Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kumamvetseka ngati kuyambitsa zachilengedwe chifukwa cha zotsatira za anthropogenic za mitundu ya zinthu zopanda moyo (mabakiteriya, ma virus, ndi zina) zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kwakuipa kwa zochitika zachilengedwe kapena kuwononga thanzi la anthu.
Zomwe zimayambira kwambiri pazachilengedwe ndi madzi akumwa kuchokera kumakampani am'makampani azakudya ndi zikopa, malo owetedwa m'nyumba ndi mafakitale, manda, ma sewera, minda yothirira, ndi zina zotere. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waukhondo komanso wamatenda, tizilombo ta Escherichia coli timapezeka m'madzi pansi panthaka ya 300 m kuchokera padziko lapansi.
Choyipa chachikulu ndicho kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda opatsirana komanso tizirombo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwachilengedwe chifukwa cha zotsatira za anthropogenic kumabweretsa zotsatira zosatsimikizika machitidwe a kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso onyamula matenda owopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama.
Kuchulukana kwa miliri ya nkhumba yakale, nthomba pakati pa nkhosa, matenda oopsa a encephalitis ndi hemorrhagic fever kukuchulukirachulukira. Malinga ndi olemba State Report (1995), pamenepa, kuyambika kwa Edzi ndikungolumikizana koyamba chabe kwamatenda oyamba a matenda osadziwika a virology etiology. Cytomegalavirus, yomwe sinaike pachiwopsezo chachikulu zaka zingapo zapitazo, ikhoza kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu pokhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa ziwalo ndi minofu, komanso matenda opatsirana mwa Edzi. Kachilombo ka chikungunya fever, hemorrhagic fever virus ndi aimpso (Hantaan virus) ndi ena, chiwonongeko chake chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri, chilinso chowopsa.
Zambiri zomwe zapezedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa zimatilola kufotokoza za kufunikira komanso kuchuluka kwa vuto la biosafety. Chifukwa chake, ngozi yatsopano yazachilengedwe imapangidwa pokhudzana ndi kukula kwa biotechnology ndi genetic engineering. Ngati miyezo yaukhondo singayang'anidwe, ma tizilombo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zingakhale zovulaza kwambiri pamidzi yachilengedwe, thanzi la anthu, ndi dziwe lawo zamtunduwu zimatha kumasulidwa ku labotale kapena chomera kupita kumalo achilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza pa kupanga ma genetic engineering, pakati pazinthu zamtundu wa biosafety zomwe ndizofunikira kuteteza zachilengedwe, mulinso:
kusamutsa zidziwitso kuchokera ku mitundu yakunyumba kupita ku zakutchire,
kusinthanitsa ma genetic pakati pa mitundu yamtchire ndi ma subspecies, kuphatikizapo chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa majini amtundu wa mitundu yocheperako komanso yangozi,
Zotsatira zamtundu komanso zachilengedwe zakuyambitsa kwa nyama ndi zomera mwadala.
Magwero owononga zachilengedwe
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Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timalowa pansi ndi pansi pamadzi, kulowa mkatikati ndi dothi, kufalikira ndikuwononga zachilengedwe. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a parasitic matenda ndi matenda amapanga chiwopsezo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhudza thanzi la anthu ndi nyama, zimatha kubweretsa mavuto.
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Zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zoipitsa
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe panthawi zosiyanasiyana kunathandizira kuti miliri ya miliri ibwere komanso nthomba, malungo mwa anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi mbalame. Nthawi zingapo, ma virus omwe ali panjawa akuwopsa:
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- anthrax,
- mliri,
- nthomba
- Ebola hemorrhagic fever,
- ng'ombe zowawa
- mpunga pyriculariosis,
- Kachilombo ka Nepah
- tularemia,
- poizoni wa botulinum,
- Kachilombo ka Chimera.
Ma virus amenewa amapha anthu komanso nyama. Zotsatira zake, nkhani yakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe iyenera kuukitsidwa. Ngati singayimitsidwe, ndiye kuti kachilombo kena kamatha kupha mamiliyoni ambiri a nyama, zomera ndi anthu mwachangu kotero kuti kuwopsa kwa kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala kapena ma radioactive sikuwoneka kolimba.
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Njira Zowongolera Zowonera
Ndiosavuta kwa anthu: mutha kupatsidwa katemera wolimbana ndi mavairasi oyipitsitsa. Kufalikira kwa maluwa ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zamagulu ndi mabakiteriya sikungatheke. Monga njira yodzitetezera, miyezo yaukhondo komanso miliri iyenera kuwonedwa kulikonse. Choopsa chachikulu ndizomwe zimapangidwa kupanga ma genetic engineering ndi biotechnology. Kuchokera ku labotale, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kulowa zachilengedwe ndikufalikira mwachangu. Zomwe zimapangidwa zimayambitsa kusintha kwa majini, sikuti zimangokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu enaake, komanso zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa ntchito yakubereka, chifukwa chomwe mitundu ya zomera ndi nyama sizingathe kuyambiranso. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuipitsa kwachilengedwe kungathe kuwononga kwakukulu padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo anthu.
Mitundu yakuipitsa
Kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi vuto lofunika lomwe silingathetsedwe kwakanthawi kochepa. Amayamba chifukwa chamasulidwa ndi zotsatira za moyo wa anthu kudziko lachilendo.
Chovuta ndichakuti kufalitsa mabakiteriya ndikosatheka kuwongolera. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe kumabweretsa kutha kwa mitundu, chifukwa "zinyalala" zimayambitsa zosokoneza pakubereka kwa nyama ndi zomera. Zomwezo zimapita kwa munthu. Popanda kuthetsa mavuto azachilengedwe, zachilengedwe zathu zikutha.
