Chida chamaso achikasu (Bombina machogata) amakhala m'malo osungira kwakanthawi komanso osakhalitsa. Madzi sakukakamira pamalopo, amatha kukhala m'madzi oyipitsidwa ndi zinyalala zamafuta. Terrestrial invertebrates makamaka mu zakudya. Amakonda kuwala, kugwira ntchito masana. Matenga amapezeka usiku. Mano a poizoni ndi woopsa.

Mawonekedwe

Chala chamaso achikasu chikuwoneka ngati chala chaching'ono. Malilime ammalo amtunduwu ndi wokulirapo, wopanda mawonekedwe, wolumikizidwa kumkati, komwe amawatcha kozungulira. Eardrum kulibe. Amasinthidwa ndi mafupa a nsagwada yapansi, yoyandikana kwambiri ndi mafupa am'kati. Mverani ma batchi atagona pansi kapena pansi, ndikukhomerera mitu yawo pansi. Nthawi zambiri mafunde ochepa amakhala akumveka. Thamanga kwambiri. Khungu pafupifupi ofanana kapena lalitali kuposa phazi. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna, khungu lawo limakhala losalala. Yaimuna imasiyana ndi yaikazi pamaso paukwati wamiyendo ya 1, 2nd ndi 3 ya miyendo yakutsogolo. Resonators mwa amuna kulibe. Mutu wake ndi wocheperako, wozungulira wozungulira. Maso ndi akulu, ana amapanga patali kapena ali ndi mtima. Maso amaso ndi amkuwa. Mimba ya zala ili ndi utoto wowoneka bwino, wosalala, wokhala ndi zingwe zazing'ono pafupi ndi cloaca. Mbali yaku dorsal, ma tubercles amapangidwa bwino, omwe amathera ndi ma spange akuthwa. Njira yosinthira ya vertebra yopindika imakulitsidwa kwambiri. Malekezero azala ndi achikaso komanso achikasu.

Mtundu

Pamwambapa ndi brownish, taupe kwa maolivi akuda, okhala ndimtambo wakuda kapena wakuda. Mimba yake ndi yachikasu yokhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi tsitsi. Mawonekedwe ake ndi amodzi pa chule chilichonse. Malekezero a zala, pamwambapa ndi pansi, ndi opepuka (achikasu).

Mawu

Masana, amuna atavala zovala zansalu zachikasu amayimba pansi komanso pansi pa madzi. Amuna agona pansi pamadzi ndi miyendo yawo itatambalala. Mukamaimba, thupi laimuna limanjenjemera, ndipo mabwalo amachoka. Nyimbo yaimuna ndi yofanana ndi "iyi, iyi. ". Masamba pafupipafupi - 400-600 hertz. Resonators samatupa mukamakhotetsa.

Chida chamaso achikasu, pamimba

Habitat

Chovala chokhala ndi chikasu chimakhala mosungira kwakanthawi komanso kwakanthawi. Imakhala m'mapiri komanso kumapiri pamalo okwera mpaka 1900 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Madzi sakukakamira pamalopo, amatha kukhala m'madzi oyipitsidwa ndi zinyalala zamafuta, m'madzi amchere, komanso m'magwero a hydrogen sulfide. Osasamala ndi zinyalala zamafuta zimadetsa madzi. Sakonda kutentha kochepa ndipo satalikiranso kumpoto. Itha kupezeka osati kumadera akumidzi, komanso m'mapaki ena a nkhalango zamatawuni komanso malo osungira anthu ochita kupanga.

Adani

Adani akuphatikiza njoka, njoka, mbalame zina, ndi nkhata ndi zolimba, m'malo ovuta kwambiri, kukalibe chakudya china. Mphutsi zimadyedwa ndi zatsopano. Mdani akafika, chofunda chokhala ndi chikaso chodzutsa chilili ndikugwada kuti khosi yake ioneke, kutulutsa manja, ndikutembenukira kumbuyo kwake, ndikuwonetsa pamimba pake.

