Masamba okhala ndi Saber-wokhala ndi banja amphaka opaka matebulozomwe zidasowa zaka 10,000 zapitazo. Ndi a banja la Mahairod. Chifukwa chake ochita nyamawo adawatcha mayina chifukwa cha zigawo zazikulu kwambiri zamasentimita makumi awiri, zomwe zimawoneka ngati malezala. Ndipo pambali pake, adasanjidwa m'mbali, ngati chida chomwe.
Mkamwa utatsekedwa, malekezero a mafangawo adatsitsidwa pansi pa chibwano cha tiger. Ndi chifukwa ichi kuti pakamwa pokha padatsegulidwa kawiri kuposa momwe owonongera masiku ano.
Cholinga cha chida chodabwitsachi ndichinsinsi. Pali malingaliro oti kukula kwa amuna a fangs amakopa akazi abwino kwambiri. Ndipo pakusaka, adavulaza zilonda zakufa, zomwe chifukwa chakuchepa kwa magazi zidafowoka ndipo sizimathawa. Mothandizidwa ndi ma fangs, kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chotsegulira, kuti ung'amba khungu la nyama wogwidwa.
Nokha nyama zowononga anali wokondweretsa komanso wamisempha, mutha kumutcha "wakupha" wakupha. Mwina, kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi 1.5 mita.
Thupi limapumira miyendo yayifupi, ndipo mchira unkawoneka ngati chitsa. Pafupifupi chisomo chilichonse komanso phokoso la mphaka pakuyenda ndi miyendo yotere, palibe funso. Kuthamanga kwa mphamvu, mphamvu komanso chibadwa cha mlenje zimabwera kutsogolo, chifukwa kwa nthawi yayitali sanali kuthamanganso nyama chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka thupi lake, ndipo adatopa msanga.
Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa khungu la tiger udali wowoneka bwino kuposa wowongoka. Mtundu wawukulu anali maonekedwe obisika: otuwa kapena ofiira. Pali mphekesera zazapadera mikanda yoyera-yopaka matewera.
M'banja la feline, ma alubino amapezekabe, kotero ndi kulimbika mtima kulikonse kungatsutsidwe kuti utoto wotere umapezekanso nthawi za prehistoric. Anthu akale adakumana ndi wolusa chisanachitike, ndipo mosakayikira adalimbikitsa mantha ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mutha kuziona izi tsopano poyang'ana chithunzi cha tiger-toothed tiger kapena kuwona zotsalira zake mnyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Chojambulidwa ndi chigaza cha chikamba chokhala ndi bala
Akambuku owononga amakhala ndi mimuna ndipo amatha kupita kukasaka limodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa moyo wawo kukhala ngati mikango. Pali umboni kuti kukhalira limodzi, anthu ofooka kapena ovulala kudyetsedwa kosaka nyama zathanzi.
Kusintha kwachifundo
Nyamazi zikuphatikiza kwa banja lokhala ndi amphaka am'maso mwa amphaka amtundu waosaka (mtundu wa Smilodon - dzino lakuthwa). Oimira oyambilira a genus adawonekera munthawi yakutali ya Paleogene, zaka pafupifupi miliyoni 2,5 zapitazo. Nyengo yabwino yotentha, kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa kutentha ndi udzu wobiriwira zidathandizira kuti maluwa amphaka azisamba azisamba. Munthawi imeneyi, adachulukirachulukira, osawona kufunika kwa chakudya.
Nthawi yotsatira ndi Pleistocene, nthawi ya nyengo yozizira kwambiri, chifukwa cha kusinthana kwanyengo ndi kutentha. Akatswiri ofanana ndi Saber-okhala ndi matendawa amatha kuzolowera nyengo zamtunduwu ndipo amamva bwino. Kuchulukitsa kwa omwe amadana ndi North ndi South America.
Mapeto a m'badwo wa ayezi wotsiriza amadziwika ndi nyengo youma komanso yotentha. Pamalo omwe kale panali nkhalango zosagonjetseka, malo omwe amapezeka adapezeka. Ambiri mwa anyani sakanatha kuzolowera nyengo yovutayi ndipo anazimiririka. Nyama zomwe zikulimbikira zinayamba kuyenda malo otseguka komanso akuluakulu, zinaphunzira kupatuka mochenjera kuzichotsa kwa adani ndikuyenda mwachangu.
Amphaka am'manja a Saber atataya chakudya chawo chokhazikika, olusa sanathe kusinthira nyama yaying'ono. Kodabwitsa kwa kapangidwe ka chirombo - thupi lalikulu, mchira wamfupi ndi mawondo ake zidapangitsa kuti ikhale yosagwira komanso yopanda chidwi. Kwa nthawi yayitali sakanatha kuthamangitsa nyama yaing'ono.
Ma fanganga aatali adachititsanso kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kugwira nyama zazing'ono. Poyesa kugwira, adadzigwera pansi, ndipo nthawi zina adasweka. Njala idabwera, mwina pachifukwa ichi, ndipo akambuku abambo ofowoka anatha.
Mawonekedwe
Kukula kwa mphaka wakale ndikofanana ndi magawo a mkango waukulu:
- Kutalika kwa kufota - 100-120 cm, kutalika - 2.5 mamita.
- Mchira wake ndi wocheperako, 25-25-30 cm chabe. Izi sizinalole kukulitsa liwiro lalikulu, chifukwa mdani sangathe kuthamangitsa nyama.
- Kulemera kwa nyalugwe wakale kumafika pa 150-250 kg. Koma oyimilira akuluakulu anali kulemera makilogalamu 400, omwe amaposa unyinji wa kambuku wa Amur kapena Bengal.
- Kuchuluka kwa thupi la chilombo sikuli kopanda tanthauzo, koma thupi limasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yake. Minofu ya gawo loyenda-labala imapangidwa bwino, makamaka pachifuwa, miyendo, khosi.
- Kutsogolo kwa nyama zodya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutalika kunali kutalitali kuposa miyendo ya kumbuyo. Matumba ankatha ndi zowoneka bwino, zotsekemera komanso zazikulu. Amatha kugwira nyama zawo mosavuta.