Mitundu yotsatirayi yakuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe imasiyanitsidwa:
- Kutaya kwamakampani opanga ma micobiological. Izi zikuphatikiza mabizinesi opanga mankhwala: maantibayotiki, katemera, ndi zina zambiri. Munthawi yopanga ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'magazi ndipo mbali zina za mankhwala amatuluka, omwe ndi gawo lazopangira michere yamavuto oyipa.
Mwachitsanzo nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuyesera kuti apange mapuloteni oyambitsa kuchokera ku yisiti yazakudya. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, lingaliroli linasiyidwa, chifukwa choti mpweya unagwa chifukwa cha mpweya wochoka, chifukwa cha anthu omwe anali olumala. Kumalo komwe zinthuzi zimapangidwira, okhala m'midzi ndi m'mizinda anayamba kudwala mphumu pafupipafupi, kusakhazikika kwa ana kumachepa, ndipo mavuto enanso amakula. - Zida za bacteria. Ngakhale pali ziletso zakunja konse, pali malipoti oyesera kuti adzipange m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ngoziyi imachitika pazifukwa zingapo. Yoyamba ndikuthekera kopezeka m'mabotolo ang'onoang'ono molimba mtima. Chachiwiri ndikuvuta kuzindikira. Chachitatu, tinthu timeneti timakhalabe tikugwira ntchito kwa zaka ziwiri kap Chithunzi chochititsa chidwi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a anthrax omwe adalowa mnyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.
- Kuwonongeka kwa "genetic" komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhazikitsa ma genetic engineering. Zikhala zovuta kupereka chidziwitso cha chilengedwe cha kuipitsidwa kotere, chifukwa momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zatsopano sizikudziwika. Kamodzi pazachilengedwe, kupsinjika kumayambitsa opaleshoni yamatenda osadziwika. Kuwonongeka kwa "genetic" kungayambitse kusintha uku: Kusintha kuchokera ku mtundu wina kupita kwina, kuthekera kwa kuipitsidwa kwa dziwe la nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kukhala zanyama ndi nyama.
Kuchokera kumlengalenga, dothi ndi madzi, izi zimatha kutengeka kwambiri ndi kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya oyipa, matupi amadzi amayamba "kuphuka". Zotsatira zake, zinthu zapoizoni zimapangidwa, fungo limatuluka, madzi amakhala osayenera kumwa. Asayansi azindikira ma virus oposa 20 omwe amayambitsa kawopsedwe wamadzi atsopano.
Zoyipitsidwa
Zomera zomwe zimakhudza anthu kwambiri, nthumwi za maluwa ndi nyama, zimadziwika kuti ndizowononga. Amalembedwa motere:
- Zamoyo zopanda poizoni
- tizilombo tokhala ndi matenda opatsirana,
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono kwambiri,
- poizoni wazachilengedwe
- GMMO (majini osinthika mwanjira),
- matenda.
Zomwe zimachitika mwadzidzidzi, masoka achilengedwe, komanso ngozi za mafakitale zimathandizira chilengedwe. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa kwachilengedwe:
- zinyalala zazomera
- mapepala okhala ndi nyumba ndi mafakitale,
- ma seweji
- manda
- kuthirira minda.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso matenda opatsirana timawonekera. Kupezeka kwa majeremusi kumayambitsa nthomba mu nkhosa, hemorrhagic fever, komanso miliri mwa anthu.
Malinga ndi asayansi, kutuluka kwa Edzi ndi gawo loyamba pakati pa matenda osiyanasiyana omwe sanachitike.
Kuipitsa mphamvu
Kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu kwa matekinoloje ndi mtundu wina wakomwe wa anthropogenic pa chilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi zotsatira za ma radionuclides, ma radiation ndi ma shamba a elekitiroma, kugwedezeka. Mwa zina zazikulu zamizinda, nyumba ndi mafakitale, izi ndizodziwika:
- malo opangira magetsi
- mbewu zamafuta
- mizere yoyendera.
Mitundu yakuipitsa mphamvu:
- Electromagnetic Magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira wailesi, makampani: Kutentha kwambiri pafupipafupi kwa zinthu pakasungunuka, kuyanika osati kokha. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zosafunikira chikukula. M'malo achilengedwe, ma radiation a elekitiromageni palibe.
Mafunde amayilesi amathanso kusokoneza moyo wa munthu komanso moyo wa zinthu zina. - Paphiri. Mphamvu yopangidwa imasungunuka mu chilengedwe. Zina mwazifukwa zake ndizoyaka zamafuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira magetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, zida zamagetsi.
Kuwopsa kwa ma radiation yamafuta sikumveka bwino, koma kutulutsa kwambiri kutentha kukhala gawo losungika kungapangitse kusintha kwazomwe zikuchitika. - Acoustic. Mphamvu zamagetsi zinayamba kukhala vuto lalikulu. Phokoso la mzinda limakhudza momwe anthu aliri. Kupuma kosakwanira, neurosis, kusasangalala - izi ndi zina zoyipa zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mawu okwanira kwambiri.
Kapangidwe ndi kasungidwe ka maofesi, masukulu ndi nyumba zina sikungathe kupatula anthu mphamvu zamtunduwu. Zoterezi zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa thanzi.
M'madera opanda anthu, palibe mawu opangidwa ndi anthu omveka, koma phokoso la ndege kapena helikopta limatha kuwopsa nyama. - Wailesi. Kuopsa kwa radiation kwa anthu kumakhala mu ionization wa zakumwa, kuphulika kwa ma cell ma cell, kusokonekera kwa metabolic, kusintha kapangidwe ka maselo, kupezeka kwa zotupa za khansa ndi zina zambiri. Kusintha kumatha kuchitika m'mitundu yachilengedwe: kuzimiririka kapena kusinthika. Zomwezi zimaperekanso nyama.
