Amphibians, kapena amphibians (Amphibia) - ndi nyama zozizira zamiyendo inayi zam'maso zomwe mazira ake alibe chipolopolo choteteza kuzungulira mluza. Mawu akuti "amphibian" amachokera ku Greek amphi, kutanthauza "onse" ndi "bios", omwe amatanthauza "moyo", chifukwa chake, "moyo wachiphamaso". Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ambiri omwe ali ndi nyama zambiri amakhala opanda phokoso, ali ndi malo amadzi, momwe amakhala nthawi yawo, komanso gawo la malo. Ambiri, koma osati onse amphibians, amasintha kuchokera pagulu lamadzi, momwe amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya kuchokera kumadzi ndikusowa miyendo, mpaka miyendo inayi, yopumira mpweya, anthu akuluakulu omwe atha kukhala ndi moyo padziko lapansi. Pali mitundu pafupifupi isanu ndi umodzi ya mitundu ya amoyo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo achule, maula, salamanders, zatsopano, proteina ndi mphutsi.
Mawonekedwe
Osasiyana ndi anthu wamba mkalasi. Thupi la viviparous chule ndi 3 cm, bulauni, komanso lalitali.
M'mphepete, kumbuyo kuli mzere wowala. Mutu suuli wamkulu, maso ali mozungulira ndi iris wakuda. Miyendo imakhazikika bwino, iliyonse imakhala ndi zala zinayi zakumaso. Kuchotsedwa mchira. Imakhala mwa mahule okha. Palibe mano.
Moyo, zakudya
Ntchito yama viviparous amphibians imachulukanso pachilala chachikulu pomwe thermometer imapitilira madigiri 20. Amapita kukasaka. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, tizilombo ndi ma invertebrates ena.
Muzimva mphutsi popanda mavuto. Akazi amadya, amakonzekereratu. Kutentha kukatsika mpaka 12, achule otentha amayamba kuzimiririka (zomwe zimachitika m'miyezi yozizira, kuyambira Disembala mpaka February), amakonda kubisala m'miyala kapena poterera pansi.
Amafuna mvula. Marichi, Epulo mwezi wa hibernation, amuna ndi omaliza kudzuka. M'chilimwe, nsonga yayitali ya kuyenda.
Kuberekanso komanso kuwongolera chitukuko
Chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri. Masewera ophatikiza amayambira mu Ogasiti. Achule achiziparous amalira kulira. Nthawi imeneyi ikupitilira mpaka mwezi wa Okutobala. Njira yayitali imatenga tsiku lonse. Amuna samayenda nthawi yomweyo, ndipo wamkazi akusuntha kuchoka pawindo kupita pawindo. Pambuyo umuna, iye amapita kukakhala.
Kupatula apo, ayenera kubereka ana kwa miyezi 9! Kukula kumakhazikika m'mimba mwa viviparous toad, m'malo otsika a oviducts, odzazidwa ndi madzi apadera (mapuloteni, yolk), omwe amakhala chakudya cha achule ang'onoang'ono, ndipo oxygen imalowa kudzera mchira wochepa wokhala ndi mitsempha yamagazi.
Kumayambiriro kwa Julayi, pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha kubadwa. Kufikira 22 crumb amabadwa. Koma malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa deta - ziwerengerozi zimakhala zochepa modzaza 4 - 12. Ponseponse, wa ku Africa wazithunzithunzi amabweretsa ana nthawi ziwiri zokha. Amabadwa, monga mumamvetsetsa, achule ang'onoang'ono. Achinyamata obadwa ndi abambo ambiri pambuyo pa miyezi 15, ndiye kuti chaka chotsatira atabadwa.
Adani
Pali zochuluka za izo. Pafupifupi nyama zonse zakutchire zaku Africa zimawalanda. Sungani chule chowiparous utoto wake wokha. Zimadziwikanso kuti ma nectophrinoids ena ndi ofanana ndi chameleon.
Ndiye kuti, amapezeka pagawo kutengera mtundu wake. Amadziwa kupindika msana wawo ndi chithaphwi, nyamuka mwamantha. Koma chida chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kumalimbana, kumene, chimabisala ndi kugona pansi.
Zosangalatsa
- Anthu ambiri amafunsa funso loletsa kwathunthu - kodi pali achule opatsa moyo? Yankho: inde, zilipo!
- Zida zonse ndi zadyera.
- Mitundu ina imakhala ndi tinthu t poizoni kuti ititeteze, osati yoopsa kwa anthu.
- Akazi akakhala pamalopo, caviar amawonekera m'mimba mwake.
- Magawo a tadpole adadumpha.
- Nthano yolakwika ndiyakuti amakhala nthawi yambiri m'madzi, chifukwa sakonda kulumpha.
Kodi mukudziwa izi.
Chiwerengero cha gulugufe wovomerezeka chimasinthasintha. Chiwerengero mumnyengo umodzi ndi chokwanira china kupendekera?
Kuti muwonjezere zazikulu zanu kapena mulembe lipoti labwino ndi nkhani, tikulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge zolemba pansipa. Tikukhulupirira kuti mutawerenga nkhanizi, muphunzira zambiri mwapadera komanso zothandiza. Tikufunirani chisangalalo chabwino mgulu lathu labwino!
Kufotokozera kwa Amur kapena Ussuri tiger uthenga wa kanema wachidziwitso
Wokondedwa mlendo! Kuti mudziwe zambiri zanyama zamtchire kapena tizilombo, muyenera kudziwa magulu awo asayansi. Magulu akuluakulu asayansi a nyama ndi awa:
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muzitsatira ulalo womwe uli pansipa ndikuwonjezera chidziwitso chanu ndi sayansi. Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe!