- Chigoba chake chinali kutalika kwa 30 mpaka 40 cm; mbali zake za kutsogolo ndi kutsogolo zidasunthidwa pang'ono. Muzzle watambalala.
- Nsagwada zinatsegulidwa bwino - madigiri 130. Kapangidwe kapadera kanapangitsa kuti athe kukanikiza nyama yomwe ili ndi gawo lapamwamba la nsagwada mpaka kutsikira. Pamene, ngati ambiri oimira feline, zosiyana.
- Makoko apamwamba amphaka wa saber-tooted panja amatambasulidwa 18cm mtsogolo, ndipo mizu inkafika pafupi njira. Kutalika kwa mafangawo kumatha kufika masentimita 28. Iwo anali opindika pang'ono m'mbali, koma nthawi yomweyo anali lakuthwa kwambiri. Mano amtunduwu adawalola kuti alume kudzera mnofu ndi khungu la nyama. Koma mafangawa sanasiyane mwamphamvu. Ngati agwera m'mafupa a wozunzidwayo, amatha kuthyoka.
- Khungu la thumba lochita kusambalala silinasungidwe ndipo mtundu wake umatha kukhazikitsidwa modabwitsa. Asayansi amati utoto wake umatha kusintha chilengedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Akatswiri ambiri amakonda kuti khungu limakhala mchenga wachikasu. M'nyengo yozizira, amphaka amisamba oyeretsa kwambiri mwina anali oyera.
Zochita ndi moyo
Mphaka wapa Saber - Woimira amphaka akale, kotero momwe amachitira sizofanana ndi zomwe amphaka amakono amakhala. Mwinanso ogwiritsa ntchito ziwetozo amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe anali amuna, akazi ndi ana aang'ono. Kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi akazi kunali kofanana. Kudyetsa, ankasaka limodzi, kotero kuti amatha kupha nyama yayikulu.
Malingaliro awa adatsimikiziridwa kuti amakalembeka - mwa nyama imodzi ya herbivore panali amphaka angapo amasagi pafupi. Koma chiphunzitsocho sichimangokhala chokha chakuti olambawo sanawasiyanitse ndi otchuka awo ndipo anadya anthu anzawo odwala.
Kapangidwe ka thupi la mphaka akuti chilombocho sichingathenso kuthamanga kwambiri, chifukwa chake, pakusaka, iye adabisalira, kudikirira nyama. Pambuyo pokhapokha mwachangu komanso mwadzidzidzi. Zitsamba za herbivores munthawi ya Pleistocene zinali zochulukirapo. Akambuku owoneka ngati saber anali osavuta kupeza chakudya chawochawo.
Chakudya chachikulu cha akambuku oweta ndi nyama. Mapuloteni a njati ndi mahatchi anapezeka m'matumbo awo.
Ziwalo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana
Nthawi zambiri amphaka am'maso-amphaka amatchedwa mitundu yambiri ya mitundu yomwe inali yosiyanasiyana. Amphaka ambiri, ma fangs adawonekera chifukwa chozolowera kusintha kwachilengedwe. Pofufuza mwatsatanetsatane, mutha kupeza kusiyana pakati pa akambuku enieni oyeserera. Ganizirani za oimira otchuka amphaka amisamba.
Mahairody
Mphaka wamtunduwu wa saber-toothed, womwe amadziwika ndi asayansi komanso makamaka ngati nthenga. Kale, panali mitundu ingapo. Amasiyana wina ndi mnzake mawonekedwe ake, kukula kwake, koma adalumikizidwa ndi chinthu chimodzi - mafangidwe akulu apamwamba, ofanana mawonekedwe opanga ma sapers.
Zidyamakanda zakalezi zidawonekera koyamba ku Eurasia, zaka 15 miliyoni zapitazo. Makulidwe akulu kwambiri adafika pa 500 kg, ndipo kukula kwake kunali pafupi ndi kukula kwa kavalo wamakono. Asayansi akutsimikiza kuti amphaka omwe adalipo anali oyimira kwambiri feline. Adasaka nyama zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, njovu ndi ma rhinos. Monga zilombo zonse za nthawi imeneyo, amatha kupikisana ndi nyama zina zokongola, zokhala ndi mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo. Makhairody amatengedwa kuti ndi makolo a mtundu wabwinoko wa akambuku a saber-toothed - Homotherias.
Homoterias
Amakhulupirira kuti amphaka amisala awa adawoneka zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo, potembenukira kwa Miocene ndi Pleistocene. Amadziwika ndi thupi lokwanira bwino, lotikumbutsa bwino mkango wamakono. Miyendo yakutsogolo inali yayitali kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Chifukwa chake, olusa akunja amawoneka ngati mafisi. Mafupa akutsogolo anali afupiafupi, koma ochulukirapo kuposa ena oimira amphaka amsabata. Nthawi yomweyo, mafangawa ndi omangika kwambiri, choncho asayansi adazindikira kuti nyama zodabwitsazi sizidangokoka ziwengo zokha, komanso zimadula zinthu.
Amphaka am'mawawa anali opirira kuposa abale awo ena. Homoterias imatha kusuntha kwa nthawi yayitali - kuthamanga, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono. Pali chiphunzitso chakuti akambuku amenewa osatha anangokhala okha. Koma malingaliro awa siofala, monga asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amphaka onse oweta-nyama amasaka nyama yayikulu m'matumba.
MaSilodons
Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya amphaka opaka ma saber, ma smilodons adasiyanitsidwa ndi physique yamphamvu komanso yamphamvu. Smilodon wotchuka - Woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa tiger wansapato:
- kutalika kufota - 125 cm, ndipo kutalika kuchokera kumapeto kwa mchira mpaka mphuno kumatha kufika 250 cm,
- kutalika kwa mafangawo kuchokera pachizindikiro mpaka mizu kukafika 30 cm.
