Mamba ndi imodzi mwazinyama zoopsa kwambiri, zomwe zimayimira gulu lanyama zam'madzi, zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wamadzi. Zoyenera zonse izi zimalimbikitsa mantha enieni, koma ngakhale pakati pawo pali oimira zachilengedwe zazikulu - mamba opendekeka. Mu Guinness Book of Record, adalembedwa ngati mamba akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kutalika kwa ng'ona zokhala ndi mchenga kumafikira 5 mita kapena kupitirira, ndipo kulemera kwa abambo akuluakulu kwambiri ndi 800 kg. Zina mwazowonetsa mu Museum ya Paris pali chigaza chachikulu cha chigamba cham'madzi. Malinga ndi miyezo yake, zidapezeka kuti nthawi ya moyo, zodzikamo zinafika mita 7 m'litali, ndipo zinali zolemera pafupifupi matani awiri.
Malo okhala zazikuluzikulu kwambiri ndi gombe la India, Asia ndi Australia. Kuyenda mochedwa kwa ng'ona sikumawalepheretsa kuyenda ndi mafunde am'nyanja, kudutsa mitunda yayitali yamadzi. Chifukwa chake, musadabwe ngati khwangwala wopendekeka awona m'mphepete mwa Japan.
Ng'ona zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi zidadziwika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe, zitunda zotsika pafupi ndi maso. Mwa okhwima, mawonekedwe awa amasintha kukhala magulu otchuka kwambiri kumaso. Monga abale onse, ng'ona zokhala ndi mchenga wokhala ndi matupi akuluakulu zimakhala ndi thupi lalifupi kwambiri komanso mutu wambiri wokhala ndi nsagwada zodzala ndi mano.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere ndizomwe zimayimira banja la ng'ona zenizeni zomwe madzi am'nyanja asanduka malo. Zitsamba zotere zimachepetsa mchere wambiri womwe umadzadza ndi madzi am'nyanja, koma kapangidwe kake sikungakhale koyenera kwathunthu. Ng'ona sizingamwe madzi otere, chifukwa chake, madzi osakwanira amachokera ku chakudya, ndipo enanso amadzazidwanso pamtunda.
Zakudya za ming'alu yosenda bwino zimatengera malo ake. M'madzi amphepete mwa nyanja, njati zazikulu ndi mahatchi, ng'ombe zamphongo zimazunzidwa. Amatha kusangalala ndi abale awo - zisamba komanso ng'ona zaku Australia. M'madzi am'nyanja amapha nsomba zazikulu ndi zazikulu. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, zikaoneka ngati ng'ona zokhala ngati zokhazikika m'malo atsopano, makatani am'nyanja ndi mabatani nthawi yomweyo amasiya shaki.
Munjira ya moyo, mamba opendekeka amatsogolera moyo wachizungu. Kulowera gawo la mdani - kumawopseza imfa kwa wolakwayo.
Amuna achikulire amatha kumvana ndi zazikazi nthawi yakukhwima. Ma herpetologists (omwe amaphunzira repitili) adazindikira kuti anthu samadwala "zikhalidwe zoyipa" za ng'ona. Amangophwanya malire a chuma chake ndikuwopseza kuyikira mazira.
Kufotokozera kwa mamba wopendekeka
Ng'ona yoyeserera, yomwe imatchedwanso ng'ona zam'madzi, ng'ona yamatenda kapena ng'ona ya Indo-Pacific, ndi ya banja la ng'ona zenizeni. Agogo a zolengedwa zikuluzikulu zoterezi, omwe adawonekera pamalo apamwamba a Gondwana, adapulumuka pomwe Cretaceous-Paleogene adawonongeratu, omwe adawononga ma dinosaurs ndipo, atasinthika, adabweretsa mtundu wamatsenga amakono.
Mawonekedwe
Ng'ona wamkulu atapindika amakhala ndi mtengo wokulira komanso wamtali, womwe umasandulika mchira wautali kwambiri, womwe umapanga pafupifupi 55% kutalika konse kwa thupi la nyama. Chifukwa cha thupi lalikulu lochirikiza miyendo yakeyifupi, yamphamvu komanso yolimba, khungubwi lomwe linasungika linali lalitali molakwika ngati imodzi mwazomwe zimapangidwa, koma pambuyo pake, atafufuza angapo, asayansi amati mtunduwu ndi banja komanso mtundu wa ng'ona zenizeni.
Zoyala izi zimakhala ndi mutu wawukulu komanso zazingwe zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu, pomwe amuna akuluakulu amtunduwu nsagwada zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna zazing'ono. Kuchuluka kwa mano mu nyama iyi kumatha kufikira zidutswa 64-68.
Ng'ona iyi idadziwika ndi dzina la ma crests awiri omwe amapezeka pamizere ya nyama zazikulu. Cholinga cha "zodzikongoletsera" izi sizikudziwika bwino, koma pali malingaliro omwe zigawo zimafunikira kuti muteteze maso obwezeretsedwe kuti asawonongeke posambira. Kuti mamba azitha kuwona pansi pamadzi, maso ake amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.
Mamba omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe okumbika, si akulu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, ng’ona yolimba imatha kuyenda momasuka komanso mwachangu kwambiri. Mlezi akamakula, nkhope yake imakutidwa ndi makina amtambo komanso chifuwa chachikulu.
Utoto wa anthu amtunduwu umatengera zaka zawo komanso malo awo okhala. Ng'ona zazing'onoting'ono zachinyamata zimakhala ndi khungu loyera, pomwe pali mikwingwirima yakuda kapena mawanga. Pakatha zaka zochepa, mtunduwu umakhala wopanda mchere, ndipo mikwingwirima imawoneka yowoneka bwino kwambiri, koma osayamba kuzimiririka ndikusowa. Zamoyo zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni wowoneka bwino kapena wonyezimira, ndipo m'mimba mwawo ndi wopepuka: oyera kapena achikasu. Gawo lam'munsi la mchira wawo limapakidwa utoto ndi mikwaso yakuda. Komanso, pakati pa oimira nyama zamtunduwu, anthu nthawi zina amapezeka ndi mtundu wofooka,, kapena, wakuda.
Zingwe za mamba opendekeka
Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika mamita 6-7, ngakhale, nthawi zambiri, nyama zazing'ono zimapezeka zomwe zazitali zake ndi mamita 2-3 mpaka atatu. Kulemera, monga lamulo, kumachokera ku 300 mpaka 700 kg. Makamaka ming'alu yayikulu ikupezeka, yomwe kulemera kwake imafikira 1 toni.
Ng'ona zam'madzi amchere ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndiwotsika kwambiri kuposa mitundu yokhala ndi anamgumi ndi a shaki. Kulemera kwa mutu wamphongo wamkulu wamtunduwu ndi makilogalamu 200 okha.
Ng'ona wamkulu kwambiri yemwe adagwidwa ali wamoyo ndikusungidwa - chamoyo china chotchedwa Lolong, chomwe chinagwidwa ku Philippines mu 2011, chinali ndi kutalika kwa mamitala 6.17 ndikulemera 1075 kg. Panthawi yomwe adagwidwa, adang'amba zingwe zinayi maulendo anayi okhala ndi matani 6-12, ndipo kuti amutulutse m'madzi, pafupifupi anthu zana adagona usiku wonse.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Mosiyana ndi nyama zina zambiri zodyedwa, ng’ona yodutsamo ndi nyama yanzeru kwambiri, yochenjera komanso yoopsa. Nthawi zambiri imasankha zoweta zazikulu ndipo nthawi zina anthu monga ozunzidwa.
Madzi amchere ndi kokhako wina wa ku Europe amene amakhala m'madzi abwino ndi mchere.
Nyama iyi, ikukonda kukhala yokhayokha kapena yowerengeka, ikufunafuna nyama kapena ikusamukira kumalo ena, ikhoza kuchotsedwa pamtunda woyambira pagombe. Ng'ona yolumikizika ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri yoti ngakhale asodzi, omwe ndiopikisano azakudya awa, akuiwopa.
Mphalapala yomwe imakhala munyanja imatha kuwerengeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zipolopolo ndi algae zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yophuka pakhungu lake. Pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde am'nyanja pakusamuka kwawo, zinthuzi zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali. Chifukwa chake, anthu ena amtunduwu amasamukira mtunda wamakilomita mazana, nthawi zambiri amakhala akusambira munyanja.
M'magulu amtsinje, zotsalazo zimathanso kusamukira kutali.
Chifukwa choti zokwawa sizilekerera kutentha kwambiri, kutentha, ng’ona zokhala ngati zonyansa zimakonda kubisala m'madzi kapena, ngati zimakhala kumtunda, zimapita m'malo osasunthika kumene kumazizira. Kutentha kukayamba kusakhazikika, anthu amtunduwu amakwera pamiyala yomwe yadzuwa ndi dzuwa, natenthe.
Izi zikuluzikulu zimalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu okuwa a makiyi osiyanasiyana. Momwe amagwirira ntchito zazikazi, amuna amatulutsa kuperewera.
Izi zokwawa sizosangalatsa kucheza ndi mitundu ina yaming'ona. Amadziwika ndi kukwiya kwambiri komanso malo.
Anthu ambiri ali ndi gawo lawolawo. Akazi amakhala m'malo osungira madzi oyera, pomwe aliyense amakhala mdera lokwana 1 km ndikuuteteza ku adani awo. Amuna ali ndi katundu wambiri: amaphatikizapo magawo achikazi angapo ndi malo osungira omwe angathe kubereka ndi madzi atsopano.
Amuna amateteza katundu wawo mwachangu kwa otsutsana nawo, ndipo ngati angadutse malire akumadera awo, amakonda kumenya nkhondo zoopsa, mpaka pomwalira kapena kuvulala kwambiri m'modzi wa otsutsawo. Kwa akazi, ng’ona zamphongo zimakhala zokhulupirika kwambiri: sizimangotsatira nawo, koma, nthawi zina, zimagawana nawo zomwe zimagwira.