Buku lofiira
Pa 100 mita lalikulu m yowerengera zopitilira 160. Viviparous amphibians, omwe ndi mitundu ya Azungu, adalembedwa mu Red Book kukhala osatetezeka, omwe ali pafupi kutha, izi zimachitika chifukwa chosaberekana pafupipafupi. Tsopano amasungidwa mosamala .
Mitundu ina yokhala ndi poizoni ndi tadpoles ndi caviar! Zida-aga pankhaniyi zidaposa zonse. Amapachika mazira m'ming'alu yayitali yamadzi pansi pamadzi. Amasokonezeka mosavuta ndikuyika mazira a amphibians ena, ndipo zolakwitsa zina nthawi zina zimatha m'njira yopha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ku South America nthawi zambiri, ngati sturgeon caviar sapezeka, amatumikira ... chule. Ndipo panali zochitika za poyizoni pamene msuzi adaphika kuchokera ku caviar ya toad-aga.
Ndipo toad palokha imasemphana ndi chakudya: amphaka ndi agalu omwe akuyesera kuti achite izi adamwalira. Mwa tiziwalo tambiri tating'onoting'ono, timiyala tambiri timene timayamwa poizoni ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo mamita!
Zovala zowopsa zimayamba kudya.
Aha - wotuwa wonyezimira, nthawi zina wokhala ndi timabowo tofiyira kapena wobiriwira, wamkulu - mpaka 25 sentimita. Zili m'malo otentha. Ku USA, sikuti amakula kuposa 18 sentimita. Zambiri - kuchokera ku Texas kupita ku Patagonia (mitundu yapafupi imakhala pano). M'madambo, makamaka m'minda ndi m'minda, ngakhale m'nyumba ndi m'mizinda, pali zambiri zamabala awa. Amakonda kukhala pansi pa nyali, kuteteza tizirombo tikuuluka kulowa m'kuwala. Kuwala kwamsewu ndi pabwalo uku kumawoneka ngati gawo lalikulu la magawo azida. Kuchokera ku nyali imodzi kupita ku imzake, iwo amabwerera kumakolo awo. Masana amatha kuwonekera mumvula. Ndipo usiku wozizira samawoneka.
Inde - okhawo, monga momwe amadziwika, amphibian opanda mchira, omwe metamorphosis sachotsa kwathunthu kuzikhalidwe zamasamba. Amawona, mwachitsanzo, machitidwe ake oseketsa. Mafuta amafuta amakhala patali kwambiri ndi galu kapena mphaka. Ziweto zikafika zokwanira ndikuchokapo, zisonga zamtokoma zimathamangira ku mbale ndikudumphadumpha ndikudya zotsalazo.
Kwa ulimi, eya ndi chimodzi mwazida zofunikira kwambiri. Adatchuka m'mayiko ambiri momwe nzimbe zimabzalidwa, chifukwa ndizovuta kupeza chitetezo chabwino kwambiri kuzitetezo za mbewuyi. Ku Florida, ku Jamaica, ku Puerto Rico, ngakhale ku zilumba za Solomon ndi Hawaii, izi mituyi idakhazikika.
Mpaka posachedwa, eya adadziwika kuti ndizachala zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma mu 1951, paulendo wa munthu wodziwika wofufuza malo ku Sweden a Blomberg, munthu wamkulu wa ku Colombia, kapena Blomberg, anali wamkulu kwambiri kuposa aha.
Makanda osiyanasiyana amakhala ku Africa ndi South Asia. Pafupifupi zambiri sizimadziwika. Ena kwa osakhala akatswiri, kwakukulu, alibe chidwi. Komabe, izi sizikugwirizana ndi ma nectophrinoids ...
Zala zazing'ono. Ndi chala, pafupifupi masentimita 6. Munkhalango zowirira za Tanganyika, mutha kuwaona pansi kapena masamba ndi udzu wosakweza pamwamba pake (koma osati m'madzi!). Amakhala ndi makapu oyamwa zala zawo. Mu udzu wobiriwira, maudzu awa ndi obiriwira, pakati pa masamba owoneka - imvi. M'malo ena, kutengera mtundu wa malo apafupi, ndi zofiirira, zofiirira kapena pafupifupi zakuda. Mwachidule, chameleon!
Dziko la sayansi lidaphunzira koyamba za iwo mu 1905, pomwe katswiri wazam'madzi waku Germany, Thornier, adalongosola za amphibians osangalatsa awa. Mwa zoology, izi zinali zofunikira. Zosafunikira monga kupezeka kwa coelacanth, koma zokhudzana ndi moyo wamtundu watsopano wamtundu waku Africa, Tornir adanenanso china chake chosayembekezeka komanso chapadera.
Ndi viviparous! Mwa akazi, malekezero ochulukirapo a oviducts amapanga mtundu wa chiberekero. Mazira okhathamira amakula pano, kenako mazira. Amabadwa achule opangidwa kotheratu ndipo osawerengeka - mpaka abale ndi alongo 135.
Mtundu wachiwiri wamtunduwu, mkanda wamatabwa waku Tornier, adalongosoleredwa mu 1906 ndi Rockologist. Malo omwewa ndi ofanana - nkhalango za Tanganyika. Kukula kochepa - mpaka masentimita atatu. Makanda obadwa kumene - mpaka 35.
Mtundu wachitatu, chakumadzulo kwa viviparous, adapezeka mu 1942 pamtunda woposa makilomita 5,000 kumadzulo kwa awiri oyamba, ku Guinea. Zala zazing'onoting'ono, zokhala ndi thonje. Ndipo madera awo ndi ochepa, pamlingo wapadziko lonse, komanso ndi kachulukidwe: ma kilometers angapo a udzu pamiyala ya Mount Nimba. Koma pano mu nthawi yamvula, kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, malaya awa ndiochulukirapo: mpaka mazana asanu pa mametilo handiredi a ma metadows! Ndiye mvula imatha, ndipo ma batu ngati kuti kumawomba chimphepo: palibe pomwepo, pomwe ambiri amabwera paliponse. Mukubisala kuti?
Nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa phazi lanu ndi yolimba, ang'onoang'ono angalowe pazokha. Zinapezeka kuti adabisala m ming'alu yosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndikukhala pansi pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi inayi, kudikirira kuti kutentha kwa mu Africa kutsike ndikugwa mvula kuti ithiranso.
Ndipo asanabisike, anyamatawa anakwanitsa kuphatikiza zazikazi, ndipo adaswa mbewa. Mammina alibe placenta mu chiberekero chambiri. Ndizachilengedwe, motero, kuyembekezera kuti mazirawo amadyetsedwa, monga shaki kapena alpine salamanders: michere yosungidwa m'mazira kapena mazira omwe amapezeka mochedwa. Komabe, kafukufuku wakhazikitsa: palibe "Kainism." China chake chadziwika kale chikukwaniritsidwa - china chake ngati nyongolotsi ndi mbola: chiberekero cha amayi chimatulutsa chopondera. Mimbulu ikulu imameza ndikukula ... Ndipo ikabadwa (kuyambira ana awiri mpaka makumi awiri), imakhala yochepera katatu kuposa amayi omwe adawanyamula.
"Kulimbana kwamtundu wamunthu kumachitika pano mthupi la mayi: makanda amakula, kakhazikika kakulidwe ka timabulu tambiri. Mungaonenso kuti ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana ya mimbayo, ana aang'ono omwe siaboma ambiri amabadwa akulu kuposa omwe adalipo ambiri "(Hans Heuser ).
Ma nectofrinoides okhawo ndi ma viviparous opanda zingwe omwe amachokera ku sayansi mpaka pano.
Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa USSR, kwinakwake ku Ukraine, tchire lodzala ndi matchire, mu msondodzi, kuzungulira nkhalango mumdondo wa Hornbeam wamalimwe nthawi yachilimwe mpaka nthawi yophukira (mpaka Okutobala!) Wina akufuula "Krak-krak-krak" ! " Mowonda. Mwachikondi. Mutha kuganiza kuti mbalameyi ndi mtundu wina wamadzulo. Pitani ku kulira, yandikirani mosamala, pafupi kwambiri. Apa kukuwa pafupi, koma sikuwoneka. Gawo lina, zikuwoneka, mutha kukhudza wozungulira ndi dzanja lanu ... Mwadzidzidzi adakhala chete, ndipo adakhala chete. Ogwa tchire, osatinthanso, koma palibe amene akuchita chibwibwi, owopa, osathamanga, osasunthika, osapanga njira yake ...
Ngakhale masana atangokhala chete osadumphadumpha mpaka tchire lokha kapena mtengo womwe wamva kuti "krak-krak-krak", simukuwonanso aliyense. Koma mtengowo siukuwa ...
Wofuula wamkokomo ndi wocheperako, ndipo ndiwobiliwira, ngati tsamba lomwe amakhala, mikono yonse inayi yomamatira miyendo inayi. Zala zam'manja ndizazungulira, zokulitsidwa kukhala ma disc, zomata kuchokera ku chinsisi cha tiziwiti: chosinthika chamtengo wapatali cha jumper wanzeru, chimafika pamwamba pamutu.
Zowawa! Chule cha mitengo. Wamphongo wake, wokhala ndi nthovu yowomba pakhosi pake, amalira mokweza ndikuwoneka ngati mbalame zina zodyedwa. Chule laling'ono ili lathuli lili ndi mawu amphamvu kwambiri, komanso makosi am'mimba osaneneka: amatha mphamvu zambiri - ndi chule cha mtengo!
Chule cha mitengo imakhala yobiriwira, koma masamba a chilimwe. Ngati mukuyenera kukhala kumalo amtundu wina, chule cha mtengo chimasinthanso zovala zake: nthawi zina chimatha kutembenukira bulauni m'mphindi zochepa, imvi, chikasu chopepuka kapena pafupifupi chakuda. Koma ndizodabwitsa - achule a mitengo samayenderana nthawi zonse ndi malo awo okhala. Ndipo mwa omwe akukhala zobiriwira, pamakhala chokoleti, imvi, buluu, lilac, yoyera ndi ya mawanga.
Ndi nthawi yophukira, mu Epulo - Meyi, achule am'madzi amasambira m'madzi. Apa ndi kubereketsa. Kenako amasamukira ku tchire, ku mitengo ndi udzu wokhala ndi masamba ambiri. Koma nthawi zambiri samapitirira kupitirira zana lamadzi kuchokera kumadzi. Mvula yokhazikika yokha yomwe imatha kuwachotsa pano kupita m'malo ena obisika kapena kubwereranso m'madzi. (Zowona, amuna ena, pazifukwa zina komanso nyengo yabwino, amakhala m'madzi nthawi yambiri yotentha.)
Masana, chule cha mitengo imakhala (nthawi zambiri padzuwa lokha!), Ikayang'ana bango kapena tsamba, kutseka maso ake ndikulimbikira miyendo yake mwamphamvu. Amasaka madzulo ndi usiku. Asanasake, ngati madzi ali pafupi ndipo kunalibe mvula, chule cha mtengo chimatsika ndikutsuka. Izi zodzikongoletsa zamadzulo ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa achule a ku Mediterranean, okhala kumayiko otentha ndi owuma - Spain ndi Morocco.
Gulu la nyama zosiyana siyana, zomwe sizikufotokoza bwino zomwe zimapangika podziwika, ma amphibi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi khungu losalala komanso lopanda khungu. Komabe, ena a iwo ali ndi mamba a dermal. Poyerekeza ndi nsomba, ma ambulansi amoyo am'madzi am'mapapo nthawi zambiri amapumira pakhungu ndi m'mapapo, m'malo mopyola m'matumba, ndipo ali ndi miyendo m'malo mwa zipsepse, koma ena mwa nyama zam'mlengalenga amagwiritsanso ntchito ma gill.
Kukhazikika m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi, amfia amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusamalira zachilengedwe. Amawonetsera magwiridwe antchito awiri, popeza amawononga tizilombo tambiri komanso mitundu ina ya ma invertebrates ndipo iwonso amakhala ovutika ndi nyama zazikulu, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti akhale gawo limodzi la malo ochezera. Ma amphibians nawonso amafunikira muzinthu zomwe zimapanga michere komanso monga oletsa kusintha kwa chilengedwe.
Amphibians nawonso amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri padzikoli. Zonse zakale komanso zaposachedwa, zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku amphibians ndi gwero lofunika la mankhwala. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo pochepetsa chiwerengero chawo. Mu chipembedzo, amphibians nthawi zambiri anali zizindikilo zofunika, kaya ndi shamanism, zipembedzo zoyambirira za ku Egypt, kapena zipembedzo za ku America Pre-Colombian.
Kuyambira mu 1970s, ambiri mwa anthu amphibian ayamba kutsika, zochuluka zomwe zikuchitika chifukwa cha anthropomorphic (zoyambitsidwa ndi anthu) zimayambitsa. Pazifukwa zonse zamakhalidwe abwino komanso zoyenera, anthu amafunika ndalama kuti ateteze nyama zamtengo wapatalizi.
Kuphunzira kwa ma amphibians ndi nyama zapambuyo amadziwika kuti herpetology..
Makhalidwe a Amphibian
Ambiri mwa amphibians amapanga mazira opanda zipolopolo kapena nembanemba (anamniotic), yomwe imayenda m'madzi ndipo imadalira chinyontho chochokera kuzachilengedwe. Akuluakulu amphibians ali ndi mtima mbali zitatu (mphutsi zimakhala ndi mtima wama bicameral) ndipo nthawi zambiri mapapo awiri. Amakhala ndi ma protoni awiri kumbuyo kwa chigaza (mawonekedwe a occipital), pomwe zodzikongoletsera zimakhala ndi condyle imodzi yokha.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Grim Fandango flickr.com
Ngakhale ambiri ophibi alibe kusinthika kofunikira kuti akhale ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi, ena mwa iwo ndi okhala padziko lapansi, ngakhale obadwira pamtunda, ena amafunikira malo abwinobwino. Ena a iwo ndi madzi kwathunthu. Pokhala zolengedwa zamagazi ozizira, ma amphibians ambiri amalowa m'malo opanda matalala, omwe amadziwika pansi pa nyengo zovuta (nyengo yozizira), monga hibernation, komanso nthawi yachilala (chilimwe), monga kusanza.
Gulu la Amphibian ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana
Ma amphibians onse ali m'gulu la Amphibia subtype vertebrates (Vertebrata). Ma amphibians omwe alipo alipo onse omwe ali ndi gawo lofanana la zida zankhondo (Lissamphibia). Pali magulu atatu agulu lachigawo:
- Dongosolo ma amphibians opanda zingwe (Anura - achule ndi zala): Mitundu 5,602 m'mabanja 48
- Okhazikitsa amphibians (Caudata kapena Urodela - salamanders, newts, proteina, sirens ndi amphiums)Mitundu 571 m'mabanja 10,
- Gulu la amphibians opanda miyendo (Gymnophiona kapena Apoda - mphutsi): Mitundu 190 mwa mabanja 10.
Chule ndi mikanda ndizosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya nyama zakuthambo chifukwa cha miyendo yayikulu yakumbuyo pakati pa miyendo inayi. Akuluakulu alibe michira. Chule ndi zala zake ndizochuluka kwambiri komanso zosiyana siyana zomwe zimapezeka pafupifupi malo onse, kuphatikizaponso zogona, madzi ndi malo apadziko lapansi komanso ku kontinenti iliyonse, kupatula ku Antarctica. Mitundu itatu ili ndi mizera yotukuka kuposa Arctic Circle. Anthu opanda phokoso opanda phokoso amakhala ndi mawu opangidwa bwino, pomwe malangizo enawo awiri a amphibian amangokhala ndi mawu okha monga kutsokomola komanso kukuwa.
Salamanders, newts, proteina, sirens ndi amphiums ndi mamembala a dongosolo la caudate amphibians, motero, onse ali ndi michira. Monga lamulo, magulu onse a magulu ali ndi miyeso yofanana miyendo, koma amphium imakhala ndi miyendo yaying'ono, ndipo siresi alibe miyendo yakumbuyo komanso kutsogola kutsogolo konse. Mkulu wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi wouma, chimphona chachikulu cha ku China, chomwe chimatha kufika mamita awiri, ndipo wachibale wake wapamtima, Japan salamander wamkulu, amakula mpaka mamita 1.6. Salamanders ndi ochulukirapo komanso osiyanasiyana m'malo otentha.
Nyongolotsi Zofanana kwambiri ndi mphutsi wamba, zimakhala zopanda malire. Mitu ya amphibians iyi imasinthidwa kuti ikumbe, chigaza chawo chimasweka. Nyongolotsi ndi okhanso omwe amapezeka ndi mamba omwe amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a dermal; amawoneka ngati mamba a nsomba kuposa zokwawa. Anthu osavomerezeka opanda cholowa ali ndi gawo lapadera, chotengera chomwe chimapezeka pakati pamphuno ndi maso, chomwe chimagwira ngati sensor ya mankhwala. Nyongolotsi zimakhala mobisa, ambiri amakhala ndi maso ang'ono, sadziwika bwino ndi sayansi ndipo ambiri alibe mayina wamba. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 200 ya nyongolotsi. Amapezeka m'malo otentha okhaokha padziko lapansi.
