KuWillow osamukira kuno ndi gulugufe wokongola modabwitsa, yemwe amadziwika kuti amatha nthawi yake yambiri m'makungwa a mitengo. Chifukwa chake, ngati mupita kukawonera mtunduwu, ndizomveka kusungitsa makina obonera.

Dzina lasayansi la gulugufeyu ndi Apatura iris, ndi wa banja la Nymphalidae.

Kodi kusefukira kumawoneka bwanji? Chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe

Anthu osamukira ku Willow ndi agulugufe akuluakulu, mapiko awo ali masentimita 7.5-8.4. Ndiosavuta kuzindikira amuna mwa mapiko ofiirira. Mphezi zowunika zimapereka utoto uwu, ndipo utoto wake umatengera mtundu wa kuwala. Mutha kuwona kukongola uku patsiku ladzuwa komanso mbali ina.

Gulugufe wamtchiyani amuna okonda agulugufe amatcha "Ukulu Wake."

Akazi osambira achikazi (pacithunzi pansipa) ali ndi mapiko a bulauni. Amuna onse awiriwa ali ndi mawanga oyera ndi maso amdima ozunguliridwa ndi malire a lalanje kumtunda ndi kumapeto kwa mapiko. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna.

Habitat, malo okhala. Kodi msondodzi wa msondodzi amawoneka kuti?

Gulugufe amagawidwa makamaka m'nkhalango za oak kumwera kwa England. Imapezeka ku Central ndi Eastern Europe, China, Japan, Korea komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Kazakhstan. Ngakhale mawonekedwe ake okongola, amatha kuwoneka ku Russia - m'chigawo chapakati ndi kumwera, komanso ku Primorsky Territory.

Madzi osefukira amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zophatikiza, m'mphepete mwa madzi. M'malo awo, kupezeka kwa mitengo ya msondodzi, masamba omwe mbozi zawo zimadya, komanso mitengo yayitali yomwe agulugufewo amakhala.

Mutha kuwona mitengo ya msondodzi mu Julayi-Ogasiti. Nthawi zambiri zimawuluka pamwamba kwambiri pamiyala yamtengo, pafupi ndi masana amuna okhaokha amatsikira kumalo othirira. Pakadali pano, amakhala ochenjera kwambiri, amawalola kuyandikira mtunda waufupi, kuti muwone bwino momwe amakhala pansi m'mphepete mwa mapanelo kapena m'misewu yotsetsereka. Kuphatikiza apo, okonda gulugufe amadziwa kuti kukola amuna pansi kumatha kukhala zinthu zabwino, mwachitsanzo, masamba a nthochi.

Mwambiri, ndiyenera kunena kuti zokonda zawo ndizosadabwitsa: osamukira kwawo amakonda chimbudzi ndi zovunda. Osonkhanitsa nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito "zinthu" izi kukopa amuna.

Amadyanso mame a uchi omwe amasungidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, ndipo nthawi zina zazikazi zimatha kuwoneka pamitengo ya mitengo, pomwe amamwa kuyamwa kwa mitengo.

Kodi anthu osamukira kudziko lina amabereka bwanji?

Mu Julayi, abambo amasonkhana zisoti za mitengo yayitali kwambiri (nthawi zambiri mtengo wa oak, nthawi zina beech ndi conifers) poyembekezera zazikazi. Mitengo yomweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agulugufe chaka ndi chaka. Zachikazi zimakwatirana ndi zamphongo, kapena kugwera pansi ngati chizindikirocho.

Mazira a mbewa amaikidwa mbali yakumwambayi kwa masamba amitengo yopanda chakudya. Nthawi zambiri ndi mbuzi ya msondodzi (Salix caprea) kapena imvi ya msondodzi (S. cinerea), brittle willow (S. fragilis) sigwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni. Kukula kwa mitengo kungakhale kosiyana: kuchokera kumitengo yayitali kapena yayitali mpaka mitengo yayitali yokhala ndi denga. Mphutsi zosenda bwino sizobisika.

Makungu a msondodzi wa msondodzi ndiwowoneka bwino wobiriwira ndi mawanga achikaso ndi mizere yachikaso yachikaso mbali. Ali ndi mitu yayikulu pamitu yawo.

Zindikirani kuti sizophweka: pafupifupi kuphatikiza kwathunthu ndi masamba. Pofika m'dzinja, amatha kusunthira kawiri, ndikusintha mtundu kukhala bulauni, kudzipanga okha ngati nthambi zopanda kanthu. Makatani opitilira mitengo yam'madzi pamapazi a msondodzi, ndipo amakondera m'mwezi wa June. Mwanjira yamwana wa chrysalis, amakhala milungu iwiri.

Zifukwa zakutha kwa gulugufe

Agulugufewa anali amtengo wapatali ndi okhometsa nthawi ya Victoria (1837-1901). Kenako anthu ambiri osamukasamuka anawonongedwa.

Pazaka za zana la 20 lino, kuchuluka kwa madera osaya kwambiri kukupitirirabe, ndipo zinthu monga kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kuwonongeka kwa misewu, ndi kuwonongeka konsekonse kwa chilengedwe ndi zomwe zidayambitsa mlandu. Tizilombo tambiri timafa chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza minda.

Masiku ano, m'maiko ena, gulugufeyu amalembedwa mu Red Book (Germany, Sweden, Ukraine, Latvia, Moscow, Smolensk ndi Vologda Russia).

Mawonekedwe

Mapiko amatha kufikira masentimita 8. Mbali yakunja yamapikoyo ndi yakuda ndi tint yoyera. Mwa amuna, kusefukira kowoneka bwino kumawonedwa. Pa mapiko akutsogolo kuli malo oyera, kumapiko akumbuyo kumanzere kwamtundu womwewo ndi diso lakuda mumphete yakuda. Mkati mwa mapiko ake ndi imvi kapena imvi. Mphepete ndi bulauni kapena dzimbiri, mawanga akuda kapena oyera. Kusiyana kwamitundu yaying'ono kumawonedwa. Kusiyana kwa kugonana kumatchulidwa. Akazi ndi okulirapo. Amuna ali ndi mtundu wowala.

Habitat

Mitundu ya Willow Shelter imapezeka ku Central ndi Eastern Europe ku Europe, ku Central ndi Southern Russia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Kazakhstan, ku China, kudera lonse la Amur. Anthu ambiri amakhala ku Japan, Korea ndi Primorye.

Ku Russia, malo omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri amapezeka:

• Ma Urals akum'mwera,
• Siberia Yakumadzulo
• Eastern Transbaikalia,
• dera pafupi ndi mapiri a Carpathian,
• Middle Volga.

Amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango za mitundu yonse, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Ma subspecies ena amakhala pamtunda wamamita 1,500 pamwamba pa nyanja m'mapiri a Carpathian. Mkhalidwe waukulu wokhala ndi chinyezi chachikulu. Zimafunika pakukula kwathunthu komanso kukula kwa mbozi. Mu nyengo yotentha ndi dzuwa, unyinji wa agulugufe umayang'aniridwa pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja.

Magawo otukuka ndi kubereka

Gulugufe wamtunduwu amakonda kuyikira mazira kunja kwa mbewu zomwe amadya. Anthu amakula mbadwo umodzi.

Mwanjira ya mbozi, Willow Overfill imachitika pakati pa Ogasiti ndi Juni. Thupi la mboziyo ndiwobiliwira ndi mikwingwirima yachikasu yowoneka bwino ndi madontho. Pali nyanga ziwiri zazifupi zam'mutu pamutu, ndi njira ziwiri zofiira kumbali ina.

Chikazi chimayikira mazira awiri obiriwira. Mphutsi zimabadwa pambuyo pa masiku 8-10. Kupatsa mphamvu munthu pachimbudzi. Mwanjira ya pupa, gulugufe amakhala milungu iwiri kapena itatu.

Demeanor

Nthawi zambiri, Willow Shelter amatha kupezeka kuyambira koyambirira kwa Juni mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi. Nyani zamphongo zimawulukira m'mbali mwa nkhalango ndi m'misewu, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi maenje akuluakulu, pakukutidwa kwa nyama. Akazi amakonda kubisala mu udzu wautali komanso masamba ambiri. Ndi mitengo yokhayo yokhayo yomwe ingawakope. Anthu pawokha amakonda kulongedza mu magulu amtundu wina. Msodzi wa msondodzi amachita manyazi kwambiri komanso mosamala akamauluka.

Amadyetsa mbuzi, ngwazi, phulusa ndi mitundu ina ya msondodzi. Amakondanso ndi Aspen. Mbozi imeza masamba osakhudza mitsempha. Agulugufe opangidwawo amadya timadzi tokoma tomwe timathandizidwa ndi phenoscis, yomwe itatha kudya, imapindika ndikazungulira.

Mitundu ikutha

Kusamutsidwa kopitilira kwakhala kukuphatikizidwa mu Red Book la mayiko ambiri: Russia (Moscow ndi smolensk dera), Ukraine, Latvia, Germany ndi Sweden.

Kuchulukana kwa Gulugufe Wamtchire ukukula mosalekeza. Choyimira chachikulu ndicho kulowererapo kwa anthu. Madera akuluakulu a nkhalango adulidwapo, mitundu ya malo omwe akukhalako ikusintha, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zonsezi zimasintha gawo lazachilengedwe.

Zosangalatsa

1. Amuna okhala kumbali yakumaso ali ndi zikopa zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wonunkhira kuti zithe kukopa zazikazi.
2. Zowoneka ngati zachikasu kapena zachitsulo pamapiko a amuna sizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutulutsa utoto. Mutha kuwona zabwino izi pokhapokha ngati kuli dzuwa kapena pomwepo. Kukula kwambiri kumathandiza amuna kunyenga adani ndi kuwabisira.
3. Maluwa agalu pa msondodzi wa msondodzi. Munthawi imeneyi, khungu la thupi limakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, chifukwa chake chipengacho chimasenda bwino. Kasupe akangobwera ndipo kutentha kumabwera, mboziyo imapezanso mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira.

Kufotokozera

Wingspan mpaka 60 - 80 mm. Mbali yakumwamba yamapikoyo ndi yofiirira, mwaimuna wokhala ndi tint wowala, wachikazi ndi woderapo popanda tint yokhazikika. Madzi osefukira sakhazikitsidwa ndi utoto wamtambo, koma ndi utoto wamaonekedwe, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amtundu wa buluu wowoneka bwino. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna.

Mapiko akutsogolo okhala ndi mawanga oyera (nthawi zina amasowa), mapiko akumbuyo okhala ndi gulu loyera lakumaso ndi maso amdima omwe azunguliridwa ndi malire ofiira (nthawi zina omwewa ndi omwe ali kumapeto kwa mapiko kumbuyo. Gulu lolowera kumbali yakumapiko kuchokera kumbuyo limapereka dzino lakuthwa m'mphepete. Palibe mawu omaliza okhala pamwamba. Kunja kwa mapikowo ndi kofiirira, komwe kumakhala madera otuwa, malo akuda ndi oyera komanso malo oyera komanso otuwa. Kuchokera pansi pa mapiko a kumbuyo, ma ocellus omwe ali pakona ya anal ndiowoneka bwino, okhala ndi mawonedwe amtambo. Mapiko amtsogolo opanda kupuma kwakukulu m'mphepete lakunja.

Dera wamba: Germany ndi England.

Nthawi yachilimwe

Kulikonse kumachitika m'badwo umodzi. Nthawi yonyamuka kuchokera pakati pa Juni mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Imawulukira m'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso zowononga madzi zomwe zimasakanizika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (makamaka ya oak ndi msondodzi). M'mapiri amakwera mpaka 1,500 m pamwamba pamadzi. Zagawidwa kwanuko. Zaka zabwino ndizofala.

Nyani zamphongo zimawulukira m'mbali ndi m'misewu yamatchire, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala masango m'mbali mwa mitsinje, mitsinje. Kufuna kuwuluka kupita ku nyama zazikulu, zokhala ngati zinyalala, thukuta la anthu - pomwe amachotsa chinyontho ndi mchere wofunikira wa mchere. Akazi amakhala ndi moyo wobisika, nthawi zambiri amasungidwa pamitengo yamitengo, pomwe amatha kuwoneka atatha madzi otentha.

Biology

Mazira amawaika payekhapayekha kumtunda kwa masamba azomera.

Caterpillar siteji kuyambira August mpaka June. Nyengo zamtchire. Chimbudzicho ndi chobiriwira ndi mikwaso yachikasu ndi madontho aang'ono achikasu, pamutu pali nyanga ziwiri za buluu, ndipo pagawo la anal pali malangizo awiri ofiira.

Zomera zodyetsa - msondodzi wa mbuzi (Salix caprea,)Salix aurita), phulusa msondu (Salix cinerea) ndi mitundu ina ya msondodzi, komanso aspen. Mbozi imadyera pang'onopang'ono pa tsamba, kusiya msempha waukulu.

Pupa ndi wopepuka, wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi nsonga zazing'ono ziwiri pamutu pake, atapachikidwa panthambi kapena masamba, amakula kwa masabata awiri.