Mamba samawopa anthu, koma amangowukira omwe anali osasamala ndikuwayandikira pafupi kapena kuwakwiyitsa.
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Ming'alu yachikazi ikakhala yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa amuna: imatha kutalika kutalika kwake, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumakhala kotepuka kuposa nthawi khumi. Nsagwada za akazi ndi zazing'ono komanso osati zazikulu, ndipo thupi silikhala lamphamvu ngati laimuna.
Mtundu wa nthumwi zamtunduwu sizimadalira kwambiri pa kugonana monga zaka komanso momwe amapangira madzi am'madzi osungira momwe amakhala.
Habitat, malo okhala
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa ng'ona yolimba ndikuyenda mtunda wautali kudutsa nyanja, malo omwe amakhala ndi malo ambiri pakati pa mamba onse. Mtunduwu umagawidwa pagawo lalikulu, kuyambira zigawo zapakati pa Vietnam, gombe la Southeast Asia, kum'mawa India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, kumpoto kwa Australia ndi New Guinea. Imapezekanso kuzilumba za Malay Archipelago, pafupi ndi chilumba cha Borneo, pachilumba cha Caroline, Solomon Islands ndi Vanuatu Island. Zinkakhala ku Seychelles, koma tsopano zikuwonongedwa kwathunthu kumeneko. Zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa kwa Africa ndi kumwera kwa Japan, koma pakadali pano, anthu amtunduwu sakhala mmenemo.
Komabe, malo okondedwa a nyama zodyerazi ndi nkhwawa zam'madzi, mchenga, mitsinje komanso mitsinje.
Kuphatikiza ndi mgonero waming'alu
Chinyama chozirala kwambiri ndi chomwe chimakhala pamalo apamwamba kwambiri pazogulitsa zakudya zomwe zigawo zikukhala. Zimachitika kuti amalimbana ndi adani ena akuluakulu: asodzi ndi amphaka akuluakulu, monga akambuku. Zakudya za ana a nkhosazi zimakhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tambiri tating'onoting'ono, crustaceans, repitles tating'onoting'ono ndi nsomba. Akuluakulu sagwira ntchito kwenikweni ndipo sakhala okalamba kuti asaka nyama yaying'ono, chifukwa chake, nyama zokulirapo komanso zothamanga sizomwe zimazunzidwa.
Kutengera ndi gawo lomwe akukhala momwe ng'ona imakhalira, imatha kusaka mbawala, nkhumba zakutchire, ma tapara, kangaroos, antelopes aku Asia, njati, gauras, bantens ndi mitundu ina yayikulu yazitsamba. Omwe amawapezanso ndi zilombo - nyalugwe, zimbalangondo, ma dingo, kuwunika abuluzi, abuluzi, komanso nthawi zina shaki. Amatha kudya ndikunyamula - mwachitsanzo, ma orangutan kapena mitundu ina ya anyani, ndipo nthawi zina anthu. Osanyoza kuluma ndi ng'ona za ena, kapenanso nyama zazing'ono zamtundu wawo.
Anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja kapena mumtsinje wa m'mphepete mwa nsomba zazikulu, njoka zam'madzi, akamba am'nyanja, ma dugongs, dolphin ndi stingrning, komanso mbalame zam'madzi, ngati atatha kuzigwira.
Ng'ona zokhala ndimiyala sizidya nyama yowonongeka, koma sizipeputsa zonunkhira: zimatha kuwoneka zikuudya pafupi ndi mitembo yakufa.
Zakudya zachikazi ndizosiyanasiyana: kuwonjezera pa nyama zazikulu, zimaphatikizanso nyama zazing'ono, monga crustaceans ndi ma vertebrates apakatikati.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Nthawi yoswana ya nyama izi imayamba nthawi yamvula, pomwe sipatentha kwambiri, ndipo dziko lapansi limadzaza ndi chinyezi. Ng'ona yozunguliridwa ndi mtundu wina wamtundu woyeserera: Akazi opitilira 10 amatha kupezeka m'nyumba yaimuna.
Amuna azaka amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 10-12, mwa amuna zimachitika patapita nthawi yayitali - ali ndi zaka 16. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi azimayi okhaokha omwe afikira masikono kuchokera ku 2.2 metres ndi amuna omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi ochepera metre 3.2 ndi oyenera kubereka.
Asanayike mazira 30 mpaka 90, mkaziyo amamanga chisa, chomwe ndi mulu wa zinyalala ndi masamba, kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mita 1 ndi mpaka 7 mita mulifupi. Pofuna kuti chisa chisasambitsidwe ndi mitsinje yamadzi amvula, ng’ona yazikazi imayiyala paphiri. Chifukwa cha kuwola kwa masamba, kutentha kosalekeza pafupifupi madigiri 32 kumayesedwa mu chisa cha ng'ona.
Kugonana kwa ana mtsogolo kumatengera kutentha mu chisa: ngati ndi madigiri 31.6, ndiye amuna amakaswa makamaka. Nthawi zina, ngati pali kupatuka pang'ono kuchokera kutentha, ndiye kuti azimayi ambiri amasungidwa mazira.
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu, koma nthawi yake, kutengera kutentha, imatha kusiyanasiyana. Nthawi yonseyi, yaikazi imakhala pafupi ndi chisa ndipo imateteza nkhosazo kuti zizitha kubereka.
Ana okhathamira, omwe kulemera kwawo kuli pafupifupi magalamu 70 ndi kutalika kwa 25-30 cm, amawaimbira foni amayi awo ndi mawu okweza kwambiri, omwe amawathandiza kutuluka m'chisa, kenako amawasamutsira madzi pakamwa pawo. Kenako mkazi amasamalira ana ake kwa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, amadzuka kuti amuteteze.
Koma ngakhale amayi ali ndi nkhawa, zosakwana 1% ya mahatchi omwe amasungidwa kuchokera mazira amakhala ndi moyo ndikutha msamba.
Mamba omwe adakula koma asanakule nthawi zambiri amamwalira pomenya nkhondo ndi anthu achikulire komanso akuluakulu, ndipo ena mwa iwo amachitiridwa zachipongwe ndi abale awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Ng'ona za akulu-akulu okalambawo alibe adani achilengedwe. Ena mwa iwo amatha kukhala ozunzidwa ndi shaki zazikulu, motero, kupatula anthu, alibe adani.
Achinyamata, makamaka mazira, amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Zingwe zamkokomo zimatha kuwonongedwa ndi kuwongolera abuluzi ndi nkhumba, ndi akamba am'madzi, kuyang'anira buluzi, heron, akhwangwala, agwape, akambuku, ming'alu, nsomba zazikulu zodyera ana ang'ono. Izi zimachitika kuti ng'ona zazing'ono, zachikale nazonso zimapha nyama zazing'ono. Kunyanja, asodzi amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa ana amphaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Pakadali pano, ng’ona zokhala ndi mitundu yocheperako zili m'gulu lamitundu yocheperako kwambiri. Kuchulukana kwawo kunachepa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20: zowonongera izi zinawonongedwa ku Thailand, ndipo kumwera kwa Vietnam, ndi anthu 100 okha omwe adapulumuka. Koma nzika zaku Australia ndizokulirapo ndipo zili ndi ng’ona 100,000-200,000. Zimathandizira ku unyinji wa ziweto za zokwawa ndi zomwe ngwazi zosakanikirana pano zimagawidwa pamafamu.
Pakadali pano, malonda omwe agwidwa ndi ng'ona zokhala ndi moyo kapena zakufa, komanso ziwalo zamthupi, ndizoletsedwa ngati nyama zamtchire zimachokera ku nyama zakutchire kupatula Australia yaku Indonesia ndi zomwe zimapezeka ku Papua New Guinea. Koma kwa nyama zomwe zimagawidwa mu ukapolo chifukwa cha malonda, izi sizikugwira ntchito, koma pankhaniyi, chilolezo choti zizitumiza kunja ndizofunikira.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa zilombo zazikulu kwambiri komanso zoopsa padziko lapansi. Zamoyo zazikuluzikuluzikulu izi, zomwe zimafikira 7 metres, zimakhala ku South Asia, Oceania ndi Australia. Sangatchulidwe okongola, komabe, zakuti zidazi zimapulumuka bwino ndikuchotsedwa kwazinthu zingapo ndipo zakhalapobe mpaka pano mawonekedwe awo oyambiranso, komanso mawonekedwe a moyo wawo, kusamalira ana ndi luntha lachilendo kwa zokwawa zambiri zimawapangitsa zosangalatsa komanso nyama zokongola.
Mutu
Mitundu yasayansi epithet Lat.porosus (kwenikweni "mphuno") imaperekedwa chifukwa chakuti kupukutira kwa mamba akale kumakutidwa ndi ma tubercles.
Ng'ona iyi idalandira dzina lachi Russia loti "chisa" cha zitunda zamphamvu kuchokera kumaso mpaka pafupi gawo lachitatu lakutsogolo. Maina ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina amawonetsa zomwe adachita pamoyo wake: "Ng'ona zam'madzi", "ng'ala", "pansi pamadzi", "mchere", "ng'ona" kapena "Ng'ona ya Indo-Pacific".
Chisinthiko
Amakhulupirira kuti ng'ona zamakono, kuphatikiza Crocodylus porosus - mbadwa zachindunji za euzuhius crocodilomorphs ofanana ndi iwo, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo ozungulirako a Gondwan oyandikira zaka 98 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo adapulumuka pakutha kwa Cretaceous - Paleogene.
Fossil Isisfordia duncani,, yomwe imapezeka kumadzulo kwa Queensland mdera la nyanja yam'madzi yomwe idalipo kale, ngakhale ili yaying'ono kwambiri ngati ng'ona yolowedwa, koma pazizindikiro zina imafanana ndi ng'ona zamakono. Mwinanso Isisfordia duncani Amakhala mnyumba zofananira, komanso kapangidwe kake ka ma vertebrae kumawonetsa kuti adatha kupanga "kasinthidwe kowopsa". Amakhulupirira kuti izi ndizoyimira nthambi ya chisinthiko yomwe imatsogolera mwachindunji ku ng'ona zamakono.
Chifukwa chosakwanira zolembedwa zakale, ndizovuta kudziwa nthawi yanthawi yomwe nkhwangwa yolumikizidwa ngati mtundu. Umboni wakale kwambiri wa ming'alu yoyamwa uli ndi zaka pafupifupi 4 ndi 4,5,5 miliyoni. Komabe, malinga ndi asayansi, Crocodylus porosus - mtundu wakale kwambiri, udachokera zaka 12 mpaka 6 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuchokera ku Queensland, chidutswa cha nsagwada yam'munsi ya munthu pafupifupi mita 6.1 yemwe amakhala ku Pliocene amadziwika.
Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a morphological, ng’ona yokhala ngati yokhotakhota ndiyofanana kwambiri ndi New Guinea (Crocodylus novaeguineae), Philippine (Crocodylus mindorensis) ndi ku Australia (Crocodylus johnstoni) Ng'ona zamadzi oyera. Koma kafukufuku wa majini akuwonetsa kuti ng'ona yokhomayo imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi mitundu yamtundu wa Asia, ngakhale kuti imachepera pang'ono kuposa momwe imagwirizanirana. Mchigozi zimagwirizanaCrocodylus palustris) ndi Siamese (Crocodylus siamensis) Ng'ona - zikuwoneka ngati abale apafupi kwambiri a mamba opendekeka.
Genome lidapangidwa mokwanira mu 2007.
Mitundu yomwe ingatchulidwe komanso kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo
Pakadali pano, magwero ambiri amati ng’ona yoyesedwayo siikhala yaung'ono. Komabe, kudalira kwambiri kusinthasintha kwa morphological, asayansi ena adazindikira kuti kulibe mitundu yokhayo C. porosus, komanso mfundo yoti ng’ona yoyesedwayo ndi zovuta za mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu 1844, S. Muller ndi G. Schlegel adayesa kufotokoza ng’ona zomwe zimakhala ku Java ndi Kalimantan ngati mtundu watsopano, womwe adawutcha Crocodylus raninus. C. runinus Pambuyo pake adalandira dzina lachilendo "Ng'ona waku Indonesia", kapena "Ng'ona ya Bornean." Malinga ndi Ross (1992), Crocodylus raninus modalirika zimasiyana ndi Siamese ndi ng'ona zokhala ndi mulingo wambiri pamiyeso yamkati ndi kukhalapo kwa mipiringidzo inayi kumbuyo kwa chigaza, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizikupezeka m'makhwalala. Pakadali pano, mauthengawa samadziwika bwinobwino. Kuyesera kwina kupatula mitundu yatsopano, nthawi ino yochokera ku Australia, kunapangidwa ndi Wells & Wellington (1985), kutengera kuyang'ana kwa mitu yayikulu, yayikulu komanso yayikulu. Zitsanzo za "mitundu" iyi ndi ng'ona yotchedwa "Sweetheart", yomwe inamira mu 1979 chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapiritsi ogona omwe adachitika panthawi yogwidwa. Pambuyo pake, "kuwona" uku, kotchedwa Crocodylus pethericki, idayamba kuwoneka ngati ngwazi wamba yamphongo yamphongo yomwe idasintha masinthidwe. Komabe, a Wells ndi a Wellington, anali olondola ponena kuti ng’ona zodyeka za ku Australia zitha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi ng'ona za ku Asia pongowunikira udindo wawo.
Dera
Ng'ona yolumikizidwa ili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri pakati pa ng'ona zamakono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa ndi kuthekera kwake kufotokozera kutali mtunda ndi nyanja. Minyamayi imachokera ku Sri Lanka ndi kum'mawa kwa India, kuphatikizanso gombe la Southeast Asia, mpaka kumadera akutali a Vietnam (komwe kuli, komabe), ndikudutsa kumwera, kudera lambiri la Southeast Asia, njira yonse yolowera kumpoto kwa Australia. Ku South Australia, ng'ona zokhala ndi mchenga sizipezeka, chifukwa chotentha komanso kutentha kwapakati pachaka, ngakhale kuti milandu ina ya anthu akakhala kum'mwera kumene amakhala idadziwika kale.
Nthawi zambiri, ng’ona zokhala ndi mchenga umapezeka kumpoto kwa Australia, kuzilumba za Papua New Guinea ndi Indonesia. Kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Philippines, Palau, Vanuatu ndi ku Islands Islands. Tizilombo tambiri ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timatha kupezeka kuzilumba zambiri za Indian Ocean.
M'mbuyomu, ng'ona zokhazikika zidapezeka ku Seychelles (komwe tsopano zafalikiridwapo), ndipo m'mbuyomu adakhala kugombe lakummawa kwa Black Continent. Anthu ena amapezeka patali kwambiri kuchokera kumalo wamba - mwachitsanzo, pagombe lakumwera kwa Japan.
Ng'ona zam'nyanja ndi amodzi mwa ng'ona zitatu zomwe zimatha kupezeka ku India, zina ziwiri ndizofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, mage ang'ono, komanso gavial yemwe amadya nsomba.
Anatomy ndi physiology
Monga ng'ona zina, mtima wa ng'ona yolimba ndi chipinda china, chomwe chimalola mpweya wabwino kugwiranso ntchito. Ili ndi valavu yapadera yomwe imayang'anira kusakanikirana kwa magazi a arterial and venous. Yotsirizirayi ndiyofunikira kwa dives yayitali. Nthawi zambiri, ng’ona yokhazikika imalowa m'madzi kwa mphindi 2-5, koma ngati ndi kotheka, imatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi 30, ndikuchepetsa - mpaka maola awiri. Mulingo wofanana ndi kagayidwe kakang'ono kwambiri wa mchenga wokhala pamtunda uli pamtunda wa 36% kuposa wa Mississippi alligator ndi ng'ona yocheperako ku Australia, koma ngati nyama yokhala ndi magazi ozizira, umakhala ndi kagayidwe kake pang'ono ndipo umatha kupita popanda chakudya kwanthawi yayitali. Ngakhale ana a nkhandwe omwe angobadwa kumene amatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwa masiku 58, pomwe amataya 23% ya unyinji wawo. Ng'ona yolowa 200 kg imafunikira chakudya chochepa kasanu kuposa mkango womwewo. Kufunika kwa ngodya zosenda bwino ndi chakudya 4% ya thupi sabata.
Khungu la Crocodile limakhala ndi ma receptors apadera omwe amayankha kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndipo amatha kudziwa kukhalapo kwa mankhwala amomwemo.
Nsagwada zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimawalola kugwira nyama zazikulu. Ng'ona yoluka nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mano a 64-68 - okhathamira - 36-38 m'chiwuno chapamwamba ndi 28-30 m'munsi. Mano a ng'ona zangomangidwa kumene ndiwocheperako komanso ochepa, koma ndi zaka, kukula kwake ndi kuchuluka kwa mano a ng'ona kumasintha kwambiri. Mano a akulu ndiotalika, lakuthwa, lakuda komanso lamphamvu, abwino kupyoza ndikuboola thupi. Mano omwe ali m'munsi mwa nsagwada amakhala opepuka ndipo amadziwika ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka, chifukwa amathandizira kuphwanya zipolopolo ndi mafupa. Dino lachinayi pansi pa nsagwada ya ng'ona yopendekera pafupifupi 5 m imatha kutalika pafupifupi 9 cm popanda muzu, ntchito yake yayikulu ndikung'amba khungu la nyama yodontha kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti ubongo wa ng'ona ndi wocheperako kuposa zomwe zimayamwa (zosaposa 0,05% ya kulemera kwathunthu kwa thupi), ndizovuta kwambiri momwe zimapangidwira, zimakumbukira kwambiri mbalame. Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimatha kuphunzila mwa kukhala ndi mayendedwe ovuta, amatha kuphunzira kutsata njira zosamukasamuka, komanso amakhala ndi chilankhulo chovuta kwambiri kumva komanso mawu ake osiyanasiyana kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira.
Monga ng'ona zonse, ng'ona yosenda bwino imakhala ndi ulusi wokhala ndi minyewa yambiri m'matumbo otupa ndipo imadziwika ndi kulimba kwambiri. Amiseche amakhala ndi gawo loposa 50% ya kulemera konse kwamthupi, ngakhale mwa achinyamata. Mosiyana ndi ma vertebrates ena ambiri omwe amakhala ndi magazi ambiri, minyewa yamakoko imapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndipo osataya mphamvu ngakhale ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa thupi. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri, ng'ona zimadalira kwambiri kagayidwe ka anaerobic, komwe kamapangidwira mphamvu yayifupi. Komanso, luso la aerobic, lomwe limapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zochepa, koma kutalika kwakutali, silimapangidwa pang'ono kuposa nyama zamkati zotentha. Ngakhale kuti kusiyana kumeneku sikuli kwakukulu monga kafukufuku wakale adanenera: kutentha kwa 30-33 ° C, kagayidwe ka aerobic kamapanga 30-40% ya minofu yonse ya ang'ono ang'ono, ndipo luso la aerobic la anthu akuluakulu limangokulira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwambiri kwa metabolic komanso kuchuluka kwa anaerobic metabolism, ng'ona zimachotsa lactic acid wopangidwa ndi minofu kwa nthawi yayitali. M'ming'alu yoluka yolemera makilogalamu 180, kuchira mutatopa kwathunthu kumatenga pafupifupi maola awiri. Izi zimasokonezedwa ndi chifukwa chakuti ng'ona zimakana kwambiri kusintha kwa pH m'magazi ndikuyika gawo la lactic acid m'mafupa a chigaza ndi chigaza. Kukula kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa lactate m'magazi komwe kumatha kufikitsa: izi zikufotokozera kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupirira ndi kukula: anthu akuluakulu amatha kukana kwa maola awiri kapena kuposerapo (pofuna kuthana ndi amuna akulu kwambiri, zingatenge kupitirira 6 maola), pomwe anthu amalemera kuchokera 0,4 mpaka 180 makilogalamu ali otopa kwathunthu kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 30, motsatana. Ngona zazikulu zazikuluzikulu zimawonedwa kuti ndizopambana pakati pa vertebrates onse mu kuchuluka kwa lactic acid omwe amatha kudziunjikira minofu ndi magazi popanda kudzipweteka kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa magazi pH, chiopsezo cha zovuta za metabolic (lactic acidosis) chimakulanso. Milandu ya kufa kwa toyesa zazikulu (zolemera zoposa makilogalamu 700) patatha nthawi yayitali koma osagwira ntchito zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi izi.