Khalidwe

Nthawi zambiri amakhala mumadzi kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Chida chamaso achikasu chimakonda kuwala. Yogwira masana. Manyazi. Chule iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo lake ndi ma radius a 0.6-0.75 metres. Imanyamuka nthawi yozizira mu Seputembara-Okutobala. Amabisala (m'magulu a anthu a 1-6) m'makola a nthata, pansi pa mitengo, milu yamiyala ndi masamba. Kubwerera ku matupi amadzi mu Marichi-Epulo, m'mapiri - mu Meyi. Mu akasupe otentha amagwira ntchito nthawi yonse yozizira. Mitengo yambiri imafa chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira, makamaka nyengo yotentha yamapiri: mpaka zaka 1-2, 1-2% ya chiwerewere chonsecho.

Kuswana

Mating mu ma vents amapezeka usiku. Amplexus inguinal. Caviar waikidwa m'madziwe oyenda pang'onopang'ono. Akazi amayikira mazira m'magawo ndikuwaphatikiza ndi zimayambira ndi nthambi za mbewu, miyala, pansi pa posungira. Wamkazi m'modzi amagwiritsa ntchito mazira 45 mpaka 100 mazira.

Kukula

Ma ntchofu wa 45 mm kutalika kuchokera kumazira (mawonekedwe a mauna amawoneka pa caudal fin). M'masiku oyambilira, mphutsi zimadyetsa ndalama za yolk sac. Nthenga zimatha sabata yoyamba ya moyo ndikupeza khomo la zomera kapena miyala. Mphutsi zamiyendo ndimadyedwe. Algae (detritus, mwala wobiriwira wobiriwira, ndi zina zambiri), mitembo, bowa, masamba apamwamba ndi protozoa amadya. Kukwaniritsidwa kwathunthu kwa metamorphosis kumachitika mu 2-2,5 miyezi. Munthawi ya metamorphosis, zakudya zimayima kwakanthawi kochepa. Machedwa kuswa ma tadpoles yozizira m'madziwe.

Kufotokozera

Zida zazikulire sizimafikira 35-55 mm kutalika. Mtundu: wakuda kwambiri, wotuwa komanso maolivi wakuda, wokhala ndi masamba akuda kapena akuda. Mimba yake ndi yachikasu yokhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi tsitsi. Mawonekedwe ake ndi amodzi pa chule chilichonse. Malekezero a zala, pamwambapa ndi pansi, ndi opepuka (achikasu).

Mkhalidwe Wachitetezo ndi Zosiyanasiyana

Zida zamaso achikasu zimaphatikizidwa m'gulu LC Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN. Imakhala kum'mwera komanso pakati pa Europe, m'mitsinje, m'madamu, m'mitsinje, m'madzi, m'malo opezeka ma 100-2100 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Adapita nawo ku UK, koma sizikudziwika ngati anthu azilonda zam'mano adakhalako.

Dera

Mtunduwu umakhala ku Central ndi Eastern Europe kupita ku Urals. Kugawidwa m'nkhalango, steppe ndi nkhalango zodyera m'nkhalango. Imadzala madzi osaya (osakwana 50-70 masentimita) maiwe, nyanja, madambo okhala ndi zomera zam'mera, zopanda kanthu kapena dongo. Pewani maiwe okhala ndi mchenga ndi madera omwe ali ndi magetsi apompopompo.

Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi

Zakudya zazikulu ndi tizilombo: ntchentche, crickets, njenjete. Cannibalism ndiyosowa. Poona nyama zolusa, misozi imawawopseza, kumuwonetsa mawanga ofiira owoneka bwino kapena achikasu thupi kuti amuwope. Zoyimitsa moto sizipweteka kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti zolembera zam'magazi zimakhala mu khungu lawo.

Amakhala pafupifupi nyengo yonse yachilimwe m'madzi. Kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwa 10 mpaka 30 ° C, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa kutentha kwa 18-20 ° C. Amakhala nthawi yachisanu m'malo obisalamo zachilengedwe: makoswe, mabowo, ndi zina zotero. Kutentha kumatha kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala mpaka Disembala-Epulo.

