Mitundu ya abakha amtchire Krokhal ndiyofala ku Russia ndi CIS. Kukula kwakukulu, kulemera kwabwino komanso kwamtundu wa anthu amakopa osaka a Altai Territory, zigawo za Urals, Chita ndi Irkutsk. Mbalame zamtchire zapaderazi zimasamukira kumayiko otentha nyengo yachisanu, nthawi zina mumatha kuziwona pa Nyanja ya Azov. Kodi oimira mdera lapakati pa Europe ndi otchuka ndi chifukwa chiyani ma subspecies ena adalowetsedwa mu Red Book?
Zosiyanitsa zamtunduwu
Bakha Krohal mawonekedwe ndi kukula amafanana ndi tsekwe yaying'ono. Kulemera kuyambira 1 mpaka 2 kg, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 65 cm, ndipo mapiko ali pafupi ndi mita (87-92 cm). Mbalame zamtunduwu ndi mbalame za pabanja zomwe zimatha kuthana ndikakumana ndi mdani wina. Mu nthawi yozizira, amatha kusamukira m'magulu akulu kuti awononge.
Popeza taphunzira chithunzi cha mbalameyi pa intaneti, ndizosavuta kuzindikira izi:
- Pali "galasi" loyera wapadera pamapiko, lomwe limawonekera bwino kumbali yakumapiko kwa imvi, yomwe imasiyanitsa mbalamezi ndi zina zonse.
- Amuna ali ndi mutu wakuda komanso pamwamba pa khosi, womwe umawotchedwa ndi kuwala kwobiriwira ndi chitsulo champhamvu pansi pa kuwala kowala. Kumbuyo kwake ndikuda, ndipo pafupi ndi mchirayo ndi imvi. Thupi lonse loyera ndi loyera la pinki. Chofunikira: ma drows amasintha mtundu wawo, chifukwa ichi ndi chikhalidwe chawo chachiwiri chogonana, chomwe chimawalola kubereka.
- Akazi amasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mutu wawo wofiirira kapena wa bulauni. Akazi amakhala ndi khosi loyera, komanso imvi komanso imvi.
- Mlomo wa mergansers ndi ofiira owala, pamapeto pake umapinda ngati mbedza.
- Pamutu pa bakha pali chodabwitsa kwambiri.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti merganser wautali ndi wosakanikira wamkulu amasiyana ndi nthumwi zonse. Mtundu wawo umatengera nyengo. Mu nthawi yamasika, imakhala yowala kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyengo yachisanu (monga chilengedwe chidayala), koma chilimwe chikayamba kuchepa ndipo pofika kugwa imayamba kuzimiririka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi yozizira zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa mkazi ndi wamwamuna mwa maonekedwe.
Malo okhala Waterfowl
Bakha Krohal sikuti ndi mbalame yokhazikika, komanso yosamukira. M'nyengo yotentha amakonda kusekereza chapakati pazigawo za Europe. Chapakatikati, mbalamezi zimawuluka pakati pa zoyambirira, chongowoneka chowawa. Oimira a waterfowl amapita nthawi yozizira pokhapokha ngati kuzizira kwazizira, komwe kumaphatikizapo kuzizira kwa matupi amadzi.
Kwenikweni, nthumwi za abakha zimakonda malo okhala m'nkhalango, ngakhale zidango zinali zowoneka m'miyala yamapiri, ndipo ngakhale m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ochulukirapo oterewa amayamba chifukwa cha mitundu ingapo. M'chilimwe, mbalame zimadzaza zigawo zapakati pa Europe osati Europe, komanso North America, ndipo nthawi yozizira zimasamukira ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific, zimapezekanso kumwera kwa China (makamaka komwe kuli nsomba).
Chofunika: ngati nthawi yozizira imakhalapo yotentha, ndipo magawo osungirako osungirako samakutetezedwa ndi ayezi, ndiye kuti mbalameyo siyisiya malo ake okondera.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: bakha wa Merganser
Bakha wokongola wakuthengo Merganser samadziwika osati ndi zowala zake zokha komanso zachilendo, komanso chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Kulemera kwa mbalamezi kumatha kufika kilogalamu ziwiri. Kulemera kogwira ntchito kwambiri kumachitika pakugwa. Mergansers ndi mbalame zosamukira. M'nyengo yozizira, amakonda kupita kumayiko ofunda. Komabe, nthawi zambiri nyengo yachisanu amadziwika ku Kamchatka, Primorye komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov.
Kanema: Duck Merganser
Bakha a Merganser ndi amtundu wa Anseriformes, chiwonetsero cha abakha enieni. Iwo ndi a banja la abakha ndipo adalekanitsidwa mu mtundu wina wa mergansers. Zomwe zimatulukira kuchokera kumtundu wina ndikupezeka kwa kuchuluka kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya merganser. Onsewa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, mawonekedwe ofanana, machitidwe ofanana ndi zakudya zomwe amakonda.
Zina mwazodziwika bwino za mergansers ndi:
- lalitali, lopapatiza komanso lopindika kumtunda kwa mulomo. Pamwamba pake, mutha kuwona kakang'ono kakang'ono kwambiri. Ndipo mmalo mwa mbale zabwino za bakha pamlomo (kutola zakudya zam'mera), abakha awa ali ndi mano akuthwa. Amapezeka m'mphepete ndipo adapangidwa kuti azitha kudya nsomba,
- khosi lokwera, torso. Chizindikiro chotere chimawapangitsa kukhala ofanana kwambiri ndi ma loons, ma grebes,
- kuchuluka kwa nsomba muzakudya. Mergansers samadya chakudya chomera,
- luso lotha kulumphira kwachilengedwe.
Gulu la abakha a merganser lasintha mobwerezabwereza nthawi yonseyi.
Mpaka pano, ndichikhalidwe kusiyanitsa mitundu inayi ya mergansers:
- scaly. Izi ndiye mtundu wakale kwambiri. Hafu ya thupi la mbalame yokhala ndi mbewa imafanana ndi chojambula. Mbalame zotere zimangokhala kum'mawa,
- chachikulu. Ndiwoyimira wamkulu kwambiri wa mergansers. Nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza iye ndi tsekwe. Zisa zazikulu za kum'mawa kumadzulo ndi kumadzulo,
- wautali. Kulemera kwa nyamayi ndi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka, kutalika sikupitirira masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi atatu. Mtunduwu ndiwofala kwambiri ndipo umapezeka paliponse momwe amakhala, mergansers,
- Wachi Brazil Mitundu yosowa kwambiri - chiwerengerocho sichidutsa anthu mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu. Zoweta kumadzulo kokha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Momwe chimakhala chosakanizira cha bakha
Maonekedwe a abakha a mergansers zimatengera mitundu yawo. Komabe, pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana pali mitundu yofanana yamatomiki ndi yakunja. Chifukwa chake, ophatikiza onse amasiyanitsidwa ndi miyeso yochititsa chidwi. Kutalika kwawo, pafupifupi, pafupifupi masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Kulemera kwa mbalame zotere kumatha kufika ma kilogalamu awiri. Mapiko a merganser amapitilira masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu. Komabe, izi ndi zizindikiro zapakatikati, chifukwa m'chilengedwe mumakhala anthu amitundu yaying'ono.
Komanso chizindikiritso cha mergansers ndi mulomo wopyapyala komanso wautali, womwe umakutidwa kumapeto. M'mphepete mwa mlomo wotere ndi mano ang'ono. Amathandizira nyamayi kugwira ndikudya nsomba. Abakha awa ali ndi khosi lalitali, lomwe silimadziwika ndi ena a banja. Miyendo ya mergansers ndiyofupikitsa, yokhala ndi tsamba lalikululo. Mchira wake ndi wozungulira, wamfupi. Mapikowo adawonetsedwa mawonekedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Mosiyana ndi abakha ena, ma mergansers samadyedwa nthawi zambiri. Nyama ya abakha amtchire iyi imatha kupatsirana ndi njoka zam'mimba, imakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. The tapeworm imatha kukula mthupi la munthu mpaka ma mita angapo.
Chizindikiro kwambiri cha mergansers ndi mtundu wochititsa chidwi wa nthenga. Mitundu yonse ya abakha awa imapakidwa utoto wapadera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, merganser wamkulu amapakidwa utoto wakuda, imvi, utoto woyera. Mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amapakidwa utoto wonyezimira wonyezimira, wofiirira kapena wabuluu. Kumbuyo kwa nyamayi kumakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yoyera, yomwe ndi yokumbutsa kwambiri mamba. Brazil Merganser ali ndi mlomo wofiira wowoneka bwino, wamtambo wakuda m'mutu ndi khosi, mtundu wakuda wonyezimira komanso wam'maso.
Kodi bakha merganser amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: bakha wa Merganser ku Russia
Bakha wa Merganser amamuwona ngati mbalame yosamukasamuka, koma sizowona konse. Mitundu ina imakonda kukhala pansi. Zamoyo, mbalamezi zimasankha madera omwe kumatentha ndi kotentha. M'chilimwe, amakhala ku kontinenti ya Europe, m'chigawo chake chapakati. Mergansers amawoneka kumeneko kumayambiriro kwamasika. Nthawi zonse amafika pafupifupi koyambirira, msewu ukangotha kutentha. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimasiyira malo okhala omaliza - nyengo yozizira ikadzafika ndipo matupi onse amadzi amaundana.
Ogulitsa amakonda kusankha malo okhala m'nkhalango kuti adzakhalemo chisa. Koma nthawi zina zisa zawo zimatha kupezeka m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ngakhale m'mapiri. Kusiyana kotereku kumalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu yambiri ndi subspecies ya merganser. Chofunikira chofunikira posankha malo a mbalamezi ndi kupezeka kwa madzi pafupi ndi komwe chakudya amapezeka ndi chakudya choyenera. Mbalame izi zimadya nsomba. Malo okhala zachilengedwe abakha a merganser ndi ochulukirapo, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame.
Mulinso:
- China Malo okha omwe mumapezeka nsomba zambiri,
- hemispheres akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, Central Asia, nyanja za California, mapiri a Himalayan. Woimira wamkulu wa abakha, merganser wamkulu, amakhala m'maderawa. Nthawi yomweyo, m'malo ena ophatikizira amakhala,
- Kumpoto kakutali kwa Russia, Kumpoto kwa Japan, Southeast of Asia. Umu ndi malo achilengedwe a scaly mergansers,
- gombe la Western Europe, UK. Pano pali nyama yazaka zazitali,
- matupi amadzi a Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil. Gawoli limakhala anthu osowa kwambiri a merganser - aku Brazil.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe bakha amakhala. Tiwone zomwe mbalameyi idya.
Kodi abakha merganser amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bakha wamtchire Merganser
Ngati abakha ambiri amadya zakudya zamtchire kapena amadyera mosakaniza, ndiye kuti ma mergansers amangodya nyama zokha. Amadyetsa zomwe amapeza akusodza. Bakha wamtunduwu amatha kuthana ndi nsomba mosavuta, kutalika kwake komwe kumafika masentimita makumi awiri. Amakhala ndi mlomo mwanzeru, osiyanasiyana. Njira yophera nsomba ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Choyamba, abakha amatsitsa mitu yawo pansi pa madzi, kufunafuna nsomba yoyenera. Kenako amasambira mwachangu, ndikugwira nsombazo ndi milomo yawo. Mergansers imamverera bwino pansi pamadzi. Amatha kusamukira kumeneko mwachangu, ndikutembenuka.
M'nyengo yotentha, abakha aana amatha kusaka yekha, ndipo nthawi yosamukira nthawi zambiri amapita kukasodza asodzi. Ichi ndi chowoneka bwino kwambiri. Mbalamezo zimakhazikika pamzera umodzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimawombera nyama. Kusodza kophatikiza kotereku kumatha kukhala abakha mazana angapo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Kupezeka kwa chakudya ndiye njira yayikulu yosankhira malo okhala. Ma Mergansers samawulukira kumadera akummwera kwambiri kukazizira, pokhapokha maiwewo atakutidwa ndi ayezi pamalo awo okhala ndipo akhoza kuwedza.
Maziko a zakudya za mergansers zakutchire, monga taonera kale, ndi nsomba. Abakha amagwira pama eels, trout, pikes, nsomba, barbs. Nsombazi zimakhala chakudya cha anthu akuluakulu komanso achikulire. Ophatikiza pang'ono amadya nsomba zing'onozing'ono. Komanso ma mergansers samanyoza nzika zina zam'madzi. Amadya nkhono, nkhanu zing'onozing'ono, tizilombo tambiri ta m'madzi, ndi mphutsi.
Habitat
Greater merganser ndiwodziwika m'malo otseguka pakati komanso kumpoto kwa Russia, CIS, ndi America. Makamaka nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumana ndi bakha ku malo ozizira a Urals, Yamal, Kola Peninsula, Baikal, m'mphepete mwa Yenisei, Vilyui, ku Kolyma Range, Chukotka, Alaska, Quebec ndi Newfoundland.
Nyengo yam'mphepo, ophatikizika amakonda kukhala m'nthawi yotentha. Mu Okutobala-Novembala, anthu amasamukira kumayiko akutali ndi dzuwa - kupita ku Japan, Southern Europe ndi America, m'mphepete mwa China, ndi Korea. Masheya okhazikika amapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov ndi ku Kamchatka, pomwe madzi sazizira.
Gulu la ophatikizika amathawa
Bakha akubwerera kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February. Kunyumba, amasankha malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi oyera, komanso nkhalango. Ma Flocks amatenga 10 mpaka 20 zolinga. Mergansers nthawi zambiri amauluka kupita kumalo awo akale kapena osankhidwa kale.
Amuna
Drakes amasintha mtundu kwa nyengo zosiyanasiyana za chaka. Chapakatikati, mithunzi imakhala yowala momwe ingathere kukopa "azimayi." M'nyengo yachilimwe, mitunduyi imawala ndipo imakhala yofanana ndi abakha.
Nthenga zakumbuyo yakumbuyo kumaso kwake. Mapikowo ndi akuda ndi oyera. Mchira ndi m'mimba zake zimakhala imvi. Pachifuwa, m'munsi mwa khosi komanso m'dera la goiter, pali mipata yoyera yokhala ndi bala kapena ofiira. Mbali yakumaso ya khosi ndi mutu imakhala yakuda ndi buluu wachitsulo wonenepa. Pakhoza kukhala ndi timiyala tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono pamiyendo, ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala kadontho wakuda kumapeto kwa mulomo.
Big Merganser Amuna ndi Akazi Amadzi
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Pali oimira ambiri amtunduwu, ophatikizika osiyanasiyana amakhala mu ukulu wa mayiko ambiri. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe, kusowa kwa zakudya, chikhalidwe ndi momwe amakhalira. Zomwe zimapangidwa mwazomwe zimapangidwa mu waterfowl ndizowunikidwa:
- mulomo walitali, womwe kukula kwake umapitirira pakati pa abale - mpaka 50. Kwa ophatikizika ambiri, ali ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical, okhala ndi mbambo yokhala ngati mbedza kumapeto,
- khosi lalitali
- chimayenda pamutu wa nthenga, zopangidwa mwanjira yapadera,
- mawonekedwe okongola
- mapiko owonetsa
- chopindika chingwe chachitali,
- miyendo yayifupi, chala chakumaso cholumikizidwa ndi nembanemba yotupa.
Miyeso ya bakha imasiyana mitundu. Pali mitundu ya anthu omwe misa yawo siyoposa 0.7 kg, koma ophatikizidwa nthawi zambiri amafananizidwa ndi atsekwe ang'onoang'ono, omwe kulemera kwake ndi 1.5-2 kg. Kukula kwakukulu kumakopa osaka nyama osambira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Mapiko a anthu ena amafika mita, kutalika kwa thunthu ndi 60-65 cm.
Kapangidwe ka mulomo mu mbalame zamtundu wosiyana ndi kosiyana. Merganser, m'zakudya zomwe makamaka chimakhala chakudya chobzala, ili ndi mbale zapadera zomwe zimasefa chakudya. Mitundu ya abakha omwe amadya nsomba zambiri amakhala ndi ma pululeti osungidwa m'mano ang'onoang'ono m'mphepete mwa mulomo kuti agwire, kudula nyama.
Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha mbalame ndi "kalilole" - dzina loyera pamapiko aliwonse a bakha. Pakuuluka mlengalenga, imawonekera bwino pamutu wa imvi. Mlomo wa Mergansers ndi wofiira kwambiri. Mtundu wochititsa chidwi wa maulawo umafika pachimake kwambiri mu nthawi yophukira, ndikuyamba kwa nyengo yakukula.
Mutu wa merganser wamwamuna umakhala wakuda, pamwamba pa khosi mumakhala kachitsulo wobiriwira. Kumbuyo kuchokera kukhosi kufikira mchira kumasintha mtundu wakuda kukhala mthunzi wopepuka wa imvi. Gawo lotsika la bakha limakhala loyera, nthawi zina limakhala ndi tingepi lofiirira.
Femganser yachikazi ndi yosiyana pang'ono ndi ma dr mumtundu wa maula, mutha kuwona mawonekedwe ofiira a khosi, kumbuyo kwa kamvekedwe kakang'ono. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, mitundu yowoneka bwino mu zovala za bakha ikasowa, ma plumage amakhala osasalala, osasinthika, ogwirizana ndi nyengo yamvula komanso yozizira.
Mergansers nthawi zambiri amasungidwa awiriawiri, omwe amaphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pokhazizira nyengo yozizira nyama zambiri zimapangidwa, kuphatikiza mbalame zingapo. Nyengo yozizira yomwe mbalame zimatha kutengera nyengo.
Amakhalabe munyengo yachisanu m'magawo okhala ndi madzi opanda madzi oundana, amasamukira kumayiko otentha, ndipo nthawi zina amapezeka pagombe la Nyanja ya Azov. Kuti apulumuke, amagogoda pagulu lalikulu. Mergansers imayendayenda padziko lapansi ngati “bakha” wamba, kuchoka mbali imodzi kupita kwina. M'madzi ndi kuthawa, ali ndi chidaliro komanso mfulu, osambira okongola ndi owuluka.
Mumtundu wa mergansers, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi imasiyanitsidwa, mwa mitundu inayi yomwe imapezeka ku Russia:
- chaching'ono, kapena kulanda,
- chachikulu merganser,
- wautali (wapakati),
- scaly.
Osiyanasiyana a ku Brazil ndi crested mergansers amakhala ku United States ndi Brazil. Mitundu ya Auckland Merganser yatha. Bakha ankakhala ku New Zealand mpaka nkhumba ndi mbuzi zamtchire zimabwera kumeneko. Pakadali pano, ndi mbalame zodzuka zokha zomwe zimatha kuwoneka muzinyumba zakunyumba.
Little Merganser (loot). Ang'ono kukula kukula mbalame, otsika kwa abale kukula. Kulemera kumangokhala 50-700 g, anthu omwe akulemera 800- 900 g ndi osowa. Zokongoletsera za mbalame ndizowoneka bwino kwambiri kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Malo okhala ndi zokopa amapezeka kudera la Siberia, Karelia, Far East, gawo la ku Europe la Russia. Abakha amakonda madera okhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu, nyanja zamchere zomwe zili ndi madzi abwino.
M'nyengo yozizira, amawonekera m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian, m'maiko a Central Asia, Japan, ndi China. Mbalame zakukhazikika zimakhala m'mphepete mwa ayezi, m'madzi opanda madzi oundana.
Chovala chokomacho cha amuna chimadabwitsa ndi kuphatikizika kwakukulu kwa mtundu wa phulusa loyera ndi mawonekedwe akuda, kutuwa kwamtambo mbali. Mlomo, nsapato za mthunzi wotsogolera. Pali malo akuda pansi pa maso. Zovala zachikazi ndizovala za imvi zokhala ndi chipewa chofiirira pamutu pawo.
Kuledzera kwa ma mergansers ang'onoang'ono kumayamba nthawi yachisanu, amawuluka kupita ku zisa awiriawiri. Mbidzi zimakhala ndi zisa zomwe mbalame zina zimasiya. Kusungidwa ndi amuna a abakha awo kumakhala dzira lomaliza, kenako nkuwuluka. Akazi nthawi zina samaswa ana awo okha, komanso mazira a gogol okhudzana.
Merganser. Bakha m'malo omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri amatchedwa njati, yofiyira yofiira. Ku Russia, mafoni am'madzi amapezeka m'mitsinje yosalala, nyanja zopezeka ku Southern Urals, Altai, Sakhalin, ndi Kamchatka.
Amakonzanso madzi abwino, amapewa nyanja. Mayina amtunduwu amatsimikizira kukula kwakukulu kwa bakha - oposa 2 kg. Chochititsa chidwi pakati pa amuna ndi kusowa kwa crest.