Chidwi cha anthu onse ndi kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya zomwe zilipo pa Dziko Lapansi. Ikawomberedwa, idzawononga umunthu ndi chilengedwe. Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi akumenya nkhondo. Kuletsedwa sikunayikidwa pakungogwiritsa ntchito zida, komanso kuyesa kulikonse komwe kungabweretse kuvulaza anthu.
Mabomba awiri atomu okha anaphulitsidwa padziko lapansi: pa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Mpaka pano, mwambowu umakumbukiridwa ngati tsoka lalikulu. M'masekondi ochepa, anthu mazana ambiri adagwa fumbi.
Mavuto azinthu zoyipa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zimapangitsa kusintha kosasintha. Pachifukwa ichi, njira zothanirana ndi mpweya wa anthropogenic zikupangidwa.
Njira Zowongolera Zowonera
Pofuna kupewa kulowa mavairasi m'chilengedwe komanso kukula kwa mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa masinthidwe ndi matenda, zonse zomwe zingatheke zimachitika.
Njira zotsatirazi zakuwonongeka zimasiyanitsidwa:
- malamulo a kuchuluka kwa anthu,
- kupatula kwaokha (ngati kuli kotheka),
- kuonera pafupipafupi zachilengedwe ndi miliri,
- kuchepetsa kwa chidwi cha matenda owopsa a mavairasi ndikuwongolera,
- Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa majini a zachilengedwe zomwe zalembedwa m'buku lofiira,
- kuyang'anidwa kosalekeza ndi akatswiri amatsenga pakukula kwama virus,
- kuteteza ukhondo m'deralo.
Njira zomwe zalembedwazo sizingabweretse zotsatira zoyenera, ngati sizinathetsedwe. Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yoletsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kwa mabizinesi omwe amataya zinyalala m'malo. Kulemekeza chilengedwe kuyenera kukhala kopindulitsa kwa onse okhala padziko lapansi.
Kuipitsa koopsa
Mitundu yakuthupi ndi ya mankhwala oyipitsa ndiyoopsa kwambiri. Kuipitsa kwa matenda a anthropogenic ku Russia kupitirira masiku onse. Ndizowopsa kwa anthu.
Kuipitsa kwakuthupi - kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, thupi, ma radiation ndi zizindikiro zina. Zitha kukhala zamafuta, zamagetsi, zama radio, zachilengedwe.
Kusintha kwa matenthedwe kumachitika pakutulutsa kutentha mu nyumba ndi ntchito zina, kuphatikizira zinyalala zamafuta muntunda zakunja. Mwa zina ndizofunikira ndikuwunikira osonkhanitsa okhazikika ndi njira zotenthetsera, mapaipi amagetsi a mafoni pansi panthaka.
Ma electromagnetic amayambitsa magetsi m'malo mwake, mizere yamagetsi yamagetsi, ma radiation ochokera pamagetsi amagetsi. Zotsatirazi zimakhudza ntchito ya mtima ndi ubongo, zimayambitsa zotupa, kusokonekera kwa mahomoni, kusintha kwina kwa dongosolo lamanjenje lamkati. Mafoni ndi zida zamakompyuta zimawoneka ngati zowopsa paziwonetserazi.
Kuwonongeka kwa ma radiyo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma radiation chifukwa cha ngozi pamaofesi amagetsi a nyukiliya, kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, kugwiritsa ntchito ma radionuclides.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodetsa chilengedwe ndi phokoso lachilengedwe, lomwe lili pamwamba kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe.
Kuipitsidwa kwamankhwala kumakhumudwitsidwa ndikuwonekera kwa zida za mankhwala m'malo olakwika. Zitha kukhala zifukwa zingapo zamatenda a anthu: poyizoni, mavuto osatha, kusintha masinthidwe.
Zida zopanga zimakhudza mkhalidwe wamadzi, mpweya ndi nthaka.
Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, nyumba zopangira mafuta, malo opangira mafuta, zinyalala zamafuta. Mlengalenga nthawi zambiri mumasokonezedwa pazifukwa zachilengedwe: kuphulika kwa mapiri, moto wamapiri, mkuntho wafumbi.
Madzi amtunduwu amasokonezeka ndi zotumiza zombo, zitsulo zoopsa, zomwe sizikuwola, koma zimadziunjikira munyanja zam'madzi am'madzi.
Zina mwazomwe zinawonongedwa kwa lithosphere poyambira pali zinyalala zapakhomo ndi zaulimi, makampani opanga mafakitale, mphamvu zamafuta ndi zoyendera.
Kuwonongeka kwa chiwonongeko chamadongosolo kumasiyanikanso, chifukwa cha zomwe malo ndi machitidwe azinthu zachilengedwe amasintha. Chiwonongekochi chimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu zachilengedwe: kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kudutsa m'mizinda, kuyang'anira mitsinje yamadzi ndi ena.
Malingaliro pazinthu zachilengedwe azikhala ndi udindo. Pakakhala njira zopewera kuwonongeka kwa munthu pamachilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kudzatsogolera kutha kwa oimira ambiri padziko lapansi. Kusintha kwanyengo kudzachitika, mapangidwe a nthaka, madzi ndi mpweya zitha. Kulephera pankhaniyi ndikowopsa pakubwera kwa munthu mwini, chifukwa chake, zinthu ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti chilengedwe chikhale bwino.
Kuwononga chilengedwe
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe - kuipitsidwa kwamadzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mabakiteriya, ma virus, protozoa, bowa, algae yaying'ono, etc.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kumachitika chifukwa cholowera (zachilengedwe kapena chifukwa cha zochita za anthu) m'malo azachilengedwe komanso makina azinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizili kwina m'derali ndi zomerazi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo. Ma biotic ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka timasiyanitsidwa. Kuwonongeka kwa biotic (biogenic) kumalumikizidwa ndikugawa zina, nthawi zambiri zosafunikira, kuchokera pakuwona anthu, michere (extreta, mitembo, ndi zina) mdera ndi (kapena) kumalo amadzi komwe sanawonedwepo kale. Kuwonongeka kwa microbiological (tizilombo tating'onoting'ono) kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwoneka kwachilengedwe kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri m'chilengedwe, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwawo kambiri m'malo omwe asintha panthawi ya zochitika za anthu.
Wachilengedwe kuipitsa - kuyambitsa chilengedwe ndi kubereka mu izo zosafunika nyama kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kufalikira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono (mavairasi, mabakiteriya, ndi zina), namsongole, nyama zomwe zimakhala zovulaza machitidwe aanthu (makoswe, mbewa, makoswe, dzombe, ndi zina).
Zowononga zachilengedwe (algae, mabakiteriya, ma virus, ndi zina zotere) zimatha kuchotsedwa makamaka ndi kuyeretsedwa kwamadzi ndi ma electrocoagulation ndi ma electroflotation m'maselo amagetsi ndi ma aluminium kapena ma elekitiroma achitsulo. Pankhaniyi, zakudyazi zimasakanizidwa ndi ma hydrochemically opangidwa ndi ma hydroxides a aluminium ndi chitsulo, kenako ndikulekanitsidwa ndikusokera, kufota ndi kusefera. Pokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa magetsi, titha kuzichotsa m'madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma inert electrodes. Kufufuza m'malo osangalatsawa sikuwonekeratu mu Water Chemistry and Technology Sector of the Institute of Chemical Chemical Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Russian SSR.
Zosokoneza kulowa malo am'madzi zimagawidwa malinga ndi njira, njira ndi cholinga. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa kuipitsa kwamankhwala, kwakuthupi komanso kwachilengedwe. Zoyipitsidwa ndi makemikolo zimasintha zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndimadzi powonjezera zodetsa zilizonse zoyipitsa, zonse zopangidwa (mchere wamchere, ma asidi, alkali, tinthu tating'onoting'ono) komanso chilengedwe (mafuta ndi mafuta, zotsalira za mankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo). Zoyipitsa mwachilengedwe: mavairasi, mabakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tina, algae, yisiti ndi bowa wokumba, Zamoyo: ma radioactive zinthu, zotulutsira pansi, kutentha, matope, mchenga, silika, dongo, organoleptic (mtundu, fungo).
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kumayenderana ndi kuyambitsa chilengedwe ndi kufalitsa kwa zinthu zomwe sizili zofunika kwa anthu, ndikuyambitsa kapena kuyambitsa kwa mitundu yatsopano m'chilengedwe, zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha koyipa kwa biocenoses.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwenso makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zochita za tizilombo ndi zochita za anthropogenic (mphamvu yamafuta, mafakitale, zoyendetsa, zochita za magulu ankhondo). Kupanga zinthu zomanga kumapereka 10% ya kuipitsa konse. Kuchulukitsa kochuluka kumalowa mlengalenga nthawi ya malonda a simenti, pakuchotsa ndi kukonza asbestos.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwamadzi apansi pansi kumatha chifukwa cha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri - algae, bacteria, ma virus. Choyipa chachikulu ndikuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulowa pansi pamadzi mu malo okhala ndi madzi okhala mnyumba mwa nthawi yayitali - kuchokera kuminda yosefera, masipuni, m'matayala, njira zotchingira zimbudzi, ndi zina zotere. madzi amtsinje amakopeka ndimadzi amadzi.
Zachilengedwe zowononga chilengedwe - mpikisano wowonjezereka, - kuthekera kwa kusokonezeka kwa dziwe la jini, kupezeka kwa epizootic.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe sikungakhalenso koopsa: ingokumbukirani miliri yamatenda monga kolera, chimfine kapena mliri, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda omwe ndi ma tizilombo, ma virus. Madzi oyipa osagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera komanso opakidwa mankhwala okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa khungu, matumbo ndi matenda ena. Nthawi zina, nyama kapena mbewu (zowonongeka kwa macrobiological) zomwe zimayambitsa mwangozi (kubwezeretsedwanso) m'malo azachilengedwe zatsopano zimatha kuwononga kwambiri chuma. Izi zidachitika, mwachitsanzo, ku Europe ndi kachilomboka wa mbatata waku America Colado, lomwe lasanduka tizilombo tambiri pano. Europe "idalipira" America mwangozi ndikubweretsa mwanjira inayake yopanda tanthauzo mu nkhalango za oak, yomwe idachulukirachulukira, ndikupeza chilengedwe chake, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri idakhala matenda oopsa.
Zachilengedwe zowononga madzi. Madzi achilengedwe amakhala ndi mabakiteriya, algae, protozoa, mphutsi ndi tizilombo tina. Zoyipitsa mwachilengedwe zimakula kwambiri, michere yambiri m'madzi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri kwambiri ndi mabakiteriya omwe amathandizira pakupanga midzi yonse yamadzi. Amayamba kumera kwambiri mu dothi komanso dothi lina, pokhala gawo la anthu ochepa, mabakiteriya amatha kupanga zinthu zambiri zam'madzi (periphyton). Mwanjira ya bacterioplankton, ali m'gulu la gulu la plankton lomwe lili gawo laling'ono kwambiri la plankton (nannoplankton). Bacteria amapanga kuyimitsidwa kosasunthika, popeza ali pafupi kwambiri ndi kachulukidwe kamadzi chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri mu cell (pafupifupi 85% madzi).
