Euglena wobiriwira - lat. Euglenophyta, ndi wamkulu wa eukaryotes ndi banja - Euglenaceae. Euglens zobiriwira ndi priczoular priczoa; euglena amapezeka makamaka m'madzi oyera, ma dambo, ndi ma dambo. Thupi la euglena wobiriwira limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ena. Komanso, mukamaphunzira kapangidwe ka euglena, zimawonekeratu kuti imakhala ndi khungu limodzi lokhala ndi microscopic.
Aliyense wa inu mwina mwazindikira momwe nthawi zina madzi mu dziwe kapena puddle amapeza mtundu wobiriwira, kapena, monga akunena, "blooms". Ngati mungayang'anire madziwo ndikuyang'ana dontho pansi pa maikulosikopu, mudzazindikira m'madzi, pamodzi ndi nyama ndi zomera zina, zolengedwa zobiriwira zomwe zimayandama mwachangu. Izi ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira. Ndi kuchulukana kwakukulu kwa euglena, madziwo amasintha kukhala obiriwira.
Euglena wobiriwira kuyenda
Kuyenda kwa euglena wobiriwira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yayitali komanso yopyapyala - flagellum yomwe ili kumapeto kwa thupi la euglena. Chifukwa cha iye, euglena wobiriwira amasuntha. Flagellum imayenda mozungulira, ngati kuti ikudzipinda yokha m'madzi. Zochita zake zitha kufananizidwa ndi zomwe woyendetsa boti yama motor kapena steamboat. Kusunthaku ndikungwiro kuposa kayendedwe mothandizidwa ndi pseudopods. Estroglen imayenda mwachangu kwambiri kuposa nsapato za ciliates.
Chakudya chobiriwira cha Euglena
Kufufuza euglena wobiriwira pansi pa makina oonera tinthu tating'ono, munthu amatha kuzindikira pang'onopang'ono thupi lake ngati matupi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira. Awa ndi ma chromatopore momwe chlorophyll amapezeka. Euglena uyu amafanana ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira. Monga iwonso, mothandizidwa ndi chlorophyll, imatha kuyamwa kaboni kuchokera ku kaboni dayokisaidi, ndikupanga thupi lake ngati kanthu. Kuphatikiza pa zakudya zotere za euglena, zobiriwira zimathanso kudya zinthu zomwe zimakonzedwa, zomwe nthawi zonse zimasungunuka m'magulu okhala ndi madzi ambiri. Amasefa zinthuzi mothandizidwa ndi chakudya chamagaya, monga amoeba wamba. Zotsatira zake, zobiriwira za euglena zimatha kudyetsa ngati chomera komanso ngati chinyama.
Mtundu wazakudya zake zimatengera kupezeka kapena kusakhalako kwa kuwala m'malo omwe nyamayi imakhala. Masanawa, pamaso pa kuunika, euglena wobiriwira amadya ngati chomera. Palibe kuwala, momwe imadyetsera masinthidwe: ngati nyama, euglena imadya zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zina. Ndi chakudya ichi, chlorophyll omwe amapezeka mu chromatophores amatha, ndipo euglena amataya mtundu wake wobiriwira. Mukayika euglena mumdima, umasamba ndikuyamba kudya ngati nyama.
Njira ziwiri zodyera euglena wobiriwira ndizinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri. Ikuwonetsa komwe kudachokera zomera ndi nyama. Poyerekeza nyama zapamwamba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zomera zapamwamba, titha kusiyanitsa pakati pawo. Sitipeza kusiyana kotereku ngati tingafanizitsa nyama zapansi zooneka bwino (mwachitsanzo, euglena wobiriwira) ndi mbewu zopanda unicellular.
Zizindikiro za Euglena Green
Thupi la unicellular lili ndi mawonekedwe a fusiform. Ali ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupi ndi mamilimita 0,5. Pamaso pa thupi la Euglena ndiwosalankhula. Nayi diso lofiira. Ndiwosangalatsa, amalola malo omwe amakhala "osakhalitsa" masana Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa maso omwe ali mumtunda wa Euglen, madziwo amawoneka ofiira, oyera.
Flagellum imalumikizidwanso kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi. Mwa makanda, sizingakhale, chifukwa khungu limagawika pawiri. Flagellum imatsala pa imodzi mwazigawo. Chigawo chachiwiri chamagalimoto chikukula ndi nthawi. Mapeto ake kumbuyo kwa thupi la chomera cha Euglena Green akunenedwa. Izi zimathandiza kukonzekera kulowa m'madzi, kuyenda bwino, ndikuthamanga.
