ndi ichi, chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa cilia, adatumiza timiyala kukamwa. Gislen adanenanso kuti pa pakamwa pa disk anhedon palinso kusunthira kosintha kwa cilia mu interambulacra, yomwe idalunjikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa disk. Kutulutsa kofunikaku kunayendetsa zotsalazo za chakudya m'mphepete mwa diski, kuchokera komwe zimaponyedwera ndipo potero zimayeretsa zinyalala. Kafukufuku wazakudya adawonetsa kuti amaphatikiza chisakanizo cha detritus, plankton ndi zida zazing'ono za benthic. Antedon petasus amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Norway, Iceland, England ku 20-325 m. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yokhudzana kwambiri, imayikira mazira mwachindunji m'madzi, osawaphatikiza ndi zikhomo zamanja, monga momwe amachitira. Mediterranean (Antedon med bidianea) ndi adriatic anhedon (Antedon adriatica). Mitundu yonse iwiriyi, kubereka komwe kumayambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena chilimwe, malingana ndi malo okhala, mazira okhathamirawa amayimitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi ntchofu wa nkhanu zazikazi, komwe amakhala masiku pafupifupi asanu. Mphutsi zophuka bwino ndi zingwe zisanu zokulira mazira.
Oimira mtundu wina wa ma comatulides amapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Chifukwa chake, pamtunda wamatope pakuya pafupifupi 50 m m'mphepete mwa England amakhala Leptometra celtica, yemwe amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wake wobiriwira kapena wamtambo komanso wautali kwambiri, "mizu" - woonda. Maulendo ataliatali otero, okwera m'mphepete mwa gawo lapansi, perekani leptometer kuthekera kokhala pamtundu wofewa, wowoneka bwino popanda kugwera.
M'madzi athu, madzi ozizira ndiofala kwambiri heliometer (Heliometra glacialis). Mtengo wawukulu wa chikasu cha mtengo wakhumiwu umagawidwa kuzama kuyambira 10 mpaka 1300 m panyanja zonse za ku Arctic, kumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean, komanso kunyanja ya Japan ndi Okhotsk. Zitsanzo zaku Far East ndizambiri, kutalika kwa ma ray awo kumatha kufika 35 cm, m'malo mwake amapanga nkhokwe zenizeni kuzama kuchokera ku 150 mpaka 600 m.
Maluwa akuluakulu omwewo, pafupi kwambiri ndi heliometer yamadzi ozizira, amakhala ku Antarctic, mwachitsanzo Florometra antarctica.
Pakati pa maluwa okongola a Antarctic pali mitundu yomwe imasamalira ana awo. Maluwa mtundu Ma embrios a Phrixometra amakula m'mzipinda za ana, ndipo kukula kwa mazimba kumasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mu akazi a ku Phrixometra longipinna, zipinda za ana zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhonya ndipo mazira ambiri amaikidwa mmenemo, onse omwe ali pa gawo limodzi lachitukuko. Akangopanga zingwe zolimba, amasiya thupi la mayiyo ndikusambira m'madzi asanadutse pentacrine siteji. Mosiyana ndi izi, mitundu ina ya Antarctic ya banja la Bathymetridae - viviparous freexometers (Phrixometra virx) - maimelo omwe amakhala m'matumba a ana amapitilira mu magawo onse a chitukuko, kuphatikiza gawo la pentacrine. Pazikazi zamtunduwu, mutha kuwona zazing'ono pentacrinuswophatikizidwa ndi phesi m'matumba a ana a amayi. Achichepere amasiya chiwalo cha mayi chokhala ndi komatulidkoi yaying'ono.