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kumakhala ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala am'madzi chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa mitundu ya tizilombo, mbewu ndi nyama (mabakiteriya, bowa, protozoa, mphutsi) zopangidwa kuchokera kunja zomwe sizinthu zake.
Zowononga zachilengedwe m'madzi akunyentchera zimayimiriridwa ndi mabakiteriya, mazira a helminth (mphutsi), yisiti ndi nkhungu, algae yaying'ono, ma virus, chifukwa chake madzi osavulaza amabweretsa ngozi yayikulu kwa anthu ndi nyama zamtchire.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kapena madera ena, amagawidwa kukhala biotic (biogenic) ndi microbiological (microbial).
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe sikubwinonso monga kuwononga mankhwala. Ma epidemics a fuluwenza ndi matenda ena ndi zitsanzo za mawonetseredwe am'magazi oyipitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndimadzi otaika nthawi zambiri kumakhala komwe kumayambitsa matenda.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kumamvetseka ngati kuyambitsa zachilengedwe chifukwa cha zotsatira za anthropogenic za mitundu ya zinthu zopanda moyo (mabakiteriya, ma virus, ndi zina) zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kwakuipa kwa zochitika zachilengedwe kapena kuwononga thanzi la anthu.
Mafuta oipitsa. Mu zaka 20-30 zapitazi, mtundu uwu wa mphamvu pa matupi amadzi ndi mitsinje yamadzi adayamba kuchuluka kwambiri chifukwa chomanga mitengo yayikulu yamafuta ndi nyukiliya. Akatswiri opangira magetsi ali ndi lingaliro loti madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malo omwe amayimapo kuperekera kuzirala sakusintha / 3, 5 /. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti madzi akudutsa m'mayunitsi a TPP mothandizidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri amasintha mchere wake, mpweya ndi zina zachilengedwe / 108 /. Kulowetsedwa kwa madziwa m'malo osungira nsomba kumayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu mu hydrothermal, hydrochemical and biological regities / 109-112 /. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi am'madzi kumachitika pa kayendetsedwe kake ka gasi ndi pazinthu zoyenera. M'nyengo yozizira, izi zimatheka. Kuteteza malo otseguka kumathandizira kuti madzi azikhala ndi mpweya komanso mpweya wabwino, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuzizira kozizira. Mothandizidwa ndi Kutentha, njira zamatsenga komanso zochita zachilengedwe za kuyeretsa kwamadzi kuchokera ku kuipitsidwa koyambirira zimakulitsidwa, kukulira kwa tizilombo, phytoplankton kumayendetsedwa, photosynthesis ndi mineralization ya organic nkhani ikuwonjezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, kumwalira ndi kudziunjikira kwa zinthu zatsopano zopangidwa (algae, ma microorganisms) kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwachiwiri (kwachilengedwa) ndipo, chifukwa chake, kukulira ulamuliro wa okosijeni, makamaka pansi pansi / 110 /. Ndiotenthetsera mwamphamvu (zoposa 5-6 °), kukonzanso kwa hydrobiocenoses kumawonedwa: Maofesi okonda kuzizira a zinthu zachilengedwe amasungunuka, zokolola za maluwa ndi ziphuphu, makamaka ma protococcal diatoms, amachepetsedwa, kuphuka kwa madzi kumathandizidwa, ndipo mitundu ya zooplankton ndi zoobenthos imachepetsedwa. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumachepa ndipo kukula kwa nsomba kumacheperachepera, mitundu yawo yamitundu ikusintha (kuchuluka kwa nsomba zotsika mtengo). Mphamvu zoyipa zamadzi ofunda zimakhudza kusungirako kwamadzi. ukuwonjezeka ndi nthawi yopuma / 108, 110 /. Ngati zopondera kutentha zitha (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pa 25 ° C mpaka 35 ° C), zimfa zam'madzi zimachitika.
Magulu amadzimadzi oyipa akunyumba ndikufunika kwawo pakuwunika kuwopsa kwa madzi akumwa. Kutumiza kwa matenda ena kumadzi ndikofunika chifukwa chakuchulukana kwamphamvu kwamadzi yamadzi m'moyo wa munthu. Kukula kwa kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kwa matupi amadzi kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi akumwa, kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pakusambira ndi masewera. Matenda angapo a mabakiteriya (typhoid fever, kamwazi, cholera, tularemia) ali ndi kufalikira kwa madzi. Kwa matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi (polio), kuthekera kwa kufalikira kudzera m'madzi kwatsimikizidwanso.
Zoyipiritsa zama makina ndi aerosols, zolimba ndi tinthu tokhala m'madzi ndi dothi. Kuwonongeka kwamakhemikolo - mpweya osiyanasiyana, wamafuta ndi mankhwala olimba omwe amalumikizana ndi chilengedwe. Zamoyo zoyipa - ma tizilombo ndi zida zawo za metabolic. Mitundu yamagetsi imaphatikizapo mitundu yonse yamphamvu - matenthedwe, makina, kuwala, mphamvu yamagetsi, mphamvu ya ionization.
Zoyipa zamagetsi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda mbali zomwe sizikhala mwanjira wamba sizingachitike ngati zimachitika ndi michere (madzi, mpweya, dothi). Zophatikiza zamafuta ndi mankhwala omwe amalumikizana ndi chilengedwe. Zowononga zachilengedwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi zinthu zomwe timachita zochepa. Kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu kumaphatikizapo mitundu yonse yamphamvu - matenthedwe, makina (kugwedeza, phokoso, ma ultrasound), kuwala (kowoneka, ma infrared, ma ultraviolet ndi ma radier a laser), minda yamagetsi ndi ma radiation a ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray ndi neutron) . Mitundu ina yoyipitsa zinthu, monga zinyalala zamagetsi, zonse ndi zinthu! ® komanso mphamvu.