Amphibians amakhala akulu kuchokera mamilimita angapo mpaka salamanders omwe tatchulawa. A Amphibians adziwa nyengo iliyonse padziko lapansi kuchokera kumapiri kotentha kwambiri kupita kumayiko ozizira a Arctic. Amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse komwe kuli madzi abwino chaka chonse. Zoonadi, mitundu ina ya maphazi imakhalabe m'zipululu zobisika mobisa zomwe zimachitika nthawi yamvula yamvula yambiri.
Chithunzi chakovlev.alexey flickr.com
Anthu ambiri okhala m'madzi ambiri amafunika madzi abwino kuti azitha kubereka. Mitundu ingapo imagwiritsa ntchito madzi osakhalitsa, koma zenizeni zam'madzi zam'madzi mulibe. Komabe, mitundu mazana angapo a achule safuna madzi konse. Amabereka kudzera mu chitukuko chachindunji, kusintha, komwe kunawalola kuti azitha kukhala opanda madzi. Pafupifupi ma achule onsewa amakhala m'nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha, ndipo mitundu yaying'ono ya achikulire imaswa mazira awo, kupyola gawo lonse la tadpole. Mitundu ingapo imasinthidwa kuti ikhale youma komanso yopanda chinyezi, koma yambiri imafunabe madzi kuti ayikire mazira. Symbiosis yokhala ndi tchire kamodzi komwe timakhala tomwe timakhala ndi mazira ngati timene timapezeka m'mitundu yambiri.
Komabe, anthu ambiri okhala ndi madzi ambiri amadutsa madzi ndi malo. Mazira a Amamniotic (opanda chipolopolo) amaikidwa m'madzi. Pambuyo kuwaswa, mphutsi za amphibian zimapuma ndi ma gill akunja. Ambiri amayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala achikulire kudzera mu njira yotchedwa metamorphosis. Mwachitsanzo, mphutsi za achule (tadpoles) pang'onopang'ono zimatenga mchira wawo ndikupanga miyendo poyenda pamtunda. Kenako nyamazo zimasiya madzi ndikukhala akulu padziko lapansi.
Ngakhale gawo lodziwikiratu la amphibian metamorphosis ndikupanga miyendo inayi kuti ichirikizire thupi pamtunda, pali zosinthika zina zingapo zazikulu: mapilowo amasinthidwa ndi ziwalo zina zopumira, i.e. mapapu, khungu limasintha ndikutulutsa tiziwalo tating'ono kuteteza madzi am'madzi, maso kukhala ma eyelids ndi amasintha kuti azitha kuwona kunja kwa madzi, eardrum imawoneka kuti ikutchingira khutu lapakatikati, mtima umakhala wamtunda utatu, mchira umasowa achule ndi mikanda.
Kutha kwa ma tadpoles ena kukonzanso ziwalo zomwe zatayika thupi (monga mchira kapena mwendo) nthawi zambiri zimazimiririka nthawi ya metamorphosis. Komabe, ma salamanders ambiri amakhalanso ndi mphamvu m'miyoyo yawo yonse kuti apange masinthidwe osiyanasiyana amizimba, monga minyewa, cartilage, khungu, chingwe cha msana, gawo lamaso ndi nsagwada.
Pomwe muli mitundu yambiri ya nyama zapamwamba, mphutsi zapamadzi zatsopano zomwe zimasungidwa kale zimakumana ndi metamorphosis kukhala wamkulu, pali kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi yakukula kumeneku. Mphutsi zambiri za salamander ndi zofanana ndi achinyamata komanso achikulire, kupatula omwe ali m'madzi monga gill. Ena mwa ma amphibians amakula popanda mawonekedwe, ndipo achichepere amataswa mwachindunji kuchokera dzira. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale mitundu yambiri imasinthika kukhala achikulire, mphutsi zina zimakhalabe zamadzi kwa miyezi, ngakhale zaka, mpaka zinthu ziyenera kuchitika. Paleomorphism ndi kusungidwa kwa mawonekedwe a mphutsi mwa nyama zokhwima, ndipo izi ndizofala kwa mitundu yambiri ya caudate.
Mtundu wa biphasic utabweranso m'madzi kuti ubalike, ena amadzala, omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, amapezeka ndi metamorphosis yachiwiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azolowere moyo wam'madzi.
Amphibian nyengo yachisanu
Amphibians amadalira mwachindunji pakusintha kwanyengo. Chifukwa chake, zochita zawo zimakhala ndi nthawi: kudzutsidwa masika, kuswana (kuphuka), ntchito yozizira komanso nthawi yozizira.
M'chilimwe, amphibians amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika, amadziunjikira zakudya zachilengedwe. M'dzinja, ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa chilengedwe, ntchito zawo zimachepera, amakhala osafunikira. Amphibians amayamba kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu ndikuyang'ana malo oyenera izi. Achule obiriwira nthawi yachisanu pansi pa dziwe lomwelo pomwe anali mchilimwe. Achule ena ambiri nthawi yachisanu amakhala pansi pa madzi ndi pamtunda, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'madzi nthawi yozizira padziko lapansi. Pakusala nyengo yozizira pamtunda, ma amphibians amasankha maenje odzazidwa ndi masamba, burrre burrows, cellars, cellars, mitengo yowola, etc. Pamtunda, amphibians amatha kuvutika ngakhale kufa chifukwa chokhala ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri, ndipo m'madzi, momwe matenthedwe ochepa sakhala owopsa, nthawi zina amakhala ndi vuto la kusowa kwa mpweya.
Mtengo ndi kuteteza kwa amphibians
Amphibians ndizofunikira zachilengedwe komanso anthu. Makamaka, amphibians akuluakulu ndi ogula kwambiri tizilombo, komanso ma invertebrates ndi ma vertebrates ena. Ma amphibians akuluakulu amadyanso tizilombo tambiri, algae ndi zooplankton m'malo okhala m'madzi. Kumbali inayo, iwowo ndiwo magawo a chakudya, nsomba, mbalame, nyama zapamtunda ndi zina zapamwamba. Chifukwa chake, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pogulitsa chakudya. Kuwonongeka kwa amphibians achikulire nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, ndipo kuchepa kwa mphutsi kumatha kubweretsa maluwa a algal, kuchepa kwa okosijeni komanso chifukwa cha kufa kwa nsomba. Mwa kuthana ndi tizilombo, ma amphibians amathandizanso kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo.
