Dzina lachi Latin: | Columba livia |
Gulu: | Pumbwa |
Banja: | Njiwa |
Chosankha: | Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya ku Europe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Kutalika kwa thupi 32-37 cm, mapiko 62-72 masentimita, kulemera kwa thupi 200-400 g. Maonekedwe a nkhunda yabuluu amadziwika bwino ndi aliyense. Mwa mitundu yapafupi, imatha kusokonezedwa ndi clintukh, pomwe njiwa ya buluu, yosinthika ndi mitundu yake, imasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi maso a lalanje ndi mkamwa wakuda. Chizindikiro chosadalirika kwenikweni ndi malo oyera pamsana wakumbuyo, chifukwa nthawi zina anthu amapezeka momwe amapezekera kapenanso palibe. M'magawo omwe akuwonetsedwa, nkhunda ya buluu ndi mtundu wa enanthropic womwe umapezeka m'malo okhala anthu kumidzi ndi m'mizinda. Khalidwe ndi njira yogwirira mbalame kumatauni ndi kumidzi ndizosiyana modabwitsa, mwachitsanzo, nkhunda zakumatauni zimakonda kukhala pamitengo yamiyala ndi mawaya, pomwe omwe akukhala kumidzi sachita izi, pokhala pafupi ndi abale awo omwe amakhala m'matanthwe.
Kufotokozera. Nthawi zambiri ndikotheka kukumana ndi anthu oyamba, "kuthengo" utoto pakati pa nkhunda zazimvi zomwe zimakhala kumidzi ndi kunja kwa mizinda. Amakhala ndi “chikopa” chaching'ono cha mapikowo chokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda pazotchingira zazikulu za nthenga za ntchentche, malo oyera oyera kumbuyoko, mchira wa imvi wokhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakuda m'mphepete lakunja. Pakati pa nkhunda za mumzinda, mbalame zamtundu wakuda kwambiri, mpaka zakuda kwambiri, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri pamakhalanso nkhunda zosapatula kapena zoyera komanso zofiirira, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chodutsa kukula kwakuthengo komanso njiwa zowuma bwino. Mu mbalame zotere, ngakhale utoto wa mtanda ndi maso ungasiyane - mulomo umatha kukhala wapinki ndipo maso ali mumdima.
Voterani. Kulira kongokhala chete, kakutulutsa nkhunda imvi kumadziwika bwino kwa ambiri, ndizosiyana ndi mawu a nkhunda zathu zinanso.
Kugawa ndi Mkhalidwe. Imapezeka m'malo ena ku Africa ndi Eurasia, makamaka ku Crimea ndi Caucasus. Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'mizinda kumakhala m'mizinda yambiri padziko lapansi. Ku Russia Russia, imapezeka kulikonse komwe amakhala. M'mizinda yayikulu ndimodzi mwa mbalame zambiri. M'madera akumidzi, ochulukirapo kum'mwera, makamaka kumalire a steppe. Kuno m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono amatha kusinthidwa mwa nkhunda. Kuyang'ana kopatsa.
Moyo. M'mizinda yakumtunda, amatha kubereka chaka chonse, mosasamala nyengo, ngakhale nthawi yozizira ana mwayi wotuluka kunja motetezeka kwambiri. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti amuna amathamangitsa zazikazi ndikuwawonetsera zosiyanasiyana ndikuyika, komanso maulendo apaulendo akumwetulira kwamapiko. Zipinda zokhala ndi nyumbazi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo osungira, palibe zisa - nthawi zambiri awa ndi nthambi zingapo zomwe zimayikidwa pamphepete mwa dzenje loponderezedwa ndi unyinji wa manyowa caked. Chakudya m'mizinda chimapezeka makamaka m'malo otayira zinyalala komanso m'malo mwa mbalame ndi anthu. M'madera akumidzi, magulu akulu amadziunjikira m'malo okwera ndi malo ena azilima, kumene amadyetsa zakudya za tirigu ndi nyama. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'minda mumapikisano osakanizidwa ndi nkhunda zina, makamaka ndi ma vahirs. Nkhunda zakuthengo zokhala m'miyala zimakhala kumapiri ndi chisa pamiyala.
Kudera la Volga komanso kumwera kwa Urals kudakwera ndege njiwa yofiiriraColumba eversmannikuswana ku Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan. Chimawoneka ngati Clintukha, koma chocheperako (thupi kutalika 28-31 masentimita, mapiko 60-62 cm), thupi lofiirira lalitali, mlomo wokhala ndi maziko amdima komanso pamwamba pake pamaso achikasu, ma iris, miyendo yapinki. Mbalame zouluka zimakhala ndi mchira wofupikitsa komanso zoyera, monga nkhunda imvi, m'munsi kumbuyo, kumapiko kwa phiko ndi imvi. Tokuya asindikiza chofunda "uupu-wupbuuu, wupu-wupbuuu. ».
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bulu wa Blue
Njiwa ya buluu imatchedwanso chisar; mbalame yokhala ndi mbewa iyi ndi ya banja la njiwa komanso gulu longa njiwa. Kufukula kwa zinthu zakale kunapangitsa kuti zidziwike kuti, poganizira zotsalira, mitundu ya njiwa yomwe idapangidwa zaka mamiliyoni makumi anayi kapena makumi asanu zapitazo, kunali kutha kwa Eocene kapena kuyamba kwa Oligocene. Kumpoto kwa Africa, Kumwera kwa Europe ndi South-West Asia amadziwika kuti ndi malo obadwirako njiwa. Ngakhale kale, anthu ankaweta mbalamezi.
Nkhunda - chonyamula matenda owopsa
Sizachabe kuti njiwa amatchedwa "tambala wouluka." Mbalameyi imatha kukhala yoyenda nayo mpaka matenda 90. Kuphatikiza apo, 10 mwa iwo ndi pathogenic kwa anthu. Salmonellosis, histoplasmosis ndi ornithosis ndizowopsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ornithosis ndi matenda oopsa opatsirana, pomwe mapapu amakhudzidwa, omwe angayambitse zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri. Anthu amatenga kachilomboka polumikizana ndi mbalame kapena kupuma mpweya wokhala ndi tinthu tina ta ndulu tosakanizidwa.
Komanso nkhunda zimanyamula majeremusi ambiri, makamaka nkhupakupa. Nthata zimafalikira pakhungu la munthu, zimayambitsa kuyabwa, zotupa komanso zotupa, zomwe zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu.
Koma koposa zonse, nkhunda ndizowopsa kwa anzawo omwe ali ndi utoto. Zimapatsira mbalame za pafamu matenda oopsa, zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pamaulimi. Mbalame zokongoletsera zomwe zimakhala mnyumba za anthu sizimakumana ndi mavuto.
Njiwa - Vandals Ophatikizidwa
Ngakhale mukukhudzika ndi "chisonyezero cha dziko lapansi" chamtunduwu, zothandizira zimakakamizidwa kuyeretsa, ahem, zotayirira za mbalame usana ndi usiku :)
Nkhunda zimasokoneza misewu, mabenchi, magalimoto. Makamaka amapita ku zipilala.
Ma njiwa ndi omwe sanalakwe chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa zipilala zamiyala yamangidwe. Mbedza zokhala ndi mbewa zimatulutsa njere paming'alu, motero zimathandizira pakukula kwake. Pamodzi ndi njira za chilengedwe zakukokoloka, izi zimatsogolera kukuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono kwa chipilalachi.
Mawu opatukana ayenera kuperekedwa kwa a attic a nyumba zambiri zosanja, omwe nkhunda zimasankha pazosowa zawo. Ngati simuyeretsa chapamwamba kwa nthawi yayitali, chiwoneka ngati:
Imakutidwa ndi zigawo zonse za zitowe za nkhunda zosakanikirana ndi nthenga, zipolopolo ndi zotsalira za mbalame. Uku ndi kuwotcha kwamatenda komanso majeremusi!
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi nkhunda yabuluu imawoneka bwanji
Thupi la njiwa ndilokulirapo, lalitali pang'ono, kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 37 mpaka 40. Cesar imawoneka bwino yomangidwa, koma mafuta ake ozungulira ndi akulu.
Chosangalatsa: Unyinji wa mbalame za mtundu wa njiwa zamtchire zimachokera ku 240 mpaka 400 magalamu, zoyerekeza zam'mizinda nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kunenepa kwambiri, motero zimalemera pang'ono.
Mutu wa nkhunda ndiung'ono, mulomo umakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 2,5 cm, umazunguliridwa pang'ono kumapeto ndikuwoneka bwino. Mtundu wa mulomo nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda, koma sera yoyera imawonekera bwino pansi. Mitengo yam'madzi ya mbalame yomwe ili pansi pa manambala sizowoneka, koma imayeretsa zoyera zomwe munthu sangathe kuzimva. Khosi la mbalameyo silitali komanso lalitali. Ndili m'derali pomwe ma plumage shimmers okhala ndi ma toni amtundu wofiirira omwe amasintha mosavuta kukhala mithunzi ya vinyo wowala.
Mchira wa njiwa umazunguliridwa kumapeto, kutalika kwake ndi 13 kapena 14 masentimita, malire akuda akuwonekera pakuwoneka. Mapiko a mbalameyi ndiotalikirapo, ndipo amatalika kutalika kwa 65 mpaka 72 cm, m'munsi mwake ndiwotalikirapo, ndipo malekezero ake ndi akuthwa. Nthenga zake ndizopindika. Kuyang'ana mapiko, munthu amatha kumva mphamvu ya njiwa, mbalamezo zimatha kuuluka mothamanga kwambiri makilomita 70 pa ola limodzi, ndipo nkhunda zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimawuluka mwachangu, zimatha kuthamanga mpaka kufika pa 170.
Chosangalatsa: Mtunda wapakati womwe cisar amatha kubisa tsiku limodzi ndi wopitilira 800 km.
Maso a mbalame ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya iris, akhoza kukhala:
- golide (ambiri)
- ofiira
- lalanje.
Kuwona kwa nkhunda ndizabwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe atatu, mitundu yonse ya mbalame imasiyanitsidwa mosamala, zimagwira ngakhale kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Kusuntha kwa pigeon pakuyenda kumatha kuwoneka ngati kwachilendo, chifukwa munthu wosunthira pansi amayenera kuyang'ana masomphenya ake nthawi zonse. Miyendo ya mbalameyi ndi yaifupi, mitundu yawo imatha kuyimilidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana kuyambira pa pinki mpaka lakuda, mbalame zina zimakhala ndi zowuluka zambiri pa iwo. Mtundu wa nkhunda uzikambirana pazokha. Mtundu wake wapamwamba kwambiri ndi wa imvi. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nkhunda zakuthengo ndizopepuka pang'ono kuposa anzawo. Mkatikati mwa mzindawo, mutha kuwona mbalame zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe ndizosiyana ndi mtundu wamba.
