Tarbagan, kapena Chimongolia (Siberian) kwambiri (lat. Marmota sibirica) ndi nyama yozizira kwambiri yomwe imakhala ku Russia (kumapiri kwa Transbaikalia ndi Tuva), Mongolia (kupatula kumwera), ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.

Kutalika - mpaka 60 cm. Wonyamula mliri wa pathogen.

Chofunika kusaka. M'masiku akale, idadyedwa ndi anthu osamuka ku Central Asia: a Huns, Mongols, etc.

Habitat

Ku Transbaikalia, zidutswa za marmot yaying'ono kuchokera ku Late Paleolithic, mwina ndi zake Marmota sibirica. Zakale kwambiri zidapezeka pa Mount Tologa kumwera kwa Ulan-Ude.

Tarbagan ili pafupi kwambiri ndi baibak kuposa mitundu ya Altai; imafanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Kamchatka groundhog.

Nyama imapezeka paliponse Mongolia ndi madera oyandikana nawo A ku Russia, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo Wa China, ku Autonomous Okrug Nei Mengu (wotchedwa Inner Mongolia) kumalire ndi Mongolia ndi Heilongjiang Province, kumalire ndi Russia. Ku Transbaikalia mutha kukumana pagombe lakumanzere kwa Selenga, mpaka ku Goose Lake, kumapiri akumwera kwa Transbaikalia.

Imapezeka ku Tuva kudera la Chuiskaya, kum'mawa kwa mtsinje wa Burhei-Murey, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sayan kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Khubsugul. Malire enieni omwe amakhala m'malo omwe mumalumikizana ndi oimira ena a marmots (imvi ku Southern Altai ndi Kamchatka kumapiri a Eastern Sayan) sakudziwika.

M'zaka 90 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu chinatsika ndi 70% chifukwa chosaka mosasamala.

Ku Russia, tarbagan adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Kufotokozera

Tarbagan ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama zachikulire ndi 50-60 masentimita, ndipo mchirawo ndi 25-30 cm.Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa nyamayo kumasiyana kuchokera pa kilogