Antarctica ndi dziko lomwe lili padziko lapansi lomwe lili ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Kutentha kwa mpweya kumadera ambiri konse kumakhala konse kuzizira, ndipo kontinenti yonse imakutidwa ndi ayezi. Koma ndendende chifukwa cha chilengedwe chapadera choterechi, nyama zodabwitsa zimakhala ku Antarctica, zomwe zidatha kuzolowera moyo wovuta. Chifukwa chakuti nyama zakutchire ku Antarctica zimatengera nyengo, zolengedwa zonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lino lapansi zimapezeka komwe kuli masamba ena ake.

Pafupifupi gawo lonse la Antarctica ndi chipululu chozizira cha Antarctic, ndiye kuti, malo owundana ndi chipale chofewa. Moyo ku kontinentiyo umangokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuzilumba za subantarctic lamba komanso m'malo opanda ayezi padziko lapansi la Antarctic, lomwe limakhala pafupifupi 2% ya kontinenti.

Nyama zambiri za ku Antarctica zimasamukira kumayiko ena, popeza nyengo kumtunda ndizovuta kukhalamo komanso nyengo yachisanu. Palinso mitundu yomwe imapezeka ku Antarctica kokha. Anatha kuzolowera malo ankhalwe aja.

Antarctica adapezeka zaka 200 zokha zapitazo, nyama zam'deralo sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zanyama zamtchire zozizira kwambiri: anthu amachita nazo chidwi monga momwe zimakhalira kwa anthu. Kwa ofufuza, izi zikutanthauza kuti nyama za ku kontilakitchi zimatha kuphunziridwa bwino. Ndipo kwa alendo omwe adapita paulendo wopita ku Antarctica - uwu ndi mwayi wopita pafupi ndi nyama momwe angathere, ndipo sadzathawa. Koma nthawi yomweyo, alendo obwera kudziko lalikulu ayenera kuganizira kuti kukhudza nyama za Antarctic ndizoletsedwa.

Asayansi omwe amaphunzira nyama za ku Antarctica, amawagawa m'magulu awiri: am'madzi ndi lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe oimira nthaka padziko lapansi konse. Izi ndi nyama zofala kwambiri ku Antarctica.

Antarctica Mammals

Chisindikizo cha Weddell adatipatsa dzina loyang'anira wamkulu wothamangitsa asodzi a James Weddell mu umodzi mwa nyanja za Antarctica. Nyama yamtunduwu imakhala m'malo onse ogombe. Pakadali pano, chiwerengero cha zisindikizo za Weddell ndi anthu 800,000.

Chisindikizo cha Weddell chimatha kutalika kwa mamilimita 3.5. Kulemera kwa akulu kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana makilogalamu 400-450. Amadyetsa makamaka nsomba ndi cephalopods, zomwe zimagwidwa mozama mpaka 800. Zisindikizo za Weddell zimasiyanitsidwa chifukwa zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa ola limodzi.

M'nyengo yozizira, zisindikizo izi sizimasamuka, koma zimakhala kumtunda kwa kontinenti yowuma. Amakhala nthawi yonse yozizira m'madzi, amapanga dzenje mu madzi oundana momwe amapumira ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amawonekera pamwamba pamadzi. Chifukwa chake, nyama zakale zili ndi mano osweka.

Chisindikizo cha Crabeater ndi mitundu yambiri yazisindikizo osati pakati pa iwo omwe akukhala ku Antarctica, komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, ziwerengero zawo zimachokera ku 7 mpaka 40 miliyoni.

Ngakhale dzina lawo, zisindikizo izi sizimadya nkhanu. Zakudya zawo makamaka zimakhala ndi Antarctic krill. Amakhala bwino kuti azigwira mano awo, omwe amapanga msungwi kuti agwire nyama m'madzi. Popeza zisindikizo za crabeater zimadya kwambiri krill, sizifunika kutsamira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakwera kumadzi akuya 20-30 m, ndipo kumatenga pafupifupi mphindi 11, koma milandu yalembedwa pakuya kwa 430 m.

Kukula kwa anthu okalamba azisindikizo za crabeater kumachokera ku 2.2 mpaka 2.6 m, kulemera - 200-300 kg. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Matupi awo ndi othinana komanso owonda. Phokoso la nyama izi ndizitali komanso zopapatiza. Pambuyo pa molt wapachaka, ubweya wa zisindikizo zamkati umakhala woderapo, koma ukatha umasandulika woyera.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi zisindikizo za crabeater ndikuti ndi okhawo omwe amatha kusonkhana pamadzi oundana m'magulu akulu kwambiri. Malo okhala nyamazi ndi nyanja zam'mphepete mwa Antarctica. M'nyengo yotentha, zisindikizo za crabeater zimakhala pafupi ndi gombe, pakugwa zimasunthira kumpoto limodzi ndi ayezi wonyamula.

Munthawi yakudyetsa ana, nthawi zonse yamphongo imakhala pafupi ndi yaikazi, kumamupezera chakudya ndikumayendetsa oyimilira achimuna. Kutalika kwa moyo wa zisindikizo za crabeater kuli pafupifupi zaka 20. Adani awo ndi nyalugwe wanyanja ndi whale wakupha.

Chisindikizo cha Ross ili ndi dzina lake polemekeza wofufuza wofufuza wa ku England James Ross. Mwa mitundu ina ya zisindikizo zomwe ndizofala ku Antarctica, ndizodziwika bwino.

Wachikulire wa mtundu wamtunduwu amatha kutalika mpaka mamita awiri ndikulemera 200 kg. Chisindikizo cha Ross chimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri komanso khosi lalikulu lomwe limatha kutulutsa mutu. Chifukwa chake chimakhala ngati mbiya.

Mtundu wamba wa ubweya wa chisindikizo ndi woderapo, pafupifupi wakuda, wowala m'mphepete ndi m'mimba. Chisindikizo cha Ross ndicofala kumadera akutali a Antarctica. Mitundu yamtunduwu ndizosowa kwambiri komanso siphunzitsidwa pang'ono. Zaka zomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo amakhala pafupifupi zaka 20.

Nyalugwe wanyanja ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha khungu. Ngakhale nyamayo imawoneka bwino, imakonda kudya. Nyama zotere zimapezeka pachilumba chonse cha Antarctic. Malinga ndi asayansi, kuchuluka kwawo kuli pafupifupi anthu 400,000.

Nyalugwe zaunyanja zimakhala ndi thupi lokhazikika, zomwe zimawalola kuyenda pansi pa madzi mwachangu kwambiri kuposa zisindikizo zina. Maonekedwe amutu wake ndi wokutidwa ndikuwoneka ngati zokwawa. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayitali, yomwe imakhudzanso kuthamanga kwamadzi.

Wamphongo wa nyama iyi amatha kutalika pafupifupi mamitala atatu, zazikazi ndizokulirapo ndi kutalika kwa mamitala 4. Ponena za kulemera kwake, ndi 270 kg kwa amuna amtunduwu, ndipo pafupifupi 300 kg kwa zazikazi. Maonekedwe a kumtunda kwa thupi ndimtundu wakuda, ndipo m'munsi mwake ndi loyera. Pali malo amvi pamutu ndi m'mbali.

Nyalugwe za panyanja zimadyera pazisindikizo komanso ma penguin. Amakonda kugwira ndi kupha nyama yawo m'madzi, koma ngakhale wozunzidwayo atakwera madzi oundana, sangakhale ndi moyo, popeza olimbana nawo amamutsata. Zisindikizo zambiri zokhala ndi zipsera zili ndi zipsera matupi awo chifukwa chomenyedwa ndi nyambo zam'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zakudya za nyamazi zimaphatikizapo ma Antarctic krill, nsomba, ndi crustaceans ang'ono.