Ponena za mtundu, nkhunda zimabwera:
- loyera ngati chipale (owoneka bwino komanso owoneka ndi mitundu ina),
- ofiira ndi nthenga zoyera zochepa,
- bulawuni wakuda (mtundu wa khofi),
- lakuda
- wakuda kwathunthu.
Chosangalatsa: Pakati pa nkhunda zakumatauni, pali mitundu yoposa kotala ya mitundu yonse.
Khosilo, mutu ndi chifuwa, mtunduwo umasiyana ndi maziko apamwamba a manambala. Apa amabala miyala yachikasu, yapinki komanso yamtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi sheen wachitsulo. M'dera la goiter, mtundu ukhoza kukhala vinyo. Mwa chachikazi, chotumphukira pachifuwa sichidziwika ngati amuna. Kupanda kutero, ali ofanana, njonda yoyeserera yokha ndiye wamkulu kuposa donayo. Kukula kwakang'onoko kumawoneka kuti kwazirala, kuyembekezera molt woyamba.
Njiwa - Ndege Yamabingu
Mbalame ndimutu wotalikilapo kwa antchito ogwira ntchito pabwalo la ndege ndi oyendetsa ndege. Ndege nthawi zambiri zimawulukira pamtunda wosafikirika kwa mbalame. Komabe, panthawi yochotsa / kukwera, ndegeyo imalowa malo okhala mbalame. Zoposa mbalame zomwe zidagwera m'makina oyendetsa ndege, mwangozi zidakhala zomwe zidachititsa ngozi.
Mbalame zouluka ndizowopsa makamaka. Monga nkhunda ndi akhwangwala. Gulu la nkhunda lomwe linagwera mu injini ya ndege, limatsimikizira kuti silingamuthandize.
Pofuna kuthamangitsa mbalame kutali ndi malo okhala ndege, anthu amaika zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogulitsa. Nthawi zina "zida zachilengedwe" zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi mbalame - mbalame zodya nyama monga falcon ndi hawk. Zoyendetsa ndege zimathawa nkhunda, akhwangwala ndi ena omwe angakhale "osokoneza" a airpace. Ngakhale zili choncho, mosasamala kanthu za magawo onse, mbalame za ndege pafupifupi 5,000 zimagunda chaka chilichonse.
Kodi njiwa ya buluu imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bulu wa Blue ku Russia
Sisari adagunda makontrakitala onse, sangapezeke ku Antarctica kokha. Kwambiri, mbalamezi zinkakhala m'magawo akumayiko awiri: ku Eurasia, kumadera ake apakati ndi kumwera, komanso ku kontinenti yotentha ya Africa. Ponena za Eurasia, apa nkhunda zasankha mapiri a Altai, kum'mawa kwa India, mapiri a Tien Shan, madera omwe amachokera ku chigwa cha Yenisei kupita ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Komanso nkhunda zimadziwika kuti ndi nzika zogona pachilumba cha Crimea komanso Caucasus. Kumpoto kwa Africa, nkhunda zinkakhala m'malo a Darfur ndi Gulf of Aden, komwe kumakhala madera ena a Senegal. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ku Sri Lanka, Great Britain, Canaries, Mediterranean ndi Islandse Islands.
Alongo amtchire ngati mapiri, amatha kuwonekera pamtunda wa 2,5 mpaka 3 km. Sakhala kutali ndi zigwa, komwe ma dziwe amayandikira. Ma njiwa amakonzekeretsa zisa zawo m'miyala, m'mipata ndi m'malo ena patali ndi anthu. Kuteteza nkhalango zazikulu za nkhunda. Malo omwe malo ndi olemera komanso otseguka kwambiri sakhalanso abwino kwa iwo, chifukwa mbalame zimafuna nyumba zazitali kapena miyala.
Nkhunda yotchedwa synanthropic imakopeka ndi madera omwe kuli nyumba zambiri zokwera; zimakhala m'malo amalo osiyanasiyana, omwe amakhala kutali ndi mizinda. M'matawuni, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala paliponse: m'minda yayikulu ndi m'malo osungirako zinyama, padenga la nyumba, m'malo odzala anthu, nyumba zowonongeka kapena zosawonongeka. M'madera akumidzi, magulu a nkhunda amatha kuwoneka pakadali pano pomwe amasunga njere ndi nthaka, koma nkhunda sizimakonda m'midzi. Alongo okhala m'mizinda amakhala komwe kumakhala kosavuta komanso kosavuta kupanga zisa zawo, ndipo nthawi yozizira, yovuta, nthawi yachisanu amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nyumba zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amasonkhana malo omata zinyalala.
Chosangalatsa: M'mayiko ena, nkhunda zakatundu zimayambitsidwa mwaluso. Izi zidachitika ku Nova Scotia, komwe mbalame zingapo zidabwera ndi French ku 1606.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalameyo imakhala. Tiwone zomwe nkhunda imvi imadya?
Kodi njiwa imvi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhunda za Gray mbalame
Njiwa za buluu zimatha kutchedwa kuti zowonjezera komanso zosasamala posankha chakudya.
Zakudya zawo zamasiku onse zili ndi:
- mitundu yonse ya mbewu
- kubzala mbewu
- zipatso
- maapulo akutchire
- zipatso zina zamitengo
- nyongolotsi
- osoweka
- tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
Komwe kuli chakudya chochuluka, nkhunda zimadyetsa zoweta zonse, kuyambira mbalame khumi mpaka zana. Nkhunda zochulukirapo zimawonedwa m'minda nthawi yokolola, pomwe mapiko amatenga mbewu ndi udzu mwachindunji kuchokera pansi.
Chosangalatsa: Ma nji ndi olemera kwambiri, ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe ena ake, omwe samalola kuti mbalame zizilowetsa m'makutu, chifukwa chake mbalame sizimawopseza kuti zikulimidwa, m'malo mwake, zimakhomera mbewu zambiri zamasamba.
Sisari ndiwowonekera bwino, amatha kudya pafupifupi magalamu makumi anai a mbewu nthawi imodzi, ngakhale kuti zakudya zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi magalamu makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Izi zimachitika pakakhala chakudya chambiri komanso nkhunda mwachangu kudya chakudya chamtsogolo. Munthawi yanjala, mbalame zimakhala zanzeru komanso zimachita bizinesi kwambiri, chifukwa simungachite chilichonse kuti mukhale ndi moyo. Mbalame zimayamba kudya zachilendo kwa iwo: zophuka zokhala ndi zipatso, zipatso zouma. Kusintha chimbudzi, sisari kumeza miyala ing'onoing'ono, zipolopolo ndi mchenga. Simungathe kutcha nkhunda zokakamira ndi zovutitsa, munthawi zovuta sizipewa zovunda, kutchera mabatani amzindawu ndi zotaya zinyalala, ndikudontha ndowe za agalu.
Chosangalatsa: Nkhunda zimakhala ndi masamba 37 okoma, mwa anthu alipo 10,000.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Njiwa ya buluu kuthawa
Cesarean amatha kutchedwa kuti mbalame zokhazikika, zogwira ntchito masana. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimawulukira kumalo osiyanasiyana kufikira dzuwa litalowa. Koma m'mizinda, ntchito zawo zitha kupitilizabe dzuwa litalowa, kukalibe kuda. Usiku nkhunda zimapuma, koma asanagone amayesera kuti amwe madzi. Akazi amagona m'malo obisalamo, ndipo amuna amakhala kwina kulikonse, chifukwa amateteza abwenzi awo ndi ana awo. Wodzitukumula ndikubisala mutu wake pansi pa mapiko, nkhunda zimagwera m'maloto, omwe amakhala osamala kwambiri, koma amakhalapo mpaka kucha.
Sizars amakonda kuyenda padziko lapansi, ndipo ndege zawo zimangokhala pafupifupi makumi atatu peresenti ya nthawi masana. Mbalame zakutchire zimagwira ntchito kwambiri pamenepa, zimachoka pamtunda wamtunda wa 50 km kuchokera kumalo osungirako malo kuti zikapeze chakudya, nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika nthawi yozizira, pomwe zinthu zimakhala zovuta ndi chakudya. Mwambiri, misipu yamafuta okhala ndi moyo imakhala yovutirapo, chifukwa satha kubisala m'mazenera ofunda, samadyetsedwa ndi anthu.
Tizilombo ta nkhunda takhala anthu osagwirizana nawo nthawi zina, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kulingalira m'misewu yamzinda popanda anthu okalamba komanso ozolowera. Nkhunda ndi anthu amalumikizana m'malo osiyanasiyana momwe munthu angaweruze mikhalidwe yamtchire, zizolowezi ndi luso lake. Malo abwino opangidwira malo opangidwa nthawi zakale za nkhunda zanzeru komanso zodalirika. Nkhunda ndi yanzeru komanso imakumbukira bwino, chifukwa atayenda ma kilomita masauzande ambiri, amadziwa njira yobwerera kwawo.
Nkhunda zimatha kuphunzitsidwa, tonse tidawona mbalamezi zikuchita nawo mabwalo a mabwalo. Koma zakuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pantchito zakusaka, ochepa amadziwa.Mbalamezo zimaphunzitsidwa kufuula mokweza zikapeza vest chikasu ndikuwuluka pamwamba pomwe panali munthu yemwe wasowa. Sizars amalosera za masoka achilengedwe, chifukwa amakhala tcheru kwambiri pakusintha kwazomwe zimachitika mumlengalenga komanso kuwomba kocheperako komwe sikumvera munthu.
Chosangalatsa: Akatswiri a Ornithologists amakhulupirira kuti momwe njiwa imayang'anidwira mumlengalenga zimachitika monga kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mphamvu ya maginito. Zinatsimikiziridwa kuti mkati mwa mzinda, mbalame zimatsogozedwa ndi nyumba zomangidwa ndi anthu.
Pafupifupi aliyense anamva nkhunda zolira, mawu omwe amapanga ndi ofanana ndi kubuma kwa pakhosi. Mothandizidwa ndi makina awa, abwanawa amakopa anzawo ndipo amatha kuthamangitsa anthu osavomerezeka. Nthawi zambiri utoto umakhala wamwamuna. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti ndizosiyana kotheratu ndikugawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, asayansi azindikira mitundu isanu ya njiwa.
