Pofufuza zidutswa za mtundu wa Murchison meteorite, womwe udagwa mu Seputembara 1969 ku Australia, asayansi adapeza zinthu zosakanikirana, zomwe zidapangidwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo ndipo ndi chinthu cholimba kwambiri chomwe chidalipo padziko lapansi. Pa chotulukira chodabwitsa umapezeka magazini Zokambirana za Academy National wa Sciences.

“Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamaphunziro osangalatsa kwambiri omwe ndachitapo. Tidakwanitsa kupeza zinthu zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi zomwe zimatiuza za momwe nyenyezi zidabadwira mu Galaxy yathu, "atero a Philip Heck, wolemba kafukufuku wakale ku Yunivesite ya Chicago, USA.

The moyo mayendedwe a nyenyezi za chomwecho. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta fumbi komanso mpweya m'malo, omwe amapezana, amamatira limodzi ndikuwotha. Kenako amawotcha kuyambira mamiliyoni mpaka mabiliyoni a zaka ndikufa, kuponyera mu cosmos mabatani omanga omwe anali atangopangidwa kumene mu mizimu yawo yamtsogolo, nyenyezi, mapulaneti, satellites, burts ndi asteroids - fumbi la nyenyezi.

Ndi mwayi mwayi kwa chiwerengero cha mbewu izi presolyarnyh, mwachitsanzo particulate kanthu kwaiye ndi kubadwa dzuwa, muli nacho atsekerezedwa mu Lower kugwa kwa miyala yochokera, kumene sichinasinthe kwa zaka mabiliyoni angapo ndipo pamapeto pake anali "analanditsidwa" Padziko Lapansi.

Kupeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi malo akunja ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo timapezeka mu magawo asanu a meteorites okha.

"Zonsezi zimayamba ndikuphwanya zidutswa za meteorite kukhala ufa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso lokhazikika la batala la nthenga lomwe latha. Kenako, misa ichi uli kusungunuka mu chidulo motalika mpaka yekha presolyarnye tirigu. Zili ngati kuwotcha nsapato kuti mupeze singano, "anafotokozera a Philip Heck.

Fumbi lokhala ndi nyenyezi litasiyanitsidwa, asayansi akuyamba kudziwa zaka komanso mtundu wa nyenyezi zomwe zimatsogolera. Zimenezi zimawathandiza kunyezimira kwa dziko, amene ali mkulu particles mphamvu mkokomo kudzera Way wathu komanso zopweteka mmakutu nkhani. Zina mwa izo zimalumikizana ndi chinthucho ndikupanga zinthu zatsopano, ndipo nthawi yayitali fumbi ikakhala lotseguka, ndizomwe zimapangidwa. Poyesa kuchuluka kwa tirigu wokhulupirira, asayansi amatha kudziwa kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe amatha kudziwa kuwala kwa chilengedwe komanso kudziwa zaka zake.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, akatswiri ena anapeza kuti ena mwa tinthu chitsanzo Murchisonskogo kugwa kwa miyala yochokera anali kwambiri munayamba wakale: ambiri a mbewu kwa zaka 4.6 biliyoni 4.9 zakale ndi zaka zoposa biliyoni 5.5.

Koma m'badwo wa mbewu zapamwamba ndi chimodzi mwazopeza. Popeza amapanga nyenyezi ikafa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kudziwa zambiri za mbiri ya kupangidwa kwa nyenyezi mu Milky Way. Ndipo zaka biliyoni 7-9 zapitazo mu mlalang'amba wathu, osalephera, panali mtundu wa mwana Boom.

“Tapeza mbewu zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa momwe timayembekezera. Iyi ndi imodzi mwamawu ofunikira. Iye ananena kuti mlingo wa nyenyezi mapangidwe mu Milky Way si zonse, ndipo limasonyeza kuti chinawonjezeka mlingo wa biliyoni 7 zaka zapitazo. Chidziwitso ichi chithandizira kusintha kwa moyo wathu wa Galaxy ndikuwonetsa zakale, "atamaliza a Philip Heck.

Munthu wokalamba kwambiri

Munthu wamkulu mu dziko tsopano - ndi yokhazikika ya Japan, Tanaka Kane. Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku Guinness Book of Record, mzimayiyu ndi wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zaka zake zatha kale zaka 117, ndipo pa Januware 2, 2021 ayenera kukhala ali ndi zaka 118.

Kane Tanaka

Moyo wa Kane Tanaka ndi umboni wowoneka bwino woti simuyenera kusiya kutengera zaka zilizonse.Ali ndi zaka 103, adapezeka kuti ali ndi khansa (khansa ya m'matumbo,), koma mayiyu adakwanitsa kuthana ndi matendawa ndipo akusangalalabe ndi moyo. Ali ndi chitsimikizo kuti chinsinsi cha moyo wautali chagona pachiyembekezo, kuthandizira pabanja, kudya moyenerera komanso kugona.

Yemwe adakhala ndi mbiri yakale, Nabi Tajima, adakhala zaka 117 ndi masiku 260, ndipo adamwalira mu 2018.

Ndipo dzina la bambo wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi kuyambira amuna amoyo mu February 2020, ngakhale osalemba, adapitilira a Robert Robert Waighton waku Britain. tsiku lake zalembedwa lobadwa - March 29, 1908, ndipo posachedwapa chikondwerero chikumbutso ake 112th. Ingoganizirani kuti mchaka chomwe anabadwa, Theodore Roosevelt anali purezidenti wa United States, meteorite ya Tunguska inagwa ku Siberia, ndipo Titanic sinayambenso kumanga.

Robert waiton

Nthawi inayake, Waiton adatha kugwira ntchito ngati injiniya komanso mphunzitsi, adapita ku Taiwan, Japan ndi Canada, ndipo tsopano akukhala ku malo osungirako okalamba mumzinda wa Alton. Ali ndi ana aamuna awiri, mwana wamkazi, zidzukulu 10 ndi zidzukulu 25 zazikulu. Long akupita kwa chakudya, ndi choyendera wake flaunts onyada mbale - 111. Iye kumwa mowa pakakhala zochitika zapadera, musasute ndipo musadye nyama yofiira e. Ponena za zakudya zapadera, Robert Waighton alibe.

"Sindinachite chilichonse choyenera kapena kufikira m'badwo uno. Ine ndi m'modzi chabe mwa omwe ali ndi mwayi, "bambo wakale wokalamba padziko lapansi adanenapo. Ndipo adalimbikitsa kwa iwo omwe akufuna kukhala ndi moyo mpaka chaka chimodzi chokha. Siumafa!

Robert waiton

Asanakhale, munthu wakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi anali Masazo Nonaka, nzika ya Hokkaido, yemwe anamwalira mu 2019 ali ndi zaka 113.

Masazo Nonaka

Little sanafike pa tsiku lake lobadwa la 113 Chitetsu Watanabe, yemwe kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino adalandira mwalamulo udindo wa bambo wakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku Guinness Book of Record. Iye anafa posachedwapa monga February 23, 2020, pa zaka 112 masiku 355. Pa moyo wake, Watanabe adanena kuti chinsinsi chokhala ndi moyo wautali sichikhala kuti tisakwiye komanso kumwetulira.

Kufuna kudziwa chilichonse

Asayansi agwira kumpoto kwa Atlantic shark wobadwa, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, mu 1505. Pozindikira msodzi wa nsomba zomwe zikugwiritsa ntchito kuwunikira kwa radiocarbon, adalengeza kuti "mayi wachikulireyu" ndi amene angathe kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chodzakhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa nyama zam'mimba.

Shaki iyi ndi yamtundu wa Greenland, kapena polar, shaki omwe amakula moyo wawo wonse, ndikuwonjezera pafupifupi 1 cm pachaka. chakuti afike kukula mamita oposa asanu, anati utali wamoyo yaikulu kwambiri nsomba. Koma tidatha kutsimikizira izi pokhapokha.

Tidaphunzira kudziwa zaka za asodzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito radiocarbon chibwenzi. Akatswiri asayansi apenda za radiocarbon za nyukiliya yamaso a asodzi.

Katswiri wazomera zam'madzi Julius Nielsen wa ku University of Copenhagen adapeza kuti shaki ya Greenland ya mamita 5.4 yomwe gulu lake limaphunzira anali wamkulu zaka 272 kuposa momwe ankayembekezera. Iye ali zaka zoposa 512.

Nyamayo idapezeka miyezi ingapo yapitayo. Ulendo wa shark unakhazikitsidwa mu kafukufuku ndi Arctic University of Norway, lofalitsidwa mu Science Science. Shaki imatha kubadwa mchaka cha 1505, ndiye kuti ndiwotalika kuposa Shakespeare. Asayansi amayang'ana shaki zina 28 zamtunduwu, zonsezi zimatha kukhala zazitali.

Izi chachikulu ogwirira pang'onopang'ono moyo mu madzi ozizira wa Ocean Arctic ndi North Atlantic. Amafika paunyamata ali ndi "zaka zochepa" za zaka 150.

Asayansi amati kutalika kwa nsomba zamtunduwu kumakhala kwautali kwambiri, komanso kutentha pang'ono. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti malo ozizira amatha kuthandizira kuti achepetse ukalamba, ndipo asodzi achikale awa amatsimikizira izi.

Kwa zolengedwa zochititsa chidwi motere, moyo wautali umatha kukhala wokwera mtengo: nyamayi imakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timayang'ana m'maso.

Cholimbana anthu amati ndi Greenland Shark, ali osowa kwambiri.Amakhala m'madzi ozizira, komwe zimakhala zosatheka kukumana ndi munthu. Komabe, analemba choncho pamene mu Gulf of St. Lawrence Greenland Shark anatsatira sitimayo. nsombazi wina anathamangitsa gulu la osiyana ndi akhaapatisa adzauka pamwamba.

Asodzi amakhulupirira kuti asodzi a ku Greenland omwe amapha nsomba amatha kuwononga ndikuwononga nsomba, ndipo amawaona ngati tizirombo. Choncho, pamene anagwira, iwo anadula mchira chipsyepsye Nsombayi ndi kuwaponya m'nyanja. Kukodwa, Greenland Shark pafupifupi palibe kukana.

Awa ma Arctic centenarians ndi mtundu wa "nthawi yanthawi", ndipo kuphunzira kwawo kungathandize kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwachitukuko cha anthu pamadzi.

Koma ena azaka zoposa lathuli

Wapakati moyo amayembekezeka munthu masiku ano wamkulu mokwanira - zaka 71,4. Poyerekeza ndi ma ntchentche achikulire omwe amakhala motalikirapo kuposa mphindi 5, izi ndi zochulukitsa. Koma alipo mu dziko, ndi nyama ngati zimene miyoyo wa mibadwo yonse ya anthu ngati ikuthamanga. Za masiku ano ndipo ife kulankhula.
Mwachitsanzo, tengani masiponji. "Nthawi zambiri anthu kuiwala kuti chinkhupule - ndi nyama, ndipo ambiri a iwo ndi enieni yaitali ankakhala," anati Mara Hardt, woyambitsa "Kugonana m'nyanja." Pafupifupi kafukufuku wina, m'magazini yotchedwa Kukalamba Research Reviews, chakuya madzi chinkhupule mitundu Monorhaphis Chini anakhala padziko lapansi kwa zaka 11 000.

Mollusk dzina lake Ming adamwalira ali ndi zaka 507, pomwe ofufuza adatola zitsamba kuchokera pansi pa dziwe la Iceland. Ichi ndi katswiri woona pakati pa abale awo - ndi kutalika kwa moyo watsiku ndi nkhono ndi zaka pafupifupi 225 zaka.

Ena mwa nsomba kwambiri madzi monga roughy lalanje, zimatha kukhala zaka 175. Ponena za zinyama, apa mauta agwada amatambasulidwa, omwe moyo wawo umatha kukhala mpaka zaka 200. Mmenemo ndi chitsanzo: nyama zimene zimakhala mu madzi ozizira, ndi kupukusa chakudya pang'onopang'ono. Motero, matupi awo zisathe zambiri pang'onopang'ono. Mwa njira, malinga ndi National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), nangumi wam'mutu ndi nyama yomwe ili ndi pakamwa yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Ngakhale kuti msilikaliyo moyo ndi mbiri mtheradi mwa zolengedwa dziko, inunso yaitali ankakhala. Choncho, zaka Dzhonatana, wamkulu chimphona fulu, ali zaka 183. Mwamuna wokalambayo ndi wolemekezeka amakhala m'dera la nyumba ya kazembe pachilumba cha St. Helena.

Macaw dzina lake Charlie. Charlie anabadwa mu 1899, zaka wake - zaka 119. Mwiniwake wa mbalameyi, Peter Oram, adagula Charlie mu 1965 kuti adzagulitse ziweto zake. Kenako, Peter Oram anatenga mbalame kunyumba, chifukwa Charlie anachita zosayenera - wokondedwa kutukwana. Pali Baibulo kuti mu 1930s ndi a Charlie Winston Churchill, ndipo iye amene ankaphunzitsa Chingolopiyo nkhondo. Mu 2004, mwana wamkazi wa Churchill adakana izi: Prime Minister wa Britain alidi ndi mbalame yofananira, koma, malinga ndi iye, si Charlie konse.

Omar dzina lake George. Mu 2009, George anamuzindikira ngati lobusitara yakale kwambiri mu dziko pa nthawi imeneyo George anali ndi zaka 140.

Gombe lalikulu linagwidwa kumapeto kwa 2008 ku Canada. Choyamba, lobusitara anagulitsidwa kwa odyera amderali, koma ndodo linalowererapo PETA (padziko lonse lapansi bungwe ufulu wa zinyama), ndipo adamfunsa adzabwerenso George ku malo achilengedwe. Patapita masiku 10, chozizwitsa chinachitika, ndipo George wamasulidwa m'tchire.

Alligator Mooja. Alligator ku Zoo Chisebiya mu 1937 pamene mwamuna wamkulu. Akatswiri a nyama ndi wamkulu kuposa zaka 80. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Belgrade adakumana ndikuwombedwa ndi mphepo zamphamvu, chifukwa chake nyama zonse za kumalo osungira nyama zidaphedwa. Koma Muggia akuoneka anabadwa pansi nyenyezi mwayi: pa alligator anapulumuka nthawi yamavuto sinawonongeke.