Tebulo 17. Echinoderms zamakono. Maluwa apanyanja: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - Trochostoma arcticum. Starfish: 2 - Ceramaster patagonicus, 7 - Asterias banesi. Ma urchins am'nyanja: 5 - Rotula orbiculus, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. Ofiura: 6 - Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi
Tebulo 17. Echinoderms zamakono. Maluwa apanyanja: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - Trochostoma arcticum. Starfish: 2 - Ceramaster patagonicus, 7 - Asterias banesi. Ma urchins am'nyanja: 5 - Rotula orbiculus, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. Ofiura: 6 - Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi
Kugwedeza kwa ana kumatsogolera kukukula kwa gawo la kugonana. Oimira banja Isometridae wokhala m'madzi a Antarctic, akazi azisamba omwe amakhala ndi ana achinyamata amakula ngati khola, pomwe amuna amakhala abwinobwino. Mwa izi, mutha kusiyanitsa jenda, mwachitsanzo, mitundu monga Isometra vivipara. Muli mapini akulu a viviparous isometers mazira olemera pa yolk amakula mpaka mphutsi zimapanga zingwe zothandizapo. Kenako mphutsi imachoka m'chipinda chotsekera ana, koma nthawi yake yosambira ndiyifupi kwambiri: imakhazikika pachitseko cha munthu wamkulu, pomwe imadutsa gawo lotsatira la pentacrine.
Pokhudzana ndi chisamaliro cha ana, kuchuluka kwa mazira opangidwa kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, mu mitundu ya Antarctic Notocrinus virilis, maimelo awiri kapena atatu okha pa gawo limodzi la chitukuko amatha kupezeka m'matumba a ana. Matumba osavomerezeka amtunduwu ali ndi mawonekedwe a thumba lomwe limakwanira m'munsi mwa omenyedwa. Mazira amalowa mkati mwawo kale, mwa kuphwasula khoma pakati pa thumba la m'mimba ndi ana, komabe njira yothira mazira sichidziwike.
Oimira mabanja ena a ma comatulids amawonetsanso chisamaliro chofanana cha ana, koma apa tikufuna kuti tizingolota mitundu yokha yomwe ili yosangalatsa kuyambira pakuwona kwawoko kapena kugawa kwawo.
Maluwa amakhala okongola kwambiri maonekedwe ake. banja Comasteridae. Banja lalikulu ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 100 ya 19 genera. Pakati pawo, mafomu ochulukitsa amapezeka ndi mikono mpaka 20-25 cmokhala m'madzi am'nyanja otentha. Mtundu wawo wamtundu kapena wowala umathandizira kufanana kwa nyamazo ndi maluwa (tabu 18-19). Oyimira banja lino amasiyana ndi maluwa ena okhala ndi moyo mwaulere chifukwa pakamwa pawo kamakhala kosunthasuntha, ndipo anus amakhala pamalo apakati. China chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi kukamwa kwachilendo. Ndiwotalikirapo, wokhala ndi magawo angapo afupipafupi, apakanikizika pambuyo pake, kumtunda kwake komwe kuli mano omwe amapatsa malekezero mawonekedwe akunyumba. Ichi ndichachidziwikire kuti ndi chipangizo chogwira kapena kudula zinthu zing'onozing'ono, koma pali owonera pang'ono ogwiritsa ntchito. Ghislen ananena kuti omasulira chifukwa cha pinnulas zotere ali ndi njira yowonjezera yazodyetsera. Samagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chongolowa mkamwa kudzera m'mphepete mwawo, koma, mosiyana ndi ma comatulide ena, amatha kugwira nyama zazing'ono zokhala ndi zikhanu zam'madzi ndikuzipititsa kumagawo otsogola. Kungoganiza kumeneku kumagwiranso ntchito poti njira ya ambulacral mu comasterids imachepetsedwa, ndipo matumbo amatalika nthawi zingapo kuposa maluwa ena osakhazikika.
Tebulo 18. Echinoderms yamadzi osaya kwambiri. Maluwa am'nyanja: 1 - Gomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. Starfish: 5 - Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Ma urchins am'nyanja: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. Ofiuri: 3 - Ophiotrix coerulea, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa
Tebulo 18. Echinoderms yamadzi osaya kwambiri. Maluwa am'nyanja: 1 - Gomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. Starfish: 5 - Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Ma urchins am'nyanja: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. Ofiuri: 3 - Ophiotrix coerulea, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa
Nthawi zambiri pakati pa ma comasterid, timaluwa tokhala ndi malembedwe osiyanasiyana mikono timapezeka. Manja oterewa amagawidwa kukhala kutsogolo (kutchera) komanso kumbuyo (kwakanthawi), kobereka. Maluwa ofanana, ngati Comatula pectinata, amalumikizira pansi ndikumatulutsa mikono yayitali ndikutulutsa ma ambulacral grooves opangidwa mwaluso pakupanga kutalika.