Chifukwa chake, kulira kwa mbalame kumachitika:
- okonda
- kulembanso
- kumuwopseza
- nesting
- chakudya (lofalitsidwa panthawi ya chakudya).
Kuphatikiza pa kuyitana kwa mawu, nkhunda zimalumikizana, zikuwulutsa mapiko awo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Awiri nkhunda
Nzosadabwitsa kuti okonda amakonda kutchedwa nkhunda, chifukwa mbalamezi zimapanga banja banja, kukhalabe okhulupilika komanso okongola kusamalana. Nkhunda zimakhwima pofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Nkhunda zokhala kumadera omwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yotentha zimaswana chaka chonse, ndi mbalame zakumpoto zokha nyengo yotentha. Woyendetsa njovuyo amasamalira bwino nkhunda yomwe ankakonda, kuyesa kumukopa. Kuti achite izi, yamphongo imazirala, imapukusa mchira, imayendetsa, kuvina ndi mkaziyo ndi mapiko ake, nthenga nthenga m'khosi mwake.
Chisankho chimakhalabe ndi mnzake, ngati amakonda njonda, ndiye kuti mgwirizano wawo wabanja uzikhala moyo wonse wa mbalame, womwe umatha zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu mu vivo, ngakhale atakhala mu ukapolo njiwa imatha kukhala ndi zaka 15. , yamphongo imabweretsa zida zomangira (nthambi, fumbi, nthambi), ndipo mayi woyembekezera aziyipitsira chisa chokoma. Wotsutsa akaonekera, kulimbana pakati pa amuna si achilendo.
Dzira limayambira milungu iwiri mutatha kukhwima. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala awiri okha, mazira ndi ochepa, oyera kokwanira kapena pang'ono. Dzira lachitatu limayikidwa masiku angapo pambuyo pa woyamba. Njira yolowerera imatenga masiku 16 mpaka 19. Makolonu amaswa ana, m'malo mwake. Nthawi zambiri, yamphongo imakhala chisa masana, ndipo mayi woyembekezera amakhala pamazira usiku wonse. Ana samaswa pakamodzi, kusiyana maonekedwe a anapiye kumatha kufika masiku awiri.
Mukangobadwa, mumatha kumva kulira kwa nkhunda zomwe zilibe nthenga ndipo zimafunikira kutentha. Kufikira masiku 25, makolo amasamalira ana mkaka wopangidwa ndi mbalame. Akafika mwezi, nkhunda zimayesa mbewu zonyowa m'milomo yawo, zomwe zimatenga ndi milomo kuchokera pakhosi la mayi kapena bambo wawo. Ali ndi zaka 45, makanda amakhala olimba komanso wokutira ndi maula, motero amasiya kale chisacho, kusiya moyo wachikulire komanso wodziyimira pawokha.
Chochititsa chidwi: Nyengo imodzi, njiwa imodzi imatha kubereka kuchokera ana anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu, koma si anapiye onse omwe amakhalapo.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhunda yaimvi
Chithunzi: Kodi nkhunda yabuluu imawoneka bwanji
Mwa njiwa zaimvi mbewe kuthengo zokwanira. Otsutsa achinyengo amawopseza kwambiri. Osasamala za kudya njiwa nyama. Ndi owopsa kwambiri nthawi yakukhwima. Zogawana ndi zinziri mosangalala kuzisilira pa nkhunda, m'modzi yekha mwa banja lawo patsiku amatha kuyamwa njiwa zisanu.
Ziwopsezo zimawopseza, choyambirira, savage, savage, ndi abale awo a syanthropic amawopa kwambiri zabodza za peregrine, amayendera magawo amumzindawo kuti alawe nkhunda kapena kuwadyetsa anapiye awo. Chiwerengero cha nkhunda chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi akhwangwala, onse akuda ndi imvi, omwe, choyamba, amawukira anapiye kapena mbalame zofooka zaukalamba. Zoopsa kwa nkhunda ndi amphaka wamba omwe amakonda kuzisaka.
Zisa za pigeon nthawi zambiri zimasokonekera:
Miliri yambiri imawononganso mapiko ambiri, chifukwa nkhunda zimakhala zodzaza, motero matendawa amafalikira mofulumira. Pakati pa adani a nkhunda, munthu amathanso kukhala pamgulu la munthu yemwe amatha kupha nkhunda mwadala, omwe ndi ochuluka kwambiri m'gawo lake, chifukwa amawawona atenga matenda owopsa komanso tizirombo ta mapiri amtunda omwe ali ndi vuto la nkhunda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Nkhunda za Gray mbalame
Malo omwe amagawa nkhunda ndi ochulukirapo, mbalamezi ndizodziwika m'malo ambiri. Anthu amawazolowera kwambiri kotero kuti samachita chidwi, ndipo kulira kwawo kumakhala kovuta kwa aliyense. Kuchulukana kwa nkhunda sikubweretsa nkhawa pakati pa mabungwe azachilengedwe, ngakhale kwawonedwa kuti pali zochepa zazing'ono zopanda nyama. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikana ndi okhala kumatauni.
Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kuchuluka kwa nkhunda, sichingafe konse, ndipo, moyandikana ndi munthuyo, chimapitilirabe kuchulukitsa komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake. M'madera ena, pamakhala zotere kuti pali nkhunda zambiri, kotero anthu akuyenera kuzichotsa poizoni ndi nyanja. Izi ndichifukwa choti zitupa zambiri za nkhunda zimaphwanya maonekedwe azikhalidwe zamizinda, zimawononga nyumba ndi zina, komanso ma corrodes amoto. Nkhunda zimatha kupatsira anthu matenda monga mbalame chimfine, torulosis, ornithosis, kotero kuti zochulukazo ndizowopsa kwa anthu.
Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti nkhunda za imvi sizinthu zosatetezeka, kuchuluka kwawo ndikwambiri, nthawi zina kwambiri. Palibe mlongo ali pa mndandanda uliwonse wofiyira, samakumana ndi zoopseza kupezeka kwawo, chifukwa chake, safunikira chitetezo china, chomwe sichingakhale koma kusangalala.
Mwachidule, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuti njiwa imvi wokongola kwambiri, wolemekezeka komanso wachisomo, maula ake osawoneka bwino ndi okongola komanso osangalatsa, mopanda kanthu kuti m'mbuyomu anali wolemekezeka kwambiri komanso wopanga mtendere, chikondi ndi kudzipereka kopanda tanthauzo. Sizar ali pafupi ndi bambo, akuyembekeza thandizo ndi thandizo lake, chifukwa chake tifunika kukhala okoma mtima ku nkhunda ndikuwasamalira, makamaka nyengo yachisanu yozizira kwambiri.
Kufotokozera
Kukula kwa njiwa yayitali, kutalika kwamphongo amuna 335-375 mm, zazikazi 325-370 mm, kutalika kwa amuna 215-238 mm, zazikazi 210-230 mm, kutalika kwa amuna 675-720 mm, zazikazi 670-710 mm, kutalika kwa mulomo wamwamuna 18.0 -22.3 mm, zazikazi 17.0-21.5 mm, kutalika kwa mphutsi zamphongo 28-32 mm, zazikazi 26-31 mm, kulemera - 300 g.
Fomu lokhala kuthengo limakhala ndi maonekedwe owoneka bwino amtundu, amdima pansi komanso amaso amaso kumbali. Mutu umakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wakuda, kutuwa pakhosi pama toni amtambo wabuluu. Khosi lomwe lili ndi chitsulo chamtundu wobiriwira, silimapangidwa pang'ono kumbuyo kwake. Sheen wobiriwira wam'munsi mwa khosi pa goiter amasinthidwa ndi utoto wofiirira-kapena wofiirira (wofiirira). Kumbuyo kwa msana kuli koyera koyera, kamapanga kolowera pafupifupi masentimita 5-6. Chingwe chake chimakhala chamdima chakuda, nthawi zonse chimakhala chakuda kuposa chovala, kunsi kwamdima wakuda, kuphatikiza kugula. Nthenga za mchira wake ndi imvi yakuda ndi mzere wamtambo wakuda 20-25 mm ndipo yopyapyala imvi yopyapyala 5-7 mm mulifupi, fanolo lakunja lakuthwa kwambiri ndi loyera, kupatula mzere wakuda. Zotchinga ndi zophimba zamkati ndizoyera kokhako, mapiko, ndi zophimba zazikulu ndi mapiko apamwamba, ndizitali ziwiri zokhazokha, zopindika bwino 8-12 mm mulifupi. Mlomo wake ndi wakuda ndi sera yoyera yoyera, miyendo yake ndi yofiyira, iris ndi ofiira kapena lalanje. Palibe kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa mu zovala za njiwa zaimvi.
Wamphongo ndi wamkazi ali osadziwika bwino ndi mtundu wawo. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako poyerekeza ndi abambo ndipo masamba awo owala obiriwira komanso maonekedwe owoneka ngati ofiira amakhala opindika ndipo samapangika pang'ono, makamaka kumunsi kwa khosi komanso kumbuyo kwa khosi. Achichepere amasemphana ndi chitsulo chowala cha nthenga, chovala chofiirira, ngati chifuwa, zingwe zamdima sizikhala ndi chizindikiro, nthenga zambiri zokhala ndi m'mphepete zopindika.
Mtundu wa mawonekedwe a synanthropic umasinthasintha. M'magulu a nkhunda izi, mbalame zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera ndi zofiirira zimapezeka, zomwe, ndizotheka kwambiri chifukwa cha mitanda yokhala ndi nkhunda zapakhomo. Komabe, zochuluka za mbalamezi ndizofanana ndi mtundu wakuthengo.
Voterani
Pa njiwa imvi, ndikotheka kusiyanitsa mawu osinthika asanu, pamlingo wina kapena wina, wogwirizana ndi nyengo yaposachedwa ndi nesting:
- Kukonzekera kumakonzedwa, kumakhala mawu osokosera akulu "guuut ... guuut",
- mayitanidwe ku chisa akuwoneka ngati omwe akuitana, koma pakubwera kwa chisa, mayiyo amawonjezeranso mawuwo ndipo nyimboyo imakhala ndi mawu oti "Kuuhguuut ... Kuuhguuut",
- Nyimboyo, yomwe imatchulidwa panthawi yomwe mwamunayo ali pachibwenzi, poyamba imakhala ndi phokoso loti "guurcuu ... guurcuuu", koma kenako mwamunayo atakondwera kwambiri, mawu awa amalankhulidwa mwamphamvu ndipo nyimboyo imayamba kumveka ngati mawu obwerezedwa "guuurrkruu ... guururkruu",
- pakuwopsa kapena mbalameyo ikakwiya, imapanga mawu osokosera "grouu ... grouu" kapena "grouuf ... grouuf",
- panthawi yodyetsa anapiye, mbalame youluka imasindikiza zolemba zokongola kuti "giuuguuut ... giuuguuut".
