Malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano yemwe adalembedwa mu magazini ya Nature Communications, asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito zojambulidwa zomwe ndizojambula bwino m'matanthwe a coral kuti apange kakhalidwe koyenera m'zigawo zomwe akufuna, kuti athe kubwezeretsanso mbali zowonongeka kwambiri ku Great Barrier Reef. Posachedwa, agwidwa ndi matenda komanso kutentha kwadziko.

Gulu la asayansi padziko lonse lapansi ochokera ku University of Exeter ndi University of Bristol ku UK adazindikira kuti mothandizidwa ndi phokoso amatha kukonza miyala ikuluikulu yamakorale. Kufufuza ku Great Barrier Reef yomwe idawonongeka ku Australia, asayansi adaika anthu oyankhula pansi pamadzi kuti ajambulitse zojambula zomveka zam'madzi amoyo m'malo okhala ndi matanthwe okufa, ndikupeza nsomba zowirikiza kawiri zomwe zidafika kuderali.

"Nsomba ndizofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito ngati miyala yamakhola ngati chilengedwe," atero katswiri wotsogolera, Tim Gordon wa University of Exeter.

Asayansi awona kuti kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumathandizira kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe pothana ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimawona pamiyala yambiri yapadziko lapansi.

Magulu a ma coral polyps tsopano amadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro cholondola cha zinthu zachilengedwe zam'madzi komanso momwe zimakhudzidwira ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo acidization yamadzi am'nyanja ndi kutentha kwadziko.

"Mathanthwe okhala ndi matanthwe athanzi ndi malo odabwitsa." Komabe, ikakhala chete mozungulira miyala, ichi ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizika kuti chilengedwechi ndivuto. Titha kusintha izi mwa kutengera mayendedwe omwe timafuna mpaka zinthu zilipobe, ”asayansi adatero.

Great Barriers Reef

Great Barrier Reef ndiye thanthwe lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limatalika ndi 2,5,000 km. Ili ku Nyanja ya Pacific ndipo imayenda m'mbali mwa nyanja kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Chokweracho chili ndi miyala yoposa 2,000 ya ziphuphu ndi zilumba 900 zam'mbali mwa nyanja ya Coral (ili pakati pa gombe la Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia).

Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe lotchedwa Australia's Council Council (bungwe lomwe likuyang'aniridwa ndi boma la Australia), magawo awiri mwa atatu a miyala yasinthidwa mtundu wawo pazaka ziwiri zapitazi. Asayansi amati izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo: kutentha kwamadzi, matanthwe akakhala m'malo opsinjika kwambiri ndikuyika zolengedwa zina zofanizira. Kumanzere popanda algae ndi ma lichens ena, ma coral amasiya kutaya, kusiya kukula ndikuwonongeka. Malinga ndi Pulofesa Terry Hughes, yemwe adatsogolera kafukufukuyu, kuchira kumatha kutenga zaka makumi ambiri.

Njira zina zochiritsira

Mathanthwe a korali ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zokongola komanso zothandiza padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nkhalango zam'nyanja," chifukwa, akukhala malo ochepa, amadyetsa ambiri mwa nyanja zam'madzi. Kudera lamiyala yamathanthwe, mpaka 9% ya nsomba zonse zapadziko lapansi ndizodzaza.

Malinga ndi nyuzipepala yaku America ku New York Times, theka la anthu mabiliyoni padziko lapansi amadalira nsomba zomwe zimapezeka m'matanthwe. Kwa mayiko ena azilumba, awa okha ndi omwe amapanga mapuloteni.

M'mayiko otukuka, makamaka Australia, miyala yam'madzi ndizokopa alendo ambiri zomwe zimabweretsa mamiliyoni ku bajeti.

Asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akufunafuna njira zobwezeretsanso Great Barrier Reef. Malinga ndi New York Times, wofufuza ku Sarasota Aquarium Laboratory (Florida), David Vaughan, amagawa matanthwe tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono, amakulitsa madera atsopano, ndikuwabwezeretsanso kunyanja. "Zinkatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kupanga ma korali 600. Tsopano titha kulima ma coral 600 mu theka la tsiku ndikuwabzala m'miyezi yochepa."

Ofufuza ku Australia Institute of Marine Science ku Townsville amatola mabungwe omwe akwanitsa kuthana ndi "moyo wopsinjika kwambiri m'miyoyo yawo", amafalitsa "miyala yabwino kwambiri" yomwe ili ndi majini abwino kwambiri ndikubwezera kunyanja. Asayansi akuyembekeza "kumanga" miyala yokhazikika yomwe ingapulumuke kutentha kwanyengo.