Ma poizoni a Amphibian, omwe amachokera ku zovulaza zowopsa mpaka kufa, nthawi zambiri amakhala osavulaza kwa anthu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala. Amphibians masiku ano amatithandiza kulimbana ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya, khungu ndi khansa ya m'matumbo, kukhumudwa, ndi matenda ena ambiri.
Amphibians amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo cha anthu. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo ngati mankhwala ku mankhwala achikhalidwe, amisili ambiri amaimiridwa ngati zolengedwa zoyipa (mwina kutengera chikhalidwe chawo), kapena monga chizindikiro cha mwayi, chonde, ndi mvula. Achi Shaman, atsogoleri auzimu mu chipembedzo cha shamanism, adawagwiritsa ntchito ngati zizindikiro zachipembedzo ndikupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo a hallucinogenic.
M'mitundu ina, kuphatikiza chitukuko cha ku Asia ndi Columban American chisanachitike, chikhalachi chimawoneka ngati mulungu, gwero komanso mathero a moyo. Ku Egypt, mulungu wamkazi wa kubereka, Heket, akuwonetsedwa mutu wa chule, ndipo zinthu zokhala ndi achule zimayikidwa m'manda aku Egypt kuti azichotsa ziwanda kumanda. M'miyambo ina, achule ndi maula anali ndi tanthauzo labwino logwirizana ndi mfiti ndi amphaka awo. Ku Guatemala, kuli nthano zosamveka za salamanders amadzulo omwe amabwera pamitengo ya makanda ndikuwapha mwadzidzidzi.
Kuyambira mu 1970s, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala padziko lapansi kudayamba, koma ndi gawo limodzi lokha la mitundu yonse yaomwe amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Zambiri mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti achepetse sizimvetseka bwino, ndipo ndizoyenera zaka zambiri kufufuza.
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Voterani
Manja achimuna ambiri ndi achule amakopa zazikazi zamtundu wawo ndi liwu, lomwe limatanthauzira, lomwe ndi losiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: mumtundu umodzi limawoneka ngati "trill" ya kriketi, ndipo ina - "qua-qua" odziwika . Mutha kupeza mosavuta mawu a amuna amuna pa intaneti. Liwu lokweza padziwe ndi la amuna, ndipo mwa akazi mawu amakhala chete kapena osakhalako.
Ubwenzi
- Maonekedwe ndi kupaka utoto.
Amuna a mitundu yambiri ya achule, mwachitsanzo, achule otentha, nthawi yakukhwima amasintha mtundu wawo, amasintha kukhala wakuda. Amuna, mosiyana ndi akazi, maso ndi okulirapo, ziwalo zam'maganizo zimakulitsidwa bwino ndipo ubongo umakulitsidwa, motero, mphete zamaso zimakongoletsedwa ndi chimanga chotchedwa mating, chofunikira pakukhwima kotero kuti wosankhidwa asathawe.
Chidwi cha akazi chimatha kukopeka ndipo kayendedwe kosiyanasiyana . Colostethus trinitatis amangodumphira panthambi, ndipo Colostethus Palmatus amakhala ndikuwoneka bwino kwambiri akaona mzimayi ali pafupi, ndipo mitundu ina yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi mathithi amadzi imagwedeza miyendo yawo kuti ikhale yaikazi.
Amuna Colostethus collaris amachita kuvina nthawi ya chibwenzi. Yaimuna imadumphira pakati chachikazi ndi kugwedezeka mokwera ndi mwachangu, kenako nkunyamuka, ndikuwomba ndi kugundika, ikuzizira miyendo yake yakumbuyo pamalo owongoka. Ngati wamkazi sanasangalale ndi momwe bizinesiyo imakhalira, amakweza mutu, ndikuwonetsa pakhosi pake chachikaso chowoneka bwino, izi zimawabweza mwamunayo. Ngati chachikazi chimakonda kuvina kwa wamwamuna, ndiye kuti akuwona kuvina kokongola, akukwawira m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti awone bwino masewera a amuna.
Nthawi zina gulu lalikulu limatha kusonkhana: asayansi, atawona Colostethus kolala, amawerengera azimayi khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu omwe amayang'ana wamwamuna mmodzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo anasamukira kwinanso. Pambuyo pakuvina, wamwamuna amapita pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatembenuka kuti awonetsetse kuti mayi wamtima amamutsatira.
Pankhani ya achule agolide, m'malo mwake akazi akumenyera amuna . Kupeza wamwamuna yemwe amang'amba, wamkazi amawombera miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndi kuyika mawalo ake kutsogolo, amathanso kupukusa mutu wake pachigonje chachimuna. Wamphongo wokhala ndi chidwi chochepa amayankhanso chimodzimodzi, koma osati nthawi zonse. Nkhani zambiri zalembedwa pomwe mitundu ya anyani amtunduwu inkalimbana pakati pa akazi ndi amuna kwa akazi omwe amamukonda.
Umuna wakunja
Nthawi zambiri, achule amakhala ndi umuna wamtunduwu. Yaing'ono yamphongo imagwira mwamphamvu mkaziyo ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo ndikuthira mazira achizimayi. Wamphongo amakumbatira wamkazi pamalo a amplexus, omwe pali njira zitatu .
- Pambuyo pa miyendo yakutsogolo yaikazi, yamphongo imapanga kubadwa (achule oyang'ana nkhope)
- Yaimuna ikumbatira mkaziyo kutsogolo kwa miyendo yakumbuyo (scaphiopus, adyo)
- Pali zokongoletsa zazikazi ndi khosi (achule owopsa).