Indian njovu Lin Wang. Nyama iyi imatha kupezeka mu Guinness Book of Record: Lin Wong adadziwika kuti ndi njovu yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.Mwatsoka, Ling Wong sadzatha kuona ndi maso athu: njovu anaphedwa mu 2003 ali ndi zaka 86. Komabe, mu 2016 anauzidwa kuti kanjedza ndi nthawi kupereka phungu latsopano. Kutalika kwinanso - njovu ya Dakshayani - ndi chuma cha gulu lachipembedzo la India Travancore Devaswom Board. antchito TDB akatulukire kwa Book of Records kuzindikira Dakshayani bishopu wamkulu mu dziko, koma osati umboni wooneka.

Mphete yaifupi ya ku Siberia. mitundu mleme Long Brandt ndi anatulukira mu 1964. Ndiye asayansi zimalembedwa mileme ndi imabwereranso mu malo awo achilengedwe. Koma mu 2005, mleme anali anadziwa ndi ofufuza! Wamphongo adadabwa kwambiri ndi asayansi: chowonadi ndichakuti zowonetsera usiku sizikhala zaka zopitilira 20.

Mbalame Nzeru - mbalame yakale kwambiri mu dziko. Nkhani ya albatross ndi yofanana ndi tsoka la gulu la ku Siberia. Nzeru koyamba mu 1956, pamene mbalame inali pafupi zaka 5-6 zaka. Mu 2002, patatha zaka 46, Nzeru anali anadziwa ndi ofufuza. Asayansi dziwani kuti Nzeru n'zosadabwitsa kuberekana: wamkazi anali wokhoza kubereka 39 ana. Tsopano mbalameyi ili ndi zaka 67.

Kumeza dzina lake Agogo aakazi. Agogo adabadwa mu 1911, amakhala ku Pacific mwachilengedwe. Woyamba wakupha chinsomba anatulukira mu 1967 ku Puget Sound, Washington. Popeza Agogo aakazi nthawi kale mwa mwana wobala zaka, nyama kumbuyo m'tchire. Agogo aakazi alibe kulemba, koma ndi zosavuta kuzindikira chilonda khalidwe pa chipsyepsye. Tsoka ilo, pali mwayi kuti whale wakupha wamwalira kale: nthawi yomaliza agogo aakazi adawoneka mu Okutobala 2016.

Ponena za moyo wautali wa mitengo, nthawi zambiri kumbukirani mitengo ndi baobabs, koma zopalira mbiri ndi conifers. Zaka za Old Tikko spruce, zomwe zimakula pa Mount Fulu ku Sweden, zikuyerekeza zaka 9560! Komabe, thunthu panopa wake wamng'ono kwambiri, ndi anthu zikwi zaka moyo wakale mizu imene munthu tsinde anakula chibadwa zofanana mmodzi watsopano pambuyo pa imfa. Komanso, mwina, spruce ayipanga layering pamene pamalo otsetsereka a nthambi pansi ndinayamba n'kubereka mtengo watsopano. Ambiri, Old Tikko - clonal mtengo minda ndi mitengo clonal, inakula mizu, pangakhale zikwizikwi zaka.

Wotsutsana wamkulu pa mbiri iliyonse amachokera ku conifers. Iwo Pinus Longaeva (Pinus longaeva), wophuka mu mapiri a North America. M'badwo - zaka 5666. Kudzala mbewu akhoza kukhala moyo nthawi yotalikirapo! Asayansi Russian kumera mbewu za yopapatiza-masamba Silene (Silene stenophylla), womwe unali pansi wosanjikiza wa Madzi oundana zaka 32,000.

Ngakhale popanda kuchita spores, mabakiteriya angathe kukhala modziwika yaitali. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pansi pa pansi pa nyanja pakuya kwa 700 m titha kupsinjika kwambiri ndi kutentha kwambiri (pafupifupi madigiri 100), ndipo kupatula apo, timakhala zaka zosachepera 10,000 - kuchokera ku magawano mpaka magawo. Superdolgozhiteley opezeka zitsanzo nthaka tinasonkhanitsa pa pobowola pa nyanja ku gulu la JOIDES sayansi chotengera.

Mwina, moyo wakalewu ulipo pafupifupi zaka 100 miliyoni - uwu ndi m'badwo wazakudya zomwe ma sampuli adatengedwa.

Chinthu chimodzi chosafa ongolankhula, winayo - kusunga moyo kwa zaka 250 miliyoni a zaka! Mu 2000 iye anatulutsa pepala yomwe ananena kuti ofufuza American anatha adzuke ku tulo Bacillus awo Bacillus permians, opezeka caverns mchere (New Mexico). Zonsezi kotala biliyoni zaka oyambitsa analipo mu mawonekedwe a spores, amene kagayidwe ali pafupifupi anasiya. Ngati zodabwitsazi zitha kupeza umboni watsopano, tidzadziwa kuti mabakiteriya alibe mpikisano pankhani ya moyo wautali.

Medusa Turritopsis dohrnii zambiri amatchedwa wosafa. Moyenera, amatha kukhala ndi moyo kosatha. Apa mmene kuchulukitsa modabwitsa wamba. Siteji yoyamba ya chitukuko cha chamoyo kuchokera ku khungu umuna - ndi polyp (monga amene apanga moti matanthwe).Panthawi inayake, polyp amabereka jellyfish. Ndipo iye, atakula, amatenga nawo mbali mu kubereka ndikufa. Back kuti sitepe polyp modabwitsa sangathe okhwima. Koma osati Turritopsis dohrnii - imamatira pang'onopang'ono nthawi isanayambike, ndipo maselo ake amasintha, ngati kuti abwerera "ana". Kenako polyp imatulutsanso nthomba ya jelly ... Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti palibe malo oti munthu afa chifukwa cha metamorphoses awa. Zaka 250 miliyoni.

Pafupifupi aliyense wamvapo nthano ya Tower Ravens, omwe akhala zaka 300. Nkhaniyi ndi yokongola, koma sayansi singatsimikizire izi ngati izi. Pali umboni kuti pa nthawi ya imfa ankakhala mu Nsanja ya motalikitsa moyo khwangwala zaka 44. Koma zoona zake, Greater, a pinki flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) kuchokera ku Adelaide Zoo (Australia), adakhala wolemba mbiri wokhala ndi utali wautali. Adamwalira mu 2014 ali ndi zaka 83. Otsutsa azaka zoposa odziwika mwa condors ndi Zinkhwe lalikulu monga cockatoos ndi macaws. Zolemba zonse za moyo wautali zimadziwika m'ndende. Mwachilengedwe, abale a mbalamezi amakhala ndi moyo wocheperako, chifukwa kukalamba sikutengera chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimatsogolera pakufa kwa thupi. Izi "wosatha" modabwitsa nkhawa.

Zitha kuwoneka ngati kuti zinyama (ndipo ife pakati pawo) zakhumudwitsidwa mwachilengedwe. Komabe, nthawi yayitali yamoyo ndicho chinthu chongopanga posankha anthu. Ndipo ngakhale njenjete tsiku ndi moyo, Muberekane, muchuluke, motero, njira anatengera zolondola, koma tsoka limodzi la munthu, monga iwo amati sayansi, kusanduka ziribe kanthu. Chilichonse chomwe sichimwalira kwa nthawi yayitali chimakhala cha zakale kapena chokhala ndi moyo "wotsepheretsa" moyo. Ndipo palibe aliyense wa ife amene angafune kukhala bacterium kapena jellyfish.

Ndipo apa pali latsopano chidwi choncho.

Mu 2006, nyanja yozama yaku Pacific Oceanic (usiku la Arctica) idatengedwa kuchokera pansi penipeni pa nyanja pafupi ndi Iceland. Asayansi ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zomwe apezazo.

Institute of mzinda wa Bangor, limene lili mu UK, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuphunzira.

M'nthawi ya anyaniwo mumatsimikiza, monga mitengo - mphete zimawerengeredwa, pomwe chigoba cha nyama chimalembedwa. Koma mphetezi zimakhalapo pomwe mapiko onse awiri amakhala pafupi. Asayansi analakalaka nsombayi chipolopolo anatsegula.

Ndinalingalira, ndinaganiza ndikuganiza - ndiyikeni mufiriji. Pamenepo nyama ija inamaliza masiku ake. Macrobiotic zinatha chifukwa chosasamala wa Aesculapius.

Poyamba, zaka za mollusk zimatsimikizika zaka 405. Koma sayansi siyimilira. Yopangidwa umisiri koposa latsopano. Mu 2013, kuyambiranso kunachitika, komwe kunazindikira kuti nyamayo inali ndi zaka 507. Akadakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji, sitidzadziwa.

Wina adakumbukira kuti mu 1499, pamene iye anabadwa nyanja Venus amalamulira Ming mafumu. Anthuwo anapatsidwa dzina kuti Min. Ndipo kuno ku China, sindikumvetsa, koma zinali pansi pa dzinalo kuti nyamayo idalowa mu Guinness Book of Record.

Mu gulu langaVKontaktekomanso zosangalatsa kwambiri. Inu!

Kodi meteorites amathandizira bwanji pophunzira zinsinsi za mbiri ya Mars?

Ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Arizona adaphunzira ma meteorites a Martian kuti adziwe zambiri zam'mbuyomu. Iwo ali zotsatira wokongola chidwi: Asayansi amati Mars wakale anali padziko lonse chiphalaphala nyanja.

Pachilumba cha Jessica Barnes pali zithunzi zakale zopangidwa ndi galasi, mchere ndi miyala. Ichi ndi chidutswa cha Martian meteorite omwe amadziwika kuti NWA 7034 kapena "Kukongola Kwakuda". Inakhalapo ndi pophatikizana a particles zosiyanasiyana za kutumphuka Martian ndi pansi kuwombana zachiwawa.

A Jessica Barnes ndi pulofesa wothandizira kufotokozera za sayansi ya zakuthambo ku University of Arizona's Moon ndi Planet Laborator. Iye ndi gulu lake amadziwika chifukwa chofufuza za ALH 84001 meteorite - momwe ma microscopic omwe amafanana ndi mabakiteriya ovomerezeka amapezeka mu 90s m'zaka za zana la 20.Tsopano a Barnes akuchita kafukufuku wa Kukongola Kwakuda, kuyesera kupeza zambiri zazambiri zazokhudza mbiri ya Mars komanso kupezeka kwa madzi pa Red Planet.

Kuwunika kwa gulu la Barnes kunasindikizidwa ngati nkhani yasayansi mu magazini ya Nature Geoscience. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti Mars mwina adalemekezedwa ndi madzi ochokera kumagwero awiri osiyana kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ku Mars, mosiyana ndi Dziko lapansi ndi Mwezi, kunalibe nyanja yamatsenga yomwe imadzaza dziko lapansi. Mwinanso, izi ndizotheka pakuwombana kwa mapulaneti ndi madzi amitundu osiyanasiyana momwe amapangidwira. Malinga ndi a Jessica:

Magwero awiri amadzi oyimirawo akhoza kutiuza china chake chokhudza zinthu zakuthambo zomwe mapulaneti amapanga mkati mwa mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa. Munkhani iyi, kuwunika kwa Mars m'mbuyomu ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Anthu ambiri akuyesera kufufuza mbiri yamadzi pa Mars. Kodi amachokera kuti? Kodi yakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji mumtunda kapena pamtunda? Kodi madzi amatiuza chiyani za mapangidwe a Red Planet?

Barnes ndi gulu lake adakhala ndi chithunzi chonse cha mbiri yamadzi pa Mars, pogwiritsa ntchito isotopes ya hydrogen monga chowongolera. Mphamvu yopepuka kwambiri ya hydrogen isotopes - protium - imakhala ndi proton imodzi mu nyukiliya yake. Isotope wolemera kwambiri amatchedwa deuterium, kuphatikiza pa proton, ma nyukiliya ake amakhalanso ndi neutron imodzi. Kuwerengera kwa ma isotopu awiriwa kumawonetsa wasayansi wakupanga zakulengedwa za njira ndi magwero omwe madzi amapezeka m'miyala ndi michere momwe ma isotopes amapezekera.

Ofufuza adalemba kuchuluka kwa hydrogen isotopes mu meteorites kwa zaka makumi awiri. Panali zambiri zambiri, ndipo zinkawoneka kuti ndizowoneka zazing'ono mwa iwo.

Madzi omwe ali m'miyala yapadziko lapansi siosiyana kwambiri ndi nyanja: kuchuluka kwa deuterium / protium mmenemo kuli kofanana ndi 1: 6420. M'mlengalenga ku Mars, mkhalidwewo ndiwosiyana - kwakukulu, deuterium imakhala kumeneko, popeza protium mwina idatengedwa kuchokera mdziko lapansi ndi mphepo yamphamvu ya dzuwa.

Gulu la a Barnes lidatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa ma hydrogen isotopu ku Martian kutumphuka, kuwerenga zitsanzo za ALH 84001 ndi NWA 7034 meteorites .. Mapeto ake anali othandiza kwambiri, chifukwa anali mndandanda wamiyala kuchokera kumbali zosiyana za mbiri yakale ya Mars.

Kuyerekezera kwa ma isotopu a hydrogen mu ma meteorites awiriwa anali pakati pa magawo omwe ali pathanthwe padziko lapansi ndi nyengo ya Martian. Zikuwoneka kuti ubale wofananawu udachitika m'mbiri yonse ya gehena ya Mars: izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wina, komanso mwayezo wa NASA Curiosity rover.

Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti ndizosadabwitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ma isotopu m'mlengalenga mwa Mars kunasintha pakapita nthawi, pomwe kutumphuka kumakhalabe pafupifupi. Kuphatikiza apo, adakhudzidwa ndikuti zolemba za Martian crust ndi malaya a Martian anali osiyana.

Chifukwa chake, sizingatheke kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa ma haidropu a hydrogen mu kutumphuka kwa Red Planet mwa njira zina mlengalenga. Koma tikudziwa momwe phulusa la pulanetiyi limapangidwira - limapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosungunuka zamatumbo a pulaneti, zomwe zimakhazikika pamtunda.

Hypothesis yoyambilira, yomwe idayikidwa patsogolo ntchitoyi isanachitike, inali kuti mkati mwa Mars mulingo wa hydrogen isotopes ndi wofanana ndi Dziko Lapansi (zinali pafupifupi zosasintha) ndipo kusintha kosawerengeka kumeneku kungayambike chifukwa cha zolakwika zathu zokha, kapena mogwirizana ndi mlengalenga. .