Coral reef // pixabay.com

Zooxanthellae ndi mtundu wa dinoflagellate, gulu lomwe limaphatikizanso algae lomwe limayang'anira "mafunde ofiira". Popeza ndizojambula, zooxanthellae zimapangitsanso kuti zinthu zam'mbali zam'mlengalenga zizikhala ngati chomera. Pomaliza, matanthwe amabisa mafupa, ndipo nyamayo ndi zifanizo zake zili m'mbale yopangidwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ya aragonite.

Mbiri ya Kafukufuku wa Coral Reef

Chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yawo yapadera, ma korali akhala akuphunziridwa kwazaka zambiri. Ngakhale Aristotle adawafotokozera mu “Makwerero a Zolengedwa” (Scala naturae) Komabe, ngati tiyang'ana mbiriyakale, ndiye kuti Charles Darwin mwina adzakhala wofufuza wotchuka kwambiri wamakorali. Adanenanso malingaliro a momwe matanthwe amathanthwe am'madzi am'madzi amnyanja am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, imagwirira ntchito, komanso, makamaka, ku ma Pacific Ocean, komwe kumakhala koyenera, ngakhale kuti asayansi amafunikira nthawi yayitali kuti atsimikizire izi.

Chiphunzitso cha Darwin, chomwe chikufotokozedwa koyamba mu chithunzi chake, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reef, ndichofunika kwambiri. Ananenanso kuti ngati pali phiri lophulika pamwamba pa nyanja, matanthwe amatha kupanga m'mphepete mwake. Phulalo likamamira pang'onopang'ono m'madzi, kuleka kukula mwachangu, matanthwe amakhalabe. Zotsatira zake ndizomwe zimatchedwa miyala yopanda malire. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali chilumba pakati pa nyanjayo ndi mphete yazizungulira mozungulira. Popita nthawi, chiphalaphalachi chimatsika kwambiri, kotero kuti chilumbacho chimasowa, ndipo mphete yamiyala imatsala. Chifukwa chake chowonekera chapamwamba. Ndizodabwitsa kuti Darwin adapanga lingaliro ili pongoyang'ana mamapu asanaone ndi maso ake ma coral atoll poyenda pa Beagle.

Pambuyo pa Darwin, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ndege yayikulu idapita ku Great Barrier Reef kuti akaphunzire miyala ya coral. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri panali ntchito za Thomas Goro, yemwe adayamba kuwona ma corals ngati nyama ndikuphunzira mtundu wawo wa khungu. Mbiri yophunzirira zamakorali ndi yolemera: miyala, makamaka munthawi yoyambirira, idaphunziridwa chimodzimodzi ndi akatswiri a geologists ndi akatswiri a sayansi, ndipo akatswiri a zoology nawonso adaphunzira ma coral.

Mapangidwe a miyala yamakhola

Symbiosis yokhala ndi maselo a chomera imalola coral imodzi kukula msanga. Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa kuthekera kwa kupangika kwa matanthwe kumadalira izi: zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana zimakhala m'madzi osaya, nthawi zonse kutafuna zigawo za mafupa ndikuwononga miyala. Pali mtundu wa mpikisano pakati pa chilengedwe ndi chiwonongeko, ndipo m'madzi osaya sikungakhale mwala umodzi wopanda miyala, womwe umapereka kuwonjezeka kwa zotupa kwa nthawi yayitali.

M'madzi akuya, pali zinthu zochepa zosokoneza mwakuthupi komanso kwachilengedwenso, ndipo ma corals ena akuzama panyanja nawonso amapanga miyala, ngakhale alibe maubwanawa, ndipo amapezeka popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma korona ang'onoang'ono ambiri omwe amakhala ngati zokhazokha, nthawi zina ngati timagulu ting'onoting'ono, samamanga miyala ikuluikulu.

Mathanthwe a Coral amapangidwa makamaka m'malo otentha m'madzi osaya. Zitha kupezekanso mu subtropics, koma osati m'madzi ozizira. Great Barrier Reef wazaka makumi awiri zapitazo, womwe uli pafupi ndi Australia, ndiye wamkulu kwambiri ndipo ali ndi kutalika kwa ma kilomita 2000.