Feteleza kumachitika mkati
Achule owopsa ochepa (mwachitsanzo, Dendrobates granuliferus, Dendrobates auratus) amakhathamiritsidwa mwanjira ina: wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amatembenuza mitu yawo mbali zosiyana ndikulumikiza ma cesspools. Mofananamo, umuna umapezeka mwa anthu ochulukirapo amtundu wa Nectophrynoides, womwe umayamba kunyamula mazira kenako ma tadpoles mu utero mpaka njira ya metamorphosis ithe. bereka kubereka kwathunthu chule .
Achule achimuna otayika amtundu wa Ascaphus Truei ali ndi chiwalo chofunikira kuti aberekane.
Munthawi yakubereketsa amuna nthawi zambiri makamaka akukhwima akusankha ma fanana ndi amuna awo. Mothandizidwa ndi chimangachi, champhongo chimapuma pa thupi loterera la mkazi. Chochititsa chidwi: mwachitsanzo, pachala wamba (Bufo bufo), wamwamuna amakwera mkazi kutali ndi chosungira ndipo akukwera pamenepo mazana angapo mamita. Ndipo amuna ena amatha kukwera wamkazi akamaliza matopewo, kudikirira kuti apange chisa ikayika mazira mmenemo .
Ngati matching agwera m'madzi, yamphongo imathira mazira okhathamirayo ndi wamkazi, ndikusunthira miyendo yake yakumbuyo nthawi kuti ikwaniritse mazira (onani - Bufo boreas). Nthawi zambiri, amuna amatha kusakaniza ndi kukwera amuna omwe sakonda. "Wogwiridwayo" amatulutsa mawu komanso kugwedeza kwamphamvu kwakumaso, komwe kumakukakamizani kuti muchoke m'thupi lanu. Akazi nawonso amakhalira kumapeto kwa umuna, ngakhale nthawi zina zamphongo zimatha kuloleza mkaziyo akamva kuti m'mimba mwake mwayamba kufooka komanso mopanda kanthu. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amagwiranso ntchito amuna, omwe amakhala aulesi kwambiri kuti atuluke, kutembenukira kumbali imodzi ndikutambasula miyendo yakumbuyo.
Mitundu ya Amplexus
Achule amayikira mazira , monga nsomba, chifukwa ma caviar (mazira) ndi mazira satha kusintha magwiridwe antchito pamtunda (anamnia). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amphibians amaikira mazira m'malo odabwitsa:
Kwa nthawi yonse yonyamula ma tadpoles, ndipo imatha miyezi iwiri, chule samadya chilichonse, kwinaku akusungabe ntchito. Munthawi imeneyi, amangogwiritsa ntchito glycogen okha ndi mafuta, omwe amasungidwa m'chiwindi chake. Pambuyo ponyamula chule, chiwindi chimachepetsedwa katatu ndipo palibe mafuta otsalira pamimba pansi pa khungu.
Akaziikira mazira, akazi ambiri amasiya zovala zawo, ndimadzi ena otakataka, ndikupita kumalo awo.
Mazira nthawi zambiri amazunguliridwa ndi zazikazi zazikulu gelatinous chinthu . Chipolopolo cha dzira chimagwira ntchito yayikulu, popeza dzira limatetezedwa kuti lisaume, lisawonongeke, ndipo koposa zonse - limateteza kuti lisadyedwe ndi nyama zomwe zimadyedwa.
Pambuyo pakugona, patapita kanthawi, chigamba cha mazira chimapinda ndikudzipanga kukhala chowonekera bwino cha galatinous, mkati momwe dzira limawonekera. Hafu ya dzira ndi yakuda, ndipo theka lakumbuyo, ndikoterera. Gawo lakuda limatenthezeranso, chifukwa limagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa bwino. M'mitundu yambiri ya amphibians, masamba a caviar amayandama pansi posungira, pomwe madzi amakhala otentha kwambiri.
Kutentha kochepa kwa madzi kumachedwetsa chitukuko cha mluza. Nyengo ikakhala yotentha, dzira limagawika kangapo ndi mawonekedwe kukhala mluza wamitundu yambiri. Patatha milungu iwiri, tadpole amatuluka mazira - mphutsi ya achule.
Tadpole ndi chitukuko chake
Atachoka ku caviar mankhusu agwera m'madzi . Pakatha masiku 5, atatha kuphatikiza mazira, azitha kusambira komanso kudya yekha. Akupanga pakamwa ndi nsagwada. Tadpole imadyera pa algae yosavuta kwambiri komanso tizilombo tina tokhala m'madzi.
Pofika pano, ma tadpoo ali kale akuwala, mutu, mchira.
Mutu wa tadpole ndi wokulirapo , palibe miyendo, chingwe chakumapeto kwa thupi chimachita mbali ya chala, mzere wakumbuyo umawonedwanso, ndipo pali kapu yotsekemera pafupi ndi kamwa (ndi chikho cha kuyamwa mutha kuzindikira mtundu wa tadpole). Patatha masiku awiri, kusiyana kwa pakamwa kumakulirakulira ndi kamwa yamtundu winawake, yomwe imakhala ngati yopunthira pamene tadpole idya. Mapaipi okhala ndi gill ali ndi malo otseguka gill. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, zimakhala zakunja, koma munthawi yakutukuka zimasinthidwa ndikugwirizana ndi ma gill arches, omwe amapezeka mu pharynx, pomwe amagwira ntchito ngati mabulidwe abwinobwino amkati. Tadpole ili ndi mtima wokhala ndi zipinda ziwiri komanso kuzungulira kwa magazi.
Malinga ndi thunthu, tadpole koyambilira kwa chitukuko ali pafupi ndi nsomba, ndipo popeza yatakhwima, imafanana kale ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zapambuyo.