Anasakila pagulu, pomwe mtsogoleri yemwe amatsogolera ena onse analiponso. Zikuwoneka kuti, tsitsi la owoterawa linali lamawanga, ngati kambuku wamakono. Komanso asayansi akukhulupirira kuti anyaniwa anali ndi njinga yaying'ono. Sikovuta kupeza zidziwitso za smilodons; zimapezeka m'mabuku owonetsera, zopeka. Nthawi zambiri ochita zosewererazi amakhala ngati otchulidwa mumafilimu ndi katuni ("Ice Age", "Prehistoric Park", "Jurassic Portal"). Mwina awa ndi oyimira odziwika kwambiri a akambuku akale.
Mbadwa zamakono
Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira izi nyalugwe wosuta - mbadwa yamakono ya akambuku owononga. Kambuku si wobadwa mwachindunji, koma nthawi yomweyo wachibale wapamtima. Kambuku wosuta ndi wa ena mwa amphaka ang'onoang'ono.
Thupi la nyamayo ndi yochulukirapo, yaying'ono, yomwe imadziwika ndi oyimira akale amphaka za saber. Poyerekeza ndi anthu amakono, malembedwe osowetsa kambuku ndiwotalika (onse otsika komanso apamwamba). Nsagwada za nyama yamtunduwu zimatseguka madigiri 85, zomwe ndi zokulirapo kuposa mphaka zamakono zamphaka.
Kambuku iyi si mbadwa yachindunji ya akambuku owononga.koma iye ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino chakuti amphaka akale amasaka mosavuta mothandizidwa ndi ma fangs owoneka ngati saber.
Amphaka a Saber-toot ndi chilengedwe chapadera, chomwe, ngakhale chitasowa padziko lapansi, chimapangitsa munthu kusilira, kudabwitsidwa ndikuwadabwitsa, ndikupereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi moyo wawo wakale.
Chikopa chokhala ndi Saber. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala ndi akambuku a saber-toothed
Mchaka cha makumi anayi, chaka cham'mbuyomu, a Peter Wilhelm Lundom a Danish paleontologist komanso zachilengedwe ma batire okhala ndi bala. M'mazaka amenewo, pakufukula ku Brazil, adapeza mabowo oyamba a smilodons.
Pambuyo pake, mafupa owetedwa a nyama izi adapezeka ku Lake California, komwe adafika pamalo othirira. Popeza nyanjayo inali mafuta, ndipo zotsalira zamafuta nthawi zonse zimayenda pamwamba, nyamazo nthawi zambiri zimangokhala ndi ma thumba awo mumadzi ndikufa.
Malo okhala tiger
Popita kuzilumba za ku America, akambuku ochita kusamba amakonda mbuto zokhala malo osaka nyama osaswana. Pali zambiri zochepa zokhudzana ndi momwe nyama izi zinkakhalira.
Akatswiri ena amati ma smilodons ankangokhala payekha. Ena amati ngati amakhala m'magulu, ndiye kuti awa anali nkhosa zomwe amuna ndi akazi, opatsidwa ana ang'onoang'ono, amakhalanso omwewo. Amphaka amphaka am'muna ndi wamkazi omwe sanasinthe sanasiyane kukula, kusiyana kwawo kokha ndi njira yayifupi mwa amuna.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zokhudza ming'alu yosanja-yamapiko Ndizodziwika kuti adadya chakudya chanyama chokha - mastodons, njati, akavalo, antelope, agulu, maulendo. Komanso, akambuku ochita kusamba amabera ana aang'ono kwambiri, omwe ndi osalimba. Akatswiri a Paleontologists amavomereza kuti pofufuza chakudya sananyoze mtembo.
Zikuwoneka kuti, olusa awa ankasaka m'matumba, akazi anali osaka bwino kuposa abambo ndipo nthawi zonse amapita patsogolo. Atagwira nyama, adaipha, kuphwanya ndi kuthira mafutawo m'mitsempha.
Zomwe zikuwatsimikiziranso kuti ndi gulu la amphaka amphaka. Kupatula apo, monga mukudziwira, amphaka amayendayenda akugwira. Mosiyana ndi mikango ndi zilombo zina, amene atagwira, akung'amba nyamayo.
Koma, nyalugwe zokhala ndi ma sabro okha sanali asodzi pamalo okhala, ndipo anali ndi ochita mpikisano waukulu. Mwachitsanzo, ku South America, adachita mpikisano ndi mbalame zolusa za fororacosa komanso kukula kwa njovu, malovu akuluakulu a megateria, amenenso samakonda kudya nyama nthawi ndi nthawi.
Kunalinso oyandikana nawo ena kumpoto kwa America. Uwu ndi mkango wamphanga, ndi chimbalangondo chachikulu chaching'ono, ndi nkhandwe yoyipa, ndi ena ambiri.
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tiwombelo tiziwonongeka
M'zaka zaposachedwa, pamasamba a magazini asayansi nthawi ndi nthawi pamakhala zidziwitso kuti anthu amtundu wina amawona nyama, malinga ndi kufotokozera kofanana ndi akambuku owerenga. Anthuwa adawapatsanso dzina - mikango yamapiri. Koma palibe chitsimikiziro chovomerezeka kuti ma batire okhala ndi balaali moyo.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa akambuku owoneka ngati mankhwalawa chinali kusintha kwa masamba a ku Arctic. E. Willerlev, pulofesa ku Yunivesite ya Copenhagen, komanso gulu la asayansi ochokera mayiko khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi, anaphunzira khungu la DNA kuchokera ku nyama yakale yosungidwa mu ayezi.
Kuchokera komwe malingaliro otsatirawa adachokera: zitsamba zomwe mahatchi, ma anelope ndi ma herbivores ena ankadya nthawi imeneyo anali ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Ndi kuyamba kwa Ice Age, zomerazi zonse zimadzigundika.
Pambuyo pa thaw, meadows ndi steppes zidasinthanso kubiriwira, koma phindu la zitsamba zatsopano zidasintha, silinakhale ndi mapuloteni oyenera. Chifukwa chiyani onse artiodactyls amatha mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipo pambuyo pawo, unyolo udatsatidwa ndi akambuku owaza, omwe adadya, nakhala osadya, chifukwa chiyani adafa ndi njala.
Munthawi yathu yaukadaulo wapamwamba, mothandizidwa ndi zithunzi zamakompyuta mungathe kubwezeretsa chilichonse ndikubwerera zaka zambiri. Chifukwa chake, m'malo osungirako zakale opangidwa kuzinyama zakale, zosowa, pali zithunzi zambiri zithunzi ndi chifanizo wonyezimiraAkambukuzomwe zimatipatsa mwayi kuti tidziwe nyama zambiri momwe tingathere.
Mwina pamenepo, tidzayamika, tikonde ndikuteteza chilengedwe ndipo wonyezimiraAkambuku, ndipo nyama zina zambiri sizinalembedwe patsamba Kufiyiramabuku ngati mitundu yazosowa.
Mphaka kapena tiger?
Choyamba, dziwani kuti mawu oti "tiger-toothed tiger", omwe akuwoneka kuti ali ozolowereka, kwenikweni si olondola.
Sayansi yachilengedwe imadziwa mitundu yaying'ono yamphaka za saber-toothed (Machairodontinae). Komabe, nyama zakale izi sizikhala ndi zinthu zambiri zofala ndi akambuku. Munthawi yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, kuchuluka komanso kapangidwe ka thupi zimasiyana kwambiri, nsagwada za m'munsi zimalumikizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana mpaka chigaza. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa "tiger" wamtambo sindimtundu wa amphaka aliwonse okhala ndi mivi. Khalidwe lawo ndilosiyana ndi la akambuku: akatswiri a paleontologists amati nyama izi sizinali zokhazokha, zimangokhala ndikusaka nyama zamtchire, ngati mikango.
Komabe, popeza mawu oti "tiger-toothed tiger" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse, ndipo ngakhale m'mabuku asayansi, tidzagwiritsanso ntchito fanizo labwino ili.
Saber-Tooth Cats Tranchi
Mpaka chaka cha 2000, amphaka ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi timabati, kapena Machairodontinae, adagwirizana mafuko atatu akulu.
Oimira fuko loyamba, Machairodontini (nthawi zina amatchedwa Homoterini), amasiyanitsidwa ndi ma fangasi akulu kwambiri apamwamba, otambalala komanso amkati mkati.Pomwe akusaka, olusa amadalira kwambiri ndikumenya ndi "chida" chopwetekachi kuposa kuluma. Amphaka ang'ono kwambiri amtundu wa makhairode anali ofanana ndi kambuku kakang'ono kwamakono, wamkulu kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa kambuku lalikulu kwambiri.
Akambuku owononga a fuko lachiwiri, a smilodontini, amakhala ndi ma fangali aatali kumtunda, komabe anali ochepera komanso osasokoneza ngati ma machairod. Kuwukira kwawo ndi ma fangs kuchokera kumtunda mpaka pansi kunali koopsa kwambiri komanso koyenera pakati pa oimira amphaka onse amisala. Monga lamulo, ma smilodons anali kukula kwa kambuku wa Amur kapena mkango, koma mitundu ya ku America ya nyama yolusa imeneyi ndi yaulemelelo wa mphaka wamkulu kwambiri wamatsenga m'mbiri.
Fuko lachitatu, Metailurini, ndilo lakale kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mano a nyama izi akuimira mtundu wa "gawo losinthika" pakati pa zibwano za amphaka wamba komanso ofunda. Amakhulupirira kuti adasiyana ndi Makhairodontovy ena mokwanira, ndipo kusinthika kwawo kudachitika mosiyana. Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa zizindikiro za "saber-toot", oyimira fuko lino adayamba kudziwonetsa mwachindunji ngati "amphaka ang'ono", kapena "pseudo-saber-toot". Kuyambira 2000, fuko lino silikuphatikizidwanso muzosangalatsa zomwe tili nazo.
Saber-toothed tiger nyengo
Amphaka okhathamiritsa a Saber okhala padziko lapansi kwa nthawi yayitali - zaka zoposa mamiliyoni makumi awiri, akuwonekera koyamba kumayambiriro a Miocene ndikusowa kwathunthu kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Pa nthawi yonseyi, adabzala mitundu ndi mitundu yambiri, yosiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Komabe, ma hypertrophied apamwamba apamwamba (mwa mitundu ina amatha kupitirira masentimita makumi awiri kutalika) ndi malo kuti atsegule pakamwa kwambiri (nthawi zina ngakhale madigiri zana ndi makumi awiri!) Mwachikhalidwe chawo ndizochitika zawo wamba.
Kodi amphaka oweta-amakhala kuti?
Amakhulupirira kuti kambuku zakale zam'madzi zinkakhala kumayiko onse kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica. Malo operekera nyama padziko lonse lapansi amayenera kuti ndi Asia.
Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale apeza zikuyimira kuti nthumwi zafuko la Mahairod zinkakhala kudera lamakono la Asia ndi Europe. Koma madera onse awiri aku America ankakhala makamaka ndi ma smilodons.
Ku Africa, amphaka opaka matewera amwalira pafupifupi zaka mazana asanu zapitazo, pomwe iwo anasowa m'dera la Europe ndi North America zaka pafupifupi 3,000 zapitazo.
Amphaka amisodzi akuwasaka bwanji
Amakhulupirira kuti amphaka onse oweta-omwe anali ndi nyama zomwe anali atadziwapo kale anali azinyama apaderadera, otha kusaka nyama, zomwe kukula kwake kumakula kuposa zawo. Asayansi sanabwerebebe pakugwirizana kuti nyamazo zitha kupha ma patyderm akuluakulu - mwachitsanzo, ma rhinos kapena mastodons. Komabe, ndikotsimikiza kuti njati, nkhumba zamtchire, anthambo ndi m'chiuno (mahatchi akale) zinali zofunikira kwa iwo. Amphaka a Saber-toot nawonso amasaka anthu akale.