Zosiyanasiyana zamakorali

Ma Corals ndiosavuta kupanga ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi hydra, anemones ya nyanja ndi jellyfish. Amakhala ndi mafupa apadera, omwe amasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa coral, ndi kapangidwe kotchedwa polyp. Imawoneka ngati tini wokhala ndi chivindikiro chakung'ambika mbali imodzi, kotero pamakhala chitseko chakumapeto kwa silinda kuzunguliridwa ndi mahema. Chakudya chimalowa kudzera potseguka, kenako zinyalala zimachotsedwa. Chifukwa chakechi ndichilengedwe chosavuta kwambiri - chilibe ngakhale ziwalo zenizeni, monga nyama zapamwamba.

Ngakhale kuphweka uku, pali mitundu yayikulu yamakorali - mitundu pafupifupi 1,500. Mitundu ya Acropore (Acropora) mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri, ndipo awa ndi ma corals ambiri m'madzi osaya, makamaka ku Pacific Ocean. Zonsezi zimakhazikika munjira zosiyanasiyana: madera ena akuluakulu amakhala ngati timiyala tokhala ngati mitengo italiitali, pomwe ina ndi yofinya. Ena amakula mwanjira ya mbale zazikulu kapena matebulo. Onse amasiyanitsidwa ndikuti amakula mwachangu kwambiri ma corals.

Mtundu wina wosangalatsa ndi nyenyezi zazikulu za coral (Montastraea cavernosa), yomwe ndi mwala wamwala womwe umapezeka ku Caribbean. Chodabwitsa ndizakuti, ngakhale zidagawidwa kwambiri ndipo zidawerengedwa ndi asayansi ambiri, zidapezeka kuti iyi si mtundu umodzi, monga tidaganizira kale, koma angapo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ndi zochuluka zingati zomwe zapezedwa pakufufuza zamakedzana zomwe zisanapangidwe, kuphatikizapo kufufuza pamlingo woyambira kwambiri.

Kubwezeretsanso matumba

Ziphuphu zimakhala ndi kubereka kosazolowereka: zambiri zimabereka kamodzi pachaka pakumera kochuluka, pomwe zimatulutsa mazira am'mimba ndi umuna mu mtundu wa megaorgia wapansi pamadzi. Potere, kubereka kumachitika kudzera mukutulutsidwa kwa ma Gametes.

Ma Coral amathanso kubereka podutsa ma polyp atsopano kapena ngakhale kudutsika magawo, momwe amabwezeretsedwanso. Ngakhale zili choncho, ma corals ndi osiyanasiyana.

Udindo wamakorali pachilengedwe

Mathanthwe ndizosiyana kwambiri zachilengedwe zonse zam'madzi. Chifukwa cha mafupa awo, ma korali amapanga malo okhala, ambiri m'njira zambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mphalaphala ndi miyala ya korali, kapena kumata pansi, kapena kumangodya.

Zochepa ndizodziwika bwino pazamoyo zomwe zimakhala ndi ma corals, ndipo izi ndi mitundu yosachepera miliyoni, ndipo mwina pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi - sitingayerekeze kuchuluka kwake. Ngati mungayang'ane mkati mwamatanthwe, mutha kupeza mitundu yosiyana, ndipo zinthu zonse izi, zomwe ndizosangalatsa, zokongola, zimakhala pamodzi m'malo ochepa. Ngati muphatikiza miyala yonse, mumapeza malo ofanana ndi gawo la France, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zilombo zonse za m'nyanja.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabanja a nsomba, nsombazo, nkhono, mapira ndi octopus, shrimp, crabs, lobster ndi magulu ena omwe sitimadziwika nawo amakhala m'makorali. Tengani pafupifupi aliyense amene amakhala munyanja, ndipo mutha kupeza woimira mitundu yake pamatanthwe a coral. Nthawi zina zinthuzi zimathandizanso kukhala miyala. Nsomba, mwachitsanzo, zimayang'anira algae, yomwe ndiyofunikira kwambiri pamakorali, chifukwa algae amapikisana nawo. Chiwerengero cha nsomba ndichofunika chomwe chingateteze matanthwewo kuti asatenge mphamvu. Komabe, masiku ano sindiwo ngozi yayikulu kwambiri yowopseza ma corals.