Malingaliro

• Database "Vertebrates of Russia": toad of red-beled

• Zinyama zilembo
• Kuwona zoopsa
• Bombinatoridae
• Nyama zofotokozedwa mu 1961
• Amphibians aku Europe
• Nyama zapoizoni

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Onani zomwe "Toad-beed ofad" zili m'madikishonale ena:

Banja lomaliza la achule okhala ndi mafelemu amaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi lamba wam'mapewa osunthika, kupezeka kwa mano pachiwono, kumtunda kwa njira zophatikizira za vertebra, makamaka nthiti zazifupi, ... ... Zamoyo zaminyama

Banja ili limagwirizanitsa anthu akale achikulire, omwe ndi amisala omwe amakhala ku Europe ndi Asia. Mulinso mitundu 8 ya 4 genera. Zowoneka bwino zakale za banja ili zimaphatikizapo kukhalapo kwa ... ... encyclopedia yachilengedwe

Pakati ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe. Imakhala m'mapululu m'dera la steppes, nkhalango zokulirapo ndi zophatikizika (1, 2). Kudera la Ryazan, chovala chokhala ndi mabanga ofiira chimapezeka m'malo okhala madera ambiri m'chigawo cha Meshchera komanso kumwera kwa mtsinje. Oka (3-5). Malo odalirika amadziwika kuti Ryazansky (Lukovsky Forest), Spassky (OGPBZ), Kasimovsky (pafupi ndi mudzi wa Popovka, mudzi wa Saburovo, mudzi wa Novaya Derevnya, malo osefukira a mtsinje wa Oka, mtsinje wa Unzha), Kadomsky (kufupi ndi mzinda wa Kadom Moksha river) ndi Shatsky (mudzi wa Zhelannoe) zigawo (3, 4, 6, 7).

Ku Oka Reserve pazomera zophulika mu 1971-1980. kuchulukana kwa mitunduyi kunachulukitsa anthu 10,145 pa ha (8). Mu zaka izi, mu kasupe wamtundu wokhala ndi ma grooves, azana azaka zamkati anali pafupifupi 10,4%. Mu 1981-1990 chiwerengero cha ana azaka chatsika mpaka 0.5%, ndipo mu 1991-1996. sanapezekemo konse (9). Mu 1998, mu ggwanika ly'amazzi. Oka (chipatala cha Oka Reserve) 100-120 akuyimba zala zamphongo adadziwika, ndipo mphutsi zokhala ndi mikanda yofiirira zimapezeka m'masampulu a tadpole. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2010 Zherlyanka chaka chilichonse amalemba za matupi amadzi otentha mu Oksky Reserve mumphepete mwa mtsinje. Oka. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mbali yamadzi akung'amba kumene, komwe kuwunika kwakanthawi kunachitika, kwawuma chifukwa cha chilala chakumapeto kwa chirimwe (10). Mtundu umagawidwa pang'onopang'ono. Palibe chilichonse chambiri m'derali.

Habitats ndi biology

Zovala zokhala ndi zofiira zokhala m'madziwe osaya, akulu ndi malo ena ang'onoang'ono otetezedwa ndi madzi otsetsereka a Oka ndi mitsinje ina m'derali (4). Imapezeka m'mabotolo osiyanasiyana mu Oka Reserve, koma kuchuluka kwambiri kumadziwika m'madzi osefukira a mitsinje ya Oka ndi Pra (12). Imadzuka pakufika kutentha kwapakati pa 10 ° C. Kubalana kumayamba pa kutentha kwa +15 ° C. Kuchokera pakuwonekera kwamitunduyo mpaka pakuyamba kubereka, pafupifupi masiku 13 mpaka 14 akudutsa. Masonry caviar mu mawonekedwe apompo mbiya ndi kutalika 20-30 mm ndi mainchesi 10-13 mm nthawi zambiri amamangiriridwa ndi masamba a udzu sedge, tizilombo, etc. Pa malo amodzi, mazira 37 (12). Mkazi m'modzi amaikira mazira 80-300 (malinga ndi zina, 500-900) m'magawo a zidutswa za 2-80 (1, 2). Nthawi yayitali ya embryonic kukula kwa chovala chokhala ndi miyendo yofiira ndi masiku 7. Metamorphosis imachitika m'miyezi 2-2,5 (masiku 51-74). Kukula kwa metamorphoses omalizira osiyanasiyana kumasiyana 14 mpaka 21 mm. M'miyezi yachilimwe, mikanda ya akuluakulu ndi yosowa. M'mphepete mwa dziwe mumasungira chaka ndi chaka. Mu Seputembala adanyamuka kukazizira nyengo yachisanu (13). Amadyanso ma ma invertebrates am'madzi, ma mphutsi osokoneza bongo, ma mollusks, ndi nyongolotsi. Chiyembekezo chambiri chokhala ndi zaka zosachepera 12 (1, 2, 13).