Mutu wakuda, khosi lotayirira lokongoletsa ndi zitsulo zowoneka bwino. Mbali, m'mimba, ndi gawo la mapikowo ndi zoyera. Zachikazi, mosiyana ndi ma drive, zimakhala ndi mutu wofiyira. Pakati pa mergansers akulu, mitundu itatu imasiyanitsidwa: wamba, North America, Himalayan. Awiri oyamba amapezeka mdziko lathu.
Wokhala wautali-wapakati (wapakatikati) merganser. Mtundu wa mbalame yosamukira komwe sikukhala moyo wongokhala. Merganser kufalitsidwa kwambiri m'maiko aku Europe, ku Baltic States, ku peninsula ya Scandinavia.
Imapezeka ku Russia kudera la Siberia, pa zilumba za Solovetsky, ku Karelia, ku Urals. Merganser imakonda magombe a nyanja, nyanja za tundra, malo azisumbu. Kusambira kwakukuru ndi kusiyanasiyana. Chingwe chakuda chakuda chimapakidwa utoto wamtambo wakuda ndi mapiko oyera, mzere kudutsa mbali za mbalame.
Pali kubaya kawiri kumbuyo kwa mutu. Akazi ndi a bulauni, okhala ndi mawonekedwe amtali ndi amdima. Ma mergansers apakatikati amasiyana ndi anansi awo pamwambo wachuma wolemera ndi kumizidwa kumutu m'madzi, kukutira, mapiko akuuluka.
Scaly Merganser. Mbalame yachilendo imatsogolera moyo wakhazikika pagombe la Bering Sea, imapezeka m'mitsinje yamapiri ku China, Manchuria. Bakha amasankha malo okhala ndi nsomba zambiri, zomwe zimazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zowuma. Nthenga zodabwitsa za nthenga zopyapyala ndizitali kuposa za mergansers zokhudzana nazo.
Gawo lakuda la utoto limakhala ndi tint ya maolivi, ndipo kuwala - ndi tint yofiirira. Dzinali limalumikizidwa ndi kusinthana kumbuyo kwa mizere yaimvi-oyera, kuchokera kutali ofanana ndi mamba. Mu Buku Lofiyira, scaly merganser akuwonetsedwa ndi mtundu wa "mitundu yomwe ili pangozi". Chiwerengero chaching'ono sichiri oposa mbalame 1.5.
Merganser waku Brazil. Utoto makamaka wam imvi, phulusa, mutu, khosi, kumbuyo kwamdima wakuda. Drakeyo ndi wamkulu kuposa wamkazi. Amagwira pamtunda molimba mtima, koma amangodyetsa zomwe amapeza m'madzi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama ku Brazil, zili pafupi kutha. Chiwerengero chonsecho sichotsika mbalame 260 zamtunduwu.
Crested Merganser. Ndikosatheka kusokoneza mtunduwu ndi abale ena, ndizopeka kwambiri. Chikoka chachikulu kwambiri chimakwera pamutu wa mbalameyo, yomwe imatseguka kwambiri nthawi yamakono. Mwa amuna, mtundu wa zokongoletsera ndi wakuda ndi woyera, ndipo mwa akazi ndi ofiira. Mutha kuwona bakha wachilendo ku North America m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamchere, mitsinje.
Moyo & Habitat
Mitundu ingapo yamapulogalamu imathandizira ophatikizana kuti azikhala mosamala kwambiri, azikhala moyo wakhazikika komanso wosamukasamuka. Mutha kukumana ndi abakha ku North America, kudera la Central, Northern Eurasia.
Mu kasupe, mergansers amafika ndi malo atadulidwa, mutangoyamba kupangira chitsamba chowononga - mu February, koyambirira kwa Marichi. Thawani kutali pamene maiwe ali okutidwa ndi ayezi, kumapeto kwa Okutobala, Novembala. Gulu la magulu ochokera pagulu la anthu ambiri limafunikira mphamvu ndi kupirira kwa mbalame. Ngati nthawi yozizira imakhala yotentha, maiwe samawuma, ndiye kuti mbalame sizichoka m'malo okhalamo.
Mitundu yonse ya mergansers imasambira bwino, kusambira. Mbalame zimakhala m'mphepete mwa dziwe kuti zibisike kumera zam'mphepete mwa ngozi. Amadyanso nsomba zazing'ono, amazisenda pambuyo pake mpaka akuya mpaka 4 m.
Pansi pa madzi, abakha amatha kugwira mpaka mphindi 3, kusambira kuposa mamilimita 10. Pakusaka kwabwinobwino, merganser yogwira nsomba imodzi imatenga masekondi 15-30. Mbalame zimasuntha mwachangu, zimatembenuka molimba, zikuwonetsa kuyendetsa bwino.
Mitundu yambiri ya abakha amakonda madzi abwino ochokera kunyanja ndi mitsinje. M'madziwe amadziwe am'madzi amasankhidwa kuti akhale oyera, chakudya chochuluka. Mbalame zimafunikira malo okhala nkhalango kuti zisitere, popeza ophatikizana nthawi zambiri amasankha mabowo akale, zisa zina za mbalame zina kuti azizisaka.
Mukakonzekera mbalame, malo ndi ofunikira kuti musayendetsedwe, chifukwa chachikulu merganser chimakonda kukhazikika m'malo okwezeka, pansi. Mtundu wa merganser wautali-wamtondo umakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'malo achilumba, abakha amasungidwa pafupi ndi miyala pomwe mungathawire pangozi.
Zimagwirizanitsa mbalame molting nthawi. Makamu akulu amasonkhana, monga lamulo, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi a anthu makumi angapo. Mbalame ya Merganser, mitundu ina yomwe yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia. Ndi mitundu yokhazikika ya mergansers yayitali komanso yayitali, kuwasaka iwo kumaloledwa kulikonse kumapeto.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Maziko a zakudya za mergansers ndi chakudya cha nyama. Kusaka bakha kuli kusaka nsomba, anthu ena okhala m'madzi. Mitundu yayikulu ya merganser yokolola nsomba, pike, trout, roach, barbus, grey. Anthu ang'ono amadya nsomba zochepa.
Mphepete mwa mulomo wabakha umapinda pang'ono. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi kuti mumasule madzi, sungani bwino kupanga. Merganser imalekerera mosavuta pike, eel mpaka 20 cm kutalika.
Pofunafuna nyama, abakha amagwera m'mitu yawo. Sukulu ya nsomba ikangowoneka, merganser idumphira m'madzi, imayenda mwachangu kupita komwe ikufuna. Kusaka kopambana kumatha ndikusodza, komwe kukula kwake ndi masentimita 15-25. Ena okhala m'mizimba yamadzi amakhalanso chakudya cha ophatikiza:
- madzi tizilombo
- osoweka
- mphutsi, ziphuphu,
- otchera
- nyongolotsi.
Chizindikiro cha mergansers ndi chakudya chomwe chimakonda anthu okhala m'madzi, ngakhale mbalame zimakhala ndi chidaliro, chisa pamtunda, m'malo obisika. M'nyengo yozizira, abakha amasonkhana m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amadyetsa madzi osaya pamadzi apamadzi, hering'i, masamba am'madzi, ndikupeza ma mollusks ndi crustaceans yaying'ono pakati pa algae.
Kuledzera kwa nsomba kumakhudza fungo lenileni la nyama ya bakha. Akasaka ena amakhulupirira kuti merganser ngati masewera sioyenera kudya. Bakha amayamba kudzipezera okha chakudya atatha masiku ochepa.
Nkhuku zimayeseza maluso osaka moyang'aniridwa ndi bakha. Merganser mu chithunzi panthawi yosaka imakhala yoseketsa ngati kumbuyo kwa thupi la bakha kumaonekera padziko losungiramo.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Kusankha kwa peyala nyengo isanayambe kumayamba ngakhale asananyamuke kupita kumalo komwe amakhala. Njira yakuwonekera pachibwenzi idadzaza ndi miyambo yochititsa chidwi - kuvina pamadzi. Wamphongo amasambira patsogolo pa wosankhidwayo, ndikukhomera pachifuwa pake kumadzi, ndikugwedeza mutu mwamphamvu. Ndikakugubuduza kwamapiko, imaphulika pamwambapa, imatukuka pafupifupi kuti ikope chidwi chaikazi. Kusuntha kumayendera limodzi ndi mawu akulu.
Banja lomwe liripo limasankha malo osungira malo. Yemwe akutsogolera pakusaka amasewera ndi mkaziyo, amakonzekeranso chisa. Mbalamezi zimapeza malo abwino m'bowo lakale la aspen, alder, msondodzi, nyumba yosiyidwa, m'mphepete mwa chitseko. Zida zomangira - nthambi, masamba, nthenga. Yaikazi kuti ikamange chisa, imaperekanso mafuta kuchokera pachifuwa chake.
Clutch imaphatikizapo mazira 12-16. Nthawi zina pamakhala magulu ambiri a mbalame zazikuluzikulu ndi mazira 40. Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe kuli mpaka mwezi umodzi. Amphongo amphongo, satenga nawo mbali. Pambuyo pa kuwaswa, zinyenyeswazi, zomwe zimapangidwa kale, zimakhala ndi amayi awo mu chisa chotentha kwa masiku osapitilira masiku awiri.
Ndipo kuchokera kutuluka koyamba amatsatira posungira, kusambira ndikuyesera kulumphira pansi. Kusaka ana poyamba kumakhala ndi kugwira tizilombo mumadzi osaya, koma pakatha sabata anapiye a merganser yambani kusaka mwachangu, kuthamanga kuthamanga. Amayenda m'mizati, mogwirizana, atawona nyama, amayesera kupanga mikondo.
Ana abakha amafunika nthawi yambiri kuti akhale pa phiko. Osachepera miyezi iwiri chibadwire, anapiye amakonzekera kuthawa koyamba, ndipo ana amakula okha pakatha miyezi itatu. Mitundu yosamukasamuka pakupanga njira zandege ndiyotsogola pang'ono ndi abale. Achinyamata ophatikizika amayamba kukhwima pokhapokha patatha zaka ziwiri.
Kutalika konse kwa abakha merganser pafupifupi zaka 15. Mitundu ya Sedentary imakhala motalikirapo kuposa yomwe imasamukira. Kukhala mu ukapolo kumalo otetezedwa kumachulukitsa nthawi ya mbalame pofika zaka 3-5.
Bakha woluka ndiwosangalatsa osati kwa akatswiri a ornithologists okha ndi osaka. Wokonda nyama zamtchire aliyense amasangalala kukumana ndi mbalame yosangalatsayi yomwe imakongoletsa maiwe athu ndi nkhalango.