Nyama izi zimadziwika ndi kuwabisalira. Kukakamiza munthu wovutikayo pansi ndi mivi mwamphamvu kapena kukumba pakhosi pake, kambuku wofowokayo anangodula nthawi yomweyo. Kulondola kwa kuluma ndiye chida chachikulu cha mdani - pambuyo pake, mafangumi omwe amangidwa m'mafupa a nyama amadyedwa. Kulakwitsa koteroko kukanaphetsa mdani wosapambana, kumulepheretsa kusaka ndi kumuweruza kuti aphedwe.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji amphaka amisamba anasiya?
Mu Pleistocene, kapena "m'badwo wa ayezi", womwe unatenga nthawi kuyambira mamiliyoni awiri mpaka makumi awiri ndi asanu mpaka khumi zapitazo, zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri - zimbalangondo, maubweya waubweya, ma sloths akuluakulu, mammoths ndi ma tiger oyenda pang'ono. Chifukwa chiyani izi zinachitika?
Panthawi yozizira, mbewu zambiri zomanga thupi zomanga thupi zinafa, zomwe zinakhala chakudya chazinyama zambiri zopatsa thanzi. Pamapeto pa nthawi ya Pleistocene, nyengo padziko lapansi idakhala yotentha komanso yowuma kwambiri. Nthambi zinasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi malo omera udzu, koma masamba atsopano, omwe adasinthidwa, amasintha, analibe phindu lakale ngati lakale. Ma slbivorous sloths ndi mammor pang'onopang'ono adamwalira, osapeza chakudya chokwanira. Chifukwa chake, pali nyama zochepa zomwe zilombo zimatha kusaka. Kambuku wamtundu woyeserera, mlenje wamphamvu kwambiri wobisalira, adagwidwa ndi izi. Mawonekedwe ake a ziwiya za m'nsagwada sanalole kuti agwire nyama zazing'ono, thupi lake lalikulu komanso mchira wamfupi sizinamulole kuti agwire nyama yothamanga mwachangu poyera, yomwe inayamba kuchuluka. Zinthu zasintha zomwe zapangitsa kuti akambuku akale akale okhala ndi ma fayilo owoneka ngati sabata asapeze mwayi wopulumuka. Pang'onopang'ono koma mosaganizira mitundu yonse ya nyama zomwe zidalipo m'chilengedwe zidasowa pankhope ya Dziko lapansi.
Kupatula zonse, amphaka onse oweta ndi nyama zanyama zonse zomwe sizinasiye mbadwa zachindunji.
Smoky Leopard - mbadwa zamakono za nyalugwe wokhala ndi bala
Masiku ano akukhulupirira kuti yosalunjika, koma wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa Smilodon ndi kambuku wosuta. Ndi ya subfamily Pantherinae (amphaka a Panther), mkati momwe amadziwika mu mtundu wa Neofelis.
Thupi lake limakhala lalikulu komanso lolimba nthawi yomweyo - zinthuzi zidalipo mu amphaka amisala yazakale. Pakati pa oimira amphaka amakono, chilombo ichi chimakhala ndi ma fangs aatali kwambiri (onse kumtunda ndi wotsika) ochepera kukula kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, nsagwada za nyama yam'madzi zoterezi zimatha kutseguka mpaka madigiri 85, zomwe ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa mphaka wina wamakono.
Osakhala mbadwa yachindunji yamphaka zokhala ndi sabata, kambuku kosuta ndi umboni wowonekera bwino kuti njira yosaka nyama yogwiritsa ntchito "ma fangs-sabers" ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi olosera masiku ano.
Kambuku wamasamba osawerengeka sanali kholo la kambuku lamakono
Mitundu yonse yamakono ya nyalugwe (Panthera tigris)mwachitsanzo, nyalugwe waku Siberi ndi wa genus panther (Panthera) kuchokera ku amphaka akulu amphongo (Pantherinae). Akambuku owononga, ndi amodzi mwa amphaka amphaka ofika kumapeto kwa Pleistocene (Machairodontinae)zomwe zimangobwera kutali ndi mikango yamakono, agalu, akambuku ndi anyani.
Similodon sanali yekha mphaka wofunda
Ngakhale kuti mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa akambuku a saber-tooted ndi smilodon (Smīlodōn), anali kutali ndi woyimilira yekhayo wa amphaka achisamba-owerengeka. Munthawi ya Cenozoic, anthu amtunduwu amaphatikiza mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri, kuphatikizapo meganteron (Megantereon) , m'modzi mwa omwe akuimira ake pachithunzipa pamwambapa. Kugawidwa kwa amphaka prehistoric ndizovuta chifukwa chakuti zolengedwa zokhala ngati mphaka zinkakhala Padziko lapansi nthawi imeneyo, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, koma kuyanjana kwawo ndi tiger-toothed tiats kumabweretsa kukayikira kwamphamvu m'mabwalo a paleontological.
Mitundu ya smilodon inaphatikiza mitundu itatu yosiyana
Zocheperako zomwe tikudziwa zokhudza mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono (akulemera mpaka 100 kg) Smilodon gracilis, omwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa United States pakati pa 2 miliyoni miliyoni ndi 500,000 zapitazo. Wambiri kukula, koma osati kutchuka pakati pa anthu ambiri Smilodon fatalisamakhala kudera la North ndi South America pafupifupi 1.6 miliyoni-10 miliyoni zapitazo. Membala wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wa smilodon anali mtunduwo Smilodon populator, munthu aliyense payekhapayekha mpaka kufika 500 kg.
Ma batire a batire ofunikira kutalika anali pafupifupi 30 cm
Palibe amene angakhale ndi chidwi ndi akambuku owononga ngati amawoneka ngati amphaka akuluakulu. Kodi nchiyani chimapangitsa kuti nthumwi ya megafauna iyi ikhale yofunikira chidwi? Inde, mafangayi ake akuluakulu, omwe mitundu ikuluikulu imafikira mpaka 30. Wosadabwitsa mokwanira, koma mano owopsa awa anali odabwitsa, osweka mosavuta nthawi ya melee ndipo sanathenso.