Osmoregulation
Ngakhale kuti ng'ona zokhala ndi mchenga ndizofala kwambiri kuposa ng'ona zina zenizeni ndi ma gavial m'madzi amchere, njira zawo zosowonjezera zimakhala zopanda kusiyana kwakukulu. Pali tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana ta mchere komanso keratinizing epithelium yamkamwa, yomwe imalepheretsa madzi kuyamwa ndi madzi osmotic. Ntchito yogwira mu osmoregulation imaseweredwa ndi cesspool.
Ng'ona zamphongo akuluakulu atha kukhala miyezi ingapo panyanja popanda kudzipweteka. Ngakhale milandu imadziwika komwe mamba agwedwe adapezeka m'madzi amchere kwambiri ngati madzi wamba. Komabe, sangathe kumwa madzi amchere ndipo samachita izi ngakhale ndi madzi ochepa kwambiri. M'malo mwake, ng'ona zimachepetsa kuchepa kwa madzi ndipo zimatha kulandira ndi chakudya. Kwa nyama zazing'ono, vuto la kuchepa madzi m'thupi limakhala lovuta kwambiri: kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo wosagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chatsopano chomwe chimalemera 100 g ndi masiku 21, kwa wachinyamata wolemera makilogalamu 1 - masiku 50, kwa wachinyamata wolemera makilogalamu 10 - masiku 116 ndi woopsa. kuchepa thupi mpaka 33% ya kulemera kwa thupi.
Kuluma
Ng'ona yozunguliratu ndi amene angathe kukhala woluma kwambiri kuposa nyama zonse. Mphamvu yolumikizidwa ya nsagwada za ng'ona yamphongo yayikulu yolemera makilogalamu 1308 ikuchokera ku mabatani 27,531 mpaka 34,424, omwe ali ofanana ndi 2809.3- 3512.7 kg. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zimapezeka poyesa kupanikizika kwa nsagwada zamphongo za 4.59 zamphongo zazimuna zolemera 531 kg, zomwe zili mu zoo - 16414 N, kapena pafupifupi 1675 kg. Chifukwa chake, uku ndiye kuluma kolimba kwambiri mwa nyama iliyonse, kupatula kukakamiza kwa 2268 makilogalamu, woperekedwa ndi khungubwe pafupifupi mita 5.
Komabe, pali lingaliro kuti kupanikizika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chibwano cha zikwanje zazikulu zakupha kapena malezala kumatha kupitilira chizindikiro chochititsa chidwi kale. Koma izi sizikutsimikiziridwa.
Makulidwe angapo
Kutalika kwa ng'ona zangomangidwa kumene kumakhala pafupifupi 25-30 cm, ndi kulemera pafupifupi 70 g (pafupifupi - 28 cm ndi 71 magalamu), ndipo mchaka chachiwiri achinyamata amphaka amakula mpaka 1 m kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi 2,5 kg.
Ng'ona zamphongo zachikulire zomwe zili ndi chizimba chodziwika bwino kwambiri pakati pa mamba onse amakono. Zambiri zazimuna zimatha kutalika nthawi ziwiri komanso kulemera kakhumi kuposa zazimayi. Akuluakulu amphongo amphongo akuluakulu amaleka kukula akamafika 3.9-6 metres, pomwe nthawi yayitali kutalika kwa amuna nthawi yakutha ndi 4.6 -5.2 m 6 ndi zowonjezerapo za mita ndizochepa. Zazikazi zazitali zokwanira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali 3.1 mpaka 3.4 m, pomwe akazi achikulire ambiri omwe sanayambe kuyikira mazira nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi 2.7 metres ndipo akulemera pafupifupi 80 kg. Pa kafukufuku wina ku Australia mchaka cha 2013, agogo amuna asanu ogwidwa omwe amakhala mdera linalake anali 4,53 mpaka 4,31 m, pomwe amuna enawo atatuwa omwe anali ndi moyo wosamukasamuka anali ochokera 3 , Kutalika kwa 73 mpaka 3.89 m, ndipo akazi anayi achikulire anali ndi kutalika kwa 2.91 mpaka 2.93 m.
Kukula kwa ng'ona za akulu, komabe, zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana, kutengera thanzi lawo, mitundu ya zinthu, kuchuluka kwa zinthu za anthropogenic, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ng'ona. Zinthu zazikulu zodziwitsa kulemera kwa thupi ndi kutalika ndi zaka za ng'ona. Amuna achikulire, monga lamulo, ndi olemera kwambiri kuposa achichepere, ngakhale atakhala ndi kutalika kofanana. Ng'ona zogwidwa nthawi zambiri zimalemera kwambiri zakutchire. Ng'ona zamtundu wa Sarawak zimakhala ndi michira yofupikitsa ndipo nthawi zambiri zimalemera kuposa ming'alu yaku Australia yotalika kofanana. Ng'ona zazitali mamitala 5 zimalemera kawiri konse kuposa ng'anga kutalika kwa mita 4. Kuchulukitsa kwa ming'alu yopendekera yomwe idaphunziridwa mu 1998 kunasiyana 32 mpaka 1010 kg kutalika kwa 2.1 mpaka 5.5 metres, pomwe 4.2 , Anthu 4,3, 4,6 ndi 4,9 amalemera 383, 408, 520 ndi 660 kg.
Ng'ona ya Nile imachita mpikisano wokwanira ndi chopondera, koma imati mpaka chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 zokhudzana ndi anthu ambiri a ng'ona ya Nile siodalirika kokwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna akuluakulu a ng’ona za ku Nile, monga lamulo, ndiotsika poyerekeza ndi amuna achikulire ometedwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, ngati titenga nawo chidwi gawo la kugonana kwa ng'ona - kutanthauza kuti, tilingalire zazikulu zomwe sizigwirizana ndi zomwe zimagonana, ndiye kuti sizikhala zazikulupo kuposa ng'ona za ku Nile komanso ngakhale ena, mwachitsanzo, ming'alu ya Orinok ndi ma givaals abodza.
Kukula kwakukulu
Kukula kwakukulu komwe ngwazi zamphongo zimafikira ndi nkhani yovuta pakati pa akatswiri. Umboni wobwereza bwereza wonena za kukhalapo kwa ng'ona wopitilira mamita asanu ndi awiri kutalika unatsimikiziridwa ndi miyeso yotsalira ya zotsalazo. Zambiri zambiri ndizosatheka kutsimikizira komanso kutsimikizira zasayansi. Adam Britton amalingalira mtundu waukulu kwambiri mwa mitundu yonse yodalirika yodalirika, yemwe adaphedwa mu 1983 ku Papua New Guinea. Akatswiri azowona za nyama, kuphatikiza Jerome Montecki, awerengetsa kukula kwa nyembayi kuchokera ku chigaza ndi khungu lotetezedwa. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwawo, kutalika kwa ng'ona inali pafupifupi 6.2 m, yomwe ikufanana ndi kukula kwa chifanizo china chachikulu, cholembedwa modalirika ku Australia mu 1974.Komabe, khungu la sampuli lidayimitsidwa, ndipo, pokhala lokhalokha, linali lotalika 10 cm. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yowonjezera kutalika kwa chigaza ndi khungu losungika lokha limachepetsa kutalika konse kwa chingwe. Kuchokera pamenepa zikusonyeza kuti nthawi ya moyo mng'aluyo inkakhala yoposa 6.3 m kutalika, ndipo unyinji wa chimphona ichi umatha kupitilira 1360 kg.
Komabe, kukhalapo kwa ng'ona zazing'onoting'ono zokulirapo, kutalika kwake komwe kumafikira pafupifupi 7 metre, sikukayikira pakati pa akatswiri ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi Britton, chigaza cha ng'ona chozunguliridwa masentimita 76 kuchokera ku London Museum ayenera kuti chinali cha nyama pafupifupi 6.84 mamita kutalika. Asayansi ena amawona zodalirika pamakona owala 6.7 m kapena ngakhale 7.3 m kutalika.
Nthawi yomweyo, ngwazi yayikazi kwambiri yodziwika bwino kwambiri imangofika mamita 4.2 okha ndipo inkalemera pafupifupi 400 kg. Mu 2014, ng'ona yayitali 3.96 m yamakoko idagwidwa ndikugundidwa ndi beacon ya wayilesi ku Borneo.