Dera
Mtunda wachilengedwe wa nkhunda yabuluu umakhala pakati komanso kum'mwera kwa Europe kuchokera ku Atlantic kupita kuchigwa cha Yenisei, mapiri a Altai, Tien Shan, kum'mawa India ndi Myanmar, komanso Africa kumpoto kwa Senegal, Darfur ndi gombe la Gulf of Aden.
Amakhala m'malo onse akuthupi ndi madera a Saratov. Amakhala m'mizinda yayikulu ndi yaying'ono (kuphatikizapo Rtishchevo), malo ena. Pali zitsanzo zodziwika za malo okhala njiwa m'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe m'mphepete mwa Volga m'mphepete mwa Saratov Right Bank.
Habitat
Njiwa yamtchire yamtchire - wokhalamo wam'mapiri (okwana 2500-3000 m kumtunda kwa nyanja) mdera lamapiri yokutidwa ndi udzu wosiyanasiyana komanso kukhalapo kwa madziwe oyenda ndi malo opanda mpanda, zisa m'matanthwe, mitsinje ndi zina zosagwirizana ndi malo okhala anthu. Madambo akuluakulu amatetezedwa ndi njiwa zaimvi. Sapezeka kawirikawiri m'malo otseguka ndi chithandizo chofanana, komwe kulibe nyumba zamiyala zazitali zamtawuni. Nkhunda ya buluu ya synanthropic - imayikidwa kumadera omwe amamangidwa ndi nyumba zazitali zamiyala, sizipewa, komabe, ikumagwiritsa ntchito nyumba za mafakitale, nthawi zina makilomita ambiri kutali ndi madera okhala kwambiri. M'madera akumatauni, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamitengo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'minda yayikulu ndi m'mapaki. M'madera akumidzi, ngakhale pali chakudya chochuluka, njiwa yaimvi imakhala yochepa. Mchigwa cha mitsinje yamapiri, nkhunda zimakhazikika m'matanthwe, m'matanthwe am'mapiri komanso m'mapiri - pamiyala ndi m'miyala, pamapululu - m'mabwinja a dongo komanso pazinyumba zazikulu zamiyala. Kulikonse kwawonongeka.
Moyo
Njiwe imvi imatsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Nthawi ya ntchito yake munthawi zachilengedwe imakhazikitsidwa ndi kutalika kwa tsiku. M'madera akumatauni, magulu awiri a nkhunda amagwira ntchito madzulo chifukwa chowunikira misewu, masiteshoni, nyumba zachifumu, chipinda chosanja, etc. M'malo owoneka bwino m'misewu yamizinda, njiwa zamtambo nthawi zambiri zimadyera madzulo.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za njiwa zaimvi panthawi yopanda nesting zimachepetsedwa nthawi yakudya komanso kupuma. Mu nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu, amathera podyetsa ndi nthawi yopuma masana pa 31% ya nthawi, akupuma usiku - 35%, ndipo pafupifupi 3% ya nthawi yomwe amakhala akuwuluka kupita kumalo kukagonera usiku. Munthawi yamoyo, mbalame zimatha 34% ya nthawi yopuma masana, 30% kudyetsa ndi kuthirira (kuphatikizapo kudyetsa ndi kusamalira anapiye), 10% pakadali pano ndikutetezedwa kwa malo okhala nesting, ndi 26% pa nthawi yopumula.
Nkhunda yamtchire yamtchire ndiyosamala kwambiri, popeza yazindikira momwe anthu akufikira, imawulukira pasadakhale. Nkhunda ya buluu ya synanthropic imachita zinthu mosamala kwambiri kumidzi kuposa m'mizinda. Njiwa zamtchire ndi synanthropic (mumsewu) zimasungidwa nthawi zambiri m'magulu akulu, ngakhale mu nthawi yoswana ndizosowa kwambiri kuwona mbalame zazokha.
Kuuluka kwa nkhunda kumathamanga kwambiri komanso mwamphamvu, ndikuwuluka kwamapiko pafupipafupi, nthawi yomweyo nitha kugwedezeka, kuchoka pansi ndikuwoneka phokoso, ndikuphatikizidwa ndikuwomba mapiko. Imadya pansi, sikukhala pamitengo.
Chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha nkhunda ndichkukopa kwa mitundu ya mitundu yawo m'malo abwino. Zomwe zimawonekera pamachitidwe awo zimadziwonetsera zokha mu nesting komanso nthawi yotsala ya nesting ya moyo. Chapakatikati, kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yobereketsa, yamphongo imakhala m'malo osavuta ndi chiwonetsero chake sichimakopa zazikazi zokha (monga zimakhalira ambiri), komanso mbalame zina ziwiri zakugonera pafupi. Mbalame zokongola pamodzi zimakola nkhunda zochulukirapo, ndipo motero zimapangidwa. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti abambo omwe ali mgulu la atsamunda azikhala mwamphamvu nthawi zambiri sikuti ndi malo okhala, koma kugawa kwawo kosakwanira pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana, komwe kumakhazikitsidwa. Kuwona kwawonetsedwa kuti, ndikachulukidwe kwambiri komanso malo osowa zogona, mbalame zakumaso zomwe zimayang'ana dala pano zimathamangitsidwa limodzi.
M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimakonda kusiya malo awo ogona ndi kukakumana ndi magulu akuluakulu pafupi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Mabanja ena panthawiyi amabwerera kukagona kwawo, koma mbalame zambiri zimagona pafupi ndi malo odyetserako chakudya. Mu nthawi ya nesting, yaikazi imagona chisa usiku, ndipo yamphongo - pamalo obisika pafupi ndi chisa. Mbalamezi zikugona, kuseka, kutulutsa milomo yake pokoka kwa wokwanira.
Kukhala pafupi ndi anthu kudapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu mu mtundu wa njiwa yamtambo.
Kuswana
Akazi achichepere amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 5.5-6 miyezi, amuna - amuna 6.5-7 miyezi. Madeti oswana a nkhunda zamtunduwu amakula chaka chonse. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumapangitsa kuti athe kuwonetsa polycyclia, yomwe imadziwika kwambiri ndi nkhunda. Mating ndi machitidwe amachitidwe achimuna, omwe angayambitsidwe naye, amathanso kuonedwa mu chaka chonse, ngakhale munthawi yamdima kwambiri - mu Disembala ndi Januware. Ntchito ya nkhunda nthawi yozizira, mwachidziwikire, imalimbikitsidwa ndi kuyatsa kwamagetsi usiku. M'matumba a nyumba pansi pa nyali, abambo amatha kukhalanso pakati pausiku.
Ngakhale, komabe, mtundu wa polycyclic wa kubereka, nsonga ya zochitika zogonana mu nkhunda ya buluu imagwera mchaka. Ma njiwa ambiri amayamba kubereka mu Epulo. Mapangidwe a peir nthawi zonse amatsogozedwa ndi kukhala kwa abambo kumalo osungira chisa, omwe amawateteza ku nkhondo ya anthu ena. Pambuyo pake, yamphongo imayamba kufunafuna wamkazi. Pofunafuna chachikazi kumudzi, abambo amawulukira pamtunda wa 6-8 km, mumzinda - osapitirira 1.5-3 km. Pamalo odyera, anyani amphaka nthawi yayitali ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amapanga ndege zamakono. Poona chachikazi chikuwuluka pafupi, ikuwomba mapiko ake mokweza, kupita kukakumana naye, kukwera msanga, ndi mchira wake lonse ndi mapiko ake otambasuka kumbuyo kwake, kutsika pang'onopang'ono ndi ndege yakukonzekera, kumuitana kuti atsike naye. Atatsikira kumalo odyera, mwamunayo akuwodzera pamaso pake, natembenukira mozungulira mbali ina kapena mbali inayo. Pakadali pano, mchira wake umafalikira kwambiri ndikuwongoleredwa pansi pamakona a 45 °, goiter imakwiya kwambiri, ndipo mutu umatsitsidwa pang'ono. Nthawi yakutentha kwambiri, wamkazi amatenga malo okuyitanira, ndi mbalame mbalame. Pambuyo pokwatirana kwa mphindi zina 5-7, yamphongo imapitilirabe "kukhala" yodutsamo ". Kenako mbalamezo zimaberana, nthawi zambiri “kupsopsonana” ndi kukwatirana."Kupsompsona" ku njiwa imvi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizana ndi njira yakulera ya anzawo. Nkhunda za buluu ndizowonongera, ngakhale sizachilendo kuti wamwamuna kapena wamkazi azingolowera nyengo yokha.
Pambuyo popanga ma njiwa awiri amayamba kupanga chisa. Yaikazi ili pachisa, ndipo yamphongo imabweretsa zinthuzo, zomwe amazipeza pakati pa ma 300-500 mamitala kuchokera ku chisa: nthambi, nthambi, udzu wouma, mizu ndi zimayambira za mbewu, udzu, zomata zamatanda, waya, etc. Ngati pali chosowa chakumanga Nthawi zambiri gwiritsani ntchito nthenga za mzere. Kutalika kwa nesting ndi masiku 9-14.
Malo okhala mosiyanasiyana amasiyanasiyana kwambiri. M'mizinda, mbalame zamtundu wa buluu zimakhazikika pama eve, makonde, pansi pa nsikidzi, pamata ndi pamata, m'misinga ndi m'miyala yamadzi, muzida zamapailosi, pansi pa milatho. Pakalibe zipinda za chapamwamba, pomwe njiwa zambiri nthawi zonse zimakhazikika pamiyala, nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika, ndikuika chisa pakati pa khoma la nyumbayo ndi potayira. Kutali ndi nyumba za anthu, mbalame zimapanga zisa m'miyala yamiyala, m'mphepete mwa miyala, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mipata, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi omwe. Kukhazikika m'magulu akulu (mpaka 40-80 awiriawiri kapena kupitilira apo), njiwa nthawi zambiri zimakonzera zisa mtunda wa 0.5-1 mamita wina ndi mzake. Nthawi yomweyo, awiriawiri amapuma ndipo amakhala padera padera.
Chisa chake ndi chosavuta, lathyathyathya, chomangidwa mosasamala. Kukula kwake kumadalira malo enieni. Akuluakulu mainchesi (mamilimita): awiri awiri 200350, mkati 140-2200, thireyi kuya 2040, kumanga makulidwe 20-1100. Nthawi zambiri mbalame yofananira yomweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zingapo motsatana.