Akambuku a Saber-okhala ndi zipsinjo zofowoka
Kambuku wam'madzi wotsekemera amatha kutsegula pakamwa pake ngati njoka pakadutsa madigiri 120, omwe amafalikira kawiri konse kuposa mkango wamakono (kapena mphaka wamphaka). Modabwitsa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya smilodon sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuwuma mwamphamvu kwa omwe amamuvutitsa, chifukwa amayenera kuteteza ngwazi zamtengo wapatali kuzowonongeka zosafunikira (onani ndime yapitayi).
Kambuku wamasamba owirira adadikirira nyama, atabisala mumtengo
Mafangayi aatali komanso osakhwima a kambuku wa saber-tooted, kuphatikiza ndi nsagwada zofowoka, adapangitsa mtundu wawo wosaka kukhala wapadera kwambiri. Malinga ndi momwe akatswiri odziwika bwino a paleont akudziwira, akambuku owoneka ngati mivi akuwombera nkhonya zawo kuchokera kunthambi zamitengo, ndikuyika "zigawo" zawo mpaka khosi la wozunzidwayo, kenako ndikupumira patali.
Akambuku owoneka ngati saber amatha kukhala m'matumba
Amphaka ambiri amakono amakakamiza ma paleontologists kuti anene kuti akambuku owononga amakhala m'matumba. Umboni wa chiphunzitsochi ndi umboni wa ukalamba ndi matenda osachiritsika omwe amapezeka m'mafumbo ambiri a smilodon. Sizokayikitsa kuti odwala ndi okalamba atha kupulumuka kuthengo popanda thandizo, kapena kuteteza ziwalo zina.
La Brea Ranch - Gawo lolemera kwambiri lazinthu zotsalira za tiger
Zotsalira zambiri za mafuta a dinosaurs ndi nyama zapa prehistoric zapezeka m'makona akutali a dziko lapansi, koma zochulukitsa za tiger zolumikizira zamtunduwu zapeza ndalama zotsalira zomwe zapezeka mu nyanja ya La Brea Ranch, Los Angeles. Mwambiri, amphaka achi prehistoric adakopeka ndi nyama zina zomwe zimayamwa mu resin, zomwe amawona ngati chakudya chochepa.
Kambuku wa sabata wokhala ndi bala anali ndi thupi lolimba kuposa amphaka akuluakulu amakono
Kuphatikiza pa ma fayilo ataliitali owombera, palinso njira ina yosiyanitsira tiger-toothed tiger ku amphaka akuluakulu amakono. Anali ndi khosi lokwera, chifuwa chachikulu komanso miyendo yayifupi. Thupi lolemerali likugwirizana bwino ndi momwe limakhalira, popeza sanafunikire kufunafuna nyama zawo podutsa mitengo yaying'ono, koma amangolumpha kuchokera kunthambi za mitengo.
Kambuku wamtundu woyeserera unatha zaka 10,000 zapitazo
Kodi nchifukwa ninji mankhusu ometa amisala padziko lapansi mpaka kumapeto kwa m'badwo wa ayezi womaliza? Sizokayikitsa kuti anthu oyambilira amakhala ndi ubale wachindunji ndi izi. Mwachidziwikire, kuphatikiza kwa kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuperewera kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zolengedwa zazikulu zomwe zimagwira ngati chakudya chawo zitha kutha. Amakhulupirira kuti zitsanzo zabwino za DNA zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira tiger-tooted tiger ngati gawo la pulogalamu yasayansi yodziwika kuti kufafaniza.
Cholinga chakutha kwa akambuku owononga
Zomwe zimayambitsa kutha sizinakhazikitsidwe. Koma pali ma malingaliro angapo omwe angathandize kufotokozera izi. Awiri a iwo ndiogwirizana mwachindunji ndi zakudya za mdani uyu.
Loyamba likuti kudya ma batire okhala ndi bala osati nyama, koma magazi a nyama. Amagwiritsa ntchito maukosi awo ngati singano. Thupi lomata la wogwidwa m'chiwindi, ndikunyambita, ndikuyenda magazi.
Nyama yokhayo sinakhalekobe. Zakudya zoterezi zinkapangitsa kuti nyama zodya nyama zizisaka pafupifupi tsiku lonse ndikupha nyama zambiri. Izi zinali zotheka isanayambike nyengo ya ayezi. Pambuyo,, masewerawo atatha, akambuku owononga adasiyidwa ndi njala.
Lachiwiri, lodziwika bwino, likuti kuwononga kwa akambuku a saber-tooted kumayenderana ndi kutha kwachangu kwa nyama zomwe zimapanga zakudya zawo zamasiku onse. Ndipo zinazo, sakanatha kumanganso chifukwa chazinthu zawo.
Tsopano pali malingaliro omwe ma batire okhala ndi bala komabe wamoyo ndipo adawoneka ku Central Africa ndi asodzi ochokera m'mafuko am'derali omwe amamutcha "mkango wamapiri."
Koma izi sizinalembedwe, ndipo zimakhalabe pamlingo wa nkhani. Asayansi samatsutsa kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa zochitika zina zoterezi tsopano. Ngati ma batire okhala ndi bala ndipo, komabe, akapeza, ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo adzapita masamba Buku lofiira.
Habitat
Amphaka a Sabretooth analipo kuchokera ku Eocene mpaka Pleistocene (55.8 miliyoni mpaka 11.7 zaka zapitazo). Adali ofala ku North America ndi Europe pa nthawi ya Miocene ndi Pliocene (zaka 23-2,58 miliyoni zapitazo). Pofika nthawi ya Pliocene, adafalikira ku Asia ndi Africa. Panthawi ya Pleistocene, amphaka amisamba okhala ndi America amakhala.