Njira zodzitetezera ndi zofunika

Kutetezedwa ndi Msonkhano wa Berne (Zowonjezera II). Kudera la Ryazan, chovala chokhala ndi zofiyira chakhala chikutetezedwa kuyambira 2001 (14). M'pofunika kusunga madzi ofunikira. Ndikofunikira kukonza zipilala zachilengedwe "Kochemar marina", "Ryabov Zaton", "Ageeva Gora", "Upper Sheikino", "Tract Lopata" ndi "Orekhovsky Ostrov", omwe ali mdera lotetezedwa la Oka Reserve komanso komwe ndi mitundu yachilendoyi ndi ena. .

Zoyimitsa moto - banja la amphibians opanda mchira, kuphatikiza mitundu 10, mwa omwe heroine wa nkhaniyi, wa red-beled toad (Bombina bombina), mwina ndiwodziwika kwambiri komanso wofala kwambiri.

Chule ndi chaching'ono: kutalika kwake kumangokhala masentimita 6. Thupi limasungunuka, kuzungulira, nkhope ndi yozungulira. Mphuno ili pafupi ndi maso kuposa chakumapeto kwa muzzle. Miyendo yake ndiyifupi, zimimba zosambira sizinapangidwe bwino, osafika kumapeto kwa zala.

Khungu lophimbidwa ndi ma tubercles, kumbuyo kuli zochulukira kuposa pamimba, zimayikidwa nthawi zambiri kapena zochepa, ma tubercles ang'onoang'ono ndi osalala.

Thupi pamwambapa ndi imvi yokhala ndi mawanga amdima, mbali yamkatiyo ndi yakuda ndi malo ofiira, lalanje kapena achikasu omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza. Zala zakumanja kwa dzanja ndiz zakuda. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, anyani amadzala chimanga chakuda pa zala zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri za kutsogolo ndi mkati mwa mkono.

Kuphatikiza mitundu yamtunduwu wokhala ndi mkanda wamkaka wamkaka ndikotheka, chifukwa chake, mitundu payekhayo imatha kusiyana ndi kufotokozeredwa pamwambapa.

Zojambula pamakhalidwe azolocha

Chala chamaso ofiira nthawi zambiri sichimapita kumtunda. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri akukhala pansi posungira, nthawi zina amasambira, akukoka ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri chimafika pagombe kuchokera pamatumbu, momwe madzi amadziwirira kwambiri. Imatsogolera masana.

Kuchokera m'matupi amadzi samayenda kutali komanso kokha pakusuntha kwa ana, kuti nthawi yozizira ndi yozizira ikhale, nthawi zambiri madzi amadzimidwa. Nthawi zambiri, samasunthira kutali kuchokera kumalo osungirako kuposa mamilimita 3-5, ndipo pangozi yocheperako amatha kulowa m'madzi ndi kulumpha kwakung'ono, ndipo ngati atachita bwino, amawombera pansi ndikubwerera m'matope.

Ikakhala pamtunda, nthawi zina imakhomereredwa kumbuyo kwa matako, ndikuwonetsa dzanja ndi thunthu lowoneka bwino.

Mtundu wamtunduwu, womwe sugwirizana ndi nthaka kuposa ma amphibians ena, chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya sizinthu zazikulu zomwe zimawunikira moyo. Kutentha kwa madzi komwe kumayenerera cholocha chokhala ndi malamba ofiira kumakhala kotalikirapo kuposa komweko kwa anyani ena. Zherlyanok imatha kupezeka pancdles limodzi ndi kutentha kwa madzi kwa 40-45 ° C, komanso m'masupe ndi zitsime, momwe kutentha sikupitilira 8-10 ° C.

Ntchito

Mtunduwu umakhala ukugwira ntchito masana onse masana komanso nthawi yamadzulo, makamaka nthawi yakubzala, pamene amphibian amasonkhana m'magulu ndikupanga mawu odabwitsa. Achule akuwoneka kuti akunena ngati "malingaliro ... malingaliro." Nthawi zina pambuyo pofuula kawiri, kumachitika pang'ono. "Kuyimba" kwa ma Toads kumatha kuchitika pansi pa madzi. Ntchito zimachepa pang'ono pamphepo yamvula komanso nyengo yozizira.

Kutengera ndi malo okhalamo, mikanda yokhala ndi miyendo yofiyira imakhala nthawi yozizira mu Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Novembala, ndipo imadzuka kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira imakhala yosalala kwambiri.