Magamba a nkhaniyo amapezeka mu metabolism. Uku ndi kuthekera kusintha mawonekedwe a thupi. Ngakhale amakhala opindika nthawi zambiri, akhoza kukhala:
- ngati mtanda
- grump
- ozungulira
- chotupa.
Mulimonse momwe Euglena anali, mawonekedwe ake samawoneka ngati khungu lili ndi moyo. Mchitidwewu umabisika kwa maso chifukwa cha kusuntha kosuntha. Diso la munthu silingathe kuligwira. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka flagellum kamathandizira izi. Itha kuyesedwa pansi pa ma microscope.
Chotsimikizidwa ndi katswiri
Euglena wobiriwira ndi unicellular, kumapeto kwa thupi kumakhala katemera wa contractile komanso manyazi. Flagellum ili kutsogolo, mothandizidwa nayo imayenda. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuyenda kwamphamvu kwa flagellum.
Euglena amapuma mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi. Kusinthana kwa mafuta kumachitika kudzera m'thupi.
Kufalikira kwa kugawanika kwakutali kwa awiriwo, i.e. njira yokhazikika.
Euglena amakhala makamaka m'madzi oyenda (ma puddles, ponds).
Zinthu, kapangidwe ndi malo okhala
Woimira ambiri mwa zolengedwa izi ndi euglena wobiriwira. Chamoyo chophweka kwambiri chomwechi sichidadziwikebe kwa ofufuza.
Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi akhala akukangana pakati pawo za kuti cholengedwa chachilendo ichi ndi ndani. Asayansi ena amakonda kuganiza kuti iyi ndi nyama, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta komanso ochepa. Ena kunyamula zobiriwira zobiriwira algae, ndiye kuti, kwa chomera.
Amakhala m'madzi oyera. Zidutswa zoipitsidwa, madzi osayenda okhala ndi masamba akuwundika ndiwo malo omwe amakonda kwambiri woimilira a flagella. Pakuyenda kwa euglena amagwiritsa ntchito flagellum imodzi, yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa thupi lake lopindika. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi chipolopolo champhamvu chokhazikika.
Pansi pa flagellum mumakhala chokongoletsedwa ndi maso owoneka bwino, ofiira owala otchedwa stigma. Peephole ili ndi zithunzi zambiri komanso imatsogolera euglena kuti asunthire kuwunikira kwabwino kwambiri padziwe, zomwe zimapangitsa photosynthesis.
Mulinso ndi katemera wa pulsating, yemwe amayang'anira kupuma ndi mawonekedwe a cholengedwa ichi. Izi ndizofanana amoeba ndi euglena wobiriwira. Chifukwa cha chiwalochi, thupi limachotsa madzi ochuluka.
Kumapeto kwake kuli chinsinsi ndipo chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu, lomwe limayang'anira zonse zofunikira zamoyozi. Dothi la euglena lili ndi ma chloroplasts pafupifupi 20.
Amakhala gwero la chlorophyll, lomwe limapatsa euglena mtundu wobiriwira. Izi zikuyankha funso - bwanji euglena wobiriwira chotchedwa. Mtundu wake, zobiriwira zobiriwira zimapambanadi.
Kuphatikiza apo, chlorophyll imathandizira njira yofunika mu thupi la euglena - photosynthesis. Mwabwino, cholengedwa ichi chimadya ngati mbewu wamba, ndiye kuti, autotrophic.
Ndi kumayambiriro kwamdima, njira yogaya chakudya imasintha pang'ono ndipo euglena wobiriwira amadya, ngati chinyama, chimafunika chakudya chamagulu, chomwe chimasinthidwa kukhala chinthu cha heterotrophic.
Chifukwa chake, asayansi sanasankhebe kuti ndi ndani yemwe angapange - zolengedwa kapena nyama. Dongosolo lake la cytoplasm limapeza michere yaying'ono ya mchere womwe umapangidwa, womwe umakhala pafupi ndi mawonekedwe a wowuma.
Amagwiritsa ntchito euglena pakusala kudya. Ngati euglena ali mumdima kwa nthawi yayitali, kupatukana ndi ma chloroplasts ake sikuchitika. Kugawikana kwa unicellular okha kumapitirirabe. Izi zimatha ndikuwonekera kwa euglena, yemwe alibe chloroplasts.