Zakudya za bakiteriya ndi zachilengedwe ndizinthu zingapo zazikulu: yisiti ndi mafangayi, nkhungu yaying'ono ndi mabakiteriya, kuphatikiza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - matenda opha ziwalo ta typhoid fever, paratyphoid, kamwazi, ndi zina zotere. madzi amnyumba zophera, zikopa, zovala zaubweya, biofactories, ndi zina). Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, ndi amtundu wakachilengedwe woyipitsidwa, koma amaonekera pagulu lina chifukwa chogwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya kuipitsa.
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION (SZ) - kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilengedwe cha mankhwala opha tizilombo kapena tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (onani kuwononga chilengedwe) pakuchita ulimi. Zomwe zikuluzikulu za S.z. ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza, zinyalala za ziweto. Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zotsalira zake kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu amoyo ndipo potero kumachepetsa njira yobwezeretsanso zinthu zina pomanga zinthu zotsalira. Kulowetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungayambitse matenda akulu aanthu, kuphatikiza khansa. Mu Russian Federation, zinthu zaulimi nthawi zambiri zimadetsedwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a 2,4-D.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kudwala kwakachilengedwe ndi madzi akumwa kuchokera kumafakitale a chakudya ndi zikopa, malo okhala nyumba ndi mafakitala, manda, ma sewera, malo okuthirira, ndi zina zambiri. Kuchokera m'malo awa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timalowa m'nthaka, miyala ndi pansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waukhondo komanso wamatenda, tizilombo ta Escherichia coli timapezeka m'madzi pansi panthaka ya 300 m kuchokera padziko lapansi.
Mitundu yonse yolembedwa yakuipitsidwa imalumikizidwa ndipo iliyonse ndi? atha kuyipitsa mitundu ina ya kuipitsa. Makamaka, kuwonongeka kwamakina amtundu wa makobiri kumapangitsa kuti chiwonjezere., "Ntchito zamavuto,, mwachidziwikire, kuwipitsa kwachilengedwe. Edzi ndizotsatira za • anthropogenic kuipitsa kwa bio ery.
Kuipitsa kwachilengedwe kwa dothi komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuthekera kwa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana ndizofunikira kwambiri. Choyambitsa chachikulu cha kudwala kwachilengedwe kwa dothi ndizovuta kutulutsidwa, kutayika kwa nthaka (kutaya zinyalala) kwa zinyalala zapakhomo. Kuwona mwaukhondo kwa zinthu zodetsa izi 'za dothi kumapereka chidziwitso cha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi mtundu wa kawopsedwe awo, komanso machitidwe omwe akutolere, kutaya (malo mumzinda)
Magwero akuwonongeka kwa anthropogenic, owopsa kwambiri pazamoyo zilizonse zomwe amapanga zachilengedwe, ndi mabizinesi opanga mafakitale (mankhwala, chitsulo, zamkati ndi mapepala, zida zomanga, ndi zina), mphamvu yamoto, mayendedwe, ulimi, ndi maukadaulo ena. Mothandizidwa ndi kutukuka kwamatawuni, madera a mizinda yayikulu ndi ma mafakitale osakanikirana kwambiri amakhala osadetsedwa. Mitundu yakuipitsa imayipitsa mankhwala, kuwonongeka kwa thupi komanso kwachilengedwe (mkuyu. 12.1 malinga ndi N.F. Reimers, 1990, monga momwe zasinthidwira).
Kutengera mtundu wa zinthu, kuipitsa kumagawidwa muzinthu (zosakaniza), mphamvu (parametric) ndi mphamvu zakuthupi. Zoyamba zimaphatikizapo mawotchi osokoneza makina, mankhwala ndi zinthu zina, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi lingaliro wamba - zosayera, chachiwiri - matenthedwe, michere, ma electromagnetic ndi ma ionizing radiation, chachitatu ndi ma radiation, chachitatu - radionuclides.
Choyipa chachikulu ndicho kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda opatsirana komanso tizirombo. Kusintha kwakukulu kwachilengedwe chifukwa cha zotsatira za anthropogenic kumabweretsa zotsatira zosatsimikizika machitidwe a kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso onyamula matenda owopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama. .
Ndi kuwonongeka kopitilira muyeso waukadaulo wamadzi padziko lapansi mchitidwe wamadzi akumwa padziko lonse lapansi, kwakhala chizolowezi chosintha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi akadaulo (mobisa). Madzi a Artesian amafananiza bwino ndi mawonekedwe: kuchuluka kwa mineralization, organic, mabakiteriya ndi kuipitsa kwachilengedwe ndizotsika kwambiri. Nthawi zina, madzi oterewa amakwaniritsa zofunikira zaukhondo ndipo amatha kuperekedwa kwa ogula, kupitirira kukonzekera kwachikhalidwe.Komabe, ngati madzi am'madzi alibe mpweya wabwino ndi chilengedwe chawo cha hydrochemical (mulibe mpweya wosungunuka), ndiye kuti akhoza kukhala ndi zosungunulira (ions Mn2 +, Fe2 + ndi hydrogen sulfide) m'malingaliro omwe amapitilira zovomerezeka. Ndiye kuyeretsa ndikofunikira, komwe kumachepetsa kuchiza madzi ndi othandizira amphamvu oxidizing, mwachitsanzo, potaziyamu permanganate, ozoni, mankhwala a mpweya wa klorine. Chifukwa cha kukonzakonso, zodetsa izi zimasungunuka kenako zimachotsedwa mosavuta ndi kusefera.