Merganser
Merganser ndiofala ku North and Southern Hemispheres. Ku Northern Hemisphere, malo omwe amapezeka ndi nkhalango-tundra zone, Eastern Siberia; kuli ng'ombe zazing'ono ku Alps, ku Iceland. Abakha asankha gawo lakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Sikhote-Alin misaif. Ku South Hemisphere, anthu ambiri amakhala kumwera kwa North America ndi kumpoto kwa South America.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi matupi amadzi kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa mayiko. Anthu ena amasamuka. Kuchokera ku tundra ndi Siberia, amasamukira ku China. Kuchokera ku Iceland amawuluka kupita m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Black. Abakha aku America amakhala pansi.
Bakha wa Merganser - mbalame yayikulu. Ndiwakulu kuposa masikono kukula ndi kulemera. Kutalika kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi masentimita 66, ndipo chachikazi ndi masentimita 58. Kulemera kwa wamwamuna wamkulu ndi 2.8 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako. Amalemera thupi limodzi. Zitsamba zazikazi zimasiyana osati zazikulu zokulirapo, komanso mitundu yowoneka bwino:
- Mutu waanthu ndiwotalika kwambiri. M'mawonekedwe, maula pamutu ndi amdima komanso mafunde amtundu wobiriwira. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli nthenga zopindika, zowongoka za utoto wamatumbo,
- nthenga zakuda ndimapewa. Thupi lonse limachita imvi kapena piebald. Zowonjezereka pachifuwa zimatulutsa pinki
- kalirole pamapiko amapangidwa ndi nthenga zoyera zokhala ndi malire wakuda,
- zazikazi zimakhala ndi chivundikiro chakuda. Ma Drows amakhala chimodzimodzi. Nyengo ikamatha, mbalame zimasinthana nthenga.
- wamkulu wa merganser ali ndi mlomo wautali wa utoto wofiira. Mano m'mbali mwa m'mphepete mwake amawongoka mkati. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuperewera kwa abakha. Akuwedza. Amasowa ma cog osati kungotulutsa madzi kudzera mwa iwo, komanso kuti asunge nyama yogwidwa,
- Mbalame zimawedza nsomba zam'mitsinje. M'milomo yawo amatha kugwira njinga, yamafuta 20 cm, nsomba zazing'ono, hering'i,
- Crustaceans, ma mollusks, tizilombo ta dziwe timapita kukadya,
- zazikazi zimakula pazaka 2. Kutha msambo mwa amuna kumachitika pafupi ndi zaka zitatu. Zisa za mbalame zimamangidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kutali ndi malo okhala.
Mafomu awiriawiri mbalame nthawi yosamukira. Amayenda pandege ndi mabanja opangidwa kale. Bakha amawoneka pamatupi amadzi pomwe mabango oyipa oyamwa amapanga. Amuna ayamba kusamalira atsikana awo.
Amawombera mapiko awo, kusewera ndi khosi lalitali, kuthamanga mwachangu kuzungulira zazikazi m'madzi, kukweza akasupe opopera ndi mapiko awo. Monga lamulo, zazikazi pambuyo pazovina zotere zimasambira kwa akazi awo, zimatambasulira makosi awo poyang'ana, zimapanga mawu.
Akakhwima, mbalamezo zimawulukira kuthengo. M'mitengo kufunafuna dzenje lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumanga chisa. Nthawi zina mbalame zimasankha zowombera m'mapiri kapena zotchingira m'misewu yayitali. Chisa chizikhala chachikulu kuti bakha ndi anapiye ake alowemo. Mitengo imasankhidwa kuti ikhale yayitali, ndipo timadutsa timayimilira kotero kuti nyama zodyedwa ndi mbalame sizitha kufikira banja la mbalame.
Zachikazi zimaphimba chisa chija ndi ufa wosalala womwe umakukhomera pachifuwa pake. Nkhuku sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati udzu ndi nthambi. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 10-12. Nthawi yomenyera ndi masiku 32. Masiku 2-4, anapiyewo amakhalabe chisa. Amayi amawadyetsa ndi nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo.
Pambuyo pake, adalumpha kuchokera pachisa motsogozedwa ndi bakha. Banja limapita kumalo osungira. Apa ndulu zawo zakumana. Makolo amaphunzitsa ana kusambira pamodzi. Ana aang'ono amayamba kuwuluka atasinthana ndi nthenga. Izi zimachitika miyezi iwiri.
Mwachilengedwe, pali bakha wotchedwa Little Merganser kapena Loot. Kulemera kwa yamphongo sikuposa 900 g, mkazi ndi 500 g. Amphongo amapakidwa utoto wabwino wakuda ndi zoyera. Chub mawonekedwe azitali nthenga zoyera. Yaikazi imachita imvi, yokhala ndi mutu wofiyira pamutu pake. Kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wamomwe amaloleza akatswiri a zamankhwala kuti azilankhula za mtundu wa mbalame. Umu ndi mtundu wapakati wa abakha. Ikuphatikiza zizindikiro za gogol komanso merganser.
Merganser
Bakha wamkulu, koma ochepera kuposa merganser wamkulu. Kulemera kwa kuyendetsa ndi 1.5 makilogalamu, chachikazi ndi 1,3 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 65. Merganser yapakatikati imasiyana osati kukula kwake komanso kukula kwake, komanso kukula kwatsitsi:
- mutu wa Drake ndi waung'ono, wamtali. Nthenga zimakhala zakuda ndi tint yobiriwira
- khosi ndilitali. Kola yoyera yoyera imayimirira pa iyo,
- kuchokera kolala kumapewa ndi kumbuyo kuli chingwe chakuda. Mchirawo umapangidwa ndi nthenga zazifupi koma zazikulu za mthunzi wakuda,
- pachifuwa cha pectoral drake ndi mbali. Chifuwa ndi pinki
- maula oyera pamimba,
- wamkazi wofiirira. Amuna amakhala ndi ma plumage omwewo atatha masika molting. Bakha wa Autumn amasintha nthenga. Drakes amakhalanso ndi mtundu wowala, womwe amakhalabe nawo mpaka nthawi yakupsa.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi mlomo wautali komanso wopyapyala. Pa nsagwada yapamwamba pali mano 18 osongoka: merganser wamkulu ali 14 mwa iwo. Mlomo ndi metatarsus ofiira owala. Abakha amadya nyama zokha. Ndizosangalatsa kusaka mbalame. Amatsitsira mitu yawo m'madzi, kufunafuna kwakanthaŵi. Poona nsomba, zimagwera pansi pamadzi ndipo zimatuluka mwachangu ndi milomo yake.
Abakha amtunduwu amakhala kumalo amodzi ndi abale awo wamkulu, m'maiko aku Europe, ku America. Akazi amamanga zisa m'maenje ndi m'miyala yamiyala. Ndizachilendo kuwona chisa padziko lapansi. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 18. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 30-32. Ana oyamwa ana ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kusambira.
Luso lawo limapangidwa patsiku la 7-10. Kukula kwachichepere kumakhala kwamapiko pa miyezi 2.5. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu olekanitsidwa ndi makolo awo ndikupanga gulu lawo. Panthawi yosamukira, mabanja a mbalame ndi masheya achinyamata amakhala olumikizana. Abakha amawuluka gulu limodzi, ndikupanga gawo lalikulu mlengalenga.
Scaly Merganser
Scaly Merganser sakonda nyengo yotentha. Malo omwe amakhala ndi Far East ndi kumpoto chakummaawa kwa China. Mbalameyi imasamuka. Amasamukira m'magulu akulu kum'mwera kwa China, amakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Yellow ndi East China.
Ponseponse, akatswiri a zamankhwala amatenga pafupifupi 2,000 a mbalame zamtunduwu. Maganizo ake ali pafupi kutha. Posachedwa, chiwerengero chakhala chikuchepa. Cholinga cha izi ndi ntchito za anthu. Nthambi zadulidwa, pomwe anthu amakonza zisa. Mbalame zina zimagwidwa mu maukonde asodzi. Zowonongeka zazikulu ndi ziweto za scaly merganser zidachitidwa ndi asaka:
Amuna
Zowonjezera zamphongo zazimuna panthawi yakukhwima zimakhala zakuda ndi kuyera kwazitsulo kwamtambo wobiriwira pamutu ndi m'khosi. Chophimba kumutu sichitchulidwa. Mchira wake ndi misomali ndi imvi, madera otsalawo ndi penti loyera ndi pinki tinge. Galasi lalikulu loyera limakhala pafupifupi mapiko onse, kupatula malire amdima mozungulira.
Dera
Greater merganser amakhala makamaka awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa dzikolo, kuphatikiza ndi Kola Peninsula, ku Altai Territory, Transbaikalia ndi Urals. Imakonda mitsinje yopanda phokoso komanso nyanja zazitali kumpoto kwa taiga ndi m'nkhalango za tundra. Zimatengera mbalame zosamukira.Zimasamukira malo otentha nyengo yachisanu, kuphatikiza dera la Azov, zigwa za Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya, kupita ku zilumba za Kuril komanso kugombe la Primorye. M'malo osowa nthawi yozizira, imatha kupanga magulu akulu a ziweto.
Wachi Brazil
Ma subspecies aku Brazil ndi ochepa kukula kuposa wastani merganser, komabe, ndi ofanana ndi mtundu wa nthenga. Ali ndi mutu komanso khosi lakuda komanso lobiriwira, mlomo wofiyira woonda komanso wamtali. Zambiri zam'mwamba zamtunduwu ndi zakuda mumtambo wobiriwira, pansi pake ndi imvi, kuchepetsedwa ndi zoyera ndi zofiirira.
Kutalika kwa Brazil kumasiyana pakati pa 0.5-0,55 m, kulemera kuchokera 0.6 mpaka 0.7 kg.
Kutalika kwa merganser yaku Brazil kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.5-0.55 m
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala bakha merganser
Merganser – bakha, ozindikira komanso wodziwika kwa mlenje aliyense waku Europe. Kuyatsa chithunzi merganser nthawi zambiri imawoneka yokhumudwitsidwa. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalameyi ndi yotsogola bwino, imakonda kuyenda m'madzi ndipo imakonda kuuluka, mpaka kuya mpaka mamitala 2 mpaka 4, ngakhalebe kuti wogwirizira amafunikira nsomba pakadali pano kapena ayi.
Mawonekedwe a abakha awa akuphatikizira mlomo - wautali, wowala, wozungulira, wopindika pang'ono kumapeto kwake ndikuwazunguliridwa ndi mano akuthwa m'mphepete zamkati, kuthandiza mbalamezo kuwedza.
Amakhalanso ndi thupi lokwera bwino, pafupifupi mpaka 57-59 masentimita komanso khosi lalitali. Mapiko a abakha awa amatha kufikira 70-88 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumayambira 1200 mpaka 2480 magalamu, zomwe zimapangitsa mbalamezi kukhala zina mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri pakusaka.