Thupi la euglena wobiriwira limakhala ndi mawonekedwe, lomwe limawolokedwa pafupi ndi theka lam'mbuyo. Magawo ake ali ndi microscopic kwathunthu - kutalika kwa maikolofoni pafupifupi 60, ndi m'lifupi mwake osaposa 18 ma microns.
Kusunthika kwa thupi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu za euglena zobiriwira. Imachepetsedwa ndikukulitsidwa ngati pakufunika. Izi ndichifukwa cha ulusi wama protein omwe amapezeka kapangidwe ka euglena wobiriwira. Izi zimamuthandiza kuyenda osagwiritsa ntchito flagellum.
Ciliates nsapato ndi euglena wobiriwira - Izi ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe anthu ambiri amafanana. M'malo mwake, ndizosiyana kotheratu. Izi zimawonekera makamaka momwe amadyetsedwera.
Ngati zobiriwira za euglena zimatha kudya ngati nyama komanso chomera, ndiye kuti amatsenga amakonda zakudya zachilengedwe. Zosavuta izi zimapezeka kulikonse. Dziwe lililonse lamadzi abwino litha kukhala lodzaza ndi anthu achilendo kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zobiriwira za euglena.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ngati mungayang'ane pa microscope moyo wa Euglena Green, titha kunena kuti ichi ndi cholengedwa champhamvu komanso cholimba mtima. Amachita chidwi ndi chidwi komanso chidwi ndichidwi nsapato zake, ndipo zimawoneka zosangalatsa.
Atayikidwa kwa nthawi yayitali mumdima, panali kutha konse kwa chlorophyll, komwe kumapangitsa kuti kusakhale kopanda utoto. Izi zimakhudza kuperewera kwa photosynthesis. Pambuyo pake, flagellum iyi imayenera kusinthira ku zakudya zopanda chilengedwe zokha.
Kusuntha mothandizidwa ndi euglene flagellum kumatha kuyandikira mtunda wautali. Nthawi yomweyo, flagellum imasungunulidwa ndikuyenda kwamadzi, ndikufanana ndi boti lama motor kapena steamboats.
Ngati tikufanizira kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kabwino ka euglena ndi ciliates, yoyamba imayenda mwachangu kwambiri. Kusunthaku kumakhala komwe kumawongoleredwa m'malo abwino.
Kuthamanga kwa euglena kumatha kuwonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito katemera, zomwe zimathandiza cholengedwa kuti zichotse zonse zomwe sizopepuka, zomwe zimachepetsa kusambira kwawo. Mpweya wabwino kwambiriwu umachitika chifukwa cha kukomoka kwa oxygen ndi thupi lake lonse.
Eugene amatha kupulumuka m'malo aliwonse, chamoyo chilichonse chimatha kuchitira kaduka luso lake. Mwachitsanzo, dziwe lomwe lakhala likuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali, zobiriwira za euglena sizimayenda ndipo sizidya, ndikusintha mawonekedwe ake kwakanthawi.
Mchira wa ophweka, wotchedwa flagellum, umasowa ndipo euglena imakhala yozungulira. Imakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chapadera ndipo imatha kudikirira nyengo iliyonse yoyipa. Vutoli limatchedwa cyst. Amatha kukhala mu cyst mpaka nyengo zitakhala bwino.
Kuswana
Green euglena Mitundu yekhaxxly, pomwe pali magawikidwe a cell mayi ndi kotenga nthawi gawo awiri. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti asanalowe mu mgonero, kupatukana kwanyengo kumachitika.
Zitatha izi, khungu limayamba kugawanika kutsogolo. Pankhaniyi, mapangidwe a flagellum yatsopano komanso pharynx yatsopano, ndikupatuka pang'onopang'ono. Mchitidwewo umatha ndi kulekanitsa kumbuyo.
Chifukwa chake, kupangidwa kwa maselo a ana aakazi, omwe ali makope enieni a mayiyo, amapezeka. Gawo lotsatira limalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwawo pang'onopang'ono. M'tsogolomu, njira yofananira yogawa imabwerezedwanso.
Zojambula
Euglena wobiriwira ndiye chamoyo chosavuta kwambiri chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kwambiri osavuta. Ali ndi thupi lokwera komanso kumbuyo. Kutalika kwa euglena kumatha kupitirira 60 microseter, ndi kutalika kwa ma micrometer 18. Selo ili:
- pachimake
- chipolopolo
- cytoplasm
- photosensitive peephole
- Katemera wa contractile,
- flagellum
- Photoreceptor
- chloroplasts
- ma organelles ena.