Lingaliro lomwe mkati mwa Red Planet limafanana ndi omwe ali Padziko Lapansi adawoneka chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa meteorite, yomwe, mwina, inali chinthu cha chovala cha Martian. Koma a Barnes:

Martian meteorites amatha kupezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi. Kuyesa kudziwa ngati meteorite winawake ndi chidutswa cha chovala cha Martian kwakhala kovuta nthawi zonse. Zomwe deta yathu pa cortex imasiyana idatipangitsa kuti tiziwerenga mabuku asayansi komanso kafukufuku wowonjezera.

Asayansi apeza kuti mitundu iwiri yamiyala yamapiri a Martian yophulika - yolemetsa ndikutha mphamvu kwa Shergottites - ili ndi madzi omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a isotopes a hydrogen. Ma shergottites olemera amakhala ndi deuterium kuposa zatha, zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi miyala yapadziko lapansi.

Zinapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwapakati pa hydrogen isotopes osakanikirana ndi miyala iyi kumapereka zomwe gulu la Barnes lidalandira chifukwa cha kutumphuka kwa Martian. Iye ndi anzawo akukhulupirira kuti a Shergottites amaimilira magawo awiri osiyanasiyana amadzi ku Mars. Kusiyana kwakuthwa kumawonetsera iwo kuti madzi akadatha kubwera ku Mars kuchokera kumagwero oposa amodzi. Komanso kuti Red Planet sinakhalepo ndi nyanja yamadzi yapadziko lonse lapansi. ulalo | gwero

Kafukufuku wa NASA Voyager 2 amakhalabe "wotsalira pazida zake" m'malo mpaka 2021

Gulu la NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft (Voyager 2) lidzasiyidwa lokha mkati mwa miyezi 11 ikubwerayi.

NASA pakadali pano ikukonzanso ma antenna a ma radio 70 aku Australia, omwe gulu la ntchito ya Voyager limagwiritsa ntchito polumikizana ndi spacecraft, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1977 ndipo idafika pamalo osiyanasiyana mu Novembala 2018. Voyager 2 isala ndekha “kufikira utamaliza ntchito, koma utha kukhalabe ndi zidziwitso za sayansi pa Earth. Ntchito yomanganso zomangira nyumba za wailesi yakonzedwera Januware 2021.

Komabe, musadandaule za Voyager 2 - "imagwirizana ndi kusungulumwa," mamembala a mamembala anati.

"Tikhazikitsanso chipangizochi kukhala chotetezeka kwa nthawi yayitali mpaka ntchitoyo ikamalizidwa ndi wailesi," atero a Susan Dodd, oyang'anira pulojekiti ya Voyager, Lachitatu lapitali, Marichi 4.

"Ngati pachitika vuto ladzidzidzi - lomwe lingachitike bwino, makamaka ngati chida champhamvu kwambiri chotchedwa Voyager - ndiye kuti njira yotetezera ku zolephera idzagwira ntchito," anawonjezera.

Kuphatikizika kwa ma antennas awa a Australia ndi gawo la Deep Space Network (DSN), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi NASA kulumikizana ndi spacecraft yambiri. Maukondewa amaphatikiza mitundu itatu yayikulu ya ma radio omwe amapezeka ku California, Spain ndi Australia - komabe ma antennas a radio omwe ali ku Spain ndi California sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kutumiza malamulo ku Voyager 2 probe nthawi yakukonza zida zaku Australia, popeza chipangizochi chili pamalo akunja kuyambira pansi pokhudzana ndi Ndege yozungulira yapadziko lapansi, motero siyowoneka kuchokera kumpoto.

Voyager 2 imabwezanso kusonkhanitsa deta ya asayansi pambuyo poyenda

Zida zonse zisanu zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa board ya NASA's veteran spacecraft Voyager 2 (Voyager 2) zibwerera ku kusonkhanitsa deta ya sayansi pambuyo poti ntchito za sayansi zikakamizidwa kusokonezedwa kumapeto kwa Januware chifukwa cha kupitiliratu kwa mphamvu.

NASA yalengeza izi dzulo lake dzulo, Marichi 3, mwezi umodzi izi zitachitika. Mavuto omwe akukwera pa bwaloli amatenga nthawi yayitali, chifukwa ili patali kwambiri ndi Dziko Lapansi, malamulo omwe amaperekedwa kuchokera ku pulaneti lathu amafika pazinthu zakuthambo patatha maola 17, ndipo mayankho amatenga nthawi yochulukirapo.

"Voyager 2 idayambiranso ntchito zakale asayansi atachitika kale pa Januware 25, 2020," akuluakulu a NASA adatero. "Zida zisanu zonse zomwe zidalemedwa ndi mphamvu yodziteteza kumagetsi zimayambiranso ndipo zimagwiranso ntchito zasayansi monga momwe zimakhalira."

Voyager 2, komanso mapasa a Voyager 1, idayambitsidwa mu Ogasiti 1977, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo yakhala ikufufuza mosalekeza malo akunja. Kukhazikika kwakanthawi m'malo achilendo kumapangitsa kuti zoletsa zaukadaulozi zizigwiritsa ntchito: mainjiniya amafunika kugawa mwaluso mphamvu zotsalira za kafukufukuyo kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera, kutengera zidziwitso zasayansi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zasunthidwa Padziko Lapansi.

Vuto lomwe lidayamba mu Januwale linali loti Voyager 2 idasowa kanzeru yomwe amayenera kuyang'anira maginito oyang'anira.Zotsatira zamtunduwu, makina awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ofunika adayatsidwa nthawi yomweyo, kompyuta yolumikizira spacecraft idazindikira kuti ngoziyo ndiyowopsa ndipo idakhazikitsa njira yotetezedwa isanachitike.

Akatswiri a NASA adatha kubwezeretsa Voyager 2

Zambiri zimatha kuyenda molakwika ngati mungasunthire kutali kwambiri ndi mtunda wamakilomita mabiliyoni kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi, ndikutenga mphamvu kuchokera ku jenereta imodzi ya radioisotope thermoelectric, ndipo patha zaka 43 kuchokera nthawi yomwe kukonza kulikonse kungachitike. Izi ndizomwe zidachitika sabata yatha pomwe Voyager 2 spacecraft idalowa yokha modzidzimutsa chifukwa chosachedwa kupereka malamulo panthawi yoyendetsera kuti ikuwongolere chimodzi mwazida zopangira sayansi. Kuchedwa kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti magawo awiri amphamvu azigwira ntchito nthawi imodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kunaposa mphamvu zomwe zilipo pakadali pano.

Kupeza zomwe zinayambitsa chochitikacho ndikupeza njira zothetsera vutoli inali nthawi yayitali kwambiri, popeza kuti wayilesi imatenga maola 17 kuphimba mtunda pakati pa Earth ndi Voyager 2 tsopano. Ndipo, mutatumiza lamulo lotsatira ku chipangizocho, muyenera kudikirira pafupifupi maola 34 kuti mudziwe ngati izi zinali zofunika.

Tsopano, akatswiri a NASA adakwanitsa kuphatikiza zida zina za sayansi za zida za Voyager 2, zomwe zidayambiranso ntchito zosonkhanitsa asayansi. Zigawo zatsalira ndi zida za chipangizocho zikadali kuganiziridwanso, kompyuta yomwe ili pa bolodi imapanga pang'onopang'ono mapulogalamu omwe amadzifufuza pawokha, deta yomwe idzafotokozere kuti ndi liti ndipo ngati zida izi zitha kuyambitsidwanso.

Vuto lalikulu lamagalimoto a Voyager omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu 1977 ndi mphamvu yawo yama radioisotope, voliyumu yomwe imadzaza ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono a radioactive plutonium oxide. Poyamba, gwero ili limatha kupanga ma watts 470 amagetsi. Koma chifukwa chakuti plutonium ili ndi theka lalifupi (zaka 87.7), kuchuluka kwa ma atomu a chinthuchi kumakhala kukucheperachepera ndipo gwero la zida za Voyager 2 limataya mphamvu mwachangu ma 4 Watts pachaka.

Pakati pa 2019, magetsi apakati pa chipangizo cha Voyager 2 anali pafupifupi 280 watts ndipo akatswiri a NASA adaganiza zothana ndi chinthu chimodzi chotenthetsera chomwe chimasunga kutentha kwambiri mkati mwa chipangizocho. Mwamwayi, zida za chipangizocho zidapitilizabe kugwira ntchito, ngakhale kutsika kwa kutentha pansipa pomwe kuyesedwa Padziko Lapansi. Tsopano chida cha Voyager 2 chikufalitsa ku Earth zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi zida za sayansi za pa bolodi 5, ndipo munganene, palibe gulu loyambirira lomwe silinkadaliranso.

Komabe, nthawi idzafika pomwe magetsi azida atasiya kukhala okwanira ngakhale kutentha magetsi, pambuyo pake Voyager 2 idzalephera kuyendetsa bwino ndipo imalephera kuloza cholinga chake kuloza ku Dziko Lapansi. Zida zonse za sayansi pofika nthawi imeneyo zidzazimitsidwa kale, koma chipangizocho chokha chiziuluka kwa nthawi yayitali kuzizira kwa malo akunja, ngati umboni wabwinobwino wa luso laumunthu.

Satellite ya Meteor "Meteor-M" 2-2 inagundana ndi micrometeorite

Pambuyo pake anasintha mayendedwe ake ndikuwasiya kwakanthawi, malinga ndi Russian Space Agency.

Chochitikacho chidachitika pa Disembala 18, patachitika zadzidzidzi, satelayiti idazima mphamvu ya machitidwe onse isanalowe mu mawonekedwe owoneka a zida zakutsata zaku Russia.

"Pambuyo pake, ntchito idayamba kubwezeretsanso ntchito yake - kuchepetsa ma velocities, ndikupititsa kumalo oyang'anira, kulandira telemetric ndi chidziwitso chandamale," bungwe la boma lidatero.

Tsopano kulumikizidwa kwabwezeretsedwa, magawo olamulira nthawi zonse akuchitika ndikulandila zidziwitso za telemetric ndi deta kuchokera pazida zomwe mukufuna.

Zambiri paukadaulo zomwe zinachitika:

Malinga ndi webusayiti yapadera ya US Air Force space-track org, pausiku wa Disembala 17-18 (pakati pa 23:08 ndi 06:06 nthawi ya Moscow), msewu wa Meteora-M 2-2 unachepa: malo osacheperaachepera ndi 2.4 km (kuyambira 806.5 mpaka 804.1 makilomita), okwera - ndi 0,1 (kuchokera pa 821.8 mpaka 821.7).

Patsamba lolowera pamalopo, asitikali aku US amafalitsa zomwe zimatchedwa mizere iwiri pazinthu zakuthambo, ndipo aliyense amene akufuna kulembetsa mothandizidwa ndi pulogalamu yomwe ikupezeka amatha kuwerengera magawo awiri am'munsi mwa satellite komanso momwe amagwirizanirana.

Satellite idakhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku Vostochny mu Julayi ndi galimoto yokhazikitsa Soyuz-2.1b yokhala ndi Frigate booster. M'mbuyomu, Roskosmos adanena kuti atamaliza kuyesa mayendedwe othawa pa Disembala 7, mawonekedwe a spacecraft adayikidwa.

Russia ili ndi ma satellites atatu a Meteor-M okhala ndi nambala 1, 2 ndi 2-2 modutsa. Nthawi yomweyo, zida za meteorological chandamale sizikugwira ntchito meteor-M No. 1, koma zida zowonjezera za sayansi zikugwira ntchito. Zogulitsa zake zatha mu 2014.

Meteor-M nambala 2 imagwiranso ntchito kunja kwa nthawi yovomerezeka. Chipangizo cha Meteor-M nambala 2-1 mu 2017 chinataika chifukwa chakuwonekera mwadzidzidzi.

Kutsegulidwa kwa ma satellite a Meteor-M 2-3 ndi 2-4 akukonzekera 2020 ndi 2021.

Zaka 40 pambuyo pake: Voyager-2 idasuntha deta yoyamba kuchokera kumalo apakati

Mpweya wa Voyager-2 udafalitsa uthenga woyamba kuchokera patali zaka 40 zitatha kukhazikitsidwa.

Izi zidanenedwa ndi bungwe lowona za malo ku America NASA. Voyager-2 inawuluka makilomita 18 biliyoni kuchokera ku Earth ndipo idalowa m'malo mwa November mu 2018. Tsopano, chidziwitso chofalikira chafika Padziko Lapansi ndipo chalembedwa ndi akatswiri, inatero Russia 24.

Madzulo a magaziniyo Nature Astronomy inatuluka nkhani 5. Iliyonse yaiwo akufotokozera zotsatira kuchokera mu chimodzi mwazida zisanu za chipangizocho. Onsewa athandizira kujambula chithunzi cha mzere wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja - malo omwe mphamvu ya dzuwa imamalizika ndipo danga loyambira limayamba.

Ndemanga zochokera ku Tunguska meteorite.

M'chilimwe cha 1962, mothandizidwa ndi Komiti yopanga ma meteorite a Sukulu ya Sayansi ya USSR, ndidachita kafukufuku wa owona za meteorite a 1908 omwe amakhala ku Katangsky District of Irkutsk District. Pansipa pali deta yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe idapezeka pa ntchitoyi.

1. Farkov Feofan Samuilovich, wobadwa mu 1897, wokhala m'mudzi wa Tura, ku Russia. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzimo. Erbogachen. "Ndidamva kubangula ndikuyang'ana kumwera kuchokera ku Erbogachen. Ndidawona mtolo wamoto ukuuluka m'mlengalenga. Anamuwona ali kale kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Erbogachen. Mtolo wamoto unawulukira kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, i.e., kumadzulo. Anauluka mwachangu, koma ndinazindikira kuti kunali kosachedwa, mutu wake unada, kenako lawi linayamba, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kumatuluka. Chikauluka, kunalibe msewu wotsala kumwamba. Nditasowa kupitirira kutsogolo (kwa thupi ili), sindinawone malawi. Mawindo adasokonekera. Kenako aliyense adachita mantha nati: "Doomsday!"