Mukamamanga chisa, njiwa zimakwatirana kangapo patsiku, masiku awiri - 1-2 asanayike mazira - katatu, pakati pakuikira mazira 1-2. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imayang'ana mkazi mosamalitsa. Mwamuna wina akaonekera pafupi, amapita ndi mkaziyo kumalo ena. Yaimuna imatsata wamkazi makamaka mwamphamvu pamene masiku 2-3 atsala mpaka mazira atayikidwa. Pambuyo poyikira dzira lachiwiri, machitidwe aimuna amakhala abwinobwino.
Ntchito yomanga chisa ikamalizidwa, nthawi zambiri masana, mkazi amaikira dzira loyamba, atatha maola 46-48 - wachiwiri. Osowa kwambiri, dzira lachiwirili limayikidwa pambuyo pa maola 24, 36 kapena 72. Ndalama zonse za nkhunda zamtunduwu zimawonedwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi za Epulo. Mbalame zokhala m'matawuni zimayamba kuyikira mazira mkati mwa Marichi, ndulu zonse zikuonekera m'masiku omaliza a mwezi uno. Mu clutch pali mazira oyera awiri oyera omwe ali ndi kukula kwa 34.1-44,5 × 25.6-31.8, pakati pa 38.8 × 28.7 mm, ndi unyinji wa 16.5-17 g. dzira lachiwiri, masiku 18-18,5. Nkhunda zokhala ndi imvi zomwe zili m'makoma a nyumbazi pafupifupi sizimawopa anthu ndipo sizilabadira zikaona malo mwa mbalamezi.
Kuonekera kwa anapiye m'magulu awiriawiri kumayamba m'masiku oyamba a Meyi; kuwatchingira miyambo kumadziwika pakati pa mwezi. Kuyambira pomwe kuluma koyamba kumayambira ndipo mpaka thumba yatulutsidwa kwathunthu kuchokera ku chipolopolo, pakadutsa maola 18-24. Kuyambira dzira lachiwiri, anapiye akuwombera maola 5-6 mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri makolo amatulutsa chipolalachi. Amphaka amachikulunga ndi utali wamtali (mpaka 8-10 mm) wautoto wamtundu wamtundu wakasu. Makabati oyambira onse alibe misewu yammbali. Ziwalo zina za thupi sizopindika: chin, malo mbali ya mutu, malo apakati pakhosi ndi tsekwe, pafupi ndi maso ndi makutu, pakati pamimba ndi kumbuyo.
Mwana wankhuku yemwe amasaka nthawi yoyamba amalandira chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo atatha maola 4-6, wam'ng'ono kwambiri pafupifupi tsiku lotsatira. Mwana wankhuku yokalamba pofika nthawi ino amakhala atakwanitsa kale pang'ono kuti akhale wamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, anapiye a nkhunda zachimuna pafupifupi nthawi zonse amakhala osiyanasiyana. Makolo onsewa amatenga nawo gawo limodzi pamavuto aubwino komanso kudyetsa anapiye. Komabe, yaikaziyo imakhala nthawi yambiri pachisa kuposa yaimuna, yomwe imakhala kuyambira 10 koloko mpaka 4-17 p.m. Kufikira masiku 14-16, makolo onse awiri amadyetsa chakudya chofanana. Kenako yazikazi imapatsanso chakudya, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, yamphongo imadyetsa anapiye.
Kufikira masiku 5-7, makolo amadyetsa anapiyewo katatu patsiku, paukalamba - 2 zina, nthawi zambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo. Anapiye achikulire pa nthawi yodyetsa mwamphamvu ndikufinya mapiko awo. Mbalame yodyetsa nthawi ndi nthawi imapereka chizindikiro chochenjeza. Atamva izi, anapiyewo kwakanthawi ndikubisala, kenako ndikuyamba kufinya. Nthawi zambiri, mwana wamkulu wam'mapiko amakhala ndi mapiko ndi thupi kuchoka kwa kholo lolera laling'ono motero amalandila chakudya chochuluka. Pachifukwa ichi, mwana wankhuku nthawi zina amakhala kumbuyo kwambiri akamakula kapena kufa.
Patsiku la 8-10 la makulidwe, makolowo amayamba kulimbitsa makoma a tsekwe. Pofika nthawi ya anapiye m'matumbo, amapanga “mkaka”. Kufikira masiku 6-8, mbalame zimadyetsa anapiye ndi "mkaka" uwu. Patsiku la 7-8th, mbewu ndi ma gastrolite osiyanasiyana amapezeka kale m'matangwana amphaka, zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira tsiku lililonse. Kuyambira masiku 10-12, nkhunda zimayamba kudyetsa anapiye ndi msanganizo waufa wambiri. Kuyambira pano, kapangidwe kake ka chakudya cha anapiye chimakhala chofanana ndi mbalame zazikulu, ndi kaphatikizidwe kakang'ono ka mkaka wa goiter.
Mkaka wa pigeon umakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu loyera komanso kusinthasintha kwa kirimu wowawasa wowawasa kapena tchizi. Muli zinthu izi: protein, lysine, methionine, madzi, phosphorous, sodium, potaziyamu, calcium, nitrogen, cellulose, komanso mavitamini A, B, C, D ndi mkaka wa E. Goiter uli ndi (mu%): madzi - 64-82, mapuloteni - 10-19, mafuta ndi mafuta onga zinthu - 7-13, mchere - 1.6.
Ana a nkhunda za buluu amamaliza kukula kwawo pofika masiku 32-34. Mu khumi lachitatu la Juni, makulidwe amadzuwa amayamba kachiwiri, ogwirizanitsidwa ndi kuzungulira kwachiwiri. Mabanja ena amadyetsa ana atatu nthawi yakubala.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zambiri pazakudya za nkhunda zamtchire ndizosowa. Zimangodziwika kuti zimadyetsa makamaka mbewu za zakutchire ndi zobzala. Njiwa ya synanthropic ya buluu, kuposa mbalame ina iliyonse, zimatengera munthu yemwe amadalira pafupifupi nyengo zonse za chaka. M'misewu ndi m'mabwalo, nkhunda za ma poko tchizi, zidutswa za nyama yophika kuchokera kumafupa, kukumba pakati pa zinyalala m'zotungira zinyalala. Amagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe pokhapokha nthawi yopanda chipale chofewa komanso nthawi zina, makamaka pakugwa. Maziko ake amakhala ndi mbewu yofesa mbewu monga chimanga ndi zitsamba zakuthengo, nyemba, zipatso zazing'ono ndi zipatso. M'nyengo yotentha, nkhunda nthawi zina zimakhomera udzu pamtchire ndikunyamula zipatso za phula. Nkhunda zomwe zimakhala kumidzi, m'makhalidwe awo komanso zakudya, ndizofanana kwambiri ndi nkhunda yakuthengo.
Pakudya kamodzi, nkhunda imvi imadya kuchokera pa 17 mpaka 43 g ya mbewu zingapo. Pafupifupi, mbalame imodzi imadya kuchokera pa 35 mpaka 60 g yazakudya zamasamba tsiku lililonse. Mbale ndi mchenga, zidutswa za zipolopolo za mollusk, ndipo dziko lapansi nthawi zonse limakhalapo mwa gogo wa nkhunda imvi. Kusinkhidwa kwa dziko lapansi kumapereka mapangidwe ndi kukonza nkhunda za m'mimba.
Mbalame zam'mizinda yakumidzi ndi kumidzi nthawi zambiri zimapita pandege kupita kuminda zobzalidwa ndi mbewu zolimidwa, zikokwezera, malo ogulitsa tirigu, amatola tirigu wokazungulira m'misewu ndi njanji. Ndege zapamadzi zamagulu akumidzi nthawi zina zimakhala mpaka 8-12 km kapena kupitilira. Komabe, nthawi zambiri maulendo awo opita kumtunda sapitirira 1.5-3 komanso osachepera 4-5 km. Nkhunda za mzinda nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pafupi ndi malo odyetserako, ndipo ndege zawo kupita kumalo odyetserako sizachulukirapo kuposa 1.5-3 km. Komabe, magulu a mbalame zolimba kwambiri nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pakati pa mbalame zakumatauni, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawuluka kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu kupita ku chisanu kuti zimadyetse m'minda yomwe yatuta kapena ndi mkate wolemera. Ndege zamagulu owerengeka a nkhunda zapamtunda zimatha kukhala osachepera 10-12, ndipo mwapadera mpaka 20-50 km.
Pouluka kuti mukadyetse, chikhalidwe cha nkhunda chimawonetsedwa bwino. Malo oyamba kudyetsa amakhazikitsidwa ndi magulu owerengeka owerengera a anthu 8-12. Pakudya, mbalame zotere zimayang'anitsitsa njiwa zikuuluka. Poona mbalame zikuwuluka, modzidzimutsa amawauza za komwe ali komanso chakudya chochuluka. Magulu azinji a nkhunda amasonkhana m'malo oterowo tsiku lonse. Pambuyo podya chakudya pamunda uno, nkhunda zimasamukira kumalo ena odyetsa mwa njira yomweyo, ndikulumikizana ndi mbalame zina kumeneko.
M'mizinda ya nkhunda, anthu amakonda kudya, motero, m'malo operekera chakudya, malo awo akuluakulu amawonedwa, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka koyipa kwa misewu, mabwalo, mabwalo ndi nyumba za chimanga. Mukamadyetsa kumidzi, amapanga magulu osakanikirana ndi Clintukh.
Molting
Kusungunula kwa njiwa yaimvi kumachitika kuyambira Epulo - Meyi mpaka Sepembera - Novembala. Mbalame zakale zimayamba kusungunuka kuyambira mu Meyi pomaliza pa Meyi mpaka chaka choyambirira cha June ndikumaliza kusuntha kwa Seputembala - Novembala. Gawo locheperako la anthu limayamba kuyembeka mu Marichi - Epulo kapena kumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi ndipo limatha kusungunuka mu Novembala - Disembala. Kutalika kwa kusungunuka kwa mbalame zachikulire ndi miyezi 5.5-6. Mu mbalame zazing'ono kuyambira ana oyambira, nthenga zimapangidwanso mwatsopano chaka chomwecho. Pakusungunuka, nkhunda zokhala ndi imvi zimachepera ndipo zochitika zake za tsiku ndi tsiku zimasinthasintha ndikudyetsa komanso kupuma. Amakhala maola opitirira theka la masana akupumula ndikusamalira nthenga zomwe zikulira nthawi yayitali (Seputembara - Okutobala). Mbalame zakuthengo zimasungira ndege zam'mawa ndi zamadzulo nthawi zonse kuti zizidyetsa ndi kuthirira. Nkhunda za buluu za mumsewu, zomwe zimatola chakudya mumzinda, zimatha nthawi yambiri m'malo okhala.