Akambuku am'madzi amakhala okha. Nthawi zina achinyamata amabwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi yokhayo yomwe amuna ndi akazi amtunduwu akumana ndi kulumikizana komwe kumachitika m'madzi. Pambuyo pake, pa zazikazi, zimabadwa mwana wamkazi m'modzi mwa akazi, zomwe zimadyetsa mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi. Nthawi yayitali yakukhalira kwa nyalugwe wam'madzi ndi zaka 26.

Njovu ili ndi dzina chifukwa cha mphuno ya proboscis mwa amuna komanso miyeso yayikulu. Nthawi zambiri, mphuno imafikira kukula kwake pofika chaka chachisanu ndi chitatu cha chisindikizo cha njovu ndipo imapachikidwa pakamwa pake ndi m'mphuno mwake. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, thunthu ili limakulitsidwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magazi. Zimachitika kuti pomenya nkhondo, amuna ankhanza kwambiri amang'amba chigwada chilichonse.

Mumtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu, zazikulu zazimuna ndizochulukirapo kangapo kuposa zazikulu zazikazi. Chifukwa chake, zazimuna zimatha kutalika kwa 6.5 m, koma zazikazi zokha mpaka 3.5 m. kulemera kwa njovu kuli pafupifupi matani anayi.

Njovu zam'nyanja zimadya nsomba ndi cephalopods. Amatha kudumphira pansi mpaka pakuya kwa ma 1400. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa cha unyinji wawo waukulu komanso magazi ambiri, omwe amatha kusunga mpweya wambiri. Mukasambira mozama, zochitika zamkati mwa njovu zam'madzi zimachepetsa, chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya kumachepa.

Njovu zam'nyanja zimakhala zokhaokha, koma chaka chilichonse zimasonkhana m'magulu. Chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa akazi kukupitirira kuchuluka kwa amuna, nkhondo zamagazi zokhala ndi nyamayi zimachitika pakati pa izi. Zaka zambiri zomwe amuna amakhala nazo chifukwa chomenya nkhondo zambiri zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi zazikazi, ndipo ali ndi zaka 14 zokha. Akazi amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 4.

Chidindo ndi wa banja la chisindikizo chared. Ichi ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri yayikulu kukula kwake. Pali mitundu ingapo ya zisindikizo za ubweya zomwe zimakhala kum'mwera chakumwera.

Kudera la Antarctic kumakhala zisindikizo zakum'mwera zakumwera. Chifukwa chake chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Kerguelen chinakwera chakumwera kozizira kwambiri ndikusankha malo omwe ali m'madzi akulu a Nyanja Yakumwera. Mtunduwu umakhala kuzilumba zokhala m'mphepete mwa Antarctica. Kutali kwambiri ndi malo azisumbu a Kerguelen, omwe amachokera ku Antarctica pamtunda wa 2000 km.

Zisindikizo za fur zimafikira kutalika kwa 1.9 m, zazikazi mpaka 1,3 m .. Nyamazo zimalemera makilogalamu 150 ndi 50, motsatana. Mtundu wa khungu ndi laimvi. Wamphongo amakhala ndi wakuda wakuda, wokhala ndi imvi zambiri kapena zoyera.

M'nyengo yotentha, zisindikizo za ubweya zimakhazikitsa kuyandama m'mphepete mwa miyala, ndipo zimatha miyezi yozizira ku South Ocean, kusunthira kumpoto - pafupi ndi kutentha. Mdani wamkulu wa nyama ndi whale wakupha. Zisindikizo za Fur zimakhala zaka 20.

Cetacean Antarctica

Nyama yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi imakhala m'madzi a Antarctic - buluu wamtambo. Kutalika kwake kumafikira 30 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi matani 150. Nyama zazikuluzikulu zoterezi zimakunga madzi a Nyanja Yapansi ngati nyambo yamadzi. M'miyezi yachisanu, imasunthira kumpoto ndipo imapezeka ku Australia. Chapakatikati, nyamayi imathamangira kumwera kuti ikasangalale ndi kuzizira kwa madzi a Antarctic. Anangumi amtundu wa buluu amadyetsa kwambiri krill, nthawi zambiri zopanda crustaceans, nsomba zazing'ono ndi cephalopod.