Zojambula
Pakati pa amphaka okhala ndi timadzi tating'onoting'ono, komanso pakati pa nyama zina zapadziko lapansi, panali mitundu yapadera. Wotchuka kwambiri anali mtundu womaliza wochokera ku subfamily, smilodon. Awa anali amphaka akulu okhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Amakhala madera a South ndi North America munthawi ya Pleistocene.
Smilodon anali ndi thupi lalikulu ndipo anali pafupi kutalika ngati mkango kapena kambuku kukula. Kulemera kwa nyamazo kunachokera ku 160 mpaka 400 kg.
Mafangayi akuluakulu anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito mabala akulu ndikuwombera mwamphamvu kwa herbivores zazikuluzikulu, zomwe zinali zosavuta kwa smilodons. Minofu ya khosi inali yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yotanuka. Izi zidalongosoleredwa ndikuti kuti akanthe mazenera a mdani ndikugwira milomo amayenera kutsegulidwa pafupifupi 120 °! Zachidziwikire, ma fangawa sanali abwino kwa akambuku - nyama zazing'ono zimakhalabe zosakhudzidwa ndi iwo, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuzigwira ndi ma fang, ndipo ma molar a nyama zomwe amadyazi adachepetsedwa kwathunthu.
Kutha
Pamapeto pa nthawi ya Pliocene, amphaka amisala amwalira ku Old World, koma ku North ndi South America adakhalabe ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Pleistocene.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa akambuku oweta, komanso zolengedwa zina nthawi imeneyo, chinali nyengo ya ayezi, yomwe inayamba zaka 2 miliyoni mpaka 25,000 zapitazo. Ma smilodons adasowa pafupifupi woyamba, chifukwa cha ma fang awo akuluakulu zinali zovuta kuti azisaka nyama zing'onozing'ono, mpikisano pakati pa olusa anali ambiri, ndipo amphaka amisala sakanatha kupirira.
Zotsatira zakumaso
Mu 1841, lipoti loyamba la kambukuti wokhala ndi bala linatulutsa mbiri yakale. Mdziko la Minas Geiras, kum'mawa kwa Brazil, pomwe wakufukula waku Danish paleontologist ndi wachilengedwe Peter Wilhelm Lund, adafukula. Wasayansiyo adaphunzira ndikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zidawerengazo, adasinthika ndikuwona kuti chilombocho ndi mtundu wina.
La Brea Ranch, yomwe ili m'chigwa chaching'ono pafupi ndi mzinda wa Los Angeles, imadziwika chifukwa cha nyama zambiri zokhala ndi mphaka wokhala ndi nyama. Mu nthawi ya ayezi, panali chigwa chakuda m'chigwachi, chomwe chinali ndi mafuta onyansa (phula la madzi). Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka madzi kanasonkhana pamwambapa ndipo kanakopa mbalame ndi nyama ndi kuwala kwake.
Nyama zidapita pamalo othirira, ndikugwera mumsampha wakufa. Mmodzi amangoyenera kulowa muubowo ndipo miyendoyo imangamira pakatikati pake. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwa matupi awo, omwe amapusidwa ndi kuwala kwanyumba pang'onopang'ono adagwera phulusa, ngakhale anthu amphamvu kwambiri samatha kutuluka. Masewera omangidwa kunyanjayi anali osavuta kuwadyera nyama, koma m'mene adafikirako, iwowo atsekeredwa.
Mkati mwa zaka zana zapitazi, anthu anayamba kutulutsa phula munyanjamu, mwadzidzidzi, anapeza nyama zambiri zomwe zasungidwa amoyo. Kunja kunakwezedwa zigamba zopitilira zikwi ziwiri za amphaka azisamba. Zotsatira zake pambuyo pake, ndi achichepere okha omwe adagwera mumsampha. Zikuwoneka kuti ndi nyama zakale, zophunzitsidwa kale ndi zowawa, zidadutsa malowa.
Kafukufuku wotsalira adachitidwa ndi asayansi ochokera ku University of California. Mothandizidwa ndi tomograph, kapangidwe ka mano ndi kupsinjika kwamafupa adakhazikitsidwa, maphunziro angapo a genetic ndi biochemical adachitika. Mafupa a mphaka wofufumitsa adabwezeretseka mwatsatanetsatane. Ukadaulo wamakompyuta wamakono wathandizanso kuyang'ana chithunzicho komanso kudziwa mphamvu ya kuluma kwake.
Makhalidwe ndi machitidwe
Kambuku yakale ya saber-toothed ikuyimira nthawi yosiyana kotheratu ndipo m'makhalidwe ake siyofanana ndi amphaka amakono. Ndizotheka kuti omwe amadyera amakhala m'magulu ochezera, omwe anaphatikiza akazi atatu kapena anayi, amuna angapo ndi achinyamata. Ndikotheka kuti kuchuluka kwa akazi ndi amuna kunali kofanana. Kusaka pamodzi, nyama zimatha kugwira masewera akuluakulu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimadzipatsa chakudya chochuluka.
Malingaliro awa amatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zapezedwa - mafupa angapo amphaka nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa mafupa amodzi a herbivore. Nyama, yofowoka chifukwa cha kuvulala ndi matenda, yokhala ndi moyowu, imatha kudalira gawo lina la nyama. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, anthu amadzindowa sanali olemekezeka ndipo amadya wachibale yemwe akudwala.
Zambiri za TOP 10 zokhudzana ndi tiger yokhala ndi bala
Pamodzi ndi nyamayi, mtundu wa agulugufewa anali amodzi mwa zolengedwa zotchuka kwambiri za Megafauna nthawi ya Pleistocene. Koma kodi mumadziwa kuti nyama zodabwitsazi zimangolumikizana patali ndi kambuku amakono, ndipo mafangowo anali osalimba kutalika? Munkhaniyi, mupeza mfundo 10 zosangalatsa za kambuku wa saber-toothed, wojambulidwa ndi zithunzi ndi zithunzi.