Zochepetsa ndi mawonekedwe
Njiwa ya buluu, chifukwa cha magawidwe ake ambiri komanso kuchuluka kwake, siyili m'gulu la mitundu yotetezedwa ndipo m'malo mwake imayenera kuwongoleredwa.
Adani akuluakulu a nkhunda za buluu kutchire ndi chikhalidwe chamtunduwu ndiopezerera ena ochokera m'mabanja a hawk, falcon ndi khwangwala. Choopsa chachikulu kwa nkhunda ndi goshawk. Makamaka nthawi zambiri goshawk amalimbana ndi nkhunda za imvi panthawi yodyetsa nestlings (June - Julayi). Banja la ma goshawks, lomwe lili ndi anapiye atatu akuluakulu ndi mbalame ziwiri zachikulire, limadya nkhunda 1.5 mpaka 3 patsiku. Goshawk wamkulu amadya nkhunda imodzi pa avareji kwa masiku awiri atatu m'chilimwe ndi masiku 1.5-2 nthawi yozizira. Nthawi zambiri mbalame za goshawk zimakumana ndi nkhunda zokhala ndi imvi m'mwezi wa Ogasiti - Seputembala nthawi yake yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira, pomwe nkhunda zimagwiranso mbalame zina. Ma goshawks ambiri nthawi yozizira amasamukira m'dzinja kupita kumidzi, komwe, akuwononga gawo lina la njiwa zamtambo, kuchuluka kwawo kulibe malire.
Khungubwi kocheperako pang'ono sikamayandikira nkhunda imvi. Komabe, m'dzinja ndi masika, posamukira m'mizinda ndi m'midzi, mpheta zazikazi zimasaka njiwa zazimvi komanso zapakhomo.
Masiku ano, mbidzi zazikulu, zabodza zazikulu (peregrine falcon, saker) nthawi zina zimagunda nkhunda zaimvi komanso zoweta. Mbawala za a Peregrine zimakhala m'nyumba zazitali m'mizinda yayikulu ndipo nthawi yonse yodyera nyama zimasaka njiwa zokha. Nthawi zina, zazikazi zachikazi zimakonda kuzunza njiwa.
Zowonongeka zazikulu za njiwa zaimvi m'mizinda yayikulu zimayamba chifukwa cha akhwangwala amvi ndi akuda. Khwangwala mu nthawi ya nesting imasowetsa zisa zambiri za njiwa zamtambo, kupenda mosamala ma attic a nyumba, niches mumakoma, makonde ndi malo ena abwino omwe njiwa zimatha kukhala. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka zaposachedwa gulu la (mbalame za 3-5) lankhondo laimvi ndi lakuda pa nkhunda "kukuba" lakhala likuwonekera kwambiri. Mukamasaka, khwangwala nthawi zambiri samangokhala anapiye, komanso mbalame zazikulu.
Pafupipafupi, mbalame za njiwa ndi zoweta zimawononga maula ndi maula, komanso maula, omwe m'midzi ndi kunja kwa mizinda nthawi zambiri ankayamba kuwuluka mkati mwanyumba momwe njiwa zaimuna zimera. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, pakati pamiyala ndi m'matanthwe, zisa zamtundu wa nkhunda zokhala ndi imvi zimasakazidwa ndi akhwangwala, akhwangwala otuwa ndi maula.
Pazinthu zosavomerezeka za nkhunda zapakhomo komanso zakutchire, kusowa kwa chakudya zaka zingapo nyengo yotentha kuyenera kuzindikirika poyamba. Mu zaka ngati izi, njiwa zamtchire zimayendayenda kuchokera kumapiri kupita ku zigwa, pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, momwe, kuphatikiza ndi njiwa za synanthropic, zimakhala zosavuta nyengo yachisanu.
Ndi kulumpha kwakukulu m'mizinda yayikulu ndi m'matawuni, komwe nkhunda sizigwira ntchito zachitetezo zapaukhondo, njiwa nthawi zambiri zimafa ndi matenda. Zowonongeka zamamadzi pazomera ndi feteleza zimatha kubweretsa vuto kwa nkhunda. Kuluma tirigu wowazidwa m'minda kapena kumeza feteleza ngati gastrolites, nkhunda nthawi zambiri zimayipa ndipo zimafa.
Chapakatikati, pakubzala, nkhunda za buluu, kutolera mbewu, zitha kuvulaza paulimi. Komabe, nthawi ya chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, amadya minda ndi mbewu zakugwa ndi mbewu zamtchire, potere, zimathandizira kuyeretsa kwaminda pamsongole. Zikukula m'mizinda ndi m'midzi yayikulu, nkhunda za buluu zimatha kukhala zonyamula matenda opatsirana a ziweto komanso anthu. Tiyeneranso kudziwa udindo wa njiwa yaimvi ngati chinthu chofufuzira zasayansi ndi kufunikira kwake pakuweta mtundu wa njiwa.
Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda
Nkhunda yayikulu imakhala yachiwiri kukula koma kukwinyira. Fomu lokhala kuthengo limakhala ndi mtundu wowala bwino wokhala ndi zitsulo pakhosi ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yosiyana yopingika pamapiko. Mtundu wa mawonekedwe a synanthropic umasinthasintha. M'magulu a nkhunda izi, mbalame zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera ndi zofiirira zimapezeka, zomwe, ndizotheka kwambiri chifukwa cha mitanda yokhala ndi nkhunda zapakhomo. Komabe, zochuluka za mbalamezi ndizofanana ndi mtundu wakuthengo. Njiwa zamiyala ndi clintukh ndizoyandikana kwambiri ndi njiwa imayera mu utoto wamitundu ndi kukula kwake. Amasiyana ndi miyala yamiyala pomwe kulibe mzere wazipika zoyera pa nthenga zowongolera, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri mu nkhunda yamiyala pothawa. Malinga ndi zisonyezo zina, ndizovuta kusiyanitsa nkhunda y imvi kuthawa mwala.
Pamalo abata, malekezero a mapiko opindika a njiwa yaimvi safikira kumapeto kwa nthenga za mchira ndi 1520 mm. Pa nkhunda yamiyala, imakhala yofanana kapena ya 5-7 mm (nthawi zina mpaka 10-12) imangotuluka kupitirira malekezero a nthenga.
Njiwa ya buluu imasiyana ndi clintukh kukula kwakukulu, ndi chiuno choyera komanso mikwingwirima yakuda yakutali pamapiko. Pakuuluka, njiwa ya buluu imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ofunika am'mapikowo ndi kuwuluka kosalala. Mukayang'ana kumbuyo kwa mbalame youluka, zikuwoneka bwino kuti mchira wa njiwa imayimitsidwa pang'ono m'mphepete kuposa clintukh.
Nkhunda yamtchire yamtchire ndiyosamala kwambiri, popeza yazindikira momwe anthu akufikira, imawulukira pasadakhale. Ikanyamuka, imapukusa mapiko ake mokweza. Nkhunda ya buluu ya synanthropic imachita zinthu mosamala kwambiri kumidzi kuposa m'mizinda. Nkhunda zakutchire ndi synanthropic (mumsewu) zimatulutsa mbalame, ndipo nthawi yakuswana ndizosowa kwambiri kuwona mbalame zayekha.
Nthawi yakukhwima, nkhunda ya buluu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ndege zapano. Mbalameyo, ikuwuluka mapiko ake mokweza, imanyamuka, ikukula kenako kukonzekera ndi mapiko ake yotukulidwa pamwamba kumbuyo kwake. Mtundu wamtundu wa nkhunda y imvi ndi yake pakanthawi yachikazi. Nthawi yomweyo amayenda mozungulira kuzungulira mkaziyo, mbali imodzi kapena mbali inayo. Pakamphindi kakang'ono, mchira wake umafalikira kwambiri ndikuwongoleredwa pansi pamakona a 45 °, goiter imakwiya kwambiri, ndipo mutu umatsitsidwa pang'ono. Chopweteka chomwecho, koma mosatembenuka kwambiri, chimadziwika mwa amuna a nkhunda zamiyala.
Pa njiwa yaimvi, ndikotheka kusiyanitsa mawu osinthika asanu, pamlingo wina kapena wina, wogwirizana ndi nyengo yaposachedwa ndi nesting: 1) kukonzekera kumakhala, komwe kumakhala mawu akulira kwambiri "guuut. guuut ”, 2) kuyitanira ku chisa, kumamveka ngati kukonzekera, koma pakayandikira mayiyo chisa, kuwonjezeranso mawuwa ndipo nyimboyo imakhala ndi mawu oti" Kuuhguuut.Kuuhguuut ”, 3) Nyimboyi, yomwe imatchulidwa panthawi yomwe mwamunayo ali pachibwenzi, poyamba imakhala ndi mawu abata oti" guurkuuu. guurkuuu ”, koma pamenepo mwamunayo akadakondwera kwambiri, mawu awa amatchulidwa mwamphamvu ndipo nyimbo imayamba kumveka ngati mawu obwerezabwereza“ guuurrkruu .-. -ruuu "kapena" grouuf. grouuf ”, 5) panthawi yodyetsa anapiye, mbalame youluka imasindikiza zolemba zokongola kuti" giuuguuut. giuuguuut. "
Njiwa yotuwa imakhala m'madera okhala m'mapiri komanso malo opanda phokoso. Njiwa zazikuluzikulu zimapewetsa. M'madera akumatauni, njiwa ya buluu yojambulidwa nthawi zambiri imakhala pamitengo ndipo nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'minda yayikulu ndi m'mapaki. Mukamadyetsa kumadera akumidzi, imapangira magulu osakanikirana ndi Clintukh, ndi ku Eastern Siberia ndi Central Asia yokhala ndi nkhunda yamiyala.
Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake
Flyingwheel yoyamba 10, helmsman 12, mapangidwe formula: I-II-III-IV-V. Akuluakulu (mamilimita): kutalika kwamphongo azibambo 335–375 (pafupifupi 352.4), akazi 325-370 (pafupifupi 342.5), kutalika kwa mapasa amuna 215-238 (pafupifupi 227.4), akazi 210-2230 (avareji 219,5), kutalika kwa amuna 675-720 (pafupifupi 685.1), akazi 670-710 (pafupifupi 681.4), kutalika kwa milomo ya amuna 18.0-22.3 (pafupifupi 19.5) , akazi 17.0-21.5 (pafupifupi 18,5), kutalika kwa mphuthu za abambo 28-32 (pafupifupi 30.0), akazi 26-31 (pafupifupi 27.6).