Madzi kunyanja yakum'mwera ndipo nsomba zokhala ndi humpback kapena humpback. Ili ndi dzina lake mwina chifukwa cha dorsal fin, yomwe imafanana ndi chiunda, kapena chizolowezi chomata chakumbuyo posambira. Poyerekeza ndi nangumi wamtambo, humpback imakhala yofupika nthawi 2 ndipo kulemera kwake ndikocheperako kasanu. Koma zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake achiwawa, omwe amafunika kuti anthu azikhala osamala kwambiri akapezeka kuti ali pafupi ndi chilombochi.

Amakhala m'madzi a Antarctic ndipo wopha nsomba, komwe ndi nyama yomwe imadya nyama zonse zakutchire. Kuchokera ku nyama zowopsa komanso zamphamvu izi, zisindikizo zonse ndi zinsomba zimavutika.

Kutalika kwa thupi laimuna kumafikira 10 m, ndipo kulemera kwake kumasiyanasiyana mkati mwa ma 8. Mwa akazi, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 7 m, ndipo kulemera kumakhala kochepa kupitirira ma 5. Nyama iyi imakhala ndi mutu wamfupi ndi thupi. Nsagwada zimakhala zamphamvu ndipo zili ndi mano akulu olimba. Kumbuyo ndi kumutu khungu limakhala lakuda. Pakati pa thupi lakumanzere pali mzere woyera. Malo oyera nawonso amapezeka pafupi ndi maso.

Orcas amakhala m'magulu a anthu 15-20. Amadyanso nsomba ndi zinyama. Zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka mamita 300 ndipo zimakhala pansi pa madzi mpaka mphindi 20. Kubwezeretsanso kwa nkhonya zakupha sikunaphunzire kwambiri. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 50.

Mbalame za antarctica

Ma penguins ndi mbalame zotchuka kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo kuposa mbalame zonse za ku Antarctica. Sadziwa kuwuluka, koma amatha kuyenda ndikulowera m'madzi. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndipo zimasaka makamaka m'magulu. Amadyetsa nsomba, krill, squid.

Mtundu wina wotchuka kwambiri wa ma penguin ndi Emperor Penguin. Siwokhawo wamkulu kwambiri, komanso wolemera kwambiri wamitundu yonse ya ma penguin. Kutalika kwake kumafikira 1.2 m, ndi kulemera - 45 kg.

Ambiri mwa mbalamezi ndi ma penguin a Adelie. Poyerekeza ndi Emperor penguins, ndizochepa pang'ono, kutalika kwake ndi 70 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi 6 kg. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi kapena pa chipale chofewa, amabwera kudzapeza chakudya.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma penguins amatha kunyengerera ndipo amalola anthu kuyandikira. Mutha kudziwa zambiri za mawonekedwe a thupi, zakudya, moyo, kuswana ndi ma penguin powerenga nkhani ya "About About Antarctica Penguins" patsamba lathu.

Albatrosses - mbalame zamphamvu ndi zazikulu. Amatha kuuluka mpaka 1000 km patsiku. Albatrosses ndi mbalame ya ku Antarctic. Amakhala m'madzi oyandikana ndi kontinenti yowuma, komanso chisa pazilumba zazing'ono.

Imeneyi ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse. Kutalika kwa mbalamezi kumafika mpaka 1.2 m, misa ndi 10 kg, ndipo ali ndi mapiko akulu kwambiri - mpaka 3.2 m.

Akuluakulu, maula ndi oyera kotheratu, kupatulapo m'mphepete wakuda kumbuyo kwamapiko. Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wamphamvu. Albatross paws ali ndi wotumbululuka pinki hue.