Ponena za maula ambiri, zazikazi, monga mbalame zina zonse, ndizocheperako komanso zopaka, zimachita imvi popanda mabulangeti a bulauni. Koma ma dr awa ndi osiyana, amawoneka wonyezimira wonyezimira wamutu pamutu, mawonekedwe akuda, mikwingwirima yoyera pamapiko komanso mthunzi wa nthenga zofiirira kumaso, ndipo mitundu ina pamakhalanso khosi loyera komanso chikwangwani.
Mbalame zotere, ngakhale zimasambira mosakhalitsa, ndizovuta kuziphonya pamadzi. Live abakha abangula, makamaka mumnyanja zamadzi oyera, pomwe ambiri amapangidwa chithunzi, komanso osasunthika pakukhazikika mumtsinje wokhala ndi chingwe chaching'ono, ndipo ena amakhazikika pamiyala yam'nyanja, ngati alibe mafunde amphamvu.
Mutha kukumana ndi mbalameyi mbali zonse za dziko lapansi, kuzungulira kwina kulikonse kwanyengo ndi nyengo, komanso m'maiko ena, mwachitsanzo, Japan, kusaka kwa merganser oletsedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ndipo mbalame zomwezo ndizotetezedwa kalekale padziko lonse lapansi zisanadziwike.
Kukula ndi Zambiri
Bakha amafika pakutha msinkhu pafupi zaka ziwiri. Nthawi ya chibwenzi, yamphongo imasambira nthawi zonse kuti ikasire, ndikulowetsa chifuwa chake kumadzi. Kuti akope chidwi cha wokondedwa wakeyo, ayenera kukweza thupi lake pamwamba pa madzi, kutsegula mapiko ake, kenako n'kutenga kaphokoso, ndikupanga mawu akulu. Masewera oterewa ochokera kunja amawoneka okongola. Mwa njira, nthawi zina ndi nthawi zomwe alendo amabwera pazithunzi ndi makanema.
Nthawi zambiri, bakha mumtambo umodzi amatha kubweretsa mazira 12 m'chisa ndikuwakhomera kwa mwezi umodzi. Pambuyo pobadwa, abakha amakhala m'malo otentha kwa masiku awiri. Amaswa pansi pomwepo ndipo kutuluka koyamba amatsatira amayi awo kupita kumadzi ndipo ngakhale kuyesera kuwira. Sabata yoyamba, makanda amadya makamaka ndi tizilombo tomwe tili pamwamba pamadzi, koma patatha sabata limodzi amayamba kugwira mwachangu, akusunthira pamadzi, ngati munthu wamkulu.
Pafupifupi miyezi itatu, ana abuluwo amayamba kuwuluka kwathunthu, koma ngati abakha amakhala atangokhala, abuluzi amawuluka akafika zaka 80, ndipo osamukasamuka atakwanitsa zaka 50.
Chofunikira: pabwino, bakha amakhalabe ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15, ndikungokhala modekha, mawuwo amatha kufikira zaka 17.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Abakha Merganser mwachilengedwe
Mitundu yambiri ya merganser imakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka. Mu nthawi ya chilimwe ndi nthawi yotentha, amakhala m'malo omwe amakhala, omwe amapezeka pakatikati pa Europe, ndipo amawulukira kumadera akumwera nthawi yozizira. Komabe, nyengo yachisanu, mbalame zimawuluka pakati kokha kapena kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, matupi amadzi akayamba kuphimbidwa ndi ayezi. Amabweranso molawirira kwambiri. M'malo ena okhala zachilengedwe, amatha kuwoneka kumapeto kwa February. Kummwera, mbalamezi zimawuluka gulu lalikulu, ndikubwerera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe sikupitirira makumi awiri.
M'malo mokakamiza abakha osakanikirana ikani zofunikira zingapo. Amakonda kumanga "nyumba" zawo m'mapiri kapena m'nkhalango, kutali ndi anthu. Koma nthawi zina zisa za mbalamezi zimatha kupezeka m'malo ena. Chofunikira china ndicho kupezeka kwa nyanja kapena mtsinje wokhala ndi madzi oyera ndi nsomba zambiri. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa abakha amatha pafupifupi tsiku lonse pamadzi. Mmenemo amapuma, amakhala pansi padzuwa ndikusaka nsomba, zomwe zimapanga chakudya chamasiku onse.
Mwachilengedwe, abakha awa samasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe okoma mtima komanso osangalala kwambiri. Ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri, zolumikizana ndi nyama zina ndi anthu. Komabe, m'maiko ambiri amayesa kuletsa mbalame zamtchire powadyetsa mkate. Bakha wa Merganser - banja. Amakhala nthawi yambiri ndi ana ake, akumusamalira bwino. Pakakhala ngozi, mbalameyo imatha kubweza mosavuta munthu wolakwayo, yemwe adaganiza zodya zazing'ono zazing'ono kapena kuyikira mazira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo bakha merganser
Merganser – mbalame kusunthidwa, zisa za abakha izi zimaphimba malo onse a nkhalango ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja mu msewu wapakati. Kuyambira ku Western Europe ndikutha ndi Himalayas ndi Far East, ndipo apa amakhala nthawi yozizira m'mphepete mwa Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, kumwera kwa China, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kulikonse komwe kumatentha komanso komwe kuli nsomba.
Pakatikati, mbalame zimawulukira pakati pa yoyamba, makamaka nthawi yomweyo, zikafika pongopanga mphutsi, ndiko kuti, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Juni. Ponena za momwe mbalamezo ziliri, ndi abakha abwinobwino, mabanja, omwe amatha kuthamangitsa mdani wamkulu yemwe asankha kudya mazira awo kapena anapiye ang'ono. Kuchoka kwanyengo yachisanu kumayamba mochedwa, komanso kuzizira kwa madzi, ndiye kuti kumapeto kwa Okutobala kapena Novembala.
Mitundu ya bakha Merganser
Panali zovuta zina pakusanjidwa kwa abakha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndipo mitundu iwiri, Loot ndi American Crested, idapatsidwa mabanja ena. Chifukwa chake, mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya merganser, asanu okha ndi omwe adatsalira, omwe amodzi mwa iwo - Auckland - sanakhalepo omwe adakumana nawo kuyambira 1902 ndipo amawonedwa kuti ndi otha ntchito. Chifukwa chake, mitundu inayi yokha ndiyootsalira. merganserzomwe zalembedwa Buku lofiira.
- Merganser
Uyu ndiye woimira wamkulu wa abakha awa, wofanana ndi tsekwe yaying'ono. Ma Drake ali ndi utoto wowala, ndipo amakakamizidwa ndi mawere oyera ndi mchira. Dera lokhalamo zodzaza gawo lonse, kum'mawa ndi chakumadzulo, mbalame nyengo yachisanu kum'mwera kwa mapiri, koma kumadera ena a Central Asia, m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Himalayan komanso ku nyanja za California, ophatikizika amtunda amakhala, osawuluka.
Chithunzi chachikulu merganser
- Scaly Merganser
Ino ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri komanso wokongola kwambiri wabanja lonse la abakha awa. Hafu ya tola wake ali ngati chojambula cha zingwe zapamwamba, kapena masikelo. Ndi chifukwa chamawonekedwe awa pomwe bakha adalandira dzina.
Amuna okongola awa amakhala kum'mawa kokha, kumakhala zanyama kum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa China komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kumpoto kwa Japan, ndipo amawulukira nthawi yachisanu m'madzi ofunda a Southeast Asia.
Kwambiri kuthamanga ndi kusamalidwa kwa anthu onse a mergansers. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mbalamezi kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe kumaphwanya chilengedwe ndi ntchito zina za anthu.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa bakha
- Merganser
Kapena, average merganser. Mitundu yotchuka komanso yotchuka kwambiri ya abakha awa. Mbalameyi ndiyokwanira pakati, kulemera kwake ndi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala kosiyanasiyana masentimita 48-58. Koma mavenda amtunduwu ali ndi zambiri - 18-20, mosiyana ndi merganser wamkulu, yemwe ali ndi mano 12-16 okha. Izi ndichifukwa choti mulomo wa merganser wapakati umakhala wautali.
Pamalo opangira mbalamezi mbalamezi zimapezeka paliponse, kuyambira tundra mpaka nkhalango yam'mapiri, yomwe ilipo. Kupitilira pamenepo, amawulukira kumadera otentha akumpoto kwa madera otentha, koma m'mphepete mwa Western Europe, kuphatikizapo Great Britain, amakhala chaka chonse, kukhazikika.
Pamene ojambula a Middle Ages, komanso mtsogolo, mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za zana la 19, akuwonetsa zochitika za kusaka bakha - awa anali zithunzi zosaka makamaka za ophatikizana ataliatali. Lero simungathe kusaka mbalamezi.
Merganser wautali wokhala ndi ma Chick
- Merganser waku Brazil
Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri komanso yosowa. Chimakhala chokhacho ku Western Hemisphere, ngati mungafune ndi kupirira mtima ma abakha awa amatha kuwonekera m'madzi amtambo wa Paraguay, Brazil ndi Argentina.
Monga momwe akatswiri a ornithologists adadziwira, chiwerengero chonse sichingatheke kupitirira 300-350 mbalame, ndi 250 aiwo wokhala ndi mikwingwirima, ndipo 200 amakhala kwathunthu ku Spain da Canastra nkhokwe ku Brazil. Kuwongolera kuchuluka ndi moyo wa abakha awa kwachitika mosalekeza kuyambira 2013.
Chaching'ono kwambiri pazophatikizira zonse - kulemera kwa mbalame kuyambira 550 mpaka 700 magalamu, kutalika kumafanana ndi kulemera. Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwake, mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi kukonda kuyenda pamtunda, abakha awa amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, ndipo amakonda kukhala m'malo obisika amitengo yayitali. Komabe, amadyetsa chimodzimodzi ndi abale awo, kungoti amadzipezera okha usodzi.
Mu chithunzi, mbalame ya ku Brazil merganser
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Merganser bakha ana
Bakha wa Merganser ndi nyama yabanja. Atafika paunyamata, amaphatikizidwa awiriawiri. Kucha kumachitika pafupifupi chaka chachiwiri cha moyo wokhala ndi thunzi. Maanja abakha amamanga zisa zawo mu udzu wautali kwambiri, m'mapanga, nyumba zosiyidwa ndi zotayika, m'maenje. Nthawi zina zisa za mergansers zimapezeka ngakhale m'miyala yamagalimoto yomwe yawonongeka. Abakha samayika zisa zawo kupitirira kilomita imodzi kuchokera kuchosungira kuti azitha kupita kumadzi ndi kudya mwachangu.
Iwo adawumiriza zisa zawo mwachimvekere. M mazira asanu ndi limodzi mpaka khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu amayikidwa mmenemo. Abakha ayenera kuwaswa mazira pafupifupi masiku makumi anayi. Chitani kokha akazi. Pakadali pano, anyaniwa amakhala mosiyana ndi mabanja awo. Nthawi imeneyi ndi yomwe mphindi yake imasungunuka. Wamkazi samachoka pachisa. Kungofuna kusaka ndi kudya. Nthawi yonseyo, iye amawotcha anapiye ake amtsogolo.
Chosangalatsa: Kuthengo, ophatikizika amatha kukhala ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Mitundu yotsogolera kukhazikika pamtunda imakhala yayitali - pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Chingwe chimabowola pansi. Amayamba kupanga mwachangu kwambiri. Amakhala masiku ochepa chisa, kenako amapita ndi amayi awo kumadzi. Pafupifupi tsiku lachinayi kapena lachisanu atabadwa, abwana aang'ono amasambira. Patsiku la 12, ana abwana amatha kale kuyamba kudziyimira pawokha. Amayang'ana ndikugwira nsomba zazing'ono, mwachangu. Kuti aphunzire kuuluka, ana agogo amafunika nthawi yambiri. Nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu zimatha ndege isanakwere.
Zopatsa
Big Merganser ikukula msanga. Anthu amafikira kuchuluka kwambiri kwamafuta pofika kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Chiwerengero cha mafuta m'mabakha oterowo ndiwambiri. Nyama imakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa komanso kukoma chifukwa cha zakudya. Kulemera kwa nyama yaminyama kumasiyana kuchokera ku 900 g mpaka 2.2 kg.
Bakha amatulutsa mazira 8-13 kuti agone. Kunyumba, kuvala kumatha kuwonjezeka pang'ono chifukwa cha chakudya chokhazikika. Mazira ndi oyera poterera, akulu. Kumenyedwa ndi kupulumuka - mpaka 100%.
Mitunduyo imakhala yogulitsa zikopa zamtengo wapatali ndi mitembo yaminyama yokhazikitsidwa. Kusaka kwa malonda kwa mbalame zotere kumachitika nthawi zina.
Zambiri Zofalitsa
Ziwetozo zimakhwima pofika zaka pafupifupi ziwiri. Abakha awa amadziwika ndi kusankha kwa mnzake kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuthengo, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimazolowera zisanabwere ku nesting. Amayandikira kutsogolo kwa wina ndi mnzake, amatambasula makosi awo, akumwetulira amapanga mawu achisoni. Maanja kapena mabanja ang'onoang'ono a "mamuna" m'modzi ndi "akazi" angapo akuyamba kale kuswana.
Abakha amapanga zisa. Nthawi yomweyo, akuwongolera amayang'anira azimayi awo, akumayandikira pafupi. Malo oti nkhuku za ana mtsogolo azitha kukhala motere:
- kuswa m'thanthwe
- mtengo wopanda kanthu
- chitsamba chowirira,
- pansi panthaka zazomera zoterera,
- nyumba zosiyidwa.
Monga lamulo, kufufuzaku kumachitika mkati mwa kilomita 1 kuchokera kuchosungira. Ana a nkhuku amayesa kutenga malo okwera. Amatsika pansi ngati malo abwino sangapezeke. Ma mergansers akuluakulu ndi amtundu wa abakha amtchire omwe amalolera kupita ku zisa zophunzitsidwa. Mabokosi, mabokosi m'malo omwe amakhala amakhala amawona kuti ali ndi chidaliro. Zofunikira kwambiri pomanga ndi kuphimba chisa zili pansi kuchokera kumbuyo kwa chikazi. Amabakha amachikoka ndi kutulutsa nyumba yawo.
Mayi wa nkhuku amakhala pamazira masiku 32. Aliyense amatulutsa anapiye 30. Pali milandu ya imfa ya "oyandikana nawo" pomwe mayi m'modzi amatenga mazira 40 pansi pa phiko lake. Merganser amabisa zoterezi sizimayambitsa zovuta chifukwa cha thupi lalikulu komanso kulemera kwakemwini.
Amuna samatenga nawo mbali pogwira ana. Nthawi zambiri amasiya zachikazi. Panyumba, palibe chifukwa chokwanira kupeza chakudya, chifukwa chake ma drake nthawi zambiri amakhala owongolera, osamala.
Wamkazi Merganser wokhala ndi Ana aakazi
Ana amatsekemera ndi khungu la maolivi m'thupi. Pakupita masiku awiri, adumpha kuchoka pachisa ndikuyamba kuthamangitsa bakha. Chitukuko chikuchitika pang'onopang'ono. Ophatikizana akuluakulu amaphunzira kusambira palibe kale kuposa masiku 10 amoyo, ndipo ndi miyezi 2,5 yokha yomwe imakhala kumapiko. Pakadali pano, anapiye amathamangira pansi komanso pamadzi. Chifukwa cha kuthekera, amabisala anzeru kwa adani komanso zowopsa zina.
Nyumba ya mbalame
Abakha amtchire amakonda kwambiri ufulu. Zimasunthira kwambiri, kotero danga ndilofunikira. Pa 1 m 2 ya chipinda sayenera kupitilira achikulire atatu. Ntchito yomanga imachitika osachepera 16 m 2, ngakhale abakha khumi kapena khumi ndi awiriwa. Kuponderezedwa kumayambitsa kupsinjika, kumabweretsa kukula kwakukulu, matenda ndi nkhondo zamtundu wa Internecine.
Zida zabwino kwambiri za ana akanda ndi mtengo wamtanda 7-12 cm. Sheathing imapangidwa ndi matabwa kapena plywood. Nyumba za konkire ndi zomangira nyumba zimakhalitsa koma ndizokwera mtengo komanso zovuta kuzimanganso. Polycarbonate amasunga kutentha bwino, koma sangakhale ovuta kwa abakha amtchire molingana ndi chibadwa chachilengedwe. Mtengowo ndi woyenera m'njira zonse.
Zinthu zabwino kwambiri za duckweed - mtengo matabwa 7-12 cm
Mitengo yamatabwa
Kapangidwe ka "nyumba" kamaphatikizapo:
- Maziko kapena miyendo yotalika masentimita pafupifupi 20. Kutuluka pansi kumapewetsa kuzizira komanso kuzizira pansi, kumalepheretsa kulowerera kwa makoswe ndi nyama zina zodya zing'onozing'ono. Miyendo ili ndi mwayi wowonjezerapo - malo owonjezera mthunzi kwa abakha masiku azilimwe amasankhidwa pansi pa malo okhetsedwa. Mukamasankha maziko pansi, mulu wa dongo wokulirapo umapangidwa kuti tizirombo tanyama sizilekerera,
- pansi. Pamaziko pakhoza kukhala matope ndi matabwa pamwamba kapena konkriti. Koma kutentha ndi kuuma ndikusungika bwino ndi zokutira kwamatabwa. Anthu ambiri amasankha pamiyambo kapena kukweza pamasamba,
- makoma. Ndi zilizonse, ndikofunikira kutseka ming'alu yonse, kutsitsa zoyenera, ndikofunikira kupanga zenera kapena kuyendetsa ndege,
- padenga. Itha kukhala imodzi kapena iwiri. Zida zowumba zitha kukhala chilichonse, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti sizidutsa madzi ndi kukonzekera. Nthawi zambiri, chisankho chimagwera pa waya wosinthika kapena kagawo. Pa denga la gable, ndikothekera kupanga kachipinda komwe kamasungabe kutentha. Shed imayesedwa ndi wosanjikiza wa polystyrene wokulitsidwa.
Dokowe amayikidwa miyendo osachepera 20 cm
Uyatnik pamalo apadera
Komwe nyumbayo imasankhidwira paphiri laling'ono, pomwe chinyezi sichimadziunjikira chifunga komanso m'mawa.Zabwino kwambiri kusankha mbali yakumwera kwa tsambalo.
Kupanga Kwanyumba
Kupereka ma mergansers akuluakulu ndi chilichonse chofunikira kuthandizira pazofunikira:
- kuyatsa. Kwa mtundu wamtchire, chizindikirochi ndichofunikira kwambiri chifukwa mbalame zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwabadwa kuyang'anira zachilengedwe. Kuwala kuyenera kulowa mkati momwe kungathekere. M'mphepete mwa nyumbayo samapangira mawindo okha, komanso mabowo kumtunda kwa khoma. Kukula kwa mazenera ndi kocheperako kuti cheza chachindunji chisapitirire abakha. M'nyengo yachisanu-yozizira, kuwunikira kokumba kudzafunika kwa maola osachepera 14. Babu lalikulu la ma watts asanu pa 1 mita 2 ndi lokwanira. ikani nyali zazitali pamwamba pa denga.
Tizilombo tambiri
- Kutentha. Ma mergansers akuluakulu amalola chisanu chambiri popanda mavuto. M'malo ovuta, amafunika kutenthetsa kale. Pakupanga bwino dzira, kulemera, kusakhazikika, sungani kutentha 12 ° C. Kwa ana ang'onoang'ono, nyali zachinyengo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito;
- pansi. Bakha sakonda kumasula ma tsi awo. Kugonjera kumatha kubweretsa ngakhale kufa. Ndikofunikira kuti masentimita khumi kuchokera pansi osakanikirana ndi udzu, utuchi, phulusa. M'chilimwe, mchenga wamtsinje umawonjezedwanso. Kuphatikizikaku kumachotsanso chinyezi chambiri. Ndikofunikira kusintha kamodzi kapena kawiri m'milungu iwiri, m'mene zikhala zodetsa,
- zisa. Amapangidwa m'mizere imodzi kapena zingapo pamalo okwera. Ndikofunika kuti muziika makwerero kwa iwo, chifukwa kuwuluka mumunthu m'modzi sikuvuta nthawi zonse. Monga zisa, mabokosi amatabwa ndi abwino. Kukula kwa zisa ndi 25x35x40 cm.Ciwerengerocho chikulingana ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhuku.
Nkhondo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera kuchikoka chamatabwa
Ndikofunikanso kukumbukira za kuponya ndege pafupipafupi kudzera pazenera. Zojambula siziyenera kukhala. M'chilimwe, tsegulani zitseko zambiri.
Chitsanzo cha Gulu
Ndikofunika kugawa malo onse m'magawo ang'onoang'ono momwe mabanja a 1 akhanda ndi azimayi atatu azikonzekera.
Chitsanzo cha nyumba yayikulu mkati
Kuyenda
Ma mergansers akuluakulu amafunika kuyenda pafupipafupi mu mpweya wabwino. Zochitikazo zikuyenera kukhala zatsiku ndi tsiku, popanda nthawi yachaka. Kupatula kumapangidwa kwa masiku okha ndi kuzizira pansipa -10 ° C, pakakhala chiwopsezo cha chisanu. Alimi ena amachita mwanzeru malo awo kuti nthawi yozizira izikhala ndi makhoma komanso denga.
Kuyenda poyenda
Tsambali lili ndi mpanda wolimba gridi mita 1.5-2. Pamwamba pali ma mesh omwewo opumira kuchokera ku kuwuluka kupita ku ufulu. Payenera kukhala malo ambiri momwe mungathere. Asanalowe mnyumbamo, amapanga mlatho wokulirapo wopangidwa ndi matabwa. Chifukwa chake, pamakhazikitsidwa malo omwe abakha amatha kupulumutsidwa ku mvula ndi dzuwa. Makomo samatseka zitseko zanyumba nthawi yoyenda. Panthawi imeneyi, kuwuluka kumachitika, kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kopititsa othandizira mumsewu kumachotsedwa.
Pepala lachitsanzo pafupi ndi bakha
Paddock uyenera kuphimbidwa ndi udzu ndi mulu wa utuchi ndi mchenga. Kusakaniza kudzatenga chinyezi chochulukirapo, kumachotsa kutonthola. Komanso, njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wopewe ayezi wamphamvu m'nyengo yozizira. Matalala ofooka amathyoledwa ndikumasulidwa ndi mbalame asanatulutse mbalamezo.
Osamba
Malo osambira ndikofunikira kwa abakha onse. Ziweto zakutchire zimasowa madzi ambiri mdera lopezeka. Njira yabwino ndiyakuti mukhale ndi dziwe lapafupi, dziwe kapena mtsinje wokhala ndi madzi oyera. Mergansers amaphunzira mosavuta kusambira ndikubwerera. Kuti akhale ndi chidaliro chowonjezeranso pakubwerera, mapiko awo amawombera pang'ono.
Ngati kupezeka madzi achilengedwe kumakhala kovuta, kumachitika mwadongosolo. Itha kukhala:
- dziwe lochita kupanga patsambalo,
- chigwa kapena dzenje lodzaza madzi,
- dziwe lalikulu
- bafa yogona pansi.
Dziwe laling'ono kuchokera kusamba m'deralo
Mulimonsemo, madziwo amafunika kuti azithiriridwa nthawi zonse ndikusinthidwa ndi watsopano. Kudzaza kodetsa kumapangitsa nthenga kumamatirana, matenda oopsa komanso chiphe cha abakha. Ndikofunika kupatula nsomba zazing'ono mu thankiyo kuti anthu asataye mtima wawo wosaka. Alimi ambiri amapanga madzi otungira kuchokera kumadziwe kupita ku zimbudzi, amapanga akasupe ang'onoang'ono kuti azikhala ndi madzi osasintha.
Kupanga dziwe losamba
Zoyambitsa
Zida zofunika mnyumba:
- odyetsa. Pali njira zambiri zomwe amadyetsa abakha. Nthawi zambiri, gawo ili limaseweredwa ndi zidebe zazitali zazitali zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena nkhuni. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mbali yogawa pakati kuti mbalamezo zitha kuchokera mbali zonse ziwiri osasokoneza mzake. Chipindacho chimapangidwa chopapatiza, chaching'ono kuposa mulomo. Izi zimapewa kufalikira kwa chakudya komanso kudziunjikira kwa dothi mwa wodyetsa. Njira ina yopangira chidebe "chaukhondo" ndi chitoliro cha pulasitiki chotalika masentimita 10. Imapanga mabowo azakudya. Amadyetsa amakhazikika, kusiya malo kuti athe kupeza njira zosiyanasiyana. Amadzazidwa mokwanira molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolinga, kuti zochulukirapo sizabalalike ndi bakha,
Pipe wodyetsa
Makonda awiri oyamwa
- kumwa mbale. Ayenera kupezeka pa paddock komanso m'nyumba nthawi zonse. M'chilimwe, mumsewu mumatha kuyika miphika yapulasitiki wamba yodzaza m'mphepete. Madzi okhetsedwa amamizidwa pansi popanda mavuto. Amamwa zakumwa za mtundu wotseka wotsekedwa amasankhidwa. Chakudya chokhacho chithandiza mlimi, popeza abakha amamwa pafupifupi malita 0,6 amadzi patsiku. M'nyengo yozizira, kumwa samaloledwa kunja; nthawi zozama, amadzaza matanki ndi chipale chofewa,
- phulusa ndi mchenga. Mabokosi ali pafupifupi 1,2 ndi 1.8 m Kutalika kovomerezeka ndi 20-25 cm.Mchenga ndi phulusa zimasakanizika palimodzi. Kudzaza kumachitika pa 2/3. M'chilimwe, bokosilo limayikidwa pachokhazikika ndipo zomwe zimasinthidwa zimasinthidwa masabata angapo. M'nyengo yozizira, njira 1 yokwanira milungu iwiri iliyonse. Kusamba koteroko kumathandizira abakha kuyeretsa nthenga, kuchotsa majeremusi, mazira. Asanalowe m'malo osakaniza, mabokosiwa amapezeka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a potaziyamu permanganate. Mukamayenda m'mphepete mwa mchenga, mutha kuchita zochepa, chifukwa abakha amadzichitira okha.
Zakudya
Zakudya za Big Merganser zili pafupi kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa anthu omwe adatengedwa kuti akhale achinyumba. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo nsomba zosaphika ndi zophika zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, algae (kelp, rupee, distichlis), ochepa mphutsi zouma komanso zatsopano, udzu wambiri.
Mndandandawu ukukulira kuti ziweto zisungidwe kunyumba. Zowonjezera za mapira, barele, buckwheat, chinangwa, nyama ndi fupa chakudya sizingavulaze. Mergansers nthawi zambiri amawona zakudya zamasamba ndi chipolopolo cha chipolopolo. Nthawi zina chololedwa kulowa m'malo mwa nsomba zamkaka zopanda mkaka ndi tchizi chamafuta ochepa. Nkhuku zimawonjezeredwa dzira loyera. M'nyengo yozizira, mutha kuwonjezera mafuta am'madzi kuti mupange kuperewera kwa mavitamini.
Kuti alipire kuchuluka kwa mavitamini, zimalimbikitsidwa kupatsa abakha mafuta a nsomba
Ndikoletsedwa kupereka mkate wa rye (zoyera pokhapokha komanso zouma), zopangidwa ndi shuga, zophatikiza ndi mankhwala. Zowonjezera mchere zimatha kuwonjezeredwa kuti zidye ndi ma pellets ama mafakitale opangidwira kuthengo.
Chiwerengero cha zakudya m'chilimwe ndi 2 (m'mawa ndi madzulo, masana), nthawi yozizira - 3 (m'mawa, nkhomaliro, madzulo). Ndikofunika kutsatira boma.
Kudyetsa mitengo ya abakha patsiku
Njira zophikira
Njere imaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe otentha, ophukira ndi owuma. Masamba tart pa grater mu mawonekedwe owiritsa kapena mwatsopano. Amadyera odulidwa. Nsombayo imaduladula m'miyamba yayikulu wamkulu mergansers kapena kuphwanya kwa abakha.
M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chatsiku lililonse chimapatsidwa phala lonyowa lopangidwa ndi mbewu, nsomba, masamba (kaloti, beets, mbatata). Chovala chikhoza kukhala nsomba kapena msuzi wa nyama, Whey kapena madzi. The osakaniza ndi pang'ono mchere.
M'mawa ndi madzulo ndikofunikira kupatsa nsomba zam'nyanja zatsopano kapena zonyowa. Ogawa osiyana amaika zosakaniza zouma ndi tirigu ndi choko.
Otsitsirawo amatsukidwa mutatha kudyetsa, kutsukidwa nthawi zonse ndi zitosi ndi uve.
Osiyanitsidwa ndi chakudya chonyowa, zosakaniza zouma zouma ndi rock rock ndi choko zimayamwa kuti zikhale bakha
Kuunika kwa ana ndi kusankhidwa kwa fuko
Mukukonzekera kuswana kwotsatira, achinyamata okula kwambiri komanso okhwima amasankhidwa. Ana oyamwa athanzi ayenera kukhala:
- Chiritsani ma umbilical chingwe
- kusintha kwamphamvu kosangalatsa,
- zofewa m'mimba
- yunifolomu yolakwika
- maso owala
- mapiko osayenda
- kulemera osachepera 50 g
- kulimba mtima phazi lolimba.
Tchaka tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadzakhala abakha, ndipo zimalemera ndikubereka ana mtsogolo.
Bakha wamkulu wa Merganser wokhala ndi bakha
Akuluakulu a ziweto amatenga zaka zofanana, kulemera kwofanana kwa thupi. Ndikofunikira kutenga m'mabanja a abakha ndi madontho a mizere yosiyanasiyana ya makolo. Mzere umodzi sioyenera kubereka nthawi zonse. Ogulitsa omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chogwira ntchito, amakhala ndi thupi lotukuka, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino opanda mawonekedwe a dazi amadziwika kuti ndi anthu abwino.
Zigawo zopanga nyama sizigwiritsidwanso ntchito kuposa miyezi 8-12.
Momwe mungayambire komanso chifukwa cha kubereka
Popeza ndizosatheka kugula Greater Mergansers, amkolekeredwa m'maenje mumnyengo. Abakha amalolera kutenga malo okonzeka, kuchokera komwe mungatenge mazira ochepa. Alimi ena amatha kusamalira ndikunyengerera akuluakulu kuti azigoneka nkhuku ndi chakudya. Izi ndi zabwino, chifukwa pomwe mkaziyo amakhala pansi ndi kubereka. Mutha kugwiranso anthu angapo a nyama zazing'ono. Amasintha mikhalidwe yatsopano mosavuta komanso mwachangu kuposa abakha okhwima.
Ana amatha kutulutsidwa ndi mazira mu chofungatira kapena mwa kuyika pansi pa abakha ena atatha kupha tizilombo ta chipolopolo ndi potaziyamu permanganate. Ndikwabwino kutenga mazira angapo kuchokera ku mazira angapo, kuti mtsogolo famuyo izikhala yolumikizidwa ku mizere yosiyana ya makolo ndi ya amayi.
Kunyumba, mtundu wamtchire umasungidwa ngati mbalame yokongoletsera, pa nthenga ndi kupanga nyama. Ziweto zingapo zitha kugulitsidwa ku malo osungirako nyama, malo osungirako zachilengedwe kapena minda. Osaka, akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ornithology amakonda kusunga bakha. Ma Mergans amabzalidwe kawirikawiri chifukwa chakudya kwa nsomba. Izi zowonongeka zimachotsedwa pokhapokha mibadwo chifukwa cha kusintha pang'onopang'ono kudyetsa chakudya choyenera kunyumba.
Kupanga dzenje
Maenje okutentha amapangidwa ndi mitengo yayitali yamatanda yopanda maziko. Kutalika kokwanira - 70 cm.
Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito aspen. Pangani ma choko, kuwaza. Mbale imapangidwa, kulowetsamo kudulidwa. Amakoka ziwalozo pamodzi ndi waya kapena kumangiriza mothandizidwa ndi matabwa ndi misomali. Khazikitsani pansi, padenga. Kupaka topaka ndi yankho la phulusa. Mipata yokutidwa ndi dongo. Mkati, fumbi lamatabwa limathiridwa ndi utuchi ndi udzu.
Bakha amawuluka munyumba
M'maenje mwake mumayikamo ndowe za mabango kapena mumapachika mita 3-5 pamitengo. Ngati "nyumbazi" zatsalira pansi, zimakhazikika pang'ono kuti zisagwidwe ndi madzi mkati ndikuthandizira kutuluka kwa nkhuku. Kukhazikitsa kumachitika makamaka asanafike mergansers. Anthu oyandikana nawo adzakhala omata, osoka, osoka. Ndiwolondera abwino kuchokera kuzidyera za mabanja awo ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi.
Mazira kapena anapiye amachotsedwa mosamala atachotsa chivindikiro.
Nyumba zamakakha zimapangidwa molingana ndi mfundo zomwezo.
Makulitsidwe
Ngati mazira amatengedwa kuchokera ku zisa, makulitsidwe amachitika kuti achotse. Njirayi isanayambe, zomwe zili pansi pa chigobacho zimatha kutulutsa ndi ovoscope kupatula zisafunda. M'mazira abwino, yolk ili pakatikati, maukonde amitsempha yamagazi akuwonekera bwino, mapuloteni alibe mawanga, chipinda cha mpweya chimakhala pafupi ndi nsanja yolumikizana. Mazira adamizidwa mu yankho la potaziyamu permanganate, kupukuta ndikuyika chipangizocho.
Yabwino dzira chilolezo
Kenako, njirayi imapita m'magawo:
- Gawo 1. Chimakhala sabata. Kapangidwe kameneka kumachitika pamenepo, mtima umayamba kugunda. Pamafunika kutentha kwa 38 ° C, chinyezi cha 70% ndi 4 kutembenukira patsiku,
- 2 siteji. Zimakhala masiku 10 (kuyambira masiku 8). Mafupa amapangika. Kutentha - 37.8 о С, chinyezi 45-50%, 4-6 imatembenuka tsiku lililonse, kupumira 2 pa tsiku kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 20 kupewa kupsa mtima, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mu maola 24,
- 3 siteji. Zimatenga masiku 8-10 (kuchokera masiku 18). Kutentha - 37.8 о С, chinyezi - chinyezi - 60%. Maulendo 5 ndi zophukira zitatu mpaka tsiku (zimathandizira kulumikizana),
- Gawo 4. Kuyambira masiku 28 mpaka kuwaswa. Kutentha - 37,5 о С, chinyezi - 85%. Palibe chifukwa chotembenuzira. Spray nthawi ndi nthawi
- 5 siteji. Zimakhala tsiku pambuyo pobadwa kwa abakha. Asanayanike, anapiyewo mu chofungatira, kenako amasinthidwa ku bokosi ndikuyika kwa masiku angapo kutentha kwa 20-24 ° C. Anapiyewo amamwetsedwa ndikuwadyetsa ndi zouma zophika.
Mwana wankhuku yathanzi, yothandiza ikuyenera kulemera pafupifupi 65 g.
Magulu a Mergansers
Mwachilengedwe, mutha kukumana ndi mitundu inayi ya mafoni am'madzi omwe amawaganizira:
- chachikulu merganser
- wautali-wosakanizika,
- flake merganser,
- kulanda.
Mu chithunzichi, onse amawoneka osokonezeka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mtundu wawo.
Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona woimira mtundu, yemwe dzina lake ndi lalikulu merganser. Ili ndi kulemera kwakukulu (nthawi yozizira - mpaka 2 kg). Mwina izi zimamupangitsa kukhala chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri chosaka. Malo opambana kwambiri okhala amakhala makamaka m'madzi opanda phokoso komanso mitsinje yomwe ili pafupi ndi taiga kumpoto.
Monga tanena kale, m'chilengedwe muli ena oimira mitundu ya bakha merganser. Mwachitsanzo, merganser wapakatikati kapena wautali (ali ndi mlomo wautali kwambiri komanso wowongola kwambiri komanso kutalika kwamfupi, komwe kumasiyanitsa ndi abale). Mtunduwu umakhala makamaka mu tundra ndi nkhalango za ku Eurasia. Amasokonezedwa ndimabuku ang'onoang'ono ngati scaly merganser.
Scaly Merganser imapezeka makamaka ku Far East ndi China. Pali oimira ochepa kwambiri omwe atsalira, pafupifupi 1,500 awiriawiri. Ichi chinali chifukwa cholowetsa Buku Lofiyira.
Adani achilengedwe a abakha a merganser
Chithunzi: bakha wa Merganser
Bakha wa Merganser siophweka kwa adani achilengedwe. Ili ndi miyeso yayikulu, mlomo wakuthwa, mano owongoka. Amatha kudziteteza ndi ana ake. Komabe, abakha nthawi zambiri sangathe kugonjetsa wotsutsa.
Pakati pa adani achilengedwe oopsa a mergansers ndi awa:
- ankhandwe ndi agalu achinja. Izi zimadyera zisa za mbalame, kusaka ndi kudya akuluakulu. Amayang'anira zisa za mergansers ndi fungo,
- mbalame zodyedwa. Choopsa chachikulu ndi akhwangwala, akambuku, mbewa zazikulu, chiwombankhanga, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, mphutsi. Nyama izi nthawi zambiri zimakonda kuphatira kapena ana agalu,
- ma otter, mink, martens, amphaka amtchire. Zidyamakanda sizitha kupha ophatikizana, chifukwa kwa iwo bakha ma kilogalamu awiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ochulukirapo,
- zobwezeretsa zina. Nyama zambiri amadya mazira ndi ana aang ono, pomwe amayi awo amayenda kupita ku dziwe.
Mitundu ina ya abakha imafa chifukwa cha nsomba zazikulu. Mergansers samakonda kuukira ophatikizana oterowo. Bakha wamtunduwu amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu. Anthu amasakabe nyama zosakanikirana ndipo amawapha unyinji. Pafupifupi mlenje aliyense amalota nyama ngati imeneyi, chifukwa abakha merganser ndi okongola kwambiri. Kusaka kotereku kwadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu a merganser m'malo onse achilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Momwe chimakhala chosakanizira cha bakha
Bakha wa Merganser ndi mtundu wosowa kwambiri. Ngakhale kukhazikika kwa anthu wamba, mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi ili pangozi. M'mayiko ambiri, bakha amazindikiridwa kuti ali pangozi, adalembedwa mu Red Book.
Kodi chifukwa chake mitunduyi imatha? Akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso asayansi ena atchulapo zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa ophatikizika.
- kuwombera kosalamulirika ndi osaka. Ngakhale kuletsa ndi kuteteza mbalamezi, kuwombera kwa mergansers kukupitilizabe. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha nyama,
- kuipitsa kwamadzi. Kwa moyo wautali, merganser amafunika madzi oyera, nsomba. Matupi amadzi m'maiko ambiri ali ndi uve kwambiri, chakudya cha abakha chikucheperachepera. Chakudya chimadwalanso, chomwe chimawononga thanzi la mbalame,
- kudula mitengo. Mitundu yambiri ya merganser imakhala m'nkhalango zomwe zili pafupi ndi dziwe. Kudula mitengo mwachhilengedwe kumathandiza kuti mbalame zisamange chisa komanso kuswana,
- ntchito yogwira anthu. Anthu amaipitsa mpweya, dothi, kupanga nyama zamtchire mwachangu.
Zonsezi pamwambapa zimayambitsa kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono koma motsimikiza kwa chiwerengero cha mergansers. Komanso abakha ambiri oterewa amafa nthawi yayitali. Abakha, kutsogola njira yokhazikika, kumakhala nthawi yayitali.
Chitetezo cha bakha wa Merganser
Chithunzi: Duck Merganser kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitundu ya mergansers sitha kutchedwa yambiri, koma anthu ake onse amakhala osasunthika. Komabe, mitundu ina ya abakha oterewa ili pafupi kutha, yalembedwa mu Red Book m'maiko ambiri ndipo imafuna chitetezo. Mitundu yocheperako komanso yomwe ili pangozi imaphatikizapo scaly ndi Brazil mergansers. Bakha akuluakulu komanso ataliatali ali pachiwopsezo masiku ano, amasunga anthu okwanira m'chilengedwe chonse.
Njira zotsatirazi zimatengedwa kuteteza abakha a mergansers ndikuyambiranso kuchuluka kwawo:
- kuyang'anira mosalekeza. Asayansi amayang'anira mosamala momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano, amasaka kuchuluka kwa abakha, thanzi lawo. Amasanthula zinthu zomwe zingasokoneze kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi,
- Kupanga mapaki otetezedwa. Kwa abakha awa, mapaki apadera amapangidwa ndi zonse zofunika. Pamenepo, mbalame zimakhala zotetezeka kwa maola 24,
kuswana kwa mbalame muukapolo.
Chochititsa chidwi: Tsoka ilo, mitundu ina ya merganser tsopano yatha. Chifukwa chake, Oakland merganser tsopano imatha kuwonekera mnyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zokha. Mbuzi zamtchire, amphaka ndi nkhumba ndizoyambitsa kufa kwake.
Bakha merganser - Cholengedwa chapadera komanso chokongola kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Izi mafoni am'madzi ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, owala, zizolowezi zosangalatsa. Agawidwa m'mitundu ingapo, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi njira yakeyake. Mitundu yambiri ya merganser masiku ano ili pachiwopsezo, motero ntchito ya anthu ndikuwateteza ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsa chiwerengero cha anthu.