1. Nthiwatiwa yokhala ndi bala yopanda thukuta sinali kholo la kambuku lamakono
Malonda amakono amtunduwu (Panthera tigris), mwachitsanzo, akambuku a Siberia ndi amtundu wa Panther (Panthera) amphaka akuluakulu amphaka (Pantherinae). Akambuku okhala ndi Saber-toothed, nawonso ndi amphaka a saber-toothed (Machairodontinae), omwe amatha kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, omwe amangolumikizana kutali ndi mikango yamasiku ano, akambuku, akambuku ndi anyani.
2. Similodon sanali mtundu wamtundu wa amphaka a saber-toot
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya akambuku a saber-tooted is smilodon (Smīlodōn), anali kutali ndi nthumwi yokhayo yamphaka zamtundu wa saber. Munthawi ya Cenozoic, anthu amtunduwu amaphatikiza mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri, kuphatikizira Megantereon, yomwe imasonyezedwa pachithunzi pamwambapa. Kugawidwa kwa amphaka prehistoric ndizovuta chifukwa chakuti zolengedwa zokhala ngati mphaka zinkakhala Padziko lapansi nthawi imeneyo, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, koma kuyanjana kwawo ndi tiger-toothed tiats kumabweretsa kukayikira kwamphamvu m'mabwalo a paleontological.
3. Mitundu ya genus smilodon inaphatikiza mitundu itatu yosiyana
Chachikulu pa zonse tikudziwa za kakang'ono (mpaka 100 makilogalamu) kulemera kwa smilodon gracilis, yemwe amakhala kumadzulo kwa USA pakati pa 2 miliyoni ndi 500,000 zapitazo. Ma smilodon Fatalis, pafupifupi kukula, koma osati kutchuka pakati pa anthu ambiri, amakhala ku America pafupifupi 1.6 miliyoni-10 miliyoni zapitazo. Munthu wamkulu kwambiri pamtundu wa smilodon anali mtundu wa smilodon populator, aliyense payekhapayekha mpaka kufika 500 kg.
4. Mawamba a buluzi yokhala ndi masamba ofunda anali pafupifupi 30 cm
Palibe amene angakhale ndi chidwi ndi akambuku owononga ngati amawoneka ngati amphaka akuluakulu. Kodi nchiyani chimapangitsa kuti nthumwi ya megafauna iyi ikhale yofunikira chidwi? Inde, mafangayi ake akuluakulu, omwe mitundu ikuluikulu imafikira mpaka 30. Wosadabwitsa mokwanira, koma mano owopsa awa anali odabwitsa, osweka mosavuta nthawi ya melee ndipo sanathenso.
5. Akambuku a Saber-okhala ndi zipsinjo zofooka.
Kambuku wam'madzi wotsekemera amatha kutsegula pakamwa pake ngati njoka pakadutsa madigiri 120, omwe amafalikira kawiri konse kuposa mkango wamakono (kapena mphaka wamphaka). Modabwitsa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya smilodon sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuwuma mwamphamvu kwa omwe amamuvutitsa, chifukwa amayenera kuteteza ngwazi zamtengo wapatali kuzowonongeka zosafunikira (onani ndime yapitayi).
6. Nguluwe yokhala ndi bala inali kudikirira nyama, ikabisala mumtengo
Mafangayi aatali komanso osakhwima a kambuku wa saber-tooted, kuphatikiza ndi nsagwada zofowoka, adapangitsa mtundu wawo wosaka kukhala wapadera kwambiri. Malinga ndi momwe akatswiri odziwika bwino a paleont akudziwira, akambuku owoneka ngati mivi akuwombera nkhonya zawo kuchokera kunthambi zamitengo, ndikuyika "zigawo" zawo mpaka khosi la wozunzidwayo, kenako ndikupumira patali.
7. Akambuku owoneka bwino amatha kukhala m'matumba
Amphaka ambiri amakono amakakamiza ma paleontologists kuti anene kuti akambuku owononga amakhala m'matumba. Umboni wa chiphunzitsochi ndi umboni wa ukalamba ndi matenda osachiritsika omwe amapezeka m'mafumbo ambiri a smilodon. Sizokayikitsa kuti odwala ndi okalamba atha kupulumuka kuthengo popanda thandizo, kapena kuteteza ziwalo zina.
8. La Brea Ranch - gwero lolemera kwambiri la zinthu zakale za akambuku oweta
Zotsalira zambiri za mafuta a dinosaurs ndi nyama zapa prehistoric zapezeka m'makona akutali a dziko lapansi, koma zochulukitsa za tiger zolumikizira zamtunduwu zapeza ndalama zotsalira zomwe zapezeka mu nyanja ya La Brea Ranch, Los Angeles. Mwambiri, amphaka achi prehistoric adakopeka ndi nyama zina zomwe zimayamwa mu resin, zomwe amawona ngati chakudya chochepa.
9. Nguluwe yokhala ndi bala inali ndi thupi loyenda kuposa amphaka akuluakulu amakono
Kuphatikiza pa ma fayilo ataliitali owombera, palinso njira ina yosiyanitsira tiger-toothed tiger ku amphaka akuluakulu amakono. Anali ndi khosi lokwera, chifuwa chachikulu komanso miyendo yayifupi. Thupi lolemerali likugwirizana bwino ndi momwe limakhalira, popeza sanafunikire kufunafuna nyama zawo podutsa mitengo yaying'ono, koma amangolumpha kuchokera kunthambi za mitengo.
10. Ngwazi yokhala ndi bala inamwalira zaka 10,000 zapitazo
Kodi nchifukwa ninji mankhusu ometa amisala padziko lapansi mpaka kumapeto kwa m'badwo wa ayezi womaliza? Sizokayikitsa kuti anthu oyambilira amakhala ndi ubale wachindunji ndi izi. Mwachidziwikire, kuphatikiza kwa kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuperewera kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zolengedwa zazikulu zomwe zimagwira ngati chakudya chawo zitha kutha. Amakhulupirira kuti zitsanzo zabwino za DNA zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira tiger-tooted tiger ngati gawo la pulogalamu yasayansi yodziwika kuti kufafaniza.