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Ankylosaurus
Ankylosaurus : "opindika patolin" "wogulitsa pangolin."
Nthawi ya kukhalapo: kutha kwa nthawi ya Cretaceous - zaka pafupifupi 74-65 miliyoni zapitazo
Gulu: Nkhuku
Dongosolo: Ankylosaurs
Zofala za ankylosaurs:
- anayenda miyendo inayi
- idadya zamasamba
- kumbuyo kuchokera kumchira mpaka kumutu kumakutidwa ndi zida za mafupa
Makulidwe:
kutalika 10 - 11 m
kutalika - 2,5 mamita
kulemera - 4 matani.
Chakudya: dinosaur wa herbivorous
Tazindikira: 1908, USA
Ankylosaurus anali weniweni tank la nthawi ya Mesozoic. Zida zamphamvu zophimba thupi lake, ndipo mchirawo panali chingwe champhamvu chamfupa. Ankylosaurus anali oopsa ngakhale kwa owopsa wolamulira kapena albertosaurus. Ankylosaurs adadziwika ndi dzina polemekeza mawonekedwe opindika, kulimba kwa thunthu lakunja (m'Chi Greek, lopindika, lopindika)
Zambiri ndi kapangidwe ka thupi:
Ankylosaurs - ma dinosaurs akuluakulu akuyenda pamiyendo inayi yochepa komanso yamphamvu. Thupi la ankylosaurus linali lalitali kuyerekeza ndi basi yanthawi zonse.
Thupi lonse la ankylosaurus, kapena m'malo ake kuchokera kumutu mpaka mchira, lidakutidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakulidwe amfupa, ma spikes ndi ma tubercles. Pansi pa dinosaur sanatetezedwe. Awa anali malo ofooka a ankylosaurus. Kupatula chipolopolo |
Dinayolo amawoneka kuti walowa pansi kuchokera kumwamba ndipo amafanana ndi kamba ngati sikunali kwa mchira wake wamphamvu wokhala ndi chimfine cholemera kumapeto. Mchira wa dinosaur wokhala ndi mbewa kumapeto kwake unayendetsedwa ndi minofu yomwe ili m'munsi mwa mchira.
Chitetezo:
Ankylosaurus amakhala nthawi yomweyo ndi ma dinosaurs monga tyrannosaurus ndi albertosaurus. Izi ndizotheka kwambiri chifukwa cha zida zotere. Ankylosaurus anali pafupi kulephera kuchokera kumwamba. Poganizira kukula kwa katswiri wazosangalatsa za nthawiyo, ankylosaurus adatetezedwa moyenera.
Poona zoopsa, ankylosaurus nthawi yomweyo adadziteteza. Ubongo wa ankylosaurus unali wocheperako. Chifukwa chake, pangozi, amatha kuukira theropod.
Dokotalayo adatembenukira kumbali yakuwombayo ndipo adadikirira mgonero wake kuchokera mbali ndi mbali kwakanthawi kuti amenye. Ndikaponya kamodzi, ankylosaurus sanangodziwitsa okhawo omwe amawopa kuti sangakhale ndi nkhomaliro pano, komanso kuvulaza wozunza. Ndikangomenya kamodzi, ankylosaurus amatha kuthyola fupa kapena kuwononga ziwalo zamagetsi zamagulu owotcha.
Ngakhale kuti ma ankylosaurus ankawoneka kuti sangawonongeke, anali ndi malo ofooka. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zida zankhondo zinali kokha theka lakumapeto kwa dinosaur. Mimba ya ankylosaurus sinatetezedwe. Akadakhala kuti atembenuza nsana wake kumbuyo kwake, sakanakhala ndi mwayi wopulumutsa.
Koma kusintha dinosaur yolemera matani 4 si ntchito yovuta.
Moyo:
Ma dinosaurs a Herbivorous nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gulu la ng'ombe. Izi zimawathandiza kudziteteza ku dinosaurs zolusa. Mpaka pano, akatswiri a paleontologists sanapeze zochuluka za zotsalira za ankylosaurs, mwachitsanzo momwe zinaliri ndi ma troperatops. Mwambiri, ma ankylosaurs ankakhala okha.
Ankylosaurs mwina anali ndi ana ochepa kwambiri. Pamapeto pa Cretaceous, izi zidayamba kukhala vuto wamba kwa ma dinosaurs onse. Malinga ndi asayansi, izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilengedwe.
Ma ankylosaurs achikulire amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali, chifukwa zida zawo ndi ma spikes zidawapangitsa kukhala osagonja. Chitetezo chabwino chinali chinsinsi chakuyenda bwino kwa ma ankylosaurs.
Zambiri zamapangidwe amthupi
Poyang'ana koyamba, ankylosaurus, kapena kumtunda kwa thupi lake, amafanana ndi koni wa pine wovala chipolopolo. Pafupipafupi, ma dinosaur kuyambira kumutu kupita kumchira adakutidwa ndi zida zamafupa zokhala ndi mafupa ofanana ndi spike, omwe amalemera kwambiri, omwe amachepetsa kuthamanga kwake, koma amapereka chitetezo chabwino. Thupi linali lalitali kwambiri, lofananira ndi kutalika kwa mabasi apano.
Nkhani yopezeka
- Mu 1900, Brown adapeza ma ankylosaurus osteoderms m'magawo a Lance, Wyoming mapangidwe, omwe poyamba amati ndi wankhanza.
- Kwa nthawi yoyamba zotsalira za ankylosaurus (lat. Ankylosaurus) zidapezeka mu 1906 ndi wolembera zinthu zakale a Peter Caysen paulendo wopita ku American Museum of Natural History motsogozedwa ndi Barnum Brown m'magawo a Hell Creek Fform, Montana, USA.
- Mtundu woyimira (holotype) anafotokozedwa ndi a Brown mu 1908. Mu holotype (AMNH 5895), kumtunda kwa chigaza, mano awiri, ma vertebrae asanu amchiberekero, 11 dorsal vertebrae, atatu caudal vertebrae, scapula lamanja, nthiti ndi osteoderma adapezeka.
- Mu 1910, ulendo watsopano wotsogozedwa ndi a Brown, m'magulu a mapangidwe a Skollard, Alberta, Canada, adakwanitsa kupeza chitsanzo chomwe chinali ndi mbewa yoyamba ndi yomaliza kumapeto kwa mchira wa ankylosaurus. Mtunda wa makilomita kuchokera pa malowa mu 1947, anthu ofukula zinthu zakale a Charles Mortram Sternberg ndi T. Potter Chamney adapeza chigaza ndi chibwano cha ankylosaurus. Ichi ndiye chigaza chachikulu kwambiri chodziwika bwino cha dinosaur (AMNH 5214), chigaza chathunthu, kumanzere kumanja, nthiti zisanu ndi imodzi, mapaundi asanu ndi awiri amkati ndi kalabu yolumikizana, humerus kumanzere, kumanja kumanzere, ischium, kumanzere femur, fibula yakumanja ndi chikopa.
- Mu 1960s, mitundu isanu ya caudal vertebrae, osteoderma, ndi mano zidapezeka mu Hell Creek, Montana.
- Zitsanzo zomwe zatchulidwa mu chithunzichi:
AMNH 5866: masamba 77 osteoderm ndi osteoderm yaying'ono,
CCM V03: gawo la miyambo yoyeserera,
NMC 8880: chigaza ndi kumanzere kwapansi.
- Gawo loyamba la dzina lamtunduwu limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki kukhala "chopendekera", "kukhazikika" - mawu oti ankylosis, pomwe zolimba zimayamba chifukwa cholumikizidwa mafupa. Kukonzanso kwa mawonekedwe akunja a ankylosaurus omwe adapangidwa ndi a Brown amasiyana ndi amakono, popeza wasayansi pantchito yake adatsogozedwa ndi kukonzanso kwa stegosaurus ndi glyptodon.
Kapangidwe ka mafupa
Ankylosaurus ndiye woimira wamkulu wa banja lake. Anali wamiyendo yamiyendo inayi, kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Mafupa ambiri a mafupa, kuphatikiza mafupa ambiri a m'chiuno, mchira ndi mapazi, sanapezeke. Chiwonetsero chachikulu cha dinosaur chimakhala kumtunda kwa chigaza, mano awiri, gawo la lamba lamapewa, vertebrae ochokera kumadipatimenti onse, nthiti komanso zoposa 30 osteoderms. Mapewa ake amtali 61.5 cm atapangidwa ndi coracoid. Chiyerekezo chimodzi chimaphatikizapo chigaza chokwanira ndi chibwano chamunsi, nthiti, mafupa a miyendo, mbewa, ndi mafupa. Humerus of the assenen ndiyifupi, mulifupi, pafupifupi 51 cm. Ukazi wamtundu womwewo ndi wautali, wamphamvu, kutalika kwa masentimita 67. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya ankylosaurus inali ndi zala zitatu, ngati mamembala ena a banja.
Njira zopangika za khomo lachiberekero la khomo lachiberekero (onani chithunzi patsamba 9) za ankylosaurus ndi zazikulu. Kutalika kwawo kumakula pang'onopang'ono kuyambira kwa woyamba mpaka womaliza wa vertebra. Kutsogolo kwa njira zopangidwazo kumapangidwa ma entheses (malo omwe amaphatikizika ndi ligament kapena tendon), omwe adawonetsa kukhalapo pa moyo wamisala yamphamvu yomwe imathandizira mutu waukulu wa dinosaur. Matupi a ma dorsal vertebrae ndi ochulukirapo kuposa kutalika kwake, ndipo machitidwe awo opindika ndi afupikitsa komanso ochepa. Njira izi zidapangitsa kuti matumba ambiri azingidwe. Omaliza anali kuphatikizana mwamphamvu, zomwe zimachepetsa kuyenda kwa pansi. Chifuwa cha ankylosaurus ndi chachikulu. Pali mafupa amakono. Nthiti za amiyendo anayi omaliza adagwirizana nawo. Matupi a caudal vertebrae ndi amphicelic (amagwirizana mwamphamvu mkati ndi kumbuyo).
Kapangidwe ka chigaza
Ma zigoba atatu odziwika a dinosaur amasiyana mwatsatanetsatane - umboni wa kusiyana pakati pa anthu, komanso manda akamwalira. Chigoba chimakhala chachikulu, chamapangidwe atatu. Kutsogolo kwake kunali mulomo wopangidwa ndi mafupa a premaxillary. Zozungulira ndi zozungulira kapena zopindika pang'ono. Maso sanayang'anitsidwe bwino kumbali, popeza chigaza chinalunjika kumtsinde. Bokosi la chigaza ndi lalifupi komanso lamphamvu.
Masamba otumphukira pamwamba pake anali opindika ndi nyanga za piramidi zopangidwa ndi mafupa olimba. Amawongolera kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Pansi pa nyanga zam'mwamba ndizomwe zimatsika, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafupa a zygomatic. Amawongoleredwa pansi ndi kumbuyo. Pamwamba pa chigaza pali zikutikiro (mafupa oterera, mafupa ophimba mafupa a chigaza). Njira zomwe adapangazo zidasiyanasiyana pachikhalidwe chilichonse cha a dinosaur, koma zina zinali zodziwika. Mphuno zake zinali pamphepete mwa muzzle, pakati pa mphuno kutsogolo kunali chipinda chachikulu cha ma polomboid kapena hexagonal, pamwamba pa zitsulo zamaso panali ofooka awiri, ndipo kumbuyo kwa chigaza panali kakhalidwe ka ma caputegules.
Mbali yakunja ya chigaza (rostrum) imamangidwa ndikugundika kunja. Mphuno zake ndizoyenderera, zimawongoleredwa pansi komanso mmbali. Siziwoneka kuchokera kutsogolo, chifukwa ma paranasal sinuses amadzipaka kumbali ya mafupa a premaxillary. Loreal caputegulum rostrum yayikulu m'makutu idaphimba zotseguka zammphuno. Mkati mwake, septum yachilendo imalekanitsa mbali zamkati ndi zachinyengo. Pali zolakwika zisanu kumbali iliyonse ya rostrum, zinayi zomwe zimakulitsidwa mpaka fupa la nsagwada. Mitsempha yamafinya ya ankylosaurus ndi yayitali ndipo imalekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake ndi septum yokhala ndi mabowo awiri.