Kutentha kwadziko lapansi

Ma Corals omwe amakhala ndi algae achetic ndi chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kutentha. Zotsatira zake, zikafika pazochulukirapo monga momwe zimakhalira ndi digiri imodzi Celsius kapena ma Fahrenheit awiri, izi zimaphwanya kwambiri mphamvu ya dinoflagellates ku photosynthesis. Zotsatira zake, kukhudzidwa kwa ma tcheni kumayambitsidwa, komwe kumabweretsa kusokonekera mu ubale: ma corals amathamangitsa zisonyezo munjira yomwe imatchedwa coral bleaching, popeza popanda zisonyezo ali pafupifupi oyera.

Ziphuphu sizimafa nthawi yomweyo, koma ngati sizingobwerera mwachangu, ziyamba kumwalira. Ndipo amafa ndi njala, chifukwa amafunikira chakudya chomwe amalandira kuchokera kuzizindikiro. Koma ichi ndi chitsanzo cha zotsatira zachindunji kukutentha kwa dziko. Carbon dioxide - choyambitsa chachikulu chotentha - imasinthanso kapangidwe ka madzi, kupangitsa kuti ikhale acidic, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta za ma coral. Tsogolo la ma corals limatengera mtundu wamakhalidwe omwe anthu amasankha pazaka khumi zikubwerazi. Izi zithandiza kudziwa momwe kutentha kwadzikoli lidzakhalire, komanso kuphatikiza nyanja yamchere.

Mpaka pano, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ma corals kwachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, koma chifukwa cha kuwedza kwakumodzi, kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuwononga chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ngati tingathe kupereka chitetezo chamderalo, izi zitipatsa nthawi kuti tipeze njira yothetsera vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zovuta kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo.

Kafukufuku wamakono wamakorali

Lero tikupeza zambiri zatsopano zokhudzana ndi ma corals pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano za majini. Mwachitsanzo, timaphunzira zambiri za momwe matanthwe amathandizira kupsinjika, kuphatikizapo kutentha. Pazaka khumi kapena makumi awiri zapitazi, ntchito yambiri yachitika pofuna kudziwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma coral ena alimbane ndi kutentha kwadziko. Zotsatira zoyambirira zinali zokhudzana ndi kupezeka kuti zizindikiro zina ndizosagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kuposa zina, ndipo izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito yayikulu pakuwongolera ubale wamgwirizano wapakati pa ma coral ndi dinoflagellates.

Posachedwa, takhala tikuphunzira za kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zam'madzi komanso momwe zingaperekere kukana kutentha kwanyengo. Kufufuza kosiyanasiyana komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi ma corals ndi zolemba zawo, komanso momwe angagwiritsidwire ntchito kupanga miyala yamakhola yomwe imalephera kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo, ndi gawo lalikulu la kafukufuku waposachedwa, koma pali magawo ena ambiri ogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, matendawa a coral tsopano amabweretsa vuto lalikulu, ndipo kafukufuku wambiri amachitika chifukwa cha izi. Tsopano tikudziwa zambiri za matenda a coral ndi kusinthika kwake.

Tikudziwanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhudzana kwa matendawa ndi thanzi la chimbudzi. Mu 2016, msonkhano unachitikira ku Haiti, komwe anthu pafupifupi 3,000, magawo 112 anachitika pamsonkhanowu kwa masiku anayi mpaka asanu, kotero mazana ndi mazana a zolemba adatumizidwa. Kuchokera pamitundu iyi yambiri ya corals, asayansi akuyembekeza kuti aphunzira zambiri zokhudzana ndi zinthu zokongola, zapadera komanso zosiyana siyana modabwitsa.

Uku ndikutanthauzira kwa nkhani yathu mu Chingerezi cha Sense Science. Mutha kuwerenga zolemba zoyambirira pano.

Maphunziro

Zambiri mwa miyala yamakhoma yomwe timawona lero yapanga nyengo ya ayezi, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana komwe kunapangitsa kuti nyanja ikwere komanso kusefukira kwa alumali. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zaka zawo siziposa 10,000. Kutengera ndi alumali, zigawozo zidayamba kukula ndikufika pamwamba pa nyanja. Zimbudzi zamakhola zimapezekanso kutali ndi malo ochepera kuzungulira zilumba komanso mawonekedwe a ma atoll. Zambiri mwa zisumbu zoterezi zinachokera ku mapiri. Kupatula kosakhala komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa tectonic. Mu 1842, Charles Darwin mu chithunzi chake choyamba, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reef, adapanga lingaliro lomiza lomwe limalongosola mapangidwe a atoll pokweza ru en ndi subsidence ru en Kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi pansi pamadzi. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, njira yopanga ma atoll imadutsa magawo atatu motsatizana. Choyamba, phala laphiri litapendekeka pansi ndikukhazikika, matanthwe ophulika amaphulika kuzungulira chilumba chopangidwa ndi chiphala chophulika. Ndikakudya mopitilira muyeso, matanthwewo amakhala cholepheretsa, ndipo kenako, amasintha.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Darwin, chilumba chamapiri choyambirira chimapezeka

Pansi pake pamakhazikika, matanthwe obowoleza kuzungulira chilumbacho, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi dambo lopanda malire

Panyumba, phala lolowera limakula ndikukhala chotchinga chachikulu komanso chimbudzi chachikulu komanso chozama.

Pomaliza, chilumbacho chimabisala pansi pamadzi, ndipo mbulu wotsekereza umasandutsanso chimbudzi chotseka

Malinga ndi lingaliro la Darwin, ma coryps a coral amapambana kokha mu nyanja zotentha za malo otentha, momwe madzi amasakanikirana, koma amatha kukhalapo m'malo ochepa, kuchokera kumunsi kochepa. Kumene madera omwe nthaka ili pansi amavomereza, matanthwe amakula mozungulira gombeli, ndikupanga miyala yam'mbali yomwe imatha kukhala chotchinga.

Darwin adaneneratu kuti pansi pa dziwe lililonse payenera kukhala miyala, yomwe ndiyo mabwinja a volcano yoyamba. Kuboola pambuyo pake kunatsimikizira malingaliro ake. Mu 1840, pachilumba cha Hao Atoll (chilumba cha Tuamotu), pogwiritsa ntchito kubowola koyambira pansi pa mamita 14, miyala yamiyala yapezeka. Mu 1896-1898, poyesera kubowola chitsime mpaka pansi pa Funafuti Atoll (Island ya Tuvalu), kabowolekedwe kameneka kamafika 340 mumtambo wamiyala yamiyala yamiyala 340. Chitsime chakuya kwa 432 mamita pagombe lokwezedwa la Quito-Daito-Shima (Chilumba cha Ryukyu) sichinafike pakama pa theoll. Mu 1947, chitsime chakuya kwa 779 m chidakhazikitsidwa pa Bikini, mpaka malo oyandikira a Miocene, pafupifupi zaka 25 miliyoni. Mu 1951, zitsime ziwiri 1266 ndi 1389 mamita kuya ku Eniwetok Atoll (Islands ya Marshall) zidadutsa miyala ya Eocene pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni ndikufika pazoyambira zapansi. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa mtundu wamoto wamapiri a pansi pa atoll.

Pomwe pansi pamamera, miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja imatha kumera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma, ikukwera pamwamba pa nyanja, ma corals amafa ndikukhala miyala. Ngati malowo atakhazikika pang'onopang'ono, kukula kwa matanthwe akale, matanthwe okufa ndikokwanira kupanga matope ozungulira nyanjayo pakati pa matanthwe ndi nthaka. Kutsika kwina kwa pansi kwamadzi kumabweretsa kuti chisumbucho chimabisidwa pansi pamadzi, ndipo pamwamba pake pakungokhala mphete yokha - theoll. Zingwe ndi zotchinga sizikhala mphete yotsekeka, nthawi zina mkuntho imaphwanya makoma. Kukwera msanga pamadzi ndi kutsika kwa pansi kumachepetsa kukula kwa ma coral, kenako ma coral polyp adzafa ndipo chitsamba chidzafa. Ma Corals okhala mu typiosis ndi zooxanthellae amatha kufa chifukwa kuwala kokwanira sikudzalowanso pakuya kwa zithunzi za mitundu yawo.

Pansi pa nyanja pansi pa boti pakukwera, chilumba chidzauka. Dothi lotchinga bwino lidzakhala chisumbu chokhala ndi malo osaya. Ndikukwera kwambiri pansi, malembawo adzauma ndipo nyanjayo idzasandutsanso nyanja.

Kuchulukitsa kwa matanthwe kumadalira mtunduwu ndipo kumachokera mamilimita ochepa mpaka 10 cm pachaka, ngakhale atakhala otheka amatha kufika 25 cm (acropores).