Pakatha miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, nthenga zimayambanso kenako nkuwonekeranso, ndipo mchirawo umafupikitsidwa kenako nkugwapo. Nthawi yomweyo, mapapu amakula. . Papangidwe kuti ipumire pamtunda, tadpole imayamba kukhazikika kumtunda kuti ikameze mpweya. Kusintha ndi kukula zimadalira kwambiri nyengo yotentha.
Mapaipi oyamba poyamba amadya zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu, koma kenako amapita pang'onopang'ono kupita kuzakudya zopangidwa ndi nyama. Chule lomwe limapangidwa limatha kupita kumtunda ngati ndi mtundu wamtunda, kapena likangokhala m'madzi ngati ndi mtundu wamadzi. Achule omwe adakwera pamtunda ndi achaka. Amphibians omwe amayikira mazira pamtunda nthawi zina amakula popanda njira ya metamorphosis, ndiko kuti, kudzera mwa chitukuko chachindunji. Ndondomeko yotukuka imatenga miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, kuyambira chiyambi cha kuyikira mazira mpaka kumapeto kwa tadpole kukhala chule chonse.
Dart achule amphibians onetsani machitidwe osangalatsa. Pambuyo pa ma tadpoles kuchokera ku mazira, wamkazi kumbuyo kwake, mmodzi ndi mmodzi, amawasamutsira iwo kumtunda kwa mitengo m'maluwa amaluwa momwe madzi amadziunjikira mvula. Dziwe lachilendo kwambiri ndi chipinda chabwino cha ana pomwe ana amapitiliza kukula. Mazira osaphikidwa amakhala chakudya chawo.
Kutha kubereka mu ana amakwaniritsidwa pafupifupi chaka chachitatu cha moyo.
Pambuyo pa kuswana achule obiriwira amakhalabe m'madzi kapena khalani m'mphepete mwa malo osungira pafupi, pomwe bulauni imapita kumtunda kuchokera posungira. Khalidwe la amphibians limatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi chinyezi. Nyengo yotentha, youma, achule a bulauni nthawi zambiri amakhala osavomerezeka, chifukwa amabisala dzuwa. Koma dzuwa litalowa, amakhala ndi nthawi yosaka. Popeza mitundu ya achule obiriwira imakhala mkati kapena pafupi ndi madzi, imasaka nthawi yamasana.
Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, achule a bulauni amasamukira kumalo osungira. Kutentha kwamadzi kukakwezeka pamwamba pa kutentha kwa mpweya, matalala a bulauni komanso obiriwira amatsikira pansi posungira nyengo yonse yozizira.
Zida zamtundu wa Viviparous sizikuwonetsa zochitika kuyambira Disembala mpaka February, chifukwa pa nthawi ino palibe chinyezi chokwanira. Nthawi imeneyi, imadzala munthaka kapena m'miyala yamiyala.
Chakumapeto kwa mwezi wa February, akazi ndiwo anali oyamba kusankha malo awo okhala, kenako mu Marichi-Epulo achichepere omwe sanafikire kuukalamba amayamba kuwonetsa zochitika, ndipo amuna omaliza adawonekera.
Mtundu uwu ndiwokhawokha kuchokera ku dongosolo la opanda mchira. Kukula kwa mazira kumachitika m'munsi mwa oviducts achikazi.
Mikanda yopangidwa pafupifupi imabadwa. Mthupi la mkazi aliyense, mazira 1-22 amakula, koma nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwawo ndi 4-12. Mimbulu imamera chifukwa cha mazira omwe ali m'mazira. Ntchito ya kupuma mu mluza imachitika kwambiri ndi mchira wopaka mitsempha yamagazi.
Kuwonekera kwa makanda kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June ndipo kumatha mwezi wonse. Mvula ikapitirira, ndiye kuti anawo amabadwa mu Julayi. Kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti, maphokoso akuwoneka kuti akuwoneka bwino. Chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti, akazi akuluakulu amakhala ochepa, izi zimachitika chifukwa zimakwatirana, ndipo pambuyo umuna umakonda kubisala m'misasamo momwe imakhalamo nthawi yonse ya chilala. Njira yakukhwima imayamba mu Ogasiti ndipo imatha kupitilira October. Masewera achikondi amachitika masana, koma amatha kuchedwa mpaka usiku. Amuna mkati mwa njirayi amakhalapo osasunthika, ndipo akazi, osaleka, amawoloka kuchoka pamzera wina kupita wina.
Mapeto a mvula, omwe amapezeka mu Seputembara-Okutobala, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala mpaka Novembala, azimayi ena a miyezi itatu amakhala okhwima. Amadzigonananso ndi amuna ndipo amabisala m'misasa. Amuna ndi akazi achichepere omwe sanafike pa kutha msinkhu amakhalabe otanganidwa kwambiri. Amkazi awa amakwatirana ndi amuna nthawi yayitali ali ndi miyezi 15. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zazovala zazimayi zimaberekera ana kawiri m'moyo. Panthawi imeneyi, amabereka anthu pafupifupi 18-20.
Mitengo yokhala ngati mipira yokha ndiyomwe imakhalapo pakati pa abambo opanda mchira omwe amabereka chimodzimodzi.
Ma batu okhala ndi ma Viviparous ali oimira nyama zambiri za viviparous omwe amakhala m'malo otsetsereka. M'mwezi wa May, pamamita 100 aliwonse pali mikanda ya 150-160 viviparous. Chiwerengerochi chimawonedwa pamtunda wa 1400-1650 metres. Poterepa, achinyamata ndi ochulukirapo kawiri kuposa okalamba. Chiwerengero chachikulu chotere chimagwira pafupifupi nthawi zonse, kwa zaka 5, sasintha kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha mivi yaku viviparous chimatsika mchaka chouma kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, zinachitika mu 1946, pamene chiwerengero chawo chimachepera pafupifupi kawiri.