Mafupa a nsagwada amapitilira mbali. Amakhala ndi zisa zomata m'masaya. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzozo chinali ndi mano 34-35 kumbali iliyonse ya nsagwada yapamwamba. Izi ndizoposa mamembala ena am'banja. Kutalika kwa dentition ndi masentimita 20. Pafupi ndi alveoli komwe mano amayenera kupezeka, nsonga za mano obwezeretsera zimawonekera. Nsagwada ya m'munsi ya dinosaur ndiyotsika kutalika kwake. Ikawonedwa kuchokera kumbali, dentiyo imakhala yoongoka osati yokonzedwa. Nsagwada yathunthu yotalika masentimita 41 imangosungidwa mwa mtundu wocheperako basi. Zosakwanira - mwachitsanzo chachikulu. Pali mano 35 kumbali yakumanzere ya fanizo loyamba, ndipo 36 kumanja. Mano - ang'ono, owoneka ngati masamba, Pambuyo pake opindika, apamwamba m'lifupi. Pamapeto kwa mzere, mano amawerama. Mbali imodzi ya nduwira ndi yosalala kuposa inayo. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha ankylosaurus. Mano omwe ali pameno a dinosaur ndi akulu, kuchokera kutsogolo - kuyambira 6 mpaka 8, kuchokera kumbuyo - kuyambira 5 mpaka 7. Yang'anani chithunzi chazithunzi ndi mano a ankylosaurus pazithunzi.
Chitetezo cha predator
Zida za Ankylosaurus zimakhala ndi osteoderms - ma cones ndi ma mbale - kutuluka kwa mafupa pakhungu. Sanapezeke mwanjira yachilengedwe ndi mafupa a mafupa, koma kuyerekeza ndi mamembala ena am'banjali kunathandizira kubwezeretsanso malo awo pamthupi la dinosaur. Kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa osteoderms kankachokera masentimita 1 mpaka 35.5. Ma osteoderm ang'ono ndi mawonekedwe ofunda anali pakati pa zazikulu. Pali zopindika ziwiri pakhosi la dinosaur, ngakhale zimadziwika kokha ndi zidutswa. Adakutira khosi kumphete. Pamodzi aliyense wa iwo panali ma odioderm asanu ndi m'modzi okhala ndi chowongolera.
Osteoderms kumbuyo kwenikweni kuseri kwa zachiberekero zomwe zinali zofanana. Kenako mainchesi awo anachepa kulowera kumchira. Kapangidwe ka mafupa m'mbali mwa thupi kunali kotalikirapo kuposa koyambira. Makona atatu, ophatikizidwa pambuyo pake anali m'mphepete mwa dera la pelvic ndi mchira. Ma vooderm ovoid, obooleredwa komanso osasalala anali pamphumi.
Makina kumapeto kwa mchira wa dinosaur muli ma osteoderm awiri akulu, pakati pomwe pali ochepa ang'ono ndi zidutswa ziwiri pamwamba. Amabisala verdelebra yomalizira. Mace amadziwika nthawi imodzi yokha. Kutalika kwake ndi 60 masentimita, m'lifupi - 49 cm, kutalika - 19 cm. Kapangidwe kake kwambiri kwambiri kamene kamakhala pafupifupi cm 57. Mukayang'ana kuchokera pamwamba, mawonekedwe a mbewa ya dinosaur ndi amodzi. Malipenga asanu ndi awiri omaliza omaliza amapangika "malo" a kalabu. Panalibe ziwopsezo pakati pawo, adasokonekera ndipo anasuntha. Misewu ya kutsogolo kwa matopewo idasokonekera, ndikulimbikitsa kwambiri kapangidwe kake. Mafupa achitsulo amatha kuthyoka chifukwa cha mbewa kuchokera kwa wolusa wamkulu. Ankylosaurus amatha kupotokola mchira wake kumbali pafupi madigiri 100.
Anodontosaurus, Euplocephalus, Scolosaurus, Ziapelt, Talarur, Nodocephalosaurus.
Nenani za openda
- Ogwira ntchito zolembedwa "Kutulutsidwa: Nkhondo za Dinosaurs", 2009, mu mndandanda 3 "Oteteza"
- makanema ojambula "Sitima ya Dinosaur", 2009-2017 An ankylosaurus wotchedwa Hank amawonekera katatu pamndandanda. Ndiwosewera wabwino kwambiri.
- Zojambula zojambulidwa Tsiku Lomaliza la Ma Dinosaurs, 2010. Wankhanza amalimbana ndi ankylosaurus. Meteorite itagwa, ma ankylosaurs angapo anafa kuchokera kumtambo wotentha. Ankylosaurus wanjala komanso wofooka amamenyana ndi ma triciatops omwewo a chitsamba chayekha. Tyrannosaurus wovulala amapha ankylosaurus.