Choyipa chachikulu ndi vuto la kubadwa kwachilengedwe pakuwawononga chilengedwe, kulimbana ndi izi ndi zotsatira zake ndikofunikira kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu, popeza izi ndiye kupewa matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana komanso matenda a parasitic.
Chomwe chikuwoneka ngati ma nitrogen amaphatikizidwa m'madzi, kuphatikiza pazakudya zachilengedwe, ndiko kusakanikirana mwachindunji kwa nayitrogeni kuchokera mumlengalenga ndi mabakiteriya a nodule. Momwe madzi amathandizira ndi ma nitrate ndi omwe amadziwikanso monga nitrogen oxides, omwe amapangidwa nthawi yamabingu ndikutulutsa madzi ndi mvula.
Mitundu yambiri ya kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, wailesi ndi kwachilengedwe. M'malo mwake, kuipitsa kwakukulu kwa madzi apansi panthaka ndi mankhwala. Zimatengera kusintha kwazomwe zimapangidwa ndimadzi ndi mpweya wamadzi apansi pansi ndi mawonekedwe awo a redox ndi acid-base. Kuipitsidwa konse kumayendera limodzi ndi kuyambitsa madzi apansi panthaka zosiyanasiyana, mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Kuzungulira kwa zinthuzi m'madzi a pansi osasakanizidwa kumatha kukhala khumi kapena kuchulukirapo kuposa MPC.
Kulowetsa madzi okhala ndi madzi m'madzi oyaka mafakitale kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa otsirizira.
Kupewera, kuzindikira kwakanthawi, kutengera malo ndi kuthetsa ziphuphu zakumaso kumatheka chifukwa cha njira zotsutsana ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Njira zake zikuphatikiza chitetezo chamtunda, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo okhala, komwe kuli kofunikira, kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa ma virus, kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndi kuwonera, kuwunika ndi kuwunika komwe amayang'ana matenda oyipa a virus.
Ngati mutu wa malamulo azachilengedwe ndi ubale woteteza chilengedwe kuti asazipange ndi mankhwala oyipa, mphamvu zakuthupi, komanso mwachilengedwe, ndiye kuti sizachilengedwe kulimbikitsa mfundo monga magawo awiriwa zomwe zimayang'anira chitetezo kuzinthu zamphamvu, zochita zathu komanso zochita zathu. Njira iyi yokhazikitsira malamulo azachilengedwe, omwe ndi kampani yosavuta, yophatikiza, ndizofunikira kwambiri sayansi komanso zofunikira. Chifukwa chake, zofunikira zotetezera chilengedwe kuti zisawonongedwe ndi chilengedwe zimapezeka mu Lamulo "Pa Chitetezo Cha chilengedwe", malamulo okhudza nkhalango, malamulo okhudza nyama zanyama, zaukhondo, zaulimi ndi malamulo ena. Njira yowunikira momwe kapangidwe kazamalamulo amatithandizira kupereka zowunikira zonse zamalamulo omwe ali mderali, kuzindikira mipata ndikupanga malingaliro ake pakuwongolera kwake. Ngati nthambi yaying'ono yamalamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe ingaphunziridwe bwino, sayansi sinayang'ane pang'ono pakuwunika malamulo oyendetsera zachilengedwe kuteteza chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.
Zizindikiro zowonjezera zanyengo yamadothi omwe amakhala m'malo okhala ndi monga genotoxicity ndi zisonyezo zakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe (kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi chiwerengero ndi mazira a helminth).
Poyesa momwe dothi limapangidwira, zizindikiritso zazikulu zakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe ndi njira zakuwonongeka kwakuthupi, kuipitsidwa kwamankhwala komanso kwachilengedwenso (Table 67).
Madzi opanda kanthu ndi njira yosavuta yazakudyeka yomwe imatha kukhala yopasuka, yopanda kanthu komanso yosasinthika. Pollution imagawidwa kukhala mineral, organic, bacteria, biological. Maminerals amaimiridwa ndi mchenga, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dongo, slag, ore, mchere wamchere. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumagawidwa ndi chiyambi kukhala chomera, nyama, mankhwala. Kuwonongeka kwa bacteria komanso kwachilengedwe kumakhala kwachilengedwe mu madzi am'nyumba ndi zoweta komanso zofunikira zamagulu ena ogulitsa. Madzi akunyowa amakhala ndi madzi ochokera kuchimbudzi, kuchimbudzi, zipatala, ndi zina zambiri. Zinthu zachilengedwe mwa iwo ndi pafupifupi 58%, mchere - 42%.
Madzi ofanana omwewo amawatsanulira magalasi ena (kuwongolera), ndipo madzi osungunulidwa nawonso amathiridwa m'magalasi ena, koma kuchepetsedwa 1/3 ndi madzi ochokera padziwe, posungira, kapena mtsinje wokhala ndi malo opanda phokoso, i.e. kuchokera ku matupi amadzi odetsedwa ndi organic. Vuto lakusintha kwachilengedwe, dilution iyenera kuchuluka.
M'munsi mwatsatanetsatane pamakhala mfundo zosiyanasiyana za lingaliro la "8colog 'carnival niche", pofotokoza momwe chilengedwe chakhalira komanso kupangidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, kuchititsa kuipitsa chilengedwe (onani mkwiyo wa anthropogenic).
Zoyimira zovomerezeka ndizotsimikizika chifukwa chofufuza zamankhwala ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Russia. Pakadali pano, ma MPC opanga mankhwala opitilira 1000 pamadzi, oposa 200 mumlengalenga wam'mlengalenga, ndipo oposa 30 adakhazikitsidwa. Kuipitsidwa kwa zakudya za anthu kumapangidwanso. Miyezo yokhudzana ndi zochitika zakuthupi imakhazikitsidwa - phokoso, kugwedezeka, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, ma radiation, kuwonongeka kwa mafuta ndi kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe ndi microflora ya pathogenic.