Ma coral oyamba padziko lapansi adawoneka zaka pafupifupi 450 miliyoni zapitazo. Masamba otha ntchito pamodzi ndi masiponji a stromatoporid amapanga maziko a miyala. Pambuyo pake (416

Zaka 416- 359 miliyoni zapitazo) miyala yamwala yamahatchiyoli yozungulira anayi; 246-229 miliyoni zapitazo, ma corals oyamba adawoneka, wokhala mfanizo ndi algae, ndipo munthawi ya Cenozoic (pafupifupi zaka miliyoni 50 zapitazo), miyala yamakona a maderepores, yomwe ilipo lero.

Nthawi zamakorona, nyengo ikusintha, nyanja zamchere zakwera ndikuchepa. Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwamadzi kudachitika zaka 25-16 zapitazo. Pafupifupi zaka 16,000 zapitazo, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana kunayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa nyanja zam'madzi, zomwe zinafika zaka pafupifupi 6,000 zapitazo.

Zowongolera

Pazotuluka za coral biocenosis, kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi kutentha, mchere, kuwunika pang'ono ndi zina zambiri zofunikira. Ma coral a geratypic amadziwika ndi stenobiontism yapamwamba (kulephera kulolera kupatuka kwakukulu kuchokera kumikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri). Kukula kwabwino kwambiri kwa matanthwe a korali ndi 10-20 mita. Kukula kwake sikuchitika chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa, koma kuchepa kwa kuwunikira.

Ma corals onse a germatypic ndi a thermophilic. Kuchuluka kwa miyala yamiyala yamakhola yomwe ili m'dera momwe kutentha kwa mwezi wozizira kwambiri sikugwera pansi +18 ° C. Komabe, kubereka pang'onopang'ono kumatenthedwe ndizosatheka, ndipo masamba amachepetsa. Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwa kutentha pansi pa +18 ° C kumayambitsa kufa kwa miyala yamiyala yam'matanthwe. Kutuluka kwa madera atsopanowa kumangolekeredwa kumadera omwe kutentha sikumatsika ndi +20.5 ° C, zikuwoneka kuti uwu ndi malire ochepera a ovogeneis ndi spermatogeneis m'magulu a hermatipal. Malire apamwamba akhalapo +30 ° C. Masana pamafunde akunyanja a zigawo za equatorial, komwe mitundu ikuluikulu kwambiri komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka korali imawonedwa, kutentha kwa madzi kumatha kufika +35 ° C. Kutentha mkati mwazinthu zopanga zamiyala kumakhazikika chaka chonse, kusinthasintha kwapachaka ku equator ndi 1-2 ° C, ndipo kumalo otentha sikupitilira 6 ° C.

Mchere wapakati pamadzi am'madzi otentha kwambiri pafupifupi 35.18 ‰. Kuchepa kwa mchere komwe kumapangidwa miyala yam'manja ndi 30-31-31 ‰. Izi zikufotokozera kusapezeka kwa miyala yamakona ya madrepore m'mitsinje ya mitsinje yayikulu. Kusapezeka kwa ma corals m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku South America kukufotokozedwa ndendende ndi kupendekeka kwamadzi am'nyanja chifukwa cha Amazon. Kuphatikiza pamadzi othamanga, mpweya wam'madzi umakhudzanso mchere wamadzi. Nthawi zina mvula zazitali zomwe zimachepetsa mchere wamadzi zimatha kupha misa yambiri ya ma polyp. Maso amchere oyenera moyo wam'matanthwe a coral ndi ochulukirapo: ma coral osiyanasiyana ndiofala konsekonse munyanja zazing'ono zamchere ndi mchere wochepa (30-31-31), kutsuka zisumbu za Sunda ndi Philippinespine (Celebess, Yavan, Banda, Bali, Flores, Sulu) ndi Nyanja ya South China ndi Nyanja Yofiira, momwe mchere umafikira 40 ‰.

Zamoyo zambiri zopanga zam'madzi zimafunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti zikhale ndi moyo. Njira zaku thupi ndi zamankhwala am'madzi zomwe nthawi yomweyo mandimu amachokera kumadzi am'madzi ndikupanga mafupa a corals a hermatotype amagwirizanitsidwa ndi photosynthesis ndipo amapambana pakuwala. M'matipi awo muli zitsamba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zisonyezo, zisonyezo, zomwe zimagwira ntchito za ziwalo za zithunzi. Kudera la matanthwe a coral, kutalika kwa tsiku pakati pa chaka sikusintha kwenikweni: tsiku limakhala lofanana ndi usiku, nthawi yamadzulo ndiyifupi. Pafupifupi ndi equator, nthawi yayitali chaka chimakhala chodziwikiratu, komwe kumatentha sikokwanira kupitirira 70. Ma radiation opezeka ndi dzuwa pano ndi osachepera ma kilogalamu 140 pa 1 cm² pachaka. Mwinanso, ma corals amafunikira dzuwa mwachindunji: m'malo otetezedwa a m'matanthwe omwe amakhala ndi ochepa. Zolota sizakonzedwa molunjika chimodzi, koma zimagawidwa mozungulira. Mitundu ina ya ma coral omwe satenga nawo gawo la photosynthesis, monga tubastrae ofiira owala ndi ma poti a hydrocoral distichopores, sindiwo maziko a miyala. Pamene kuya kukuwonjezereka, kuwunikira kumatsika msanga. Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa malo okhala matanthwe kumawonedwa mu 15-25 m.