Ng'ona zazikulu kwambiri zokhotakhota zazitali kuposa mamitala 6 ndikulemera kupitirira 1000 kg kuchuluka kwakukulu zidawonedwa koyambirira ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, koma chifukwa cha kusaka kosalamulirika komanso kubafufuza kwakuluzikulu panthawi imeneyi, tsopano anthu otere ndi osowa kwambiri. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitundu yakusiyanasiyana ya anthu ambiri ndikuti mamba amafunika nthawi yayitali komanso malo owoneka bwino kuti akwaniritse zazikulu zazikulu zotere. Komabe, kafukufuku wina yemwe adachitika ku Australia akuwonetsa kuti nthumwi zazikulu kwambiri zamtundu wokhala m'mitsinje ya Australia ndizotheka kuti nthawi yathu ino zimachokera kutalika kwa 6 mpaka 7 m ndipo zimalemera kuchokera ku 1000 mpaka 2000 kg. Ng'ona zazikulu kwambiri zitha kupezekanso ku Bhitarkanika National Park, India. Mu paki iyi, yodzaza ndi mitsinje ndi masewera ena akuluakulu, malo abwino kwambiri opanga mamba akulu amapangidwa. Mtsogoleri wa Orissa anena molimba mtima kuti malo osungiramo nyama ndi amodzi mwa ngwazi zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ngati si wamkulukulu. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwaposachedwa, ng'ona 1462 zimakhalira kupaki, pomwe 203 ndi akulu. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyipa, ng'ona zisanu ndi zitatu zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 4.9 mpaka 5.5 m, zisanu zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 5.5 mpaka 6 m, ndi zitatu zina - zoposa 6 m.
Zitsanzo za ng'ona zazikulu
Nazi ziwonetsero zamakona opendekeka okhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita opitilira 6.
- Kuwombera mamba mu Bay of Bengal mu 1840 akuti anali 10,1 metres, anali ndi kutalika kwa mita 4.17 ndipo anali wolemera kuposa 3,000 kg. Komabe, chigaza chake chinakhala cha masentimita 66,5 okha ndipo chikuwonetseratu kuti kukula komwe akuwonetsedwa kunali kochulukirachulukira, ndipo potero chitsanzo sichidaposa 6 m kutalika.
- A James R. Montgomery, yemwe amayendetsa malo obzala ku Borneo kuyambira 1926 mpaka 1932, akuti adawona, kupha, ndikuyeza ngodya zazitali kutalika kwa 6.1 metres.Akunena kuti chimodzi mwazifanizo zomwe adapeza pamphepete ndi 10,05 m. Komabe, palibe amene wakwanitsa kutsimikizira izi, popeza palibe m'modzi mwa ming'alu yoyesedwa ndi Montgomery yolembedwa ndi asayansi.
- Pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuyesa chigaza cha ng'ona yoluka pafupifupi 100 cm.
- Ng'ona wotchedwa Krys croc, dzina lake Krys croc, yemwe adawombera ku Queensland mu 1957, akuti anali wamtali mikono 8.6. Koma ngakhale kutchuka kwambiri, kusowa kwa zotsalira ndi miyeso yodalirika ya akatswiri kumapangitsa munthu kukayikira kwambiri za kuchuluka kwa zomwe zalembedwa. Pofuna kukopa alendo, chifanizo cha ng’ona chija chinapangidwanso.
- Mu 2017, mamba awiri akulu kwambiri am'madzi adanenedwa mumtsinje wa Darwarunga ndi Roper River. Amatchedwa "D-rex" ndi "Roper Ripper", akuyerekezedwa ndi owonera pa 8.6 ndi 8 metres motsatana. Komabe, akatswiri omwe adasanthula zithunzi za ng'ona izi samakayikira kuti atha kupitilira mita 4-5.4.
- Ng'ona, yomwe idaphedwa pambuyo pothana ndi maola 6 ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yolima minda mu 1823 ku Jalajala pachilumba cha Luzon, ku Philippines, akuti adafika pamtunda wa mita 8.2. Amati kavalo yemwe adagawika zidutswa zisanu ndi zitatu ndi ma kilogalamu makumi atatu ndi atatu amiyala yosiyanasiyana adapezeka m'mimba mwake. Koma miyeso yotsalira (chidebe chokhala ndi dorsal kutalika kwa masentimita 66) ikuwonetsa kuti mowonekeratu kuti ng'ona imeneyi sinali yoposa mamita 6 m'litali.
- Zikuoneka kuti ng'ona yotalika mita 8 idawonedwa mu 2010 m'chigawo cha Normanton (Australia), zithunzi zingapo zidatengedwa, komabe, kukula kwa malo omwewo sangathe kuwerengeredwa molondola.
- Chigoba cha khwangwala wamnkati wotchedwa Potassium, yemwe adaphedwa mu 1962 pa Mtsinje wa Dhamra, Orissa, India, poyambirira adatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi wa nyama 7.01-7.32 m kutalika. kwambiri mwina anali kuchokera 6.6 mpaka 7 m kutalika.
- Ng'ona yozama 7.7 m akuti adawombera ku Kalcutta pa Mtsinje wa Hooghly. Komabe, chigaza chomwe chili ndi kutalika kwa 75 cm chikusonyeza kuti nyamayo sinali yotalika kupitirira 7 metres.
- Ng'ona ziwiri zazitali kutalika 7.2 m adaziwona mu Bhitarkanika National Park mchaka cha 1970. Komabe, kuwerengera kumeneku kunali kotheka kuti kunachitika “ndi maso” ndipo sitingawone kukhala odalirika.
- Mu 2006, buku la Guinness Book of Record lidawona kuti pali ng'ona yozama kutalika kwa 7.01 m ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2000 yomwe imakhala ku Bhitarkanika National Park ku Orissa, ngakhale sizikudziwika bwino kuti izi zidatsata pati. Amadziwika kuti ng'ona zambiri zingapo osachepera 6 mita amakhala mu paki yomweyo masiku ano.
- Mu Ord River, ng'ona yokhala ngati mita 7 idawonedwa ndikuyesedwa ndi zida za laser posachedwa.
- Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa Adam Britton, wamkulu kwambiri wa zigamba zam'miyala yosungiramo zinthu zakale (Paris Museum), womwe umafika masentimita 76, ndi wa nyama yotalika pafupifupi 6.84 mamita yotalikilapo mita 7. M'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, pali zikopa zina zambiri za chigaza ndipo zili ndi kutalika kwa 65 cm, zomwe mwina ndi za ng'ona zoposa 6 mita.
- S. Baker (1874) adanena kuti ku Sri Lanka mu 1800s, pafupifupi 6.7 mita mita yocheperako inali ponseponse. Komabe, malinga ndi Guinness Book of Record, chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri chodziwika bwino pachilumbachi chinali chansalu kuchokera kugombe lakummawa, chotalika pafupifupi mita 6.
- Ng'ona pafupi ndi 6.7 mita yozungulira adawonapo posachedwa ndi a Australia Ranger pamtsinje wa Bull, North Australia.
- Kukula kwakukulu kwambiri kwa nkhwangwa yochokera ku Papua New Guinea, yomwe ndi buku lodalirika la Guinness, akuwonetsedwa pa 6.32 m .. Nyamayi idaphedwa mu Meyi 1966 pagombe lakumpoto chakum'mawa. Ng'ona iyi inali yodzala mamita 2.74 m.
- Ng'ona ina yayikulu yochokera ku New Guinea idapezeka itafa mu 1983. Malinga ndi khungu lotetezedwa, kukula kwa chokwirirachi kumakhala koyambirira pafupifupi 6.2 m, pomwe chigaza cha ng'ona chija chidali ndi dorsal kutalika kwa 72 cm. M'moyo, ng'ona iyi iyenera kuti inali yoposa 6.3 m kutalika, popeza khungu loyesedwa lidawuma.
- Kutalika kotalika kwambiri kwa mamba wochokera ku Australia akuti pamamita 6.2 Anaphedwa pa mtsinje wa Mary ku Northern Territory mu 1974.
- Katswiri wa ng’ona ku Australia Graham Webb anayeza chigoba cha nyumba ya mchenga chozungulira cha 65.6 masentimita 60.6 Kutalika kwa nyamayo kunali kosachepera 6.15 m. Poterepa, chigaza chinali pafupifupi 1 / 9.23 cha kutalika konse kwa ng’ona.
- Lolong ndi ng'ona yayikulu yosakanika yomwe idagwidwa ku Philippines mu 2011 ndipo idamwalira mu 2013. Poyamba, adayeza molakwika pamamita 6.4 ndipo adalemera pa 1075 kg. Kuyesedwa kwatsatanetsatane ndi Adam Britton kunawonetsa kuti Longe anali 6.17 kapena 6.095 m kutalika (pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zosiyana), kutalika kwa mutu kunali kutalika kwa 45 cm ndipo kutalika kwake kunali masentimita 70. Unali ngwazi yayikulu kwambiri yoposa zonse. omwe agwidwapo amoyo ndikuwasungidwa pambuyo pake.
Moyo
Kusiyana kodziwika kwambiri komwe kumakhalako kwa moyo wa ng'ona yoduka kuchokera ku kambuku ina ndiyo chizolowezi chake chokhala m'madzi amchere. Ngakhale mamba onse owona ndi ma gavala ali ndi mawonekedwe ofananawo pochotsa mchere owonjezera, kuphatikiza ndi ng'ona yophimbidwa, mamba amodzi okha ochokera ku Neotropics amapita kunyanja nthawi zonse.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimamveka bwino m'madzi opanda kanthu, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitsinje, mitsinje ndi madambo ndipo, monga mukudziwa, amatha kuyenda mtunda wambiri kuchokera kumtunda kukafunafuna chakudya kapena malo atsopano. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zamtunduwu zimachotsa mpikisano wawo wa chakudya, akambuku amphaka, am'madzi am'nyanja, omwe sangathe kulimbana ndi khungu lakukalamba, nyonga komanso mwamakhalidwe a mamba. Chifukwa chake, pakudya zakutchire zobiriwira zaku Australia pafupi ndi zilumba za nkhanu, sizimatheka kukumana ndi achinkhanira amphaka omwe amakhala kutali ndi gombe ndipo amachoka m'madzi amtunduwu akafika ku zisumbu. Pachilumba cha Rhine, m'malo mwake, agogo amphaka ambiri amasonkhana kuti adyetse nyengo, chifukwa amakhala mtunda wautali kwambiri kuchokera kuzilumba kuposa zilumba za nkhanu, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuti ng'ona zifike kumeneko.