Zidziwitso Zachitetezo

Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa m'mabuku a Red: Ukraine (2 gulu), Latvia (1998) (2 gulu), Smolensk (1997) (2 gulu), Moscow (1998) (3 gulu), Vologda (2006) (3 gulu) la Russia, East Fennoscandia (1998), Germany (gulu la 4), Sweden (gulu lachitatu).

Zowonjezera: kuwonongedwa kwa mabotolo (kuwononga nkhalango zachilengedwe, kusintha kwachilengedwe, nkhalango), kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe ndi malo achilengedwe.

Zifukwa zakutha kwa osamukira kumayiko ena

Zowonongeka zazikulu kwa anthu zidayambitsa osonkhetsa. Anthu osamukasamuka a Willow anali ofunikira kwambiri pakati pa okhometsa nthawi ya Victoria. Munthawi imeneyi, agulugufe ambiri adawonongedwa.

Agulugufewa ndi tizilombo tosowa kwambiri Padziko Lapansi.

Chiwerengero cha osamukira kumadzi chatsika chifukwa cha kutayika kwa malo awo okhala. Agulugufewa amakhala m'malo enaake, ndipo anthu omwe akumanga misewu, nyumba ndi kudula mitengo m'nkhalangoyi amawononga zinthuzi.

Agulugufe akufa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo okhala.

Otsatira osafunafuna amakhala motalikirana kwambiri, choncho, gulu limodzi likamwalira, mzindawu sukhala wotanganidwa.

Gulugufe wambiri amafa chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe anthu amalima m'minda, ndipo amagwera momwe amakhala azikusefukira ndikuziziritsa poizoni.

Ambiri omwe amasamukira kumayiko ena amafa ndi mankhwala.

Kodi kusungira madzi osefukira padziko lapansi kungathandizidwe bwanji?

Thandizani kuteteza malo agulugufe apaderawa. Kuti tsabola la msondodzi lisinthane ndi zatsopanozo, pamafunika nthawi yambiri komanso khama. Ambiri omwe ali ndi magulu odzipereka, aliyense amene akufuna kuthandiza osamukira kwawo amatha kulumikizana ndi Wildlife Trust kapena kujowina ku British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.

Mapulogalamu a Willow amatha kuzimiririka paliponse ngati dziko lapansi silingathandizidwe.

Aliyense ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti ndizosatheka kuwononga agulugufe, kuphatikizapo osamuka. Ndikofunikira kuteteza msondodzi, womwe umapezeka kunyumba zamitundu yosowa.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kufalitsa

Kugawidwa ku Europe, gawo la ku Europe la Russia, kumwera kwa Urals ndi Western Siberia, Amur Region, Primorye, China, Korea.

Mchigawo cha Saratov, zimapezeka kwanuko mdera lonse la nkhalango. Dera lakumwera kwa gawo la ku Europe la mitundu iyi ya Euro-Asia kudutsa kuderali. Mchigawo cha Rtishchevsky, adawalemba msewu pakati pa midzi ya Vladykino ndi Iznair.

Zochita ndi chikhalidwe

Mtunduwu umangokhala nkhalango zam'madzi zokhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira, zomwe ndizofunikira pakupanga mbozi. Imakonda kukhazikika kumapiri komanso kumapiri, koma m'mapiri nthawi zambiri imakwera kuposa 1300 m pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nthawi yotentha, agulugufe amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi dziwe, mafinya, mitsinje. Modzipereka amakhala pamakwalala odutsa m'nkhalango, pomwe amamwa kuchokera m'maenje, panjira za m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, pamitengo yokhala ndi msuzi.

Amakula mu m'badwo umodzi. Kuuluka kwa gulugufe mu June - Julayi. Malo ogona amakhala amanyazi kwambiri komanso osamala, koma agulugufe oyamwa madzi amasiya kuwathandizira. Amuna ndi ochulukirapo kuposa akazi.

Ikamaikira mazira, mbalamezo zimagona mu korona zamitengo italiitali, ndikukhomerera testicles masamba a msondodzi.

Zomera zamphaka - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya msondodzi (Salix alba, Salix caprea, Salix rosmarinifolia), aspen (Populus tremula), nthawi zina mapikapu (Populus alba, Populus nigra) Nyengo yazaka zapakatikati nyengo yachisanu, itatha molt yachiwiri, pamphika wokhazikika pa nthambi kapena tsamba, kuyesera kuyandikira impso. Sewu la ana limatenga milungu iwiri kapena itatu, nthawi zambiri mu Meyi.