Albatrosses ndi mbalame zokha. M'madera a m'midzi, amakhala nthawi yakusamba. Nthawi yonse yotsalayo imakhala munyanja. Mbalamezi zimadya nsomba, mollusks osiyanasiyana, ndi crustaceans. Albatrosses amadyanso zinyalala zomwe zimasiyidwa ndi malo okumba nsomba. Pamwamba pamadzi sikuwuluka pamwamba pa mamita 15. Mbalame izi zimatha kuuluka motsutsana ndi mphepo.

Skuas - Mbalame yayikulu yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica ndi zilumba zoyandikana nayo. Pali mitundu ingapo ya skuas. Ma South Polar skuas ndi mbalame zokha zomwe zimawulukira kwambiri ku Antarctica, kufikira South Pole.

Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumafikira mpaka mamita 0.5. Mapiko a kum'mwera kwa polar skuas afika mpaka 1.4 mita. Mlomo wa mbalameyo ndi wolimba, ndipo mbali zokumbira zomwe zimakutidwa kumapeto. Mitundu ya nthenga mu skuas ndimdima, koma nthawi zina imakhala yakuda ndi tint brownish.

Skuas amadya nsomba, Antarctic krill ndi crustaceans, komanso carrion, anapiye a penguin, ndi mazira a perel. Ndipo ngati pali malo oyandikana ndi Antarctic, mbalamezi zimakonda kudya zonyansa za anthu, ngakhale zimatenga chakudya kuchokera m'manja.

Zisa za Skuas mwachindunji ku kontinenti yowoneka bwino kapena kuzilumba zoyandikana nazo. Masamba okongoletsa ndi magulu omwe ali ndi mbalame zingapo. Mbalame zomwe zimatsogola nthawi zambiri zimakhala kwa zaka zambiri ndikukhalanso m'maderamo. Onse awiri makolo ali ndi makulidwe amaikira mazira mosinthana. Komanso, phatikizani kudyetsa anapiye.

Zoweta - Mbalame yodya nyama yomwe imadyera zovunda. Pa kontinenti yoyenda bwino mutha kukumana ndi mitundu ingapo ya ma nguluwe. Mbalame yam'mwera kwambiri pa Earth, yomwe malo ake okhalamo amatha kukhala mozama kwambiri ku Antarctica pamtunda wa makilomita 325 kuchokera pagombe, ndi chipilala cha chipale chofewa.

Kutalika kwake, mbalameyi imafika pamtunda wa 0.4 m. Mapiko a mbalame amatha kufikira 0,9 m. Mtunduwo ndi loyera kokwanira, pomwe maso ndi mkamwa wakuda umaonekera bwino.

Phula la chipale chofewa limadyanso nsomba zazing'ono, zipolopolo ndi crustaceans. Komanso amadya mitembo ya zisindikizo ndi ma penguin. Mbalameyi imadyetsa usana ndi usiku makamaka m'madzi am'nyanja, nthawi zambiri pakati pamadzi oundana, samadyera gombe.

Zilomboti za chipale chofewa zimakhala m'mizere ndi pawiri. Masamba okongoletsa agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame kwa zaka zingapo. Zingwe zimakonzedwa pamiyala yamiyala yamapiri, m'matanthwe, miyala. Amakhala pansi pang'ono pansi ndipo amatetezedwa ndi mphepo. Wina mnzake amadana dzira limodzi nthawi. Adani achilengedwe a phula wamadzulo ndi skuas, omwe amaphulitsa zisa zawo ndikuukira anapiye.

Antarctica ndi dziko lozizira kosatha, chipale chofewa, matalala ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Nyama zomwe zimakhala mdera lake ndizodabwitsa komanso zachilendo kwambiri chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta. Nyama za ku Antarctic ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, koma ngakhale zili choncho, kukhala m'dziko lino lapansi kumatanthauza kumenya ndi kupulumuka. Zidyera zomwe zikukhala pano zimachita nkhondo zoopsa ndi adani awo, koma m'malo okhala amakhala ochezeka komanso osamala. Antarctica amakhala malo okhala nyama zambiri, ngakhale zinali zovuta zovuta pamoyo wawo.

Chidasinthidwa Komaliza: 08.12.2019