Nthawi yomwe imagwidwa munyanja lotseguka imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zipolopolo kapena algae pa thupi la ng'ona. Monga mbalame zosamukira kumayiko ena zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kutentha, makungwa am'nyanja amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde akuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Pakufufuza kwina, mlengalenga 20 adalembedwa ma satellite ma transmitter, 8 mwa omwe adakwera panyanja, pomwe wina adayenda ma kilomita 590 m'masiku 25. Wachitsanzo wina, wamwamuna wamtali wa 4.84, amasambira 411 km kwa masiku 20. Kuyenda mumtsinjewo kumathandiza kuti ng'ona zizipulumutsa mphamvu, kubwezeretsa zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali. Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimatha kusokoneza maulendo awo, zotsalira m'mayendedwe otetezeka ku mafunde amphamvu, kufikira atapeza njira yomwe akufuna.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere nthawi ndi nthawi zimasunthira pansi ndikuyenda pansi pa mitsinje. Monga lamulo, anthu omwe alibe gawo lawolawo amachita izi. Mtunduwu suugwiritsa ntchito bwino malo kuti uyende pamtunda ndipo, monga lamulo, suupezeka pamalo okwera kuposa mamita 250 pamwamba pa nyanja. Pakusambira, miyendo ya ng'ona yolumikizidwa imakankhidwira mbali ndikuyenda komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mayendedwe ngati mchira. Kuthamanga kwambiri chifukwa cha kusambira ndi 3,2.0.8 km / h, koma kuthamangitsa nyama yamphaka ya munthu wamkulu imatha kuthamanga kuposa 29 km / h. Pamtunda, ng'ona zokhala ndi mafunde osunthira zimayenda zokwawa, mosiyana ndi ng'ona zina, sizimawuka pamiyendo yawo ndikukweza matumbo awo pansi. Miyendo yawo yayifupi sinapangidwe bwino kuyenda kwautali pamtunda, chifukwa chake ng'ona zokhazikika zimapewa matziwe ang'onoang'ono komanso akuda, omwe amatha kukhala msampha wakufa kwa iwo. Ngakhale zili choncho, pamtunda wotalikirapo amatha kufulumira kuthamanga mpaka 10-11 km / h mukamayendetsa pamtunda. M'madzi osaya, komwe ng'ona imatha kuphatikiza mayendedwe achitsulo ndi kayendedwe ka miyendo, kuthamanga kwake ndi kupusa kwake kumakhala kochititsa chidwi kwambiri.
Gulu la anthu
Ng'ona za Combo sizokhala zachikale monga mamba ena ambiri, ndipo zimatengedwa kuti ndizowopsa komanso zochititsa chidwi pakati pawo. Kutchuka kwawo kwa kugonana kumachitika chifukwa cha mpikisano wowonjezereka wa amuna kwa akazi.
Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo ocheperako (kilomita imodzi) mu dziwe lamadzi, ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi malo omwe zimakonda, kenako ndikuteteza tsamba lawo kuti zisatenge akazi ena. Amuna amasatira gawo lalikulupo, lomwe limaphatikizapo gawo la akazi angapo ndi malo ambiri osungira madzi abwino oyenera kuswana. Amamuteteza mwachangu kwa amuna anzawo, nthawi zambiri akumalimbana nawo kwambiri, nthawi zina kumathera akuvulala kwambiri, kudula miyendo kapena ngakhale kuphedwa ndi mmodzi wa omenyawo. M'mikangano, malo amphongo amphongo nthawi zambiri amakwapirana wina ndi mzake, mphamvu yake ndikokwanira kudula mnofu wotsutsana ndi kuthyola mafupa. M'malo mwake, amazunza akazi mololera kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina amagawana nawo zomwe awalanda. Kukhazikika kwa dziko lapansi ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mamba opendekeka kwa wina ndi mzake kumawonjezeka kwambiri panthawi ya kuswana. Amuna omwe sangathe kuteteza gawo lawo amakakamizidwa kubisala m'gawo la abale awo opambana, pomwe pamapeto pake amwalira akugwira ntchito, kapena amakakamizidwa kupita kunyanja, komwe amayenda mphepete mwa nyanja ndikumakwera milomo kukafunafuna malo a madzi abwino. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizikhala ndi gawo lake zimakonda kulolerana. Mlingo wachipongwe wa agalu ogwidwa umathandizidwanso, koma kulimbana kwakukulu pakati pawo kungathebe.
Malinga ndi zitsanzo za anthu 29, oposa 80% a mamba opendekeka okhala ndi kutalika kwamamita atatu kapena kupitirira apo amatchulidwa akuvulala komwe kumachitika pamikangano ndi abale. Mu zitsanzo zosachepera 2 metres, mtundu wamtunduwu wa matenda anali wosowa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti kuvulala kokhazikika kwa mamba mu nkhondo za intraspecific kumatha kukhala kokulirapo, chitetezo chawo chokwanira chingathandize kupewa poyizoni wamagazi ndikuchiritsa mwachangu mabala aliwonse popanda kusiya chilichonse chowonekera kwa iwo.
Komabe, munthawi yayitali, ng'ona zina zokhala ndi masamba amatha kuchoka kumadera awo ndikupita kumalo omwe amadyetserako nyengo, mwachitsanzo, kupita kumalo komwe kuli nsomba kapena kusanja akamba am'nyanja. Pamenepo amatha kulolelana wina ndi mnzake pafupi, ngakhale mikangano yazakudya singathetsedwe konse. Ng'ona zambirimbiri zokhazokha zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa pafupi ndi mitembo ikuluikulu, ndikutsika mumtsinje. Zikakhala choncho, abambo otsogola amamenyerana nkhondo kuti agwiritse ntchito ndi kuthamangitsa ng'ona zazing'ono. Ku Sri Lanka, kunali ng'ona zokhomedwa pamtondo zokhala ndi ng'ona zazingwe.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Monga mamba ambiri, ng'ona zokhala ngati zodumphira ndizosasamala posankha chakudya komanso chifukwa cha kupindika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono komwe amatha kudya popanda nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chamtundu wake, kusiyana kwakukulu komanso kukula kwa magengenolo, nyama zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwa pakudya kwa ming'alu yodutsamo. Akuluakulu ndi omwe amadyetsa kwambiri pazachilengedwe zawo ndipo amatsiriza unyolo wazakudya nthawi imodzi.
Zakudya za ana amphongo ndi achinyamata a mamba opendekeka tsopano ndi mutu wa kafukufuku wambiri kuposa zakudya za akulu. Khalidwe lankhanza lalikulu la ng'ona zikuluzikulu, kulephera kwa malo awo komanso kusakwaniritsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira ma tranquilizer pakukula mwachangu, zimapangitsa kuti mikwingwirima ikhale yovuta kwambiri kuphunzira nyama. Zakudya zomwe amati zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu zimamangidwa makamaka pa umboni wa owona ndi maso komanso zowona zasayansi mwachilengedwe, osati pakuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zili m'mimba.
Ng'ona yokhotakhota imasakidwa, nthawi zambiri nthawi yamadzulo. Njira zakusaka zomwe iye amagwiritsa ntchito zimasiyanasiyana ndipo zimatha kukhala zosiyana ndi njira zina za ng'ona. Mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, ng'ona kapena ngakhale ng'ona, ng'ona zokhala ndi mphaka, nthawi zambiri sizisaka pamtunda. Pomwe akusaka anyani a rhesus, adawonedwa akuyesera kugwetsa anyani m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi mchira. Ng'ona zimameza nyama yaying'ono yonse kapena yayikulu.Mwanjira zakale kwambiri za ng'ona zowona, nyama zazikulu pamtunda, ng'ona yodontha imangodikirira dzenje lomwe limamizidwa m'madzi, ndipo nyama ikafika pafupi, imayigwira, kuigwira ndikuitulutsira m'madzi, momwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuti nyamayo ikane. M'malo mwake, amapeza nsomba yayikulu m'madzi, ngati zingatheke amukolere kumtunda. Nyama yogwidwayo imapha ng'ona mothandizidwa ndi kupanikizana kwa nsagwada, kuthinana kwamphamvu kwa mutu komanso kotchedwa "rotation rotation" - kutembenuka kwamphamvu mozungulira nkhwangwa, kupangitsa kuti wosweka akhale pansi pa madzi ndikuphwanya thupi lake mzidutswa ndikuphatikiza zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokana madzi, mphamvu ndi kulemera kwa thupi la ng'ona. Mphamvu ya ng'ona yolimba ndiyakuti imatha kuphwanya chigaza cha njati ndi nsagwada zake kapena kuphwanya chigamba cha kamba wam'nyanja. Akavulazidwa atamwalira, ng'ona imang'amba masamba oyenerera ndikuyimeza. Chakudya chitha kubisidwa ndi ng'ona yodyetsedwa bwino kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pake, ngakhale izi nthawi zambiri zimatha kupangitsa kuti nyama idyedwe ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono monga akamba am'madzi abwino kapena kuwongolera abuluzi.
Wochitidwa mu 2018, maphunziro a isotopic a minofu minofu ya mamba kuchokera ku Kakadu National Park adawonetsa kuti ng'ona zinali zapakati pa 0.85 ndi 4.2 metres (76% yomwe inali yotalika kupitirira 2.5 metres ndipo 44% inali pafupi mamita 2.5). kuposa 3 metres kutalika) amadyetsa nyama zapadziko lapansi, makamaka - adabweretsa nkhumba zakuthengo ndi njati, zomwe zimatha kupanga kuchokera pa 53% mpaka 84% ya zakudya zosiyanasiyana.