2. Balakshin Ivan Vasilyevich, wobadwa 1897, Russian, amakhala m'mudzi. Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Zhdanova, m'boma la Katanga. "Ndidayang'ana mbali yakumadzulo ndipo ndawona kuti malawi awonjezeka, pafupifupi, kutalika kwa mtengo, kenako utsi unatuluka, womwe unakwera pamwamba pa lawi la moto ndipo kenako unazimiririka. Ndimakumbukira bwino kuphulika katatu. Magalasi agwedezeka chifukwa cha kubangula kwa nyumba. ”

3. Permyakov Stepan, Dormidontovich, malinga ndi zolembedwa zaka 1891 zakubadwa, makamaka 1887, Russian, wokhala m'mudzimo. Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Preobrazhenka. "M'mawa ndidatulutsa manyowa. Nyengo inali yowonekera, bata. Ndidayenda ndikuwona mtolo wamoto ukuuluka. Mtolo wamoto unawulukira kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo kudzera m'mudzi wa Preobrazhenka kupita ku Ambarchik, (azimuth 285 °). Pamene adawulukira Preobrazhenka, palibe chibubu, koma phokoso lidamveka, phokoso. Mtolo wamoto utagundika kumtunda, Malawi amoto adawombera pamenepo, kenako utsi udakwera, womwe udawoneka kwa nthawi yayitali.Pambuyo pake, patatha mphindi pafupifupi 3-4, "kuwombera" katatu kunamveka, woyamba woyamba anali wopanda mphamvu, ndipo wachitatu anali womveka kwambiri. ”

4. Salatkin Varnava Pavlovich, wobadwa mu 1890, wokhala m'mudzi. Erbogachen, Evenk. "Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzimo. Nepa. M'mwezi wa Juni 1908, ndimasaka mbali yakumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Ichora ndimtundu wa Evenk P.R. Pa Salatkin Morning tidagona usiku ndipo mwadzidzidzi timamva kuphulika katatu. Tsikulo linali lowoneka bwino, nyengo inali chete, ndipo tidadzifunsa kuti: kodi bingu limachokera kuti? Kenako tidachita mantha nati: "Lero ndi tsiku lomaliza!"

5. Safyannikov Semen Egorovich, wobadwa 1891, waku Russia, amakhala m'mudzimo. Erbogachen. "Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Moga. Ndidawona meteorite m'mene chimatsikira kumwamba. Ndikutsimikiza kuti adagwa kumudzi wa Moga kwenikweni kumadzulo. Ndinakumbukira kuti meteorite anali wowumbika, mphuno yake imakhala yakuthwa, kenako kunakulira. Meteorite atazimiririka, sindinawone malawi, koma ndinawona bwino kuti utsi watuluka pamalo amenewo, womwe unatenga pafupifupi mphindi 10. ”

6. Safyannikov Prokopiy Egorovich, wobadwa 1882, waku Russia, wokhala ku Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Moga. “M'mwezi wa June, ndinkagwira ntchito yomanga khola. Ndidawona mpira wowopsa wokhala ndi mchira wamoto. Pambuyo popita, chingwe cha buluu chinatsalira kumwamba. Mpira wamoto uwu utagwera kumtunda wa kumadzulo kwa Mog, ndiye posakhalitsa, patatha pafupifupi mphindi 10, adamva kuwombera katatu, ngati chikwangwani. Kuwombera kunali kotsatizana, pambuyo pa masekondi kapena awiri. Kuchokera pamenepo, komwe meteorite inagwera, utsi unapita, womwe sunakhalitse. "

7. Bokovinov Innokenty Pavlovich, wobadwa 1888, Russian, amakhala m'mudzi. Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Bokovikova. "Ndidawona mtolo wamoto ukuuluka uku mbali kuchokera kumwera-kummawa kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo. Zinkawoneka kuti ndikuuluka m'mudzi wa Verkhne-Kalinina ndi Mtsinje wa Melnichnaya, womwe uli pakati pa midzi ya Bokovikova ndi Yuryeva. "Mtolo wowopsa udawulukira kumpoto kwa mudzi wa Bokovikova, m'mene ndimayang'ana kumpoto, ndipo meteorite adawuluka kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanzere."

8. Yuryev Nikolay Ivanovich, wobadwa 1894, waku Russia, wokhala ku Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'tawuni ya Simenga, yomwe ili pamtunda wa 200 km kumpoto kwa Erbogachen molunjika. "M'mawa ndidamva mawu ngati okuphulika kwa mabomba. Phokoso lidachokera kumwera, koma pang'ono kumadzulo. " Yuriev adjambula zojambula malinga ndi momwe azimuth ya 195 ° -200 ° imatsimikizika.

9. Farkov Egor Semenovich, yemwe adabadwa mu 1896, ku Russia, amakhala m'mudzimo. Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Luzhki. "Pamene iye anawona mtolo wowuluka, nkhope yake inali kuyang'ana kumwera. Motowo unawulukira kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja chakumadzulo. Abambo anati: pitani kwanu! Tsiku lomaliza! Tinathamangira mnyumbamo, ndikukhala kwa mphindi zisanu, osatinso, pambuyo pake chivomerezi chidayamba, ndikuzimitsa zinthu. Ndikukumbukira bwino kuphulika katatu, koyambirira kunali kaphokoso kwambiri, ndipo kachitatu ndi kocheperako. "

10. Farkova Maria Silovna, wobadwa 1891, waku Russia, wokhala m'mudzi wa Erbogachen. “Mu 1908, ndimakhala m'mudzimo. Moga. Zinachitika m'mawa kutacha komanso kotentha. Poyamba ndinamva phokoso. Adayamba kuyang'ana ndipo adaona mtolo wamoto ukuuluka. Magulu atatu adachokera kwa iye, omwe ndimakumbukira bwino: chikasu, chamtundu ndi burgundy. Mtolo wamoto utabisala patali, chakumadzulo kwa mudzi wa Moga, kuphulika kunamveka mwachangu. Nyimbo ziwiri zoyambirira zinali zamphamvu, ndipo chachitatu chofooka, chimadikirira, koma palibe mawu adamveka. Meteorite anali ndi mphuno lakuthwa, mphero. "

11. Ineshin Sergey Rodionovich, wobadwa 1892, wokhala ku Erbogachen, ku Russia. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzimo. Nepa. "Tisanakwane tchuthi la Petrov m'mawa, ndinali mumsewu ndipo ndidawona mpira wamoto ukuuluka. Ku Nepa, anthu ambiri adamuwona, ndipo aliyense anachita mantha. Nditaona mpira wamoto, nkhope yanga inali kumpoto chakum'mawa. Mpira wamoto unawulukira kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere, ndipo unadutsa Lower Tunguska kumpoto kwa Nepa ndikusowa. ” Malinga ndi S.P. Azimuth ya malo owonekera imatsimikiziridwa pa 330 °. 12. Farkov. Mikhail Nikolayevich, yemwe ali ndi zaka 1887, amakhala ku Erbogachen, ku Russia. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Yerema. "Kunali kutacha m'mawa kutacha 10 koloko. Ndidayendetsa ndowe. Nyengo inali yowonekera, bata.Sindinawone meteorite yokha, koma ndidamva kuwombera katatu kwamphamvu, ndipo anthu ena aku Yerema adamva izi. Chilichonse chinali kugwedezeka kuchokera kumawombawa. Anthu adachita mantha. Phokoso lanyengo yamfuti limachokera kumalo ena chakumadzulo, koma kumwera kwenikweni kwa mudzi wa Yerema. "

13. Farkov Gavriil Danilovich, wobadwa 1895, nzika ya Erbogachen. "Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Luzhki. Sindinawone meteorite akuwuluka, koma ndidangomva kuphulika kochokera kumadzulo, kuchokera komwe kukuwonekera ndikuwoneka utsi. Galasi linagwedezeka padziko lapansi. ”

14. Verkhoturov Ivan Ivanovich, wobadwa mu 1896, amakhala m'mudzimo. Erbogachen. Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Dotkon, mumtsinje wa Nepa, makilomita 20 kuchokera kumudzi wa Nepa. “M'chilimwe ndinayendetsa manyowa ndipo ndinawona mtolo wamoto ukuuluka mwachangu mlengalenga. Ndinayang'ana kumpoto, ndipo mtolo wamoto unawulukira kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere kulowera chakumpoto. Titaona mtolo wowopsa, tinathamangira kunyumba. Patatha mphindi zisanu, palibe, ndinamva kugogoda mwamphamvu kubwera kuchokera mbali yakumpoto, koma pang'ono kumadzulo. " Azimuth ya 320 ° imatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi chiwembucho.

15. Bokovikov Innokenty Andreevich, wobadwa 1896, waku Russia, wokhala ku Erbogachen. “Mu 1908, ndinakhala m'mudzi wa Bokovikova. Ndidayendetsa ndowe ndikuyamba kulowa. Mwadzidzidzi ndikumva, ndikufuula: Kuyaka, kuyaka! Tidalumphira kukhonde ndipo ndidawona lawi lamoto likuwuluka thambo. Nkhope yanga inkayang'ana kumpoto chakum'mawa, moto udawombera kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere, njira yakumpoto chakumadzulo. Zinkawoneka kuti moto wanga udawomba pamudzi wa Verkhne-Kalinina ndipo udagwa kumadzulo kwa mudzi wa Preobrazhenki. " Azimuth ya 335 ° imatsimikizika malinga ndi tchati chojambulidwa.

16. Konenkin Innokenty Dmitrievich, yemwe ali ndi zaka 1893, anabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzimo. Preobrazhenka, Russian. "Ndikukumbukira bwino kuti m'chilimwe cha 1908 mpira wamoto udadutsa m'mudzi wa Preobrazhenka ndikusoweka chakumaliracho (azimuth ya 300 ° idatsimikizika). Ngakhale moto uwu udawuluka mwachangu kwambiri, koma ndidatha kunena kuti udazungulira. Kupezeka kwa hay kumawoneka ngati kwakukulu. Zonse zotentha, ndipo zotuwa zinawulukira kuchokera kumbuyo. Mpira wamoto utabisala patali patali, patadutsa mphindi ziwiri kuchokera pomwe mbaliyo idagwera, kuphulika kunamveka komwe kumafanana ndi kuwombera kwa cannon. Asitikali akale adati: "Nkhondo!" Mpira wamoto utawuluka, kunalibe chipolopolo ndipo galasi silinanjenjemera, ndipo galasi linayamba kunjenjemera kokha kuchokera kuphulika. Panthawiyo, munthu wina wogwira ntchito ku ukapolo dzina lake Shipilenko, yemwe amatchedwa kuti wokhulupirira nyenyezi, amakhala ku Preobrazhenka. Anati dziko lapansili ligwa. ”

17. Yuryev Kapiton Egorovich, yemwe ali ndi zaka 1897, anabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzimo. Preobrazhenka, Russian. "Chokhacho chomwe ndimakumbukira za meteorite ndikuti idawuluka Preobrazhenka kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa ndikubisala patali patali kumpoto chakumadzulo." Malinga ndi chiwembu chomwe chaperekedwa, azimuth yopita kumtunda imatsimikiziridwa, yofanana ndi 300 °.

18. Stepan Ivanovich Safyannikov, wobadwa 1890, Russian, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Moga. “Ndinali m'nyumba yopanda mawindo kumadzulo. M'mawa, dzuwa limalephera kuwalitsa mawindo kudzera pazenera, kenako ndidawona dzuwa kuchokera pawindo lapakati. Nthaka idagwedezeka ndipo mfuti zidamveka. Kuphulika kunamveka pafupifupi mphindi kapena ziwiri kuchokera pomwe kayamba kuwomba. Zomwe zimaphulikazo zitayamba kuphulika, utsi udayamba kutuluka. Chokani kumeneko. ” Azimuth ya 300 ° ndi otsimikiza.

19. Safyannikova Elena Ivanovna, wobadwa 1898, wokhala m'mudzi mwa Moga, Evenk. "Mu 1908, ndimakhala kumudzi kwa Erbogachen m'tauni ya Lavrushka, pomwe panthawiyo panali maulumikizidwe okha. Ndinaona bwino mpira wofiira ukuuluka kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja kumwera. Pambuyo pake, kuwombera kunamveka. Aliyense anachita mantha, anthu achikulire a Evenki atavala zovala zabwino kwambiri, akukonzekera kufa, koma imfa sinabwere. ”

20. Safyannikov Onufriy Nikolaevich, wobadwa 189l, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Moga, komwe adakhalako mchaka cha 1908. "M'mwezi wa Juni, tidayika zipilala padenga lanyumba. Mwadzidzidzi tikuwona mpira wamoto ukuuluka ndikubisala kuseri kwa malo pomwepo (azimuth 270 °), kumadzulo kwa mudzi. Moto unabuka kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo posakhalitsa, pasanathe mphindi 10, kuphulika kunamveka, kenako kuphulika. ”

21.Safyannikov Nikolay Silych, wobadwa mu 1888, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Moga. "Mu 1908, meteorite adagwera chakumadzulo. Pomwe adagwa, lawi la moto ndi utsi zidatulukira pamenepo. Pambuyo pa mphindi ziwiri kapena zitatu, kuwombera mfuti kunamveka, zikuwoneka kuti panali awiri a iwo. Dziko lapansi linagwedezeka. ”

22. Safyannikova Evdokia Mikhailovna, wobadwa 1893, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Moga. "Meteorite adagwa kumadzulo kwa mudzi wa Moga. "Meteorite atasowa kwina, kuwomberana kumveka, dziko lapansi linali kugwedezeka, magalasi akusweka, makapu omwe anali patebulopo anali akusweka."