Chith. 134. Nyanja kakombo Comatula pectinata (Onani kuchokera mbali ya abori)
Comasteride sichedwa kuwoneka, Moyo wawo unawonedwa ndi Clark (Clark, H.) ku Torres Strait. Adawona kuti ma comasterid atatuluka pansi, amawuluka pang'onopang'ono komanso molimba mtima natambasula manja ena ndikugwira chinthu choyenera ndi matako, ndikuwonetsa chinsinsi chomata.Kenako, mgwirizano wokugwirana manja ndi kakombo amakokedwa, kukankha nthawi yomweyo kuchokera kumagawo ena ndi manja oyang'anizana. Izi zimatha kupitilira maola ambiri liwiro la 40 m pa ola limodzi, mpaka kakombo atapeza malo abwino kuphatikizika. Ngati kakulidwe kamakhala ndi malezala a kutalika kosiyanasiyana, komwe kumawonedwanso m'malo otentha a Comatula, ndiye kuti mikono yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutambasulira ndi kulumikiza ku chinthucho, ndi lalifupi - kuthana ndi gawo lapansi pokoka thupi -
Nthawi zambiri, ma comterids ambiri amalumikizidwa pansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma cirrhages, koma m'mitundu ina yomwe imakhala pamchenga wamakhola, ma cirrhuses amachepetsa, gawo lapakati la kapu limasandulika pentagon yosalala yomwe ili pafupi ndi ndege yomweyo. Maluwa monga, mwachitsanzo, Comatula rotolaria, ogawidwa pamiyala yam'mbali yamiyala yam'madzi ku Indo-Malayan Islands, amangogona pamchenga.
Kuchepetsa kwathunthu kwa cirr kuonedwa mu 190-ray Comathina schlegelli, yemwe amakhala pafupi ndi zilumba za Philippines.
Chiwerengero cha cheza cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ingathe kukhala osiyanasiyana pamitundu imodzimodzi. Comatella stelligera (Gome 18), yomwe imakonda kupezeka pa lito la Indo-Malaan Archipelago, wayambira 12 mpaka 43 misewu.
Ndizachilendo kuti m'malo ena otentha, kusesa kwa zinthu zogonana kumayenderana ndi magawo a mwezi. Zawonedwa kuti ndikukhala malovulaza akumwera kwa Japan commandus wa Japan (Comanthus japonicus) amayikira mazira kamodzi pachaka mu theka loyamba la Okutobala, pomwe mwezi uli mgawo woyamba kapena wotsiriza. Zogonana zimatsukidwa nthawi zonse madzulo, amuna ndi omwe amakhala oyamba kumasula umuna, womwe umalimbikitsa azimayi kuti aziikira mazira. Mazira amatulutsidwa ndikuphwasula malo okwezeka kwambiri a kukankha, mphezi zonse za kanyentchu wochuluka zomwe zimatulutsa nthawi yomweyo. Mazira ophatikizidwa amakhala obisika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma spikes osiyanasiyana, singano, ndi zina zotere. Pazinthuzi, mazira amakula mpaka magawo, okhala ndi zingwe zolimba.
Maluwa okongola okongola omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amatha kupezeka pakati pa mabanja ena a maluwa osagwirizana. Amphimetra discoidea ndi wokongola kwambiri, wofalikira kuchokera ku Japan kupita ku Australia pakuya kwa 5-35 m. Woimira wamkulu banja Himerometridae, pafupifupi mitundu 50, imakhala ndi matayala akuluakulu 10 okhala ndi utoto wonyezimira wakuda, ndipo Stephanometra spicata (Gome 19) kuchokera ku banja la Marimetridae ali ndi mawilo 20 opaka utoto wofiirira.