Njira zovuta zomwe zimakumana ndi mankhwala omwe amalowa munthaka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Dothi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe, pomwe kulowererapo ndi kuwonongeka kumachitika ndikupanga zinthu zopanda poizoni za unyinji wazachilengedwe, zowononga chilengedwe komanso chilengedwe. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa dothi kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makina atolankhani nawo: mlengalenga wamlengalenga, pansi pamadzi ndi pansi pamadzi, zomera. Pankhaniyi, kuopsa kwa dothi lovunditsidwa ku thanzi la munthu kumatha kudziwonetsa osati kudzera pakukhudzana mwachindunji, komanso kudzera pazowonera momwe mungakhudzane nako. M'malo mwake, kuphatikiza kwa zakudyira zamafuta m'thupi la munthu ndikotheka m'njira zingapo zachilengedwe: dothi - mlengalenga wa mlengalenga - munthu, nthaka - madzi - munthu, nthaka - chomera - munthu, nthaka - chomera - munthu, dothi - madzi - nsomba - munthu, ndi ena
Kuti muchite izi, madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana (maiwe, posungira, akasupe), pomwe masamba ofanana zitsamba zazing'onoting'ono kapena zapakatikati amaikidwapo. Pogwiritsa ntchito masamba a mitundu yolimbana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, ma poplars), nthawi yoyesera imakulitsidwa kwambiri. Pambuyo pakuwonekera mumdima, madzi owonongeka kwambiri mwachilengedwe amawululidwa, m'madzi omwe masamba amawonongeka makamaka mwachangu.
Malingaliro awa akhoza kugawidwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ziyenera kudziwika kuti kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi lingaliro lofunikira la malamulo achilengedwe: pakukonzekera moyo, kukumana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana za anthu komanso zomwe zimakhudza anthu pazachilengedwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kwake koipa, kuwonongeka kwake, makamaka mankhwala ake, zimachitika. kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kubereka zachilengedwe.
Funso la ntchito zachilengedwe mokhudzana ndi munthu ndilofunikira mwalamulo. Imakhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera kayendedwe ka chilengedwe ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe ku mavuto obwera chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuti athandizire ntchito zachilengedwe komanso kupewa kutayika kwa zachilengedwe, malamulo amakono azachilengedwe amayambitsa zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka, madzi, nkhalango, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, zoteteza chilengedwe ku kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala, zakuthupi komanso zachilengedwe kuti apereke mwayi woyenera kukhazikitsa ntchito zachilengedwe. Mwa dongosolo lamalamulo akumalo otetezedwa makamaka, zokhudzana ndi kukhutira kwa zokongoletsa, zosangalatsa, sayansi, zikhalidwe zamunthu pakulankhula kwake ndi chilengedwe zimayendetsedwa.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zinyama ndi akatswiri opanga zomera zakale adazindikira kuti nyama ndi nyama zamtchire zimatha kusinthasintha. Payokha, ziyenera kunenedwa zamtundu wa zoweta ndi mtundu wa synanthropic. Posachedwa, zosoweka zambiri zawoneka, ndipo izi sizachilendo kwenikweni (anyani, amtundu waku South America nkhuni, kinkaju, ndi zina), ndipo nthawi zambiri zonyansa (mwachitsanzo, chimbalangondo chofiirira chokhala mu khola lomwe lazengedwa pamalo opangira mafuta). Izi ndiye maziko opha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, malonda achifwamba mwa mitundu yachilendo. Vuto lalikulu la nyama zopanda nyumba. Chiwerengero cha oyambitsa omwe adabweretsa zonse mwadala komanso mopanda, mwatsoka, chikukula, ndiye kuti, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kukukulira, ndikuwopseza magulu achilengedwe ndi mitundu.
Chifukwa chake, dothi limakhudza thanzi la anthu, lili ndi kufunikira kwamakhalidwe abwino ndipo ndi: 1) gawo lalikulu pakupanga zigawo zachilengedwe komanso zoyikiratu, zomwe zimabweretsa gawo lalikulu pakubwera komanso kupewa matenda opatsirana, 2) chilengedwe chomwe chimapereka kufalikira mu kachitidwe "chilengedwe chakunja - munthu ”wazinthu zamagetsi ndi ma radio radioical, komanso mankhwala akunja omwe amalowa munthaka ndi mpweya wochokera ku mabizinesi akampani, magalimoto, madzi owononga, ndi zina zambiri, komanso chifukwa cha izi. ores yokhudza thanzi la anthu, 3) chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kupukusa kwamankhwala komanso kwachilengedwe kwa mlengalenga, mpweya wapansi ndi madzi akumtunda, komanso zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kuti azidya, 4) zomwe zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana, 5) zachilengedwe, zoyenera kwambiri posakaniza madzi ndi zinyalala zolimba.
Lingaliro la "kuteteza chilengedwe" ("kuteteza chilengedwe") limanenanso za zoyambirira za malamulo azachilengedwe. Maubwenzi pa kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti malamulo azitsamba lino azitsatira. Kuteteza zachilengedwe, limodzi ndi kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe, zikugwirizana ndi Art. 72 ya Constitution ya Russian Federation ndi mutu wamgwirizano wapakati pa Russian Federation ndi nzika za Federation. Pakukonzekera moyo, kukwaniritsa zosowa zamunthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kwake koipa, kuwonongeka, makamaka, kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, kuthupi komanso kubadwa kwachilengedwe ndi kutopa kwa zachilengedwe, kumachitika. Chifukwa chake chilengedwe chimatetezedwa kuti chisawonongeke, pakusintha kwamakhalidwe ake abwino ndikuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.