Kugonana kwamanyazi ndi kofooka. Zachikazi ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa zazimuna ndipo mafunde owala obiriwira komanso ofiira ofiira amphongo amakhala opindika ndipo satukuka pang'ono, makamaka kumunsi kwa goiter ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi.
Subspecies taxonomy
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale, ma subspecies 15 a nkhunda ya buluu amadziwika mdziko lapansi la fauna (Meklenburtsev, 1951), malinga ndi zatsopano, kuyambira pa 10 (Stepanyan, 1975) mpaka 14 (Howard ndi Moore, 1980).
Chikhalidwe chamtundu uliwonse ndizosiyanasiyana. Mapulogalamuwa amawasiyanitsa ndi kukula kwa mtundu wa maula, kupingasa ndi mtundu wa lingwe loyera kumbuyo kumunsi, komanso kukula kwake. Kusiyana kwachilengedwe kukufotokozedwa momwe zimakhalira ndi kukhalamo kwa mbalame kumalo osiyanasiyana a biotopu ndi malo okhalamo malo ogawikirako.
Ku Eastern Europe ndi North Asia, pali mitundu iwiri.
1.Columba livia livia
Columba Domestica livia Gmelin, 1789, Sy-st. Nat., 1. C. 769, Southern Europe
Makamaka amdima pang'ono, dera lachiyera ndi loyera, m'lifupi mwa Mzere Woyera ndi 40-60 mm.
2.Columba livia kunyanyala
Columba kunyalanyaza Hume, 1873, Henderson ndi Hume, Lahore kupita Yarkand, c. 272, Ladakh
Utoto wamba umakhala wowonjezera pang'ono, dera lachiberekero limakonda kukhala imvi, zowala kuposa msana, nthawi zambiri limakhala lakuda ngati msana, ngakhale loyera pang'ono. Potsirizira pake, m'lifupi mwake Mzere Woyera ndi 2040 mm.
Kupeza kwa Columba livia ndiosawoneka bwino, komwe kumapezeka kumpoto kwa China ndi Mongolia (Howard, Moore, 1980) komanso kosiyana mitundu yakuda kwamapulogalamu, ndizothekanso.
Kufalitsa
Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Malo omwe amakhala ndi ogawika kwambiri. Kudera la ku Europe, limakhala m'mapiri a Crimea, mwina m'malo ena koma m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov ndi Sivash, kumpoto kwa Caucasus ndi Southern Urals. Malinga ndi A. I. Ivanov, zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mbuyomu kumapeto kwa Don, ku Volga, Oka, Sura, Sviyaga sizowona. Kupitabe kum'mawa kumakhala chisa ku Mugodzhary, Mangyshlak, m'chigawo cha Karkaraly, Chingiztau ndi Kalbinshash Altai. Kummawa ndi kumwera kwa Kazakhstan, nthawi zina kumakhala kambiri magawo abwino kumapiri komanso kumapiri otsika. Pakati pa Central Asia, imagawidwa kuchokera ku Western Turkmenistan kumalire a Pamirs pamtunda mpaka 2500-2700 m pamwamba pa nyanja. nyanja. Zoweta ku Transcaucasia. Zigawo zing'onozing'ono zinkalipo kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Yenisei. Mchigawo cha synanthropic, chimafalitsidwa kwambiri kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kupita kugombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja ya Baikal ndi Southern Primorye komanso ku Murmansk ndi Salekhard kumpoto.
Chithunzi 19. Kukula kwa njiwa imvi ku Eastern Europe ndi North Asia
- malo okhala nesting
Kunja kwa Eastern Europe ndi North Asia: Western Europe, Africa, Southwest ndi Central Asia. Amakhala nthawi yozizira, amapanga kuyendayenda yaying'ono kumapiri (Ivanov, 1976).
Chithunzi 20. Malo ogawikirako nkhunda imvi
-malire a mtundu woswana, b - kumalizidwa bwino pamalire a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Subspecies: 1 - Columba livia livia, 2 - C. l. atlantis, 3 - C. l. canadensis, 4 - C. l. gaddi, 5 - C. l. palaestinae, 6 - C. l. schimperi, 7 - C. l. tagria, 8 - C. l. dakhiae, 9 - C. l. butteri, 10 - C. l. masewera olimbitsa thupi, 11 - C. l. Iividior, 12 - C. l. peglecta, 13 - C. l. intermedia, 14 - C. 1. anigrican
Chiwerengero
Nkhunda yamtchire yamtchire siyambiri ndipo siyopanga masango akuluakulu. Amaberekera awiriawiri, ndipo nthawi zina amapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono awiriawiri awiriawiri. Chithunzi choterocho chimawoneka paliponse kumadzulo kwa malo okhala kumapiri. Kummawa kwa mndandanda, njiwa zamtchire ndizochulukirapo ndipo ndizofala ku Tarbagatai.
Mu zaka 5-7 zapitazi, pakhala kugwera kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha nkhunda zakutchire m'mphepete mwa Crimea chifukwa cha nkhawa ya alendo. Chodetsa nkhawa chimayambitsa kugawanika kwa magulu akuluakulu ndi kusinthika kwa malo okhala magulu ochepa ndi awiriawiri. Masango akuluakulu kwambiri mpaka 1990 mpaka 1973. anali zisa 250 25000.
Magulu a njiwa imvi ku Crimea amafunika kutetezedwa ngati malo okha amtchire omwe amakhala ku gawo la ku Europe (Kosgin, 1983).
Mtundu wa nkhunda zopitilira pano umakhala m'malo ambiri a Volga-Kama Territory. Kugawidwa kwa nkhunda m'mizinda yayikulu kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kukhalapo kwa malo okhala chakudya ndi chakudya. Gulu la anthu 500 mpaka 800 ndilodziwika pano. Ma njiwa pano mwachiwonekere adatha kuchuluka kwawo (Gorshkov, 1977).
Kudera la Leningrad, njiwa imvi ndi mbalame yayikulu. M'dzinja, magulu a mbalame 500 mpaka 1,000 ali mumzinda. Mbalame zokhazokha ndi magulu awo ang'onoang'ono amapezeka nthawi zonse 10-15 km kuchokera kumudzi wapafupi, ngakhale m'malo a nkhalango (Noskov et al., 1981).
Ku Central Asia, malinga ndi R.N. Meklenburtsev (1951), kuchuluka kwa nkhunda ya buluu pofika ma 50s kwatsika kwambiri ndipo magulu a mbalame mazana ndi zikwizikwi amatha kupezeka kokha kumadera akutali. Pakalibe deta pazambiri za nkhunda yabuluu.
Zikuwoneka kuti, njiwa yamtundu wamtchire, yomwe imakhala mozama kwambiri, sizinapangitse gulu lalikulu, komanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame mpaka 50,000 ndi zina (Zarudny, 1888) m'magawo osiyanasiyana amtundu wa mtundu wa njiwa ya buluu kapena mapaketi osakanizika oyamba ndi owonjezera.
Chifukwa chosowa chakudya komanso chakudya mdziko muno pambuyo pa nkhondo, chiwerengero cha njiwa zamtambo zofananira ndi ma 50s chatsika kwambiri. Komabe, pofika 70s, ziwerengero zake zidachulukanso, ndipo m'mizinda yayikulu idayenera kuwongoleredwanso.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe
Njiwe imvi imatsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Nthawi ya ntchito yake munthawi zachilengedwe imakhazikitsidwa ndi kutalika kwa tsiku. M'madera akumatauni, magulu awiri a nkhunda amagwira ntchito madzulo chifukwa chowunikira misewu, masiteshoni, nyumba zachifumu, chipinda chosanja, etc. M'malo owoneka bwino m'misewu yamizinda, njiwa zamtambo nthawi zambiri zimadyera madzulo. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira m'nyumba zazikulu, zowala bwino (masiteshoni, nyumba zosungiramo nyumba, malo osiyanasiyana, etc.), amayesa kubereka m'malo oterowo.
Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za njiwa zaimvi panthawi yopanda nesting zimachepetsedwa nthawi yakudya komanso kupuma. Mu nthawi yophukira-nyengo yachisanu, amathera podyetsa ndi nthawi yopuma masana pa 31% ya nthawi, akupuma usiku - 35%, ndipo pafupifupi 3% ya nthawi yomwe amakhala akuwuluka kupita kumalo kukagonera usiku.
Munthawi yamoyo, mbalame zimatha 34% ya nthawi yopuma masana, 30% kudyetsa ndi kuthirira (kuphatikizapo kudyetsa ndi kusamalira anapiye), 10% pakadali pano ndikutetezedwa kwa malo okhala nesting, ndi 26% pa nthawi yopumula.
Pakusungunuka, nkhunda zokhala ndi imvi zimachepera ndipo zochitika zake za tsiku ndi tsiku zimasinthasintha ndikudyetsa komanso kupuma. Amakhala maola opitirira theka la masana akupumula ndikusamalira nthenga zomwe zikulira nthawi yayitali (Seputembara - Okutobala). Mbalame zakuthengo zimasungira ndege zam'mawa ndi zamadzulo nthawi zonse kuti zizidyetsa ndi kuthirira. Nkhunda za buluu za mumsewu, zomwe zimatola chakudya mumzinda, zimatha nthawi yambiri m'malo okhala.
M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimakonda kusiya malo awo ogona ndi kukakumana ndi magulu akuluakulu pafupi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Mabanja ena panthawiyi amabwerera kukagona kwawo, koma mbalame zambiri zimagona pafupi ndi malo odyetserako chakudya. Mu nthawi ya nesting, yaikazi imagona chisa usiku, ndipo yamphongo - pamalo obisika pafupi ndi chisa. Mbalamezi zikugona, kuseka, kutulutsa milomo yake pokoka kwa wokwanira.