23. Safyannikov Prokopy Mikhailovich, wobadwa 1895, Russian, wokhala m'mudzi. Preobrazhenka. “Mu 1908, ndinali ndi zaka 13. Ndinkakhala m'mudzi wa Moga ndipo ndimayendetsa manyowa m'mwezi wa June. Inemwini sindinawone meteorite akuwuluka, koma ndinamva kuwomba, nditayang'ana kumadzulo ndikuwona utsi ukukwera m'magulu ochokera kumudzi wa Moga, pafupifupi kumadzulo. Kuchokera pakugwedeza dziko lapansi, wopukutira ankapachika m'khola lomwe linapachikidwa ndi msomali kukhoma. Sindikumbukira kuti panali kuwomberedwa kangati, koma ndikukumbukira kuti kuwombako sikunali kwakuthwa, koma kwakumva, komanso kuchepa. ”

24. Yarygin Vitaliy Ivanovich, wobadwa 1900, Russian, amakhala m'mudzi. Preobrazhenka. "Mu 1908, ndimakhala m'mudzi wa Olontsovo, 35 km kuchokera mumzinda wa Kirensk kumtunda wa Lena. Tinakwera m'munda tsiku lomwelo. Poyamba adamva kubangula kwamphamvu, motero akavalo adayima. Amawona zakuda zakumwamba, kuseri kwamdima kumeneku kunali michira yamoto, kenako chifunga chamtambo wakuda. Dzuwa linazimiririka, mdima unagwa. Kuchokera pamdima uno moto wamoto unawuluka kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto. ”

25. Volozhin Innokenty Mitrofanovich, wobadwa 1892, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzimo. Kusandulika. “M'mwezi wa June, ndinayendetsa manyowa. Ndidawona momwe meteorite idagwera pamwamba pomwe (azimuth 285 °). Kumbali komwe meteorite idagwa, lawi lawombera mzati utali wamitengo iwiri, pambuyo pake utsi udawoneka, womwe udakwera kwambiri kuposa lawi. Patatha pafupifupi mphindi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, kubangula kwamphamvu kunamveka, ngakhale kavalo anagwada. Dziko lapansi linagwedezeka, galasi lomwe linali m'mawindo lisanachitike, mbale zomwe zinali m'makapuwo zinasokonekera. ”

26. Grachev Gerasim Borisovich, wobadwa 1896, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Yerema. "Mukayang'ana kum'mwera, meteorite adawuluka kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, kumpoto chakumadzulo. Pambuyo pamoto uno, kuphulika kwamphamvu katatu kunamveka. "

27. Farkov Innokenty Lvovich, wobadwa 1892, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Yereme. Anangomva kulira kwa mfuti. Amakhulupirira kuti panali kuphulika kopitilira katatu. Mayendedwe ochokera komwe kuphulikako ndi ofanana ndi azimuth ya 270 °.

28. Zhdanov Egor Mikhailovich, wobadwa 1893, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Zhdanova. Sindinawone meteorite flyby, koma ndikukumbukira komwe ndinamva phokoso la kuphulika (azimuth 320 °).

29. Verkhoturov Pavel Egorovich, wobadwa 1892, waku Russia, wokhala m'mudzi wa Verkhne-Kalinina. "Mu 1908 amakhala m'mudzi wa Fedorova, womwe uli pamtunda wa 8 km kumwera kwa Preobrazhenka. Sindinawone momwe zimawulukira thambo, koma ndidawona momwe lawi limatulukira kuchokera kumtunda ndipo utsi udawonekera kuchokera mbali yomweyo (azimuth ya 285 ° idatsimikizika kuchokera pa kampasi). Pambuyo pake, dziko lapansi linayamba kugwedezeka ndikuwombera ziwiri zamphamvu, ndipo lachitatu linali lofooka. "

30. Boyarshin Egor Konovich, yemwe adabadwa 1879, Evenk, amakhala m'mudzi wa Verkhne-Kalinina. Ndidawona mtolo wamoto ukuuluka kumwera kwa Erbogachen kuchokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo. Meteorite anawuluka mosadukiza mpaka pansi. Nzimbe inawonetsa mbali yakukhazikika kwa kupsinjika kwa meteorite, wofanana ndi 20 ° -25 °. Ngati mukuyang'ana kuchokera ku Erbogachen, meteorite idagwa chakumadzulo kwa ola limodzi pamtunda (azimuth 205 °). Kugwa, kuphulika kwamphamvu kawiri kunamveka, ndipo kachitatu kunali kofooka pang'ono, kenako china chinaoneka ngati chaphulika, koma chete.

31. Konenkin Grigory Fedorovich, yemwe ali ndi zaka 1889, ndipo amakhala, amakhala m'mudzi wa Verkhne-Kalinina. "M'chilimwe cha 1908 amakhala kumtsinje wa Moga pafupi ndi Gerendaul. Sindinawone meteorite owopsa akuwuluka, koma ndinamva kuphulika komwe kumachokera mbali ina (azimuth 300 ° kuchokera kumudzi wa V.-Kalinina). Kumveka koyamba kunali kwamphamvu. Kenako yachiwiri ndi yachitatu. Kenako mawuwo anayamba kuchepa. Atoki ankakhala m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Chaika nthawi imeneyo. Iwo ati atamva mkokomo wamphamvu, nthenda yawo inali kugwedezeka. ”

32.Zyryanov Nikolay Konstantinovich, wobadwa mu 1895, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzimo. Kusandulika. "Mu Juni 1908, pafupifupi 10 koloko m'mawa, ine ndi mchimwene wanga tidayendetsa manyowa kuthengo, ndipo tidawona mtolo ukuyaka. Kuchokera kwa iye, kutalika kopitilira katatu kuposa mutu, mchira wamoto unkawoneka bwino, womwe poyamba unali wokulirapo, kenako nkugundidwa ndi chulu. Adawuluka, poganiza, kum'mwera pang'ono ndi kumadzulo kwa Preobrazhenka kulowera kum'mwera chakum'mawa kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo. Zidawoneka ngati ife kuti adagwera kumbuyo kwa tundra pa kaphiriko kufikira mbali yomweyo (azimuth 300 °). Kutali komweko komwe mtolo wamoto uno udagwa, pambuyo pakuphulika kwa mphindi pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu, ngati mfuti. Poyamba, mawombawa anali chete, kenako mwamphamvu kwambiri adamveka. "

33. Konenkina Nadezhda Alekseevna, wobadwa mu 1890, waku Russia, adabadwa ndipo amakhala m'mudzimo. Kusandulika. "M'chilimwe cha 1908, m'mawa ndidatulukira kukhonde lanyumba iyi (kuchokera pomwe mbali zakumpoto, kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa nyumbayo zikuwoneka bwino) ndipo ndikuwona mtolo waukulu ukugwa m'nkhalangomo. Motowo udazungulira, ndipo kumbuyo kwayaka. Panalibe utsi womwe unasiyidwa ndi zitsulo. Moto uwu utagwera pamwamba, pomwe mbali yomweyo (azimuth ya 285 °), inatuluka ngati chipilala chamoto ndipo utsi unatulukira ("thambo linachokera mbali yomweyo m'bandakucha"). Utsi unakwera mpaka kutalika kwa mitengo isanu. Posakhalitsa, kugwedezeka kwa dziko lapansi kunayamba ndipo mphamvu yayikulu idamveka. Ndinkachita mantha kwambiri ndipo ndinali kudwala kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa choopa. Panthawiyi, andende omwe amakhala ku Preobrazhenka, omwe anali mu ukapolo, ananena kuti dziko lapadziko lapansi lagwa. "

34. Kuchokera pa kalata yochokera kwa Darya Ivanovna Alksnis, yemwe adabadwa mu 1892, amakhala ku Riga pamsewu wa 76 Slonae. "M'mudzi wa Preobrazhenka mu Juni 1908, tidadzaza mbatata. Nyengo inali yofatsa, yowoneka bwino, yotentha. Mwadzidzidzi tinamva kubangula kwamphamvu ndi kubangula. Timayang'ana - kudutsa nkhalango molunjika ku nkhokwe (azimuth 285 °) miyala yayikulu-yotentha youluka, ndipo malowo adakutidwa ndi mzere wamoto. Pambuyo pake, kunayamba kuyaka kwa nthawi yayitali. ”

Imodzi mwa nkhani zodziwika ndi maso ndi nkhani ya a Semyon Semyonov, nzika ya malonda a Vanavar, yomwe ili pamtunda wamakilomita 70 kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa chipalalachi.

"" "" "" "" "" "Mwadzidzidzi, kumpoto, thambo linagundikana, ndipo kunawoneka moto m'mwamba ndi kutalika pamwamba pa nkhalangoyi, yomwe inakwirira mbali yonse yakumpoto ya thambo. Pamenepo ndinamva kutentha kwambiri, ngati malaya andibera. Ndinafuna kung'amba ndi kutaya malaya anga, koma thambo linatsekeka, ndipo panali kuwomba kwamphamvu. Ndidaponyedwa kuchokera kukhonde ndi fathoms atatu. Mphepoyi itatha, panali kugogoda, ngati kuti miyala yagwa kuchokera kumwamba kapena kuwombera mfuti, dziko lapansi linali kunjenjemera, ndipo nditagona pansi ndinakanikiza mutu wanga, ndikuwopa kuti miyala sangandiswe. Pamenepo, thambo litatseguka, kunaomba chimphepo champhamvu chochokera kumpoto, monga ngati cinjini, chomwe chidasiya mabatani pansi ngati njira. Kenako ndinapeza kuti magalasi ambiri anali atawonongeka, ndipo chitseko cha chitseko chinathyoka khola. ”

Ngakhale abale a Chuki a Chuchancha ndi a Chekaren ochokera ku mtundu wa a Shan-weight, ana a Tungus Podygi, anali atangochitika tsoka lomwe lidakumana ndi zovuta kwambiri kuposa nyumba ya Akulina. Mliri wawo unali pamtunda wa pafupifupi makilomita 40 kuchokera pamalo omwe panali kuphulikako. Malinga ndi I.M.Suslov (1967), abale adauza izi:

"Matenda athu ndiye adayima mphepete mwa Avarkitta. Dzuwa lisanatuluke, ine ndi Chekaren tinachokera ku Mtsinje wa Dilyushma, komwe timakhala ndi Ivan ndi Akulina. Tinagona modekha. Mwadzidzidzi onse adadzuka nthawi imodzi - wina anali kutikankha. Tidamva mluzu ndipo tidawona chimphepo champhamvu. Chekaren adandiuzanso kuti: "Kodi wamva kuchuluka kwa ntchentche kapena ma mergans?" Kupatula apo, tidalinso mliriwu ndipo sitinathe kuwona zomwe zinkachitika kunkhalangoko. Mwadzidzidzi wina anandikankhanso, molimba kwambiri mpaka ndinamenya mutu wanga pamtengo wozunzika kenako ndikugwera pamakala otentha akumalo. Ndinkachita mantha. Chekaren nawonso adachita mantha, adagwira mtengo. Tinayamba kukuwa bambo, mayi, m'bale, koma palibe amene anayankha. Panali mtundu wamtundu kumbuyo kwa mliri; wina amakhoza kumva nkhuni zikugwa. Chekaren ndi ine tinatuluka m'matumba ndipo timafuna kale kudumphira m'matendawa, koma mwadzidzidzi mabingu adagunda kwambiri. Uku kunali kuwombera koyamba.Dziko lapansi lidayamba kunjenjemera ndi kugwedezeka, mphepo yamphamvu idawomba mliri wathu ndikuugwetsa. Ndidaphwanyidwa mwamphamvu ndi mitengo, koma mutu wanga sunaphimbidwe, chifukwa gehena idakwezedwa. Kenako ndidawona chodabwitsa choopsa: nkhuni zimagwa, singano zimayatsidwa, nthaka youma pansi ndikuwotcha, deer moss wayaka. Utsi, kupweteka m'maso, kutentha, kutentha kwambiri, mutha kuwotcha.

Mwadzidzidzi, pamwamba pa phirilo, pomwe nkhalangoyi inali itagwa kale, kunawala kwambiri, ndipo, ngati kuti ndikuwuzani kuti dzuwa lachiwiri latuluka, anthu a ku Russia anena kuti: "Mwadzidzidzi" Zinkawoneka kuti aku Russia amatchedwa mphezi. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo kunali mabingu, mabingu amphamvu. Uku kumenyanso kwachiwiri. M'mawa kutacha, kunalibe mitambo, dzuwa lathu likuwala kwambiri, monga nthawi zonse, kenako dzuwa lachiwiri linatuluka!

Pambuyo pake, tinawona, ngati pamwambapa, koma kumalo ena, kunawonekeranso, ndipo kunali mabingu akulu. Uku kunali kumenya kwachitatu. Mphepo idatiwomba, idagwa pansi, ndikugunda nkhalango yowonongeka. Tinayang'ana mitengo ikugwa, tawona momwe nsonga zake zinasweka, tikuyang'ana pamoto. Mwadzidzidzi Chekaren anafuula: "Yang'anani" - ndikuwonetsa ndi dzanja. Nditayang'ana pamenepo ndinawonanso mphezi, inawala ndikugundanso, Agdilyan anatero ... "

Mfundo yoyamba ikusonyeza kuti tikuchita ndi galimoto yamagetsi, ndiko kuti, meteorite yayikulu komanso yowala, mawonekedwe ake omwe amakhala ndi mawu. Mtundu wa mawu awa samveka bwinobwino. Amatha kuwamva iwo pamtunda wa makilomita 10 mpaka 400 kuchokera paulendo wa pandege wa meteorite. Nthawi zina amamveka mpaka meteorite yokha. Zikumveka zokumbutsa: kulira mluzu, phokoso Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mawu awa samabwera kudzera mumlengalenga, amabadwa ndi dziko lapansi. Choyambitsa chake ndi kutuluka kwamagetsi kuchokera kunthaka. Izi zikusonyeza kuti meteorite imakhala ndi magetsi ndipo imayendetsa dziko lapansi.

Ndipo mfundo yachiwiriyo ikuwonetsa kuti magwero amagetsi a tsoka la Tunguska amalumikizananso ndi magetsi, kapena m'malo mwake, ndi magetsi.

I.M.Suslov yalembanso nkhani ina yosangalatsa kwa ife ya Tungus yomwe idalowa m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo. Mliri wawo unali pamtunda wa makilomita 10 kuchokera kwa epicenter kuposa mliri wa abale. Mkulu wakale wa Ulkigo, mwana wa Luruman, wochokera ku banja la Shananyagir, adalongosola zonse zomwe zidachitika nthawi ya ngoziyo ndi banja lake monga choncho.

"Mliri wa abambo anga a Luruman unaima m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Chamba, kutali ndi pakamwa pawo. Abambo anga anali ndi mliri, ine ndi mkazi wanga ndi ana athu anayi. Mwadzidzidzi agaluwo anayamba kulira, ana anayamba kulira. Mkazi wanga, ine ndi nkhalamba tidadzuka ndikuwona kudabwitsa wachitsulo, wina anayamba kugogoda pansi pansi pathu, kupopa mliri.Ndinatulukira m'thumba ndikuyamba kuvala, mwadzidzidzi wina anakankhira pansi molimba .. Ndinagwa ndikuwakalipira, anyamata aja anakuwa, ndikulira, ndikulumpha m'matumba ogona. kenako adawombera kwambiri ndi mfuti.Munthu wakale Lurbuman adati, komabe, mwalawo udagwera pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Chugrim. zili ngati wina wagundika pansi, wagogoda kwambiri, ketulo yamkuwa yagwa pamwala, ndipo wina wapanga mabingu, Ndinavala posachedwa ndipo ndinatuluka ku mliri. Ndinali m'mawa wopanda mitambo, wopanda kutentha! Ndinayamba kuyang'ana Phiri la Lakuru, Mwadzidzidzi, thambo linawomba kwambiri, ndipo bingu linawomba, ndinachita mantha ndikugwa .. Nditayang'ana, mphepo yamatondo idatsika, moto ukuyaka pansi.Ndidamva phokoso kwinakwake.Ndidalumpha kumapazi anga, ndidawona anthu awiri mwana wa ng'ombe ndi awiri agwape. Zinayamba kukhala zowopsa, ndinapita ku matenda anga. Nthawi imeneyo, Uchir (mkuntho. - I.S.) anawulukira, ndikugwira ellun <покрышка чума.="" —="" и.="" с.)="" и="" бросил="" к="" речке,="" остался="" только="" дюкча="" (остов.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" около="" него="" сидели="" на="" поваленной="" лесине="" мой="" старик,="" жена="" моя="" и="" челядишки="" (ребятишки.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" смотрим="" мы="" в="" ту="" сторону,="" где="" солнце="" спит="" (то="" есть="" на="" север.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" там="" диво="" какое-то="" делается,="" кто-то="" там="" опять="" будто="" стучит.="" в="" стороне="" речки="" кимчу="" —="" дым="" большой,="" тайга="" горит,="" жар="" оттуда="" идет="" сильный.="" вдруг="" где-то="" далеко,="" где="" речка="" чункукан,="" в="" той="" стороне="" опять="" гром="" сильно="" стукнул,="" и="" там="" поднялся="">

Ndidapita kukawona mbali yomwe nyama zidathawira ndipo kutentha kudalipo. Pamenepo ndidawona chodabwitsa. Taiga yonse idagwa, mitengo yambiri pansi idatenthedwa, udzu udawuma, mfundo zikutentha, masamba onse m'nkhalango adaphwa. Kunali kotentha kwambiri, utsi wambiri, utsi umadya m'maso mwanga, zinali zosatheka kuyang'ana. Ndinkachita mantha kwambiri ndipo ndinathamangira ku Chamba, ku mliri wathu. Ndinauza bambo anga zonse zomwe ndaziwona, anachita mantha ndikumwalira. Tsiku lomwelo tidamuika malingana ndi chikhulupiriro chathu cha Tunguska. "

Kodi meteorites ndi zaka zingati, komwe amachokera, kuchuluka kwake.Zochititsa chidwi kuchokera ku moyo wamiyala yakumwamba.

M'mbuyomu, anthu anali amanyazi, ndipo mwala uliwonse womwe unagwa kuchokera kumwamba pamutu pake unkadabwa. Ananena kuti tanthauzo la chochitikachi, kapena kusaka, ndi kupeza zozizwitsa m'madutsawa. Miyala yakumwamba inkapembedzedwa, ndipo amaiona ngati mphatso ya milungu. Anthu amakono, otayidwa ndi malingaliro okokomeza a makolo awo, amagwirizana ndi miyala yakumwamba popanda ulemu, ndipo posachedwa, makamaka popanda chidwi: chabwino, idagwa ndikugwa. Masiku ano, asayansi amakonda kwambiri meteorites.

Nazi china chake chokhudza alendo awa ochokera kuthambo lakunja.

Wredefort Crater NASA Chithunzi

- zidutswa za ma protoplanets, kapena alendo ochokera kumayiko akulu, mapulaneti ang'onoang'ono, Mercury, Mars ndi Mwezi - achondrites,

- "chilengedwe chotsirizidwa" cha mapulaneti, hodgepodge ya zinthu zakale - - chondrites.

* Patsiku limodzi, matani 6 meteorites amagwera padziko lapansi.

* Podzafika chaka cha 2018, panali oposa 59,200 olembedwa meteorite.

* Kwa chaka cha 2016, opitilira nyengo yapa 240 yodziwika.

* Kwa 2017, meteorites otsimikizika okwana 105 ochokera ku Mars amadziwika.

* Zaka 30% zam'mlengalenga zakumwamba zomwe zimapezeka zimawerengeredwa zaka zoposa miliyoni imodzi.

* Zakale kwambiri pa meteorites (komanso matupi a dzuwa) Allende (Spanish: Allende): Zotsatsa za calcium ndi aluminium oxide zaka 4,567 zapitazo.

Allende ndiye meteorite wamkulu kwambiri wa carbonaceous wopezeka Padziko Lapansi. Imatengedwa ngati meteorite wophunziridwa kwambiri.Unthu wathunthu ukuyerekezedwa ndi matani 5, pafupifupi matani atatu anasonkhanitsidwa ndipo ali m'malo osiyanasiyana osungirako zinthu zakale ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi.

* Kupeza zakale kwambiri pa meteorite - kunachitika mu 3200 BC. Zojambula zachitsulo za meteorite zomwe zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Egypt - mikanda 9 yaying'ono.

* Gombe lakale kwambiri, lolemba molondola pa meteorite linali Meyi 19, 861 ku Nugata Japan.

* Meteorite awiri omwe adalembedwa kale meteorite ku Europe ndi meteorites Elbogen (1400) ndi Ensisheim (1492 g).

* Meteoroid amalowa m'mlengalenga wa Dziko kuthamanga kwa 11.2 mpaka 72 km / s.

* Ngati mtengo wolowa mumlengalenga woposa 25 km / s, chifukwa chakuwotcha ndi kuphulitsa tinthu tambiri tokhala meteoroid kuchokera kumakumi ndi matani mazana a zinthu zoyambirira, ma kilogalamu ochepa kapena magalamu a zinthu ndi omwe amafikira pamwamba.

* Kugundana kwa Dziko lapansi ndi zolengedwa zakuthambo zokulirapo 10 m kumachitika pafupifupi zaka zana zilizonse, ndipo ndi zinthu zazikulu zosatinso zaka zana limodzi zilizonse

* Ma meteorites olemera kuposa matani 1000 sikuti sanachedwe ndi dziko lapansi. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamawonekedwe okondedwa kwambiri a chiwonongeko.

* Meteorite wamkulu kwambiri mwa omwe adapezeka dzina lake Goba. Unyinji wake ndi pafupifupi matani 60

Ichi ndiye chidutswa chachitsulo chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

* Nkhani yabwino: malinga ndi akatswiri a NASA, chiopsezo chogundana ndi ma asteroid akuluakulu pazaka zana zikubwerazi ndi ochepera 0.01%

* Zithunzi zophatikizana ndi ma meteorites akulu (ma fireball) zimaphatikizapo chodabwitsa cha zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizoyatsira moto zamagetsi. Zikatere, munthu akamayang'ana gawo laling'ono lakumwamba kudutsa thambo amva kukuwa kukuchokera mgalimoto

Malo omwe meteorites ndi asteroid amagwera Padziko lapansi. Nkhani

* Kutentha kwa meteorite kumatha kugwa mpaka 1800 ° ikagwa

* Kafukufuku woyamba wa meteorite adapangidwa ndi N.G. Nordenskjöld mu 1821.

* Zomwe zimapangidwa meteorite ndizofanana padziko lapansi.

* Zinthu za meteorite ndizosavuta, zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu zokha: O, Mg, Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, P. Ndichokera kwa iwo kuti michere yambiri ya meteorite ndiopangidwa

* Chaka chino, kwanthawi yoyamba, chinthu chidapezedwa meteorite kuti Padziko Lapansi sichimachitika mwachilengedwe, koma chimawoneka pokhapokha posungunula chitsulo.

* Meteorites nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika.

Zizindikiro zazikulu zakunja kwa meteorite ndi izi: kusungunuka kwa kutumphuka, ma regmaglipts (ma dents) ndi maginito.

* Komanso, osati chitsulo chokha, komanso alendo akumiyala amiyala omwe ali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga.Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti m'miyala yambiri yamiyala yambiri mumakhala zitsulo zamkuwa.

* Ngati meteorite ndi yayikulu, ndiye kuti kugwa kwake kuli kofanana ndi kuphulika kwa bomba lamphamvu.

* Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyambirira, mphamvu yomwe idatulutsidwa panthawi ya kuwononga kwa Chelyabinsk meteorite inali yofanana ndi 300 ct ya TNT, yomwe ndi mphamvu yokwana ka 20 mphamvu ya uranium "Kid" yotayika ku Hiroshima.

* Mphamvu yophulika ya Tunguska meteorite ikuyembekezeredwa ma 40-50 megatons, omwe amafanana ndi mphamvu ya bomba lamphamvu kwambiri la hydrogen lomwe laphulika. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, mphamvu yophulikayi ikufanana ndi ma megaton a 10-15.

* Meteorite ambiri ndi gawo la miyala yomwe idasungiramo madziwo imasuluka, ndipo khwangwala wokuzungulira limapangidwa, lomwe limakulirapo nthawi zambiri kuposa meteorite yakugwa.

* Mwala womwe umakhala mumkhondowo chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu komanso kusintha kwa zinthu. Nthawi zina imasanduka diamondi, coesite ndi stish.

* Pa Earth, yapezeka pafupifupi 150 ma meteorite crores.

* WOFUNA WABWINO KWAMBIRI KWAMBIRI:

Wredefort South Africa, Free State Province ali ndi zaka 300km miliyoni 2020 miliyoni

Sudbury Canada, Ontario 250 km zaka 1850 Ma

Chicxulub Mexico, Yucatan 170 km zaka 65 Ma

Manicouagan Canada, Quebec 100 km zaka 214 miliyoni

Popigai Russia, Yakutia ndi Krasnoyarsk Territory 100 km wazaka 35.7 miliyoni miliyoni

Akraman Australia, wazaka 90 km 590 Ma

Chesapeake Bay United States, 90 km wazaka 35,5 miliyoni miliyoni

Puchezh-Katunsky Russia, Nizhny Novgorod dera 80 km zaka 167 miliyoni miliyoni

Manicuagan Crater ku Canada. Pazaka pafupifupi miliyoni 215 miliyoni. Palinso mabokosi ena asanu pafupi. Amakhulupirira kuti adapangidwa chifukwa cha zidutswa za asteroid imodzi, yomwe idagawika magawo. Khosalo linadzaza ndi madzi a Nyanja ya Manikuagan, yomwe imapanga mphete yamadzi, ikuwoneka bwino kuchokera kumtunda.

* Mu Januwale 2018, madzi amadzimadzi adapezeka ali ndi meteorite wazaka za 4.5, limodzi ndi prebiotic zovuta za organic, zomwe zimatha kukhala zinthu za moyo.

* Mu ma meteorite a ALH84001 omwe adapezeka ku Antarctica mu 1984, pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscope oyang'ana ma elekitironi, zida zofananira ndi mabakiteriya atapezeka,

otchedwa Zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa mwadongosolo - microscopic (ma5050 ma micron) "unicellular", nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndimakoma awiri osiyana, ma pores, spikes, ndi zina zambiri.

Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi gulu lalikulu, lomwe nthawi zambiri limalumikizidwa ndi moyo. Palibe mitundu yotere pa Earth.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, mwalawo udasweka kuchokera pamwamba pa mapiri a Mars chifukwa choti dziko lapansi lidawonongeka ndi chinthu chachikulu kwambiri zaka pafupifupi 4 biliyoni zapitazo, pambuyo pake lidakhalabe padziko lapansi. Pafupifupi zaka 15 miliyoni zapitazo, chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwatsopano, adakhala m'malo, ndipo zaka 13,000 zapitazo adagwa m'munda wamphamvu yadziko lapansi ndikugwera pamenepo. Izi zidakhazikitsidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zachibwenzi, kuphatikiza samarium ndi neodymium, strontium, potodiumum-argon radiometry, kusanthula kwa radiocarbon

* Meteorite yayikulu ikadzagwera mlengalenga ndipo zidutswa zitagwera pansi, zinthuzi zimatchedwa meteor shower, (mvula yachitsulo, mvula yamiyala, mvula yamoto).

* Munda wokulirapo kwambiri pambuyo pa madzi osambiramo amadzaza malo a 3 ndi 18.5 km. Ili ndi ma boti 26, ukulu wake ndi 115 ndi 91 m

M'badwo wa crached akuyembekezeredwa zaka 4000-55000.

* Ammeteorite amagulitsa ndikugula. Ndipo posachedwapa, nawonso akhala akuchita zabodza (kapena ayi) mwaluso.

* Mitengo ya Meteorite imayamba pa $ 2 - $ 3 pa gramu.

* Meteorite wochokera ku pallasite, amawononga $ 200 pa 1 g,

Mallorite wa pallasite wolemera makilogalamu 419,57 akuyerekezeredwa ndi akatswiri pa $ 2 miliyoni.

(277/366) Voyager 1 idayambitsidwa pa Seputembala 05

Kwa zaka 42, skein iyi yachitsulo ndi ma microchips adalima malo osiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano, woyendayenda ali kale kunja kwa maulalo a dzuwa omwe ali pamtunda wamakilomita 22 biliyoni kuchokera ku chilengedwe chake. Ali ndi zaka 40,000 zoulukira nyenyezi zapafupi. Pabodi pali mbale yagolide ndi zogwirizanitsa ndi dziko lapansi, yokonzekereratu mdani, alendo ochezeka kotero kuti amafika ndi wogwidwa adapereka matekinoloje atsopano. Apa mutha kuwona mu nthawi yeniyeni, vuto lanu ndi chiyani. Dzulo, pamene ndimakonzekera ntchitoyi, ndidapeza chinthu chosayerekezeka - pa Novembala 28, 2017, injini zinayi zoyesera zomwe zidasinthidwa zidatsegulidwa, zomwe sizinatsegulidwe kuyambira Novembala 8, 1980. Damn, injini zomwe sizinatsegulidwe kwa zaka zopitilira 37 zidayambitsidwa bwino mamilimita 10!

Zoyima: akatswiri a zakuthambo sanazindikire asteroid ya mita 100

Lachinayi, Julayi 25, ndikuyenda mwachangu pafupifupi 24 km pamphindikati, asteroid yolondola ya 2019 inasesa Padziko Lapansi pamtunda wa makilomita 70,000 okha, womwe uli pafupi kasanu kuposa mwezi. Dialoid ya asteroid imayesedwa 60-130 metres.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adazindikira chinthucho patangotsala maola ochepa kuti dziko lathuli lisathere.

Zowonjezera: meteorite yomwe idawononga ma dinosaurs idafika pamtunda wa 10 km, ndipo chelyabinsk meteorite - mamita 15 okha.

Pakachitika kugunda kwina ndi Dziko komanso kuphatikiza kwatsoka kwambiri - ngati lingagwere m'dera lomwe kuli anthu ambiri - kuchuluka kwa ozunzidwa amoyo kumatha makumi makumi.

Dmitry Sadilenko - Zambiri pazokhudza ma meteorites

Kodi meteorites ndi chiyani? Ndi njira ziti zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi miyala ndi mphamvu zapadziko lapansi? Kodi zimachitika bwanji kuti dzimbiri lizitha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino? Kodi regmaglipts ndi makungwa osungunuka, ndipo zikuwoneka bwanji? Kodi moto ungawonekere pamalo omwe pali meteorite? Kodi zaka za meteorites ndi chiyani? Kodi amaimira phindu lanji pa sayansi, ndipo ndipite kuti ngati mungapeze mwala womwe umawoneka ngati meteorite?

A Dmitry Sadilenko, Wofufuza wa Junior, Laborator of Meteorics, GEOCHI RAS.

"Ma Voyager" ndi ma satellite a "Pioneers" akusiya mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa

Kusiya makina owonera dzuwa ndikulowera nyenyezi ndizovuta kwambiri. Poyamba, nditatha mafuta ambiri, ndikofunikira kuwuluka pamwamba pa Dziko lapansi mlengalenga. Nthawi yomweyo, liwiro lanu ku Earth lingakhale zero, koma ngati munatenga nthawi ndikuwongolera koyenera, ndiye kuti muuluka ndi Chibale kupita ku Dzuwa, ndi liwiro la orbital liwiro ndi Dzuwa 30 km / s.
Kutembenuzira injini yowonjezera munthawi ndikuwonjezera liwiro ndi wachibale wina wamtunda wa 17 km / s to Earth, jamaa ndi Dzuwa, mudzapeza liwiro la 30 + 17 = 47 km / s, lomwe limatchedwa mwayi wachitatu. Ndikukwanira kusiya mlengalenga. Koma mafuta opezeka mu 17 km / s ndi okwera mtengo kuti munthu atuluke, ndipo palibe gawo limodzi lokha lomwe likupanga gawo lachitatu ndipo linasiya mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa motere. Spacecraft yofulumira kwambiri, New Horizons, idawuluka kupita ku Pluto, ndikutembenuzira injini ina kuzungulira kwa Earth, koma idafulumira kokha ma 16.3 km / s.
Njira yotsika mtengo yochokerera kuzinthu zakuthambo ndi kuthamangitsa mapulaneti, kuwafikira, kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati zingwe komanso pang'onopang'ono kuthamanga kufupi ndi iliyonse. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera inayake. kasinthidwe ka mapulanetiwo - moloza - kuti, pogawana ndi pulaneti ina, kuwuluka chimodzimodzi. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa Uranus ndi Neptune, kusinthaku sikumachitika kawirikawiri, pafupifupi kamodzi zaka zana ndi zitatu. Nthawi yotsiriza Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus ndi Neptune adalowa m'malo a 1970s. Asayansi aku America adagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga zamtunduwu natumiza spacecraft kupitilira malire a Solar System: Pioneer 10 (Pioneer 10, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Marichi 3, 1972), Pioneer 11 (Pioneer 11, akhazikitsa April 6, 1973), Voyager 2 "(Voyager 2, yakhazikitsidwa pa Ogasiti 20, 1977) ndi Voyager 1" (Voyager 1, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Seputembara 5, 1977).
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2015, zida zonse zinayi zidasamuka kuchoka ku Dzu kupita kumalire a Solar System. "Pioneer-10" ili ndi liwiro la 12 km / s wachibale ku Dzuwa ndipo ili patali pafupifupi 113 a. e. (magawo azakuthambo, magawo akutali kuchokera ku Dzuwa kupita Padziko Lapansi), omwe ali pafupifupi ma biliyoni 17 biliyoni. Pioneer 11 - kuthamanga kwa 11.4 km / s pa mtunda wa 92 AU, kapena 13.8 biliyoni km.Voyager-1 - kuthamanga pafupifupi 17 km / s pa mtunda wa 130.3 AU, kapena 19.5 biliyoni km (ichi ndiye chinthu chakutali kwambiri chopangidwa ndi anthu kuchokera ku Earth ndi Dzuwa). Voyager 2 - kuthamanga kwa 15 km / s pa mtunda wa 107 a. e „kapena 16 biliyoni km. Koma zida izi zidakali kutali kwambiri ndi nyenyezi: nyenyezi yoyandikana ya Proxima Centauri ili mtunda wa 2000 kutalika kwa Voyager-1. Ndipo musaiwale kuti nyenyezi ndizochepa, ndipo mtunda pakati pawo ndi zokulirapo. Chifukwa chake, zida zonse zopanda kukhazikitsidwa mwachindunji kwa nyenyezi zinazake (ndipo palibe zilipo) sizingatheke kuwuluka pafupi ndi nyenyezi konse. Zachidziwikire, potengera mlengalenga, "kuwonongeka" kungaganizidwe: kuthawa kwa "Pioneer 10" patatha zaka 2 miliyoni mtsogolo motalikirana zaka zingapo nyenyezi kuchokera ku nyenyezi ya Aldebaran, "Voyager-1" - patadutsa zaka 40 mtsogolo motalikirana zaka ziwiri zakuwala kuchokera Nyenyezi za AC + 79 3888 m'magulu a nyenyezi Girafi ndi Voyager 2 - zitadutsa zaka 40 zapitazo mtsogolo motalikirana ndi nyenyezi ziwiri Ross 248.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa:
Vesi lachitatu la cosmic ndiye velocity yocheperako yomwe imayenera kuperekedwa kwa chinthu chapafupi ndi Dziko lapansi kuti ichoke kuzungulira kwa dzuwa. Ndi 17 km / s wachibale padziko lapansi ndi 47 km / s wachibale ku Dzuwa.
Mphepo yam'mlengalenga ndi mkombero wa ma protoni amphamvu, ma elekitoni ndi tinthu tina tambiri kuchokera ku Dzuwa kupita kumalo ena akunja.
Mphamvu zakuthambo ndi gawo la malo pafupi ndi Dzuwa pomwe mphepo yam'mlengalenga, imayenda mozungulira pamtunda wa 300 km / s, ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe.
Chilichonse chomwe timadziwa chokhudza malo kunja kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa, timaphunzira mwa kupenda ma radiation (kuwala) ndi mphamvu ya zinthu zakuthambo. Komabe, malingaliro ambiri ayenera kukhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, timazindikira kuchuluka kwa dzenje lakuda, poganizira kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi kuzungulira mozungulira. Tikuganiza magulu awo akuluakulu, poganiza kuti nyenyezi izi ndi zofanana ndi Dzuwa.
"Pioneers" ndi "Voyager" ndizoyesera zokha zomwe sitinalingalirepo m'mphepete (komanso mtsogolo - kupitilira) kwamdongosolo lamlengalenga. Kuyesa mwachindunji ndi nkhani yosiyananso! Tikudziwa kuchuluka kwa zida izi - tinazipanga, chifukwa chake timawerengera molondola kuchuluka kwa chilichonse chomwe chimakhudza zida. Mukanena kuti: "Palibe, zowuluka m'mlengalenga zimangouluka modzungulirana. Koma zinafika kuti izi sizopanda kanthu: ngakhale fumbi lomwe likugogoda pazida zimasinthiratu njira yawo. Nthawi zonse pamakhala zodabwitsa zambiri pazoyesa zapadera, komanso zodzaza ndi mbiri ya "Pioneers" ndi "Voyager".
Fungo loyamba: Pa Ogasiti 15, 1977, kutatsala masiku ochepa kuti magalimoto oyandikira kwambiri ayambike, wayilesi yodabwitsa kwambiri "Wow!" Idagwidwa. Mwina, ndi chithandizo chake, alendo adauzana za chochitika chofunikira kwambiri - kuchoka kwa anthu omwe ali kunja kwa mapulaneti oyendera dzuwa?
Zabwino ziti zomwe Voyager ndi Pioneer akwanitsa poyenda mphepete mwa mphamvu ya dzuwa
Panjira yopita kumapeto kwa Solar System, Pioneer 10 adasanthula ma asteroid ndipo adakhala chida choyamba kuwuluka mozungulira Jupita. Ndipo adadodometsa asayansi nthawi yomweyo: mphamvu zomwe Jupiter adapanga mlengalenga zidakhala zochulukirapo ka 2,5 kuposa mphamvu zomwe Jupiter adalandira kuchokera ku Dzuwa. Ndipo mwezi waukulu kwambiri wa Jupita sunakhale wamiyala, koma makamaka wa ayezi. Pambuyo pa 2003, kulumikizana ndi Pioneer 10 kudatha. Pioneer 11 adafufuzanso Jupiter, ndipo kenako adakhala woyamba kuchita spacecraft kufunsa Saturn. Mu 1995, kulumikizana ndi Pioneer 11 kudatha.
Zipangizo za Voyager zimagwirabe ntchito ndikudziwitsa asayansi za malo omwe ali mozungulira. Pambuyo pazaka 37 zouluka! Izi zitha kuonedwa ngati chinyengo, popeza palibe amene amawerengera ntchito yayitali motere: adasinthanso kuchuluka kwa nthawi mkati mwa makompyuta a Voyager omwe amakhala - sanapangidwe kuti akhale ndi chaka cha 2007. Mkati mwa zida, mphamvu zimapangidwa ndi ma radioisotope opanga maukina ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya ya plutonium-238 - ngati zida zamanyukiliya. Mphamvu izi ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kwa zaka makumi.
Zida zazikuluzikulu zinali zodalirika kuposa zomwe opanga ankayembekezera.Vuto lalikulu ndikutha kwa kulumikizidwa kwa wailesi ndikuchotsa zida. Tsopano chizindikiro chochokera kuzipangizo kupita ku Dziko Lapansi chimapita (kuthamanga kwa kuwala) kwa maola opitilira 16! Koma ma antennas oyenda mtunda wautali, ma "plates" akuluakulu omwe ali ngati kukula kwa bwalo la mpira, amatha kugwira zikwangwani za a Voyager. Mphamvu yotumiza ya Voyager ndi 28 W, yamphamvu kwambiri maulendo 100 kuposa foni yam'manja. Ndipo mphamvu ya siginecha imachepera molingana ndi mraba wa mtunda. Ndikosavuta kuwerengetsa kuti kumva chizindikiro cha Voyager kuli ngati kumva foni kuchokera kwa Saturn (popanda ma cellular cell!).
Panjira yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa Solar System, a Voyager adawuluka pafupi ndi Jupiter ndi Saturn ndipo adalandira zithunzi zatsatanetsatane za satelayiti awo. Voyager 2 idawuliranso kudutsa Uranus ndi Neptune, kukhala chida chokhacho chokhacho choyendera mapulaneti awa. A Voyager adatsimikizira zidutswa zomwe amapeza apainiyawa: mwezi wambiri wa Jupiter ndi Saturn sanangokhala wouma wokha, komanso womwenso anali ndi malo osungira pansi pa ayezi.
Malire a mphamvu ya dzuwa
Malire a mphamvu ya dzuwa atha kutanthauziridwa mosiyanasiyana. Dera lokokera limadutsa komwe kukopa kwa Dzuwa kumakhala koyenera ndi kukopa kwa Galaxy - pamtunda wa pafupifupi ma parpars a 0.5, kapena 100,000 AU kuchokera ku dzuwa. Koma kusintha kumayandikira kwambiri. Tikudziwa motsimikiza kuti kupyola Neptune kulibe mapulaneti akulu, koma alipo ochepa kwambiri, komanso ma comets ndi matupi ena ang'onoang'ono azomwe amazungulira dzuwa, ali ndi ayezi makamaka. Zikuoneka kuti, pa mtunda wa 1000 mpaka 100,000 AU kuchokera ku Dzuwa, mphamvu ya dzuwa imazunguliridwa mbali zonse ndi phokoso la chipale chofewa, ma comets - otchedwa Oort Cloud. Mwina imafikira nyenyezi zoyandikana. Mwambiri, chipale chofewa, tinthu tokhala ngati fumbi ndi mpweya, hydrogen ndi helium, ndizotheka mwazinthu zina zapakatikati. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pakati pa nyenyezi - zopanda kanthu!
Ndikofunikira kudziwa:
Malire a kugwedeza kwamphamvu ndi malire mkati mwa heliosphere kutali ndi Dzuwa, pomwe pamakhala kukuwizika kozungulilidwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa chifukwa chowombana ndi sing'anga.
Heliopause ndi malire pomwe mphepo yamphamvu ya dzuwa imalepheretseka kwathunthu ndi galactic stellar wind ndi zina zomwe zimapangira pakatikati.
Mphepo ya galactic stellar (ma cosmic rays) - yofananira ndi mafunde a mphamvu yam'madzi a mphamvu ya ma cell (ma protoni, ma elekitironi ndi ena) omwe amapezeka mu nyenyezi ndikulowa mu Galaxy yathu.