- zolemba zotsika pang'ono "Dinosaur Era", 2011, mndandanda 4 "Kutha kwa Masewera"
- filimu "Jurassic World", 2015. Gulu la ankylosaurs limathawa ku Indominus rex. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawombera motsutsana ndi girikiti ndi ngwazi. Nyamayi imagwira, imagwira ndikuphwanya ankylosaurus imodzi.
- filimu "Jurassic World 2", 2018. Ankilosaurus amathawa kuphulika kwa volcano ndikudumphira munyanja. Nyama zopulumutsidwa zimaperekedwa ku Lockwood estate kuti ikagulitsidwe.
- mndandanda wa "Kuyenda ndi Ma Dinosaurs", 1999, pamndandanda 6 "Imfa ya mzera wachifumu"
- filimu "Jurassic Park 3", 2001. Muzolemba.
Tchulani Buku
- The Encyclopedia in Augmented Reality "Dinosaurs: From Contsognath to Ramforinh"
- "Zofunika za paleontology (m'mavoliyumu 15), voliyumu 12. Amphibians, repitles, bird", 1964, mas. 575-576
- Dinosa la ana "
- Joachim Opperman, "Dinosaurs" kuchokera pamndandanda wa "What What", 1994, p 11, 34-35
- Bailey Jill, Seddon Toney, The Prehistoric World, 1998, p. 111
- Michael Benton, Dinosaurs, 2001, p. 38, 56, 60
- David Burney, The Illustrated Dinosaur Encyclopedia, 2002, p. 165
- Johnson Ginny, “Zonse Zokhudza Chilichonse. Kuchokera ku Diplodocus kupita ku Stegosaurus ”, 2002, mas. 52-53
- L. Kamburnak "Dinosaurs ndi nyama zina zachilengedwe", 2007, p. 50-51
- Dougal Dixon, World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric viumbe, 2008, 381
- Gregory Paul, The Prowon Field Guide kwa Dinosaurs 2010 ndi 2016 pamasamba 234-235 ndi 265, motero
- Tamara Green, "Dinosaurs Full Encyclopedia", 2015, mas. 66-69, 226, 249
- K. Yeskov, "paleontology yodabwitsa. Mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi ndi moyo momwemo ”, 2016, pp. 179-180
- D. Hawn, "Mbiri ya Tyrannosaurus Rex. Biology ndi chisinthiko cha nyama yotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi ”, 2017
- D. Nash, P. Barrett, "Dinosaurs. Zaka 150,000,000 zaulamuliro Padziko Lapansi, 2019
Tchulani Game
- Warpath: Jurassic Park, mtundu: masewera omenyera, 1999. Ankilosaurus imawonetsedwa m'mitundu itatu: yoyera, yachikaso chakuda ndi siliva.
- Jurassic Park: Gawo la Opaleshoni, mtundu: simulator yachuma, 2003. Amakonda malo am'madzi. Mutha kutenga nawo gawo m'misempha yokhala ndi wankhanza. Ali ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri pamasewera - 1600 hit point.
- Zoo Tycoon 2: Zinyama Zakutha, mtundu: Simulator yazachuma, 2007. Sitigwiritsa ntchito njira yolondolera, koma titha kuwukira alendo omwe ali nayo. May run amok. Amapha mosavuta ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera pang'ono.
- Dinosaur King, mtundu: Arcade ya Nintendo DS, 2008
- Jurassic World: Masewera, mtundu: Simulator yam'manja, 2015. Chida chosowa kwambiri. Ankylosaurus akhoza kuwoloka ndi diplodocus ndikupeza wosakanizidwa.
- "Saurian", mtundu: zochita, 2017. Zosowa kwambiri komanso zisanaseweredwe, motsogozedwa ndi AI. Pofikira kwa iye, wosewera akuwombera mchira wake ndi mbewa. Mutha kupha mwa kuluma kangapo khosi.
- ARK: Kupulumuka Kusintha, mtundu: simulator yopulumuka, 2017Ankylosaurus amatha kuwongolera ndikukwera, ngati mutapeza chishalo choyenera.
- Jurassic World Evolution genre: Economic Simulator, 2018