Adani, zovuta
Adani akuluakulu a nkhunda za buluu kutchire ndi chikhalidwe chamtunduwu ndiopezerera ena ochokera m'mabanja a hawk, falcon ndi khwangwala. Choopsa chachikulu kwa nkhunda ndi goshawk, yomwe m'zaka zaposachedwa yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito nkhunda zaimvi komanso zowetedwa m'malo ambiri a dzikolo. Makamaka nthawi zambiri goshawk amalimbana ndi nkhunda za imvi panthawi yodyetsa nestlings (June - Julayi). Banja la ma goshawks, lomwe lili ndi anapiye atatu akuluakulu ndi mbalame ziwiri zachikulire, limadya nkhunda 1.5 mpaka 3 patsiku. Goshawk wamkulu amadya njiwa imodzi pa avareji kwa masiku awiri atatu m'chilimwe komanso masiku 1.5-2 nthawi yozizira. Nthawi zambiri mbalame za goshawk zimakumana ndi nkhunda zokhala ndi imvi m'mwezi wa Ogasiti - Seputembala nthawi yake yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira, pomwe nkhunda zimagwiranso mbalame zina. Ma goshawks ambiri nthawi yozizira amasamukira m'dzinja kupita kumidzi, komwe, akuwononga gawo lina la njiwa zamtambo, kuchuluka kwawo kulibe malire.
Khungubwi kocheperako pang'ono sikamayandikira nkhunda imvi. Komabe, m'dzinja ndi masika, posamukira m'mizinda ndi m'midzi, mpheta zazikazi zimasaka njiwa zazimvi komanso zapakhomo.
Masiku ano, mbidzi zazikulu, zabodza zazikulu (peregrine falcon, saker) nthawi zina zimagunda nkhunda zaimvi komanso zoweta. Mbawala za a Peregrine zimakhala m'nyumba zazitali m'mizinda yayikulu ndipo nthawi yonse yodyera nyama zimasaka njiwa zokha. Nthawi zina, zazikazi zachikazi zimakonda kuzunza njiwa.
Zowonongeka zazikulu za njiwa zaimvi m'mizinda yayikulu zimayamba chifukwa cha akhwangwala amvi ndi akuda. M'mizinda yayikulu ku Europe, kuphatikiza Moscow ndi St. Petersburg, akhwangwala nthawi yachisakasa amawononga zisa zambiri za nkhunda za buluu, kupenda mosamalitsa nyumba za nyumba, zipupa mumakoma, makonde ndi malo ena abwino kumene njiwa zimatha kukhala. M'mizinda ya ku Siberia, akhwangwala akuda amavulaza pang'ono, koma zowoneka bwino kwa nkhunda zimvi. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka zaposachedwa gulu la (mbalame za 3-5) lankhondo laimvi ndi lakuda pa nkhunda "kukuba" lakhala likuwonekera kwambiri. Mukamasaka, khwangwala nthawi zambiri samangokhala anapiye, komanso mbalame zazikulu.
Pafupipafupi, ndulu za njiwa ndi zisa zimawononga maula ndi maula, komanso maula, omwe kumadera akumidzi ndi kunja kwa mizinda nthawi zambiri ankayamba kuwuluka mkati mwazipinda momwe ma njiwa amatuwa ndi nkhuku zina (nkhuku, atsekwe, abakha, ndi zina). M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, pakati pamiyala ndi m'matanthwe, zisa zamtchire zamtundu wamiyendo zimasakazidwa ndi akhwangwala, akhwangwala otuwa ndi maula.
Pazinthu zosavomerezeka za nkhunda zapakhomo komanso zakutchire, kusowa kwa chakudya zaka zingapo nyengo yotentha kuyenera kuzindikirika poyamba. Mu zaka ngati izi, njiwa zamtchire zimayendayenda kuchokera kumapiri kupita ku zigwa, pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, momwe, kuphatikiza ndi njiwa za synanthropic, zimakhala zosavuta nyengo yachisanu.
Ndi kulumpha kwakukulu m'mizinda yayikulu ndi m'matawuni, komwe nkhunda sizigwira ntchito zachitetezo zapaukhondo, njiwa nthawi zambiri zimafa ndi matenda. Zowonongeka zamamadzi pazomera ndi feteleza zimatha kubweretsa vuto kwa nkhunda. Kuluma tirigu wowazidwa m'minda kapena kumeza feteleza ngati gastrolites, nkhunda nthawi zambiri zimayipa ndipo zimafa.
Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo
Njiwa ya buluu, chifukwa cha magawidwe ake ambiri komanso kuchuluka kwake, siyili m'gulu la mitundu yotetezedwa ndipo m'malo mwake imayenera kuwongoleredwa. Ku mbali ya ku Europe, ndi chinthu chosakira nyama, ngakhale chimasakidwa kawirikawiri ndipo mpaka pano sichingaganizidwe kuti ndi mbalame yosaka nyama.
Chapakatikati, pakubzala, nkhunda za buluu, kutolera mbewu, zitha kuvulaza paulimi. Komabe, nthawi ya chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, amadya minda ndi mbewu zakugwa ndi mbewu zamtchire, potere, zimathandizira kuyeretsa kwaminda pamsongole. Zikukula m'mizinda ndi m'midzi yayikulu, nkhunda za buluu zimatha kukhala zonyamula matenda opatsirana a ziweto komanso anthu. Tiyeneranso kudziwa udindo wa njiwa yaimvi ngati chinthu chofufuzira zasayansi ndi kufunikira kwake pakuweta mtundu wa njiwa.
Zizindikiro zodyetsa
Mbalame imadya zipatso, mbewu za zomera. Amamuzolowera munthuyo ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zonyansa za chakudya komanso mbewu zotchuka. Osati zofuna pa chakudya. M'malo mwake, amadya zosavuta kupeza. Zakudyazo zimatengera komwe akukhala sisar. Njira yomwera imasiyanitsa savage ndi mbalame zina. Anthu onse amaponyera mitu yawo ndikumeza mpweya, koma simesayo imayamwa.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, mbalame zimawuluka kukafuna chakudya. Ngati munthu wazidyetsa, ndiye kuti amazizolowera. Magulu amasamukira kumalo odyetsa. Kuthamangitsa mbalame kukhala kunyumba ndikosavuta.
Pali malingaliro chifukwa chomwe imvi idakhala kholo la mitundu yonse yotsatirayi, yomwe idasinthidwa ndikuwoloka. Pambuyo pakuyendetsa, mbalame zidakulira ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati nyama. Kenako kuthekera kwawo kosiyana ndi kuyang'ana kumlengalenga kunapezeka, ndipo adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati otumiza.
Kubala buluu kunapangitsa kuti mbalame zizipanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- nkhunda zonyamula
- nkhunda za nyama
- kukongoletsa
- kuthawa.
Aliyense amadziwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa mbalameyo ngati scout pomwe Nowa adatulutsa nkhunda kuti apeze Dziko lapansi. Pambuyo pake, mbalameyo idakhala chizindikiro cha mtendere. M'mibadwo yonse, nkhunda zimatanthawuza china chake chabwino komanso chokoma. Izi zikugogomezera kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kwa munthuyu padziko lapansi. Kuti musungire nkhunda bwino, ndikofunikira kumanga nyumba ya nkhunda ndikuwapatsa zakudya zabwino.
Ngakhale kuti mbalamezo ndizosankha ndipo zimatha kudya chilichonse, izi sizitanthauza kuti zitha kupatsidwa chilichonse. Kuti thupi lizikula bwino, mbalameyi imayenera kupatsidwa mavitamini ndi michere. Katemera amatha kupewa kuwoneka matenda ambiri amtunduwu.
Pali matenda ambiri omwe nkhunda zimatha kunyamula, ndipo ambiri aiwo ndi owopsa kwa anthu. Ena ndi owopsa. Adzipangira mankhwala omwe amalimbitsa chitetezo cha nkhunda. Ndikofunika kuyeretsa pafupipafupi mnyumba ya nkhunda ndi mpweya wabwino. Chifukwa chake, mudzateteza mbalame ku matenda opatsirana. Chipindacho chizikhala ndi kutentha komanso chinyezi chokwanira, chokwanira kwa nkhunda.
Ndikofunikanso kuti nkhunda zimatha kulowa mumsewu. Ndikofunikira kuti iwo adziuluka okha ndikuuluka nkubwerera. Njiwayo ya mapiko abuluu si mbalame yovuta. Zinthu zosavuta zachitukuko zabwinobwino zimamukwanira.
Njira yolera njiwa yaimvi
Njiwayo ya mapiko abuluu ikuyang'ana wokwatirana moyo wonse. Madera akumwera amabala mosalekeza, kumpoto - kokha nyengo yotentha. Nyengo yakuswana ya mbalame imatanthawuza nthawi yaubwenzi, pamene yamphongo imapereka nthawi yayitali ndikuyang'ana kwa wokondedwa wake. Amakhala ndi mkazi nthawi zonse, amakula m'khosi, natambasula mapiko ake, ndikupanga mawu osamveka. Nthawi zambiri amayimirira miyendo iwiri ndikuyang'ana pansi ndikufalitsa nthenga pamchira.
Kuyenda kwake konse kumatsatiridwa ndi mawu. Ntchitoyo ikamalizidwa, ndipo yaimayi imagwera pansi pa kutulutsa kwamphongo, imatsuka nthenga za wina ndi mnzake ndikuyamba kukhalapo. Ntchito yomalizira ikatha, yamphongo imakwera m'mwamba, ndikuwuluka mapiko ake.
Kuthengo, zimadzipangira zisa m'malo oti mdaniyo sangathe kufikira.Mu mzindawu, zisa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka malo otseguka a nyumba, m'makona, pansi padenga la nyumba. Chisa chimapangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi ndi udzu. Wamphongo amafunafuna nthambi ndi masamba a udzu, ndipo wamkazi amapanga chisa kuchokera pamenepo. Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo kangapo. Yaikazi imanyamula dzira kasanu ndi katatu. Kubwatchera kumachitidwanso, koma nkhunda imabisala nthawi yochulukirapo.
Nthawi zambiri nkhunda imalowera m'malo mwa mnzake, ndikupatsa mwayi wopuma ndikupeza chakudya. Chikazi chikasowa kwinakwake kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye nkhunda imayamba kumutcha, ndikupanga mawu. Pakatha masiku 12, anapiye amatuluka. M'masiku ochepa, makolo achichepere amasinthana kudyetsa mkaka wa goiter. Kusakaniza kwa mkaka kumeneku kumakhala ndi michere komanso mavitamini ofunikira pakukula koyambirira. Pambuyo pake, makolo amayang'ana mbewu ndikuzipereka pamodzi ndi mkaka.
Ngati nkhunda igwira tabu lina, ndiye kuti yamphongo idyetsa ana akale. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, anapiyewo amayamba kuuluka. Kukonzekera kubereka kumawoneka mwaimuna ali ndi zaka 5, mwa akazi izi zimachitika mwachangu.