Kapangidwe kake ndi euglena kobiriwira. Euglena ndi chomera chamtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta
Chipolopolo (pellicle) chimateteza khungu ku zinthu zakunja. Ma cytoplasm ndi wandiweyani, koma pulasitiki, yomwe imalola kuti thupi lisinthe pang'ono, kuwonjezeka ndi mgwirizano ngati pangafunike kutero.
Chifukwa cha diso lowoneka bwino, lomwe limakhala ndi utoto wofiira, euglena amakhudzanso kusintha pang'ono pang'ono pakuwala. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azitha kuyenda pang'ono m'malo - iye amasuntha molowera kuwala.
Poyenda, thupi limagwiritsa ntchito flagellum (protoplasmic outgrowth) yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa khungu. Flagellum imapangitsa kuyenda kwamphamvu, ndipo kuthamanga kwa euglena kupitilira liwiro la protozoa ena ambiri, omwe amapatsa mwayi. Kuphatikiza apo, euglena imatha kusuntha popanda kutenga nawo mbali pa ulendowu, mongochita nawo mgwirizano.
Ngati mumakonda vidiyoyi, gawanani ndi anzanu:
Imapuma euglena, imalowetsa okosijeni m'thupi lonse kudzera m'matumbo a ma cell, zopangidwa ndi kaboni dayamondi zimatuluka mwa iwo. Chizindikiro chodziwika ndi mbewu ndikupezeka kwa chlorophyll, komwe kumapangitsa mwayi wa photosynthesis. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha chlorophyll, thupi limakhala ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino wobiriwira.
Habitat ndi moyo
Nthawi zambiri, malo obiriwira a euglena amathanso kukhala odetsedwa matupi amadzi - madambo, makhwawa, etc. Koma ma protozoa amathanso kukhazikika m'madzi oyera, koma malo otere sakhala omasuka. Ngati madzi ayamba "kutuluka", ndiye kuti, amasandulika obiriwira, ndiye ichi ndichizindikiro cha mawonekedwe amadzi amwewo.
Ponena za zakudya, euglena amatanthauza ma mixotrophs, ndiko kuti, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya mphamvu kupanga mphamvu. Pansi pazikhalidwe wamba, chophweka chimakhala ngati chomera, chomwe chimadya pa njira ya autotrophic - imalandira mphamvu kuchokera ku kuwala mothandizidwa ndi chlorophyll. Nthawi yomweyo, euglena imagwira ntchito, imangoyenda kumalo opepuka.
Ngati unicellular ikhala mumdima kwa nthawi yayitali, imasinthira ku heterotrophic mode yazakudya - imatenga chinthu chachilengedwe kuchokera m'madzi. Pankhaniyi, pofuna kufufuza zinthu, euglena iyenera kusuntha zina. Kusintha kwakunja kumachitika ndi khungu - limataya mtundu wake wobiriwira ndipo limakhala pafupi kuwonekera.
Ngakhale photosynthesis ndiyo njira yayikulu yopezera mphamvu kwa anthu ambiri ku Euglene, pali zochitika zina zomwe zimakonda kudya chakudya chamagulu kuchokera pakubadwa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti unicellular imakhala ndi pakamwa yachilendo pazakudyazi. Ngakhale chakudya chimamezedwa ndi ma microorganism, osati kamwa iyi yokha, koma nembanemba yonse.
Euglena wobiriwira amadya organic, ngakhale ali ndi pakamwa pa izi
Chifukwa cha izi, akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zachilengedwe sakhala ndi lingaliro logwirizana ngati euglena ndi alga kapena nyama. Asayansi amafotokoza kuti kupangika kwamphamvu komweku kumatsimikizira kuti mbewu ndi nyama zinachokera kwina.
Atakhala mumdima m'madzi oyera, opanda chamoyo, khungu limafa. Dziwe likawuma kapena likauma, limasandulika chotupa. Panthawi imeneyi, samadya kapena kupumira. Flagellum imazimiririka ndikufika mkanda wokuteteza wakhungu. Mwanjira imeneyi, lidzakhalabe mpaka zinthu zitakhala zovomerezeka m'moyo.
Njira yofalitsira ubweya wa euglena ndi magawano. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, protozoa imatha kugawanitsa mwachangu kwambiri. Poterepa, mutha kuwona momwe madzi amakhala amitambo ndikuyamba kubiriwira.
Kugawikaku kumachitika m'njira yayitali. Choyamba, ma nucleus a selo la amayi amagawidwa, kenako ena onse. Gawo lakutali limayendera limodzi ndi thupi, pomwe selo la amayi limagawidwa m'magulu awiri a ana aakazi.
Ngati mumakonda vidiyoyi, gawanani ndi anzanu:
Euglena wobiriwira mawonekedwe
Kunja, khungu limakutidwa ndi utoto wocheperako wa cytoplasm - cholembera chomwe chimagwira ntchito ya nembanemba. Chingwe chimodzi chimachoka kutsogolo kwa thupi la euglena, chifukwa cha kuzungulira komwe kumapita kutsogolo.Pansi pa flagellum nthawi zonse pamakhala kupindika kwapadera, komwe kumakhalapo kachiwona.
Euglena adadziwika ndi dzina lomwe ma chromatophores obiriwira amapatsa khungu.
Ndiwopanda mawonekedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri mumakhala khola ngati nyenyezi. Mu chromatophores, photosynthesis imachitika. Zakudya zomanga thupi zopangidwa m'kuwala zimayikidwa mu cell momwe muli mbewu zopanda utoto. Nthawi zina amapangidwa kwambiri mpaka kutseka ma chromatophores, ndipo euglena imakhala yoyera. Mumdima, photosynthesis imayima, ndipo euglena imayamba kugaya mbewu zosakanikirana zamagalimoto ndikupanga zobiriwira kachiwiri.
Mwachilengedwe, ma euglen nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi odetsedwa ndi zinthu zambiri zosungunuka, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza matumba onse azakudya - photosynthesis, chikhalidwe cha mbewu, komanso chakudya, chikhalidwe cha nyama. Chifukwa chake, euglena, kumbali ina, ndi chomera, mbali inayo, nyama. Kapangidwe konga “kosakanikirana” kameneka kumadzetsa mkangano pakati pa asayansi: botanists amati euglen ndi mtundu wapadera wa chomera, pomwe akatswiri a zachilengedwe amawasiyanitsa ngati gawo laling'ono la flagellates.
Oimira ena a kufalikira kwa Euglena (achibale a Euglena wobiriwira) nthawi zambiri sangathe kupanga zithunzi ndipo amadya ngati nyama, mwachitsanzo, Astasia (Astasia). Nyama zotere zimatha kupanga zida zamkamwa zovuta nazo zomwe zimamwa zinthu zazing'ono kwambiri.
Momwe zimbudzi zobiriwira zimaswana
Kubwezeretsedwa kwa masamba obiriwira kumachitika pokhapokha pazabwino kwambiri. Pakangodutsa kanthawi kochepa, madzi oyera osungira madzi amatha kusanduka obiriwira chifukwa magawidwe azinthu zosavuta izi. Achibale apafupi a izi zosavuta ndi chipale chofewa komanso chamagazi. Ma microorganism amenewa akaberekanso, zinthu zodabwitsa zimatha kuwonedwa.
Chifukwa chake, m'zaka za IV Aristotle adalongosola za chipale chofewa "chokhala ndimagazi", chomwe, komabe, chidawonekera chifukwa cha magawidwe azinthu izi. Chipale chofewa chimatha kuonedwa kumadera ambiri kumpoto kwa Russia, mwachitsanzo, ku Urals, Kamchatka, kapena zilumba zina za Arctic. Euglena ndi cholengedwa chosanyengerera ndipo chimatha kukhala ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri ayezi ndi matalala. Tizilomboti tikachulukana, chipale chofewa timayamba kutulutsa utoto. Chipale chimakhala "chamaluwa" okhala ndi mawanga ofiira komanso akuda.
Chosavuta chofalikira chimagawika padera. Selo la amayi limagawidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Choyamba, ma nyukiliya amayenda mgawikano, kenako ndi ziwalo zina zonse. Mtundu wa furrow umapangidwa mthupi la ma microorganism, omwe amagawa thupi la amayi pang'onopang'ono.
M'mikhalidwe yovuta, m'malo mwakugawa, munthu amatha kuwona momwe ma cyst amapangidwira. Pankhaniyi, amoeba ndi euglena wobiriwira nawonso ndi ofanana. Monga amoebas, amaphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo chapadera ndikugwera mumtundu wa hibernation. Mwanjira ya cysts, zinthuzi zimanyamulidwa limodzi ndi fumbi ndipo zikafikanso m'malo amadzimadzi zimadzuka ndikuyamba kuchulukana mwachangu.