Zakudya za ana a ng'ona
Ng'ona zatsopano zimangodyetsa nyama zochepa, mwachitsanzo, tinsomba tating'ono, achule, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala m'madzi. Ng'ona zikafika kutalika kwa mita 1-1.5, ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono amasiya kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri muzakudya zawo, ndipo gawo lalikulu la chakudyacho limakhala nsomba, ma invertebrates (ma mollusks ndi ma crustaceans), mbalame, zokwawa komanso zazinyama zazing'ono. Kafukufuku wa Isotopic akuwonetsa kuti, kutalika kosachepera 2.2 metre, Ng'ona zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba ndi nyama zapansi m'malo otentha, pomwe zimatalika kwa 2.2-3.2 m (zomwe zikufanana ndi kukula kwa akulu zachimuna ndi zazimuna zazing'ono), ng'ona amadya nsomba zambiri zolusa. Amadziwika kuti ngakhale agogo ang'onoang'ono omata, mosiyana ndi ming'alu yamadzi oyera, amatha kudya zimbudzi zokhala ndi poizoni popanda kuwopsa. Pakati pa akhwangwala, mamba ambiri nthawi zambiri amadya mitengo yambiri ya mitengo ya mangala, makamaka m'malo okhala mitengo ya mangrove. Mwa mbalame, mbalame zam'madzi, monga atsekwe wamiyendo yotalika miyendo kapena ma herons, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunkhira, ndipo pakati pa zokwawa - mitundu yambiri ya njoka zam'madzi zapafupi kapena abuluzi, agalu ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono ndi akamba ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zina ngakhale mbalame zouluka kapena mileme zimatha kugwidwa ndi ng'ona pamadzi, komanso mbalame zomwe zimayendayenda m'mphepete mwa madzi, kuphatikizapo zazing'ono komanso zoyenda ngati zonyamula. Mwa zolengedwa, agamba ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amagwira nyama zolemera pafupifupi 10 kg, makoswe. Komabe, ngakhale ali ndi zaka zinozi amatha kupha nyama zapafupifupi: ku Orissa, India, adalembedwa ngati achinyamata achichepere amtali a kutalika kwa 1.36 mpaka 1.79 m ndi kulemera kwa 8.7 mpaka 15.8 kg mbuzi zoweta mpaka 92% ya zolemera zawo. Zimathanso kugwirizanitsa ndi ang'ono ang'ono, monga nguluwe zaku Asia kapena nguluwe za nkhumba, nyani wosiyanasiyana, monga nyani wa cynomolgus, nosach ndi gibbons, zinsomba, mabatani, mongooses, civet, ankhandwe, agalu, ma badart, marten marten, otters, amphaka- nyama zazing'onoting'ono ndi zina zazing'onoting'ono. Kafukufuku wa Isotopic akuwonetsa kuti mgodi wapamwamba ukhoza kutsogolera pakudya kwa mamba okhala ndi kutalika kwa 80 cm okha.
Chakudya chamkaka wachikulire
Ng'ona zamphongo za akuluakulu zomwe sizimanyalanyaza nyama zing'onozing'ono kuti zitha kukhala ndi mwayi wowagwira. Koma kwakukulu, samathamanga kuti agwire nyama yaying'ono komanso yam'manja chifukwa chake nyama zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa kukula kwake nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa. Ng'ona zazikulu zamphongo zazimuna zimadalira kwambiri kupezeka kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu zachilengedwe kuposa achinyamata, ngakhale kudya zazimayi kumakhalabe kosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Kutengera ndi malo omwe akukhalako, ming'alu yamphongo yaimuna wamkulu imaphatikizana ndi agwape (monga zambars), nkhumba zakutchire, matepi aku Malawi, ma kangaroo, ma orangutan, nyalugwe, zimbalangondo, agalu (ma dingoes), ma pythons, oyang'anira abuluzi, akamba am'madzi oyera, anyani a ku Asia, njati, agalu ndi nyama zina zazikulu. Mbuzi, mahatchi, ng'ombe, njati, ndi nkhumba zimabwera kumadera ambiri (monga Australia), zikhalidwe zokhala ndi ming'alu yomata, ndipo pamapeto pake zimathamanga. Tsopano chakudya chatsopanochi ndi chothandiza kwambiri kuti chikhale ndi ng'ona zikuluzikulu kutali ndi nyama zambiri zam'mbali mwa nyanja. Ku Kakadu National Park, nkhumba zakutchire ndi njati zimadziwika kuti ndi chakudya champhaka za akulu, ndipo ming'alu zimazisaka nthawi zambiri nyengo yamvula. Nyama zamtundu uliwonse - nkhuku, mbuzi, nkhosa, nkhumba, agalu, amphaka, ngamila ndi ng'ombe zitha kudyedwa ndi mamba ngati zingatheke. Ku Australia, ng'ombe zimapanga kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zakudya zamakoko akulu akulu omwe amakhala ndi malo ambiri - zikwangwani zina zazikulu zimati ng’ona zimadya ng'ombe zopitilira 300 pachaka, kapena ng'ombe ziwiri patsiku.
Chingwe champhongo champhongo chachikulu ndi chinyama champhamvu kwambiri ndipo chimatha kuthana ndi nyama yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito molemera. M'chochitika chimodzi chodalirika, Suffolk wopindulitsa yemwe anali ndi mphotho yolemera tani imodzi ndipo amatha kukoka kilogalamu yoposa 2000 anagwidwa pagombe, anakokera m'madzi ndikuphedwa ndi mwana wamwamuna wamkulu wamgudumu wamkati pasanathe mphindi imodzi. Ng'ombe zamphongo akuluakulu ndi njati zam'madzi, zomwe zimatha kulemera kuposa tani, komanso ma rhinos aku India, zitha kutengedwa ngati nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimatha kuphedwa ndi ng'ona zophika kuti zipeze chakudya. Mtundu wina wamakono wa ng’ona wamkulu komanso wamphamvu kwambiri kuti athe kuthana ndi nyama yotereyi ndi ng'ona ya ku Nile. Koma chifukwa chakumtunda, mosiyana ndi ng'ona ya Nile, yomwe imatha kuwononga nyama yayikulu pamodzi ndi abale, ng'ona yokhala ngati yokhota nthawi zonse imasaka yokha.
Mosiyana ndi nsomba, nkhanu ndi nyama zina zam'madzi, zolengedwa zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri zimangopezeka pafupi ndi madzi, chifukwa chake ming'alu imayang'ana dala malo omwe anthu omwe akuvutikawo akumana (mwachitsanzo, kuthirira njati). Ku Sumbawa, ng'ona zokhala ndi makina amodzi zimadziwika kuti zimapha agulu ambiri, omwe amasankha kuyenda pakati pa chisumbu chachikulu ndi zisumbu zomwe zimazungulira, makamaka panthawi yosuntha.
Njira Zina Zamagetsi
Mu 2011, adalandila lipoti lachiwopsezo chomenya chakhwalala pafupifupi mita 4.2 pamimba lalikulu la Bengal wazaka 5-6 ku Sundarban. M'mbuyomu, kulumikizana kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu zoterezi kumatha kukhala kofala - oyenda zaka zapitazo adalankhula za zovuta za mamba ndi akambuku ndi zotsatira zosiyana. M'nkhalango zamitengo yamitengo yambiri, akambuku ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chogwidwa ndi ng'ona chifukwa chake amayesayesa kukhala kutali ndi malo omwe ali oopsa. Zawonedwa kuti akambuku amakonda kupewetsa malo omwe mimbulu imayala dzuwa m'miyezi yachisanu.
Kwa ming'alu yodutsamo, kubala cannibalism ndizodziwika bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhazikitsa mikhalidwe yamitundu yonse yaming'alu yomwe imatha kukumana kuthengo, ndipo, ngati zingatheke, ngakhale kuigwira mwadala ndikudya. Ku Australia, ming'alu yaing'onoting'ono ya ku Australia imakonda kugwidwa ndi ng'ona, ndipo zolosera zam'mimbazi zazakale zidalembedwa ku Sri Lanka. Kafukufuku ku Sri Lanka adawonetsa kuti ng'ona zambirimbiri zimapewa kukumana ndi ng'ona zodutsidwadwa mwa kuchulukitsa matupi amadzi omwe amakhala kutali ndi mitsinje yayikulu ndi magombe a nyanja, makamaka nyanja zazing'ono. Komabe, ng'ona zokhala ndi dambo zimatha kudzilimira zokha, ndipo ngati zitha kuchepa ngati agalu ku Sri Lanka, zimapezeka pomumvera chisoni. Kuwopseza kuneneratu mwachindunji ndi ng'ona zodutsanso kungachepetsenso kukhazikitsidwa kwa ng'ona zonyenga, Philippines, New Guinean ndi Siamese, koma chifukwa chosadziwa machitidwe amtundu wamtunduwu mwachilengedwe, pali umboni wochepa kwambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti mpikisano mwachindunji ndi ng'ona zokhala ndi chozungulira chitha kukhala chifukwa cha kutha kwa mamba akulu aku Australia kuchokera mecocuchae subfamily, monga Pallimnarchus .
Amakhulupirira kuti ng'ona zokhala ndi kakhwawa zimamaliza maunyolo angapo chakudya nthawi imodzi, kusaka nyama zapamadzi ndi zamchere, ndi zina zapamadzi. Pali umboni kuti ng'ona zokhala ndi mitundu yosaka zimasaka osati pafupi ndi gombe lokha, komanso kunyanja yosadziwika - m'mimba mwawo mudapezeka mabowo a nsomba zagic zomwe zimakhala pamtunda pang'ono makilomita kuchokera kumtunda. Zambiri za Isotopic zikuwonetsa kuti ng'ona zazikulu ndizowopsa zomwe zimakonda kudya nyama zam'madzi kuposa zazing'ono. M'madzi am'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ng'ona zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nsomba zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, gulu laling'ono la Indian Ocean, barramundi ndi catfish yayikulu), njoka zam'nyanja, akamba am'nyanja (kuphatikiza oyimira mitundu yayikulu yamakono: akamba amtambo ndi akamba am'madzi obiriwira), mbalame za kunyanja, ma dugong, ma dolphin, stingrays (kuphatikiza ma pilonos akuluakulu) komanso shaki zosiyanasiyana. Zochita zolembedwa bwino kwambiri za mamba am'madzi zokhudzana ndi akamba am'madzi ndi ana awo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa munyengo yam'mphepete mwa gombe, komanso zoponya miyala ya ku Europe ndi amphaka amphongo, omwe amakonda kusambira m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena ngakhale kusambira m'mitsinje. Ku Northern Australia, milandu yolosera zamakedzana achikale inajambulidwa, ndipo asodzi akumaloko adanenanso kuti adawonapo zoposa izi m'mbuyomu. Ng'ona zazing'ono zimadyetsa madzi amchere, koma zimatha kudya nkhanu, shrimp ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Monga ng'ona zina, ng'ona zokhala ngati zonyoza sizimanyoza kunyamula, ngakhale zimapewa nyama yowola. Pafupi ndi gombe la Kimberley, ng'ona zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri zimakonda kudya mitembo ya anamgback whale.
Kuukira anthu
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimakonda kuona anthu ngati nyama zomwe zingawagwiritse ntchito chifukwa chake ali ndi mbiri yabwino ngati yazitsamba pazifukwa zomveka. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake, kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi liwiro lake, kupulumuka pambuyo poti wawononga mwachisawawa ndi ng'ona yozikika kumakhala kosayembekezereka kwambiri. Ngakhale United States idapanga ndondomeko yothandizana ndi ma alligator, njira yokhayo yodzitetezera ku mamba opendekeka ndi kupatula kukhalapo kwawo pafupi ndi anthu, chifukwa ng'ona zamtunduwu ndizowopsa komanso sizimawopa anthu, ngakhale zitazunzidwa mu nyengo za kusaka kosalamulirika.
Mikwingwirima yambiri ya anthu opezeka m'madziwe atsopano ndi amchere amachitika chaka chilichonse, ngakhale kumenyedwa kumachitika, koma kawirikawiri kwambiri komanso nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu. Zowonjezera zolondola ndizochepa pazomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera kumadera otukuka ku Australia, kumene munthu m'modzi kapena awiri amaphedwa chaka chilichonse. Kuyambira 1971 mpaka 2013, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa ndi ng'ona ku Australia ndi 106. Kufa "kochepa" kotereku ndi chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za oyang'anira nyama zosamalira nyama zakuthengo omwe akhudzidwa kuti agwire "mikwingwirima yamavuto" (anthu pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu), kuphunzira malamulo amachitidwe akaopsezedwa ndi kuwukira kwa ng'ona ndikukhazikitsa zizindikiro zochenjeza. Komabe, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kuyesa kusuntha ming'alu yoopsa kukhala kutali ndi malo okhala ndi anthu sikunachite bwino, chifukwa ng'ona zimatha kupeza njira yobwerera kudera lakale. Kudera la Darwin kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2009, 67-78% ya "ng'ona zovuta" adadziwika kuti ndi amuna. Milandu yambiri yodutsa mamba kwa anthu akumadera akunja kwa Australia sanena, chifukwa imachitika m'maiko osatukuka kapena akumidzi. Chiwerengero cha ovulala pakati pa aborigine aku Australia sichidziwikanso. Komabe, zonena zomwe zikung'ambika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mikwingwirima pazaka zambiri zimapha anthu masauzande ambiri pachaka, zimatha kukokomeza ndipo mwina zidafalitsidwapo ndi makampani achikopa, mabungwe osaka ndi zina zomwe zingapindule ndi lingaliro loipa la ng'ona. Ng'ona za ku Nile zimadziwika kuti ndizoyang'anira miyoyo yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ming'alu yomata. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu ku Africa omwe amadalira madera am'mphepete mwa mayiko aku Asia, komanso ku Australia. Amadziwika kuti ng'ona zina zokhala ndi makina opendekeka amatha kukhala ozimitsa moto. Ng'ona yodziwika kwambiri ndi dzina lotchedwa Bujan Senan.
Kuopsa kwa ng'ona zokhazikika kumakhala chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri amakafika pafupi ndi gombe kapena m'madzi oyera, komwe chidwi cha anthu chimachepa ndipo "wogwiridwayo" amamva za ngozi mochedwa kwambiri. Ngakhale ng’ona yodyetsedwa bwino ikhoza kuukira munthu, ikumawopseza gawo lake, kuponderezana kapena pamaso pa kukondoweza kwakunja, monga phokoso la injini yomwe ikuyenda. Ndipo ngakhale kuukiridwa koteroko sikumakhala koopsa ngati komwe kumapangidwira chakudya (khungubwi poyambilira limangoyesa "kumuwopseza" wolakwayo), anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala oopsa, nthawi zina osagwirizana ndi kuvulala kwamoyo. "Wogwidwa" yemwe anaphedwa ndi ng'ona kuti ateteze gawo liziwadyedwa ndi iye patapita kanthawi ndipo atha kubisidwa. Komabe, nkhanza zamtundu wamakoko ndizovuta kwambiri m'malo omwe anthu amapitako kawirikawiri.
Zowopsa zomwe sizinawonongeke nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ng'ona zazifupi kuposa mamitala 3. Mamba okhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 4 kapena kupitilira nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti aphedwe. Zonse zolembedwa ku Australia, kugwidwa ndi ng'ona kwa mamita 4.5 kapena kuposapo kunali koopsa. Ng'ona yayikulu, ngati mukufuna, imatha kuluma wamkulu pakati. Imfa nthawi zambiri imachitika chifukwa chodzola, kupindika kwa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwa msana, nthawi zambiri — Anatulutsa magazi, akumva kuwawa kapena akutsatira pomwe akumira m'madzi. Kubwezeretsanso anthu omwe adapulumuka chifukwa chogwidwa ndi ng'ona nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya amkamwa.
Pa February 19, 1945, ng'ona zokhala ngati mchenga zidapha pafupifupi asitikali aku Japan okwana chikwi pachilumba cha Ramri, mu Guinness Book of Record nkhaniyi akuti ndiwokuwopsa kwambiri kwa nyama zamtchire anthu, ngakhale kuti zina zokhudza nkhaniyi zikutsutsidwa:
"Asilamu pafupifupi Japan adayesetsa kuthamangitsa gulu lankhondo la Britain Royal Navy lomwe lili pamtunda wamakilomita khumi, m'malo otetezeka a mangrove, komwe kumakhala mamba ambiri. Asitikali makumi awiri pambuyo pake adagwidwa amoyo, koma ambiri adadyedwa ndi ng'ona. Magulu ankhondo omwe abwezawo adasunthika adakwiya ndi kuchuluka kwa zinkhanira komanso udzudzu wotentha zomwe zidawakhudzanso, "atero buku la Guinness. Katswiri wazachilengedwe a Bruce Wright, yemwe akuchita nawo nkhondoyi kumbali ya gulu lachi Ngerezi, adati asitikali ambiri a gulu lachi Japan adadyera Ng'ona: "Usikuwu udali usiku woipa kwambiri kuposa wina aliyense womenyera nkhondo. Kufuula kwamagazi kwa Japan komwe kumwazikana ndi chithaphwi chakuda, kumakankhana mkokomo zamiyala yayikulu, ndikumveka kowopsa kwa ming'alu yopanga phokoso la gehena. Kuwona koteroko, ndikuganiza, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amatha kuwona padziko lapansi. Kutacha, mimbulu idawulukira kukayeretsa zomwe mamba idasiya ... mwa asitikali 1,000 achi Japan omwe adalowa m madambo a Ramri, ndi anthu 20 okha omwe adapezeka ali moyo. " .
Udindo wa anthu
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere zimakhala ndi malonda ambiri (achikopa chamtengo wapatali), chomwe chimakhala chodzigulitsa ndi kuswana m'mafamu a ng’ona. Ng'ona zimaphedwa chifukwa chofunitsitsa kuukira anthu. Kukhazikika kwa nyama komwe kumakhala khungubwi yosaka komanso kusaka kosaloledwa kuyambira mu 1945 mpaka 1970 kunachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonseyo. Zikuwonongedweratu kwathunthu ku Thailand, kumwera kwa Vietnam anthu ali ndi nyama 100 zokha. Ku India ndi ku Myanmar, pali mapulogalamu othandizira kuchuluka kwa nyamazo, kuphatikiza mazira komanso kulima ana ang'ombe m'mafamu. Pambuyo poletsa kusaka mamba, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ana omwe akupulumuka mpaka kutha, anthu akula msanga. Mtsogoleri pa gawo la chitetezo chamkati ndi Australia, pomwe anthu ambiri amtunduwu amakhala kudera la Western Australia, Queensland ndi Northern Territory - pafupifupi 100,000-200,000 anthu.
Ng'ona yoyeserera yolembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira malinga ndi gulu chiopsezo chochepa.
Ng'ona zamchere zamchere nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo osungirako zinyama kapena mafamu apadera. Komabe, posachedwa kwakhala kotsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza kuti m'magulu am'magulu amisamba ogwidwa, zodetsa nkhawa komanso zovuta zina zakuthupi, monga kuchepa kwa kukula kosadziwika, amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Zaka zokhala ndi moyo ngati ming'alu yolumikizidwa sizipitirira zaka 57, pomwe kuthengo, kutengera malipoti ena, zimatha kutalikiranso.