Mtunda wina umatsimikiziridwa ndi mphepo yamphamvu ya dzuwa, kuyenda kwa tinthu tamoyo kuchokera ku Dzuwa: dera lomwe limalamulira limatchedwa heliosphere. Nyenyezi zina zimapanganso mphepo yotere, kotero kuti kwina mozungulira mphepo yamphamvu yakumadzulo kuyenera kukumana ndi mphepo yosakanikirana ndi nyenyezi za Galaxy - mphepo yamphamvu ya galactic kapena kuwala kwina kwa cosmic - chochitika pamlengalenga. Pakuwombana ndi mphepo yamphamvu ya galactic, maulalo amasunthika ndi mphamvu. Kumene amapita sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Mukuwombana kwa mphepo, zinthu zodabwitsa ziyenera kubwera, zomwe zida za Voyager zangopezana nazo posachedwapa.
Monga asayansi amayembekeza, patali pang'ono kuchokera ku Dzuwa, mphepo yamphamvu yoyandikira idayamba kuchepa - uwu ndiye gawo lotchedwa kuti gawo la kugwedeza, malire a heliosphere. Chida cha Voyager-1 chinadutsa kangapo, chifukwa adasokonezeka kwambiri. Pofika mu Disembala 2010, pamtunda wamakilomita 17.4 biliyoni kuchokera ku Dzuwa ku Voyager 1, mphepo yamphamvu yoyendera dzuwa inali itawonongeka. M'malo mwake, kupuma kwamphamvu kwa interstellar, mphepo yamphamvu ya galactic idamveka: pofika 2012, kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi kugundana ndi chipangizochi kuchokera kumbali ya malo a interstellar kwachulukitsa ka 100. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi iyo idawonekera. Zikuwoneka kuti Voyager 1 adafika pachimodzimodzi. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu amayembekeza, zida sizowona malire pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma mulu wosokonekera wa thovu lalikulu. Mitsinje yamadzi yamtundu wawo pamalo awo amapanga mafunde amagetsi amphamvu ndi maginito.
"Voyager" ndi "Pioneer" - mauthenga kwa alendo
Zida zonse zomwe zatchulidwazi zimakhala ndi mauthenga a alendo.Pama board a Pioneers pamakhala zitsulo zosanja zomwe zimawonetsedwa mwachisawawa: chipangacho chokha, pamlingo womwewo - bambo ndi mkazi, maatomu awiri a hydrogen ngati nthawi ndi kutalika, Dzuwa ndi mapulaneti (kuphatikiza Pluto), chopondera chipangizo chochokera pa Earth kale Jupiter ndi mapu achilendo akuwonetsa mayendedwe ochokera ku Dziko Lapansi, ma pulsars 14 ndi pakati pa Galaxy. Ma Pulsars, nyenyezi zomwe zimasinthasintha mwachangu, ndizosowa kwambiri ku Galaxy, ndipo pafupipafupi mawonekedwe ake amtunduwu ndiwodziwika, mtundu wa "pasipoti" ya aliyense wa iwo. Izi zimakhazikika pa mbale ya Pioneers. Chifukwa chake, mapu okhala ndi ma pulsars akuwonetsa osazindikira omwe ali komwe kuli dzuwa lakuwala. Komanso, pakapita nthawi, ma frequency a pulsar amasintha mwachilengedwe, ndipo poyang'ana kuchuluka kwa zomwe zikuchokera pamwambapa, alendo adzatha kudziwa kuti padutsa nthawi yayitali bwanji kuchokera poyambitsa chipangizo cha Pioneer chomwe adapeza.
Panyanja zida za Voyager zimayikidwa mbale zagolide pazochitika. Phokoso Lapadziko Lapansi (mphepo, mabingu, ma crickets, mbalame, sitima, thirakitala, ndi zina), moni m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana (mu Russian "Moni, takulandirani"), nyimbo (Bach, Chuck Berry, Mozart, Louis Armstrong, Beethoven, Stravinsky ndi wowerengeka) ndi zithunzi 122 (masamu, sayansi, chemistry, mapulaneti, umunthu, moyo wamunthu, ndi zina) - mndandanda wathunthu ukhoza kupezeka patsamba la NASA. Chida chobweretsera mawu ndi zithunzi zimaphatikizidwa. chithunzi cha ma plates - chithunzi chomwe chatimidwa: maatomu awiri a hydrogen a nthawi yayitali ndi kutalika m, yemweyo malo map pulsars ndi malongosoledwe a mmene kubereka phokoso ndi zithunzi.
"Apainiya" a Anomaly
Mu 1997, patangodutsa miyezi yochepa chilembo cha Pioneer 11 chitatha, m'modzi mwa asayansiyo, akufufuza nkhaniyi, adalumphira pampando wake nati: "Sitimaloledwa kupita panja pa Solar System!" Anazindikira kusuntha kwa zida zam'mbuyo atatha kudutsa njira ya Jupiter. Zipangizo za Pioneer 10 ndi zida za Ulysses ndi Galileo zomwe zinafika ku Jupiter zinapeza zoletsa zomwezo. Ma Voyager okha ndi omwe sanakumanepo ndi vuto lililonse, chifukwa pang'onopang'ono kuchoka paulendo wothawa iwo adathamangitsidwa ndi injini. Kusunthika kwapadera kuzungulira kuzungulira kwa Apainiya kunadzuka pomwe zinaoneka kuti zinali zofanana ndi Hubble nthawi zonse kuthamanga kwa kuwala. Zimapezeka kuti zida zimataya mphamvu (zimachepetsedwa) chimodzimodzi monga ma radiation ma cell (ma photons). Ndipo mtundu wani 1: ngati ma lifoni amataya mphamvu chifukwa chakukula kwa chilengedwe, ndiye kuti "Apainiya" pazomwezi. Mafotokozedwe ena: 2) asayansi sanalingalirepo za gwero lamphamvu lamagetsi (ndiye, kuphatikiza kwa Hubble pafupipafupi sikungosintha) kapena 3) Universal iyi imadzazidwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimatenga mphamvu posuntha kuchokera ku "Pioneers" ndi zithunzi.
Mwa miyambo ya cosmic, "Pioneer braking" ndi mtengo wocheperako: 1/1 LLC LLC LLC m / s2. Tsiku lililonse, chipangizochi chimayenda ma kilomita 1.5 osachepera ma kilomita miliyoni omwe amafunidwa! Kuti afotokoze izi, asayansi azaka 15 ayesa kuganizira kutayika kwina konse kwa mphamvu ndi zinthu, mphamvu zonse zomwe zikugwira ntchito pazida. Koma kusaka kofotokozera Nambala 2 kwalephera. Zowona, wasayansi waku America a Slava Turishchev adazindikira kuti kutentha kumasungunuka ndi zida zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi Dzuwa, i.e. pamthunzi - ichi ndiye chimayambitsa kubedwa kwa "Apainiya". Tinthu tokhala ndi ma radiation (mafuta ojambula pamafuta) amakhala ndi chikoka, chifukwa chake chimasiya chinthucho, ma radiationwo imapangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayang'ane mbali ina (uku ndiye maziko a ntchito zamajini owonongera ma foron am'malo oyenda). Koma chinsinsi chimatsalira NDI CHIYANI chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zida zigawire kutentha motere? Ndipo koposa zonse - zida zamapangidwe osiyanasiyana!
Pofufuza momwe zida zamagetsi zimalumikizirana ndi malo omwe akuwoneka ngati opanda kanthu, asayansi azindikira kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga pansi ndi madzi oundana timayandama nthawi zambiri. Zida zimatha kudziwa komwe zidayambidwa.Zinapezeka kuti mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa imavomerezedwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri: mitundu imawuluka mozungulira Dzuwa, ina imawulukira ku Dzuu kuchokera kumadera akutali. Ndizomaliza zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yake yazomanga. Pakukhudza, mphamvu ya kinetic ya fumbi tinthu timakhala mkati, mwachitsanzo, kutentha. Ngati chidutswa cha fumbi chikuyimitsidwa ndi chipangizocho (chomwe ndi chanzeru), ndiye kuti mphamvu zake zonse zimafalikira ku chipangizocho. Ndipo mphamvu zake zimasunthika m'njira yomwe ikubwera, i.e. njira yochokera ku dzuwa. Zipangazi zidalembetsa ma stroko ambiri ndi fumbi lalikulu - pafupifupi maikolofoni 10. Ndipo kufotokozera zakupsa kwa "Apainiya", ndikokwanira kuti azigogoda pazinthu zoterezi pafupifupi makilomita 10 aliwonse panjira. Ndiwo fumbi lino pamalo apakati pomwe ma teleskopyuta amakono adawona.
Mwambiri, madera akunja a mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa (kupitirira Saturn) adakhala fumbi, matalala komanso gass kuposa ambiri amkati. Pafupi ndi Dzuwa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, chipale chofewa komanso magesi nthawi yomweyo zimaphatikizika m'mapulaneti, sateliti ndi asteroid. Zambiri zakhazikika padzuwa. Koma zochuluka za fumbi, ma atomu a ayezi ndi ma atomu a mpweya anathamangitsidwa ndi Dzuwa kupita kufalikira kwa dongosololi. Kuphatikiza apo, fumbi la pakati limalowera m'mphepete, yomwe imabadwira m'magulu a nyenyezi zina. Chifukwa chake, kupitilira pa Neptune komanso kupitilira mu malo a interstellar ndi intergalactic payenera kukhala ndi zigawo zambiri za fumbi, madzi oundana ndi mpweya. Ndizotheka kuti sing'anga yolumikizana, yodzaza Universal, imatengera mphamvu zonse kuchokera kuzinthu zam'mlengalenga komanso kuchokera kuzithunzi. Udindo waukulu umaseweredwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri (10 ma virus) tokhala ngati fumbi ndi ayezi, komanso mamolekyulu a hydrogen, omwe samadziwonetsera mwanjira ina iliyonse.

Osati yanga. Ndinkakonda nkhaniyo, ndidaganiza zougawana.

Wokalamba amene adakhalako

Pa Ogasiti 4, 1997, a Joan Kalman anamwalira kunyumba yosungirako anthu okalamba ku France. Zowonadi Grim Reaper atibwera tonse, koma adatenga nthawi yawo kwa Akazi a Kalman. Adamwalira ali ndi zaka 122 ndi masiku 164, ndikulemba mbiri yautali wa anthu.

Jeanne Kalman

Asanabadwe, dzina loti "wokalamba padziko lapansi", malinga ndi Guinness Book of Records, lidavalidwa ndi a Sigetie Izumi ku Japan, yemwe adabadwa pa June 29, 1865 ndipo adamwalira pa February 21, 1986, ali ndi zaka 120 ndi masiku 237. Ndizosangalatsa kuti Kalman ndi Izumi onse sanakane kumwa kapena kusuta.

Ndipo mosavomerezeka, munthu wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi anali Wachinayi Li Qingyun, mwina (popeza palibe zikalata zotsimikizira izi), yemwe adabadwa mu 1736 ndipo adamwalira mu 1933. Mabuku ena amatchulanso chaka cha 1677 monga tsiku lobadwa la Qingyun. Ndiye kuti, pa nthawi yomwe anamwalira, anali ndi zaka 256.

Li Qingyun

Kwambiri pa moyo wake, bambo uyu anali wotanganidwa ndi ntchito yopeza mankhwala azitsamba m'mapiri a Sichuan, ndikuzindikira zinsinsi za moyo wautali. Pamene Lee adafunsidwa za chinsinsi cha moyo wake wokondweretsa, adayankha kuti: "khalani chete mtima, khalani ngati kamba, pitani modzuka ngati nkhunda ndikugona ngati galu." Ankapanganso masewera olimbitsa thupi a qigong komanso kumwa mankhwala azitsamba, zomwe zinawonongeka.

Mndandanda wa okalamba kwambiri padziko lapansi

Izi ndizomwe anthu azaka zana zotsimikizika akuwoneka, ali moyo ndipo atasiya kale dziko lapansi.

1. Zhanna Kalman - adakhala zaka 122.
2. Sarah Knauss - adakhala zaka 119.
3. Lucy Hannah - adakhala zaka 117.
4. Nabi Tajima - adakhala zaka 117.
5. Maria Louise Meyer - adakhala zaka 117.
6. Violet Brown - adakhala zaka 117.
7. Emma Morano - adakhala zaka 117.
8. Misao Okawa - adakhala zaka 117.
9. Kane Tanaka - wazaka 117, ali ndi moyo.
10. Chiyo Miyako - adakhala zaka 117.

Palibe amuna m'zaka zana zapamwamba, chifukwa okalamba kwambiri pazaka zana zotsimikizika (Jiroemon Kimura) adakhala zaka 116 ndi masiku 54.

Munthu atha kukhala nthawi yayitali bwanji

Malinga ndi Bayibulo, munthu akhoza kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka zana la Metusela - zaka 969. Ngati mumakhulupirira Li Qingyun, ndiye kuti mutha kukhala ndi zaka zopitilira 250.

Koma katswiri pa ukalamba ku New York College of Medicine Albert Einstein, a Jan Vidge amakayikira kuti tidzawonananso onama ngati Jeanne Kalman.Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, moyo wa anthu wawonjezeka. Koma tsopano, Vij akukhulupirira, tafika pamlingo wapamwamba wa kutalika kwa moyo wa anthu ndipo anthu sadzawoloka malire a zaka 115.

Dr. Vidge ndi ana asukulu omwe adamaliza maphunzirowa adasindikiza umboni wonena zakusatsimikizika kumeneku m'magazini ya Nature mu 2016.

Asayansi adasanthula kuchuluka kwa anthu azaka zosiyanasiyana omwe anali amoyo mchaka china. Kenako adayerekeza ziwerengerozi chaka ndi chaka kuti awerenge kuthamanga kwazaka zonse. Gawo lomwe likukula mwachangu pakati pa anthu onse ndi okalamba. Mwachitsanzo, ku France mu 1920s, gulu lomwe linali likukula mwachangu linali azimayi azaka 85. Ndipo pofika ma 1990s, gulu lomwe likukula mwachangu la akazi achi French lidafika kale zaka 102. Ngati izi zikadapitilira, gulu lomwe likukula mwachangu lero likhoza kukhala lazaka 110. M'malo mwake, kukula kunachepa ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kutha.

Dr. Vidge ndi ophunzira ake adasanthula deta kuchokera kumayiko 40 ndikupeza zomwezi. Asayansi akuwona kuti chifukwa chake ndikuti anthu pamapeto pake afika pamlingo wapamwamba wa kutalitali kwawo.

Kupatula zina, monga mayi Kalman, anthu sakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 115. "Khoma" ili likuwonekera kwa anthu omwe akhala nthawi yayitali padziko lapansi. "Mukayang'ana chiwonetsero chachiwiri champhamvu kwambiri, kenako chachitatu, chachinayi komanso chachisanu, zinthu zimakhala chimodzimodzi," atero Dr. Vij. Mayi Kalman ndiwosamveka mu tchati cha ofufuzawo. Gulu la Vija lidawerengera kuti zingatheke bwanji kuti wina athe kupulumuka, malinga ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano. Chiyembekezo: Pafupifupi palibe aliyense.