Mathanthwe ambiri amapangika pokhazikika. Ziphuphu sizimamera pamiyala yosiyana ndi malo osungirako ana. Ma Corals omwe amakhala kumapiri komwe kumakhala chipwirikiti chachikulu sangalekerere ma siltation. Pomwe pamiyala yomata yomwe ili pakati pa mzere ndi gombelo pali malo ena pansi pomwe matope awo amapangika. Makorona akuluakulu okhala ndi bowa amakula pamtunda wokhazikika, m'munsi mwake samawalola kumira. Ma coral angapo a tirigu (Acropolis Kuelcha, Psammocore, porish wakuda) wokhala m'malovu opendekeka amakhala ozungulira. Pamadothi amchenga, ma korali sakhala malo okhala, chifukwa mchenga umayenda.

Gulu

Malinga ndi ubale amakono ndi nyanja, miyala imagaidwa:

1) msinkhu, wofikira pamtunda woyambira kapena wokhwima, kufikira kutalika kwakukulu kotheka kwa kukhalapo kwa omanga miyala (germatypes) pamlingo wopatsidwa nyanja,

2) okwera - omwe ali pamwambapa, m'mapangidwe ake amadziwika bwino ma korali a hermatyphic pamwamba pamalire apamwamba omwe adakhalapo,

3) yamizidwa - mwina yakufa, chifukwa cha kutsika kwa tectonic, yalowa pansi pakuya komwe zinthu zomanga zamkati sizingakhalepo, kapena kukhalapo, yomwe ili pansi pamphepete mwa madzi, ndi nsonga yosazima pansi.

Pogwirizana ndi gombe, miyala imagawidwa:

• Frying kapena miyala yam'mbali
• zotchinga zotchinga
• ma atoll
• mitsinje ya intra-lagoon - miyala yamkaka, miyala yam'madzi yamapiri ndi mapiri a matanthwe. Malo okhala okha omwe amakhala pamwamba pamtunda monga mapiri ndi zitunda. Amapangidwa ndi ziphuphu zamatalala zomwe zimakula mwachangu. Acropora, Stylophora, Mapepala ndi ena: Nthambi za intralagoon zokhala ndi nthambi zowonda komanso zosweka mosavuta kuyerekeza ndi ma corals ofanana omwe amakhala kunja kwa nyanjayo. Pakati pa nthambi zakufa, ma mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes zikhazikika, pansi imakutidwa ndi kutumphuka kwa algae. Zovala zamphesa ndi misempha zimakhala malo othawirako kwa nsomba.

Maoni

Chilengedwe cha coral reef chimagawidwa m'magawo omwe amayimira malo osiyanasiyana okhala. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala magawo angapo: zimbudzi, miyala yosalala, malo otsetsereka mkati komanso miyala yakunja (mwala wamiyala). Madera onse amalumikizana. Moyo womwe umakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'madzi am'nyanja umapanga mwayi wosakanikirana nthawi zonse wamadzi, phokoso, michere ndi zinthu zina.

Mtambo wakunja ukuyang'anizana ndi nyanja yotseguka, yopangidwa ndi miyala yamiyala ya coral, yokutidwa ndi ma corals amoyo ndi algae. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nsanja yolumikizidwa m'munsi komanso malire apamwamba a spurs ndi ma hole kapena spurs ndi njira. Malo otsetsereka akunja akuvekedwa korona wokwera pamwamba pamlingo wamadzi, ndipo chigwa chotsekemera - chokhotakhota - chotseka kumbuyo kwake. Chikondwererocho ndimalo omwe masamba a coral amatenga kwambiri. Malo osungiramo miyala amagawika pachitunda chakunja, chamkati ndi chopingasa (chopindika cholimba cha midadada yotsekedwa ndi mitsinje). Malo otsetsereka amkati amapezeka pansi pa chimbudzi, pomwe matanthwe osalaza ndi osalimba amadziunjikira ndi miyala yamkati mwa nyanjayo.

Biology

Ma corals amoyo ndi zigawo za polyp okhala ndi mafupa ochepera. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komabe mitundu ina imafika 30 cm kudutsa. Khola lambiri la coral limakhala ndi ma polyp ambiri olumikizidwa ndi thupi lambiri la malembawo okhala ndi mbali zotsika. Ma polyp achikoloni alibe chilichonse.

Ma polyp okhala ngati Reef amakhala munthaka yokhotakhota mwakuya mpaka mamita 50. Ma polyp okha sangathe kupanga zithunzi, koma amakhala mu mawonekedwe a algae Symbiodiniums. Zomera zoterezi zimakhala m'matumba a polyp ndipo zimapanga michere yazakudya. Chifukwa cha typiosis, matanthwe amakula msanga m'madzi oyera, momwe kuwala kumalowa. Popanda algae, kukula kumachepera kwambiri kuti miyala ikuluikulu ya korali ipangike. Ziphuphu zimalandira mpaka 90% yazakudya zawo kudzera mu Syiosis. Kuphatikiza apo, akukhulupirira kuti mpweya womwe umapezeka m'madzi akutsuka Great Barrier Reef sukwanira kupuma ma polyp, chifukwa popanda mwala kutulutsa oxygen, ma corals ambiri amatha kufa chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Kupanga kwa photosynthesis pamatanthwe a coral kumafikira 520 g / cm² patsiku, komwe kuli pafupifupi kawiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa kupanga kwakukulu kwa phytoplankton m'madzi oyandikana nawo.

Mathanthwe amakula chifukwa cha mafupa opanda pake a polyps. Mafunde ndi nyama zomwe zimadya ma polyps (masiponji, nsomba za parrot) ma urchins am'nyanja) zimawononga mawonekedwe osungirako a m'matanthwe, omwe amaikidwa mozungulira mathanthwe komanso pansi pa thambolo momwe mumakhala mchenga. Zamoyo zina zambiri zam'madzi zam'mlengalenga zimathandizira kuti calcium ikhale munthawi yomweyo. Mafuta a Coralline amalimbitsa ma coral, ndikupanga kutumphuka pansi.

Zosiyanasiyana zamakorali

Mwambiri, ma coral olimba omwe amapanga mchenga amatha kugawidwa kukhala brittle brittle (madrepor) ndi zazikulu, miyala (ubongo ndi mendrine corals). Ma coral okhala ndi nthambi nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamalo osaya komanso osalala. Ali utoto wa buluu, wotchedwa lilac, wofiirira, wofiyira, wapinki, wobiriwira komanso wachikaso. Nthawi zina nsonga zimakhala ndi mtundu wosiyana, mwachitsanzo, nthambi zobiriwira zomwe zimakhala ndi lilac pamwamba.

Ma coral a ubongo amatha kupitilira ma 4 mamilimita awiri. Amakhala mwakuya kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi nthambi. Pamaso pa coral yaubongo yokutidwa ndi zokumbira zazingwe. Brown imakhala yayikulu mu utoto, nthawi zina kuphatikiza kobiriwira. Mphepo zamkati zamtundu wamtunduwu zimakhala ngati mbale, pomwe maziko ake amapangidwa ndi ma corals akufa, ndipo amoyo amakhala kumapeto. Mphepete zimakula, kukulira m'mimba mwake koposa, komwe kumatha kufika mamilimita 8. Ma colite amoyo okhala penti adapakidwa utoto wofiirira, ma tentgraph a polyps ndi a greenish-grey.

Pansi pa matayala, ma corals ooneka ngati bowa nthawi zina amabwera. Gawo lotsikirako limatsikira pansi, ndipo kumtunda kumakhala timbale tomwe timatembenuzidwa pakati pa bwalo. Ma coral a bowa, mosiyana ndi miyala yamiyala yolimba komanso yayikulu, yomwe ndi magulu, ndi chamoyo chokha. Mu coral iliyonse, mumakhala polyp imodzi yokha, ndipo mahema ake ndiotalika masentimita 7.5. Ma coral okhala ndi bowa amapakidwa utoto ndi utoto. Utoto wake umapitilira ngakhale polyp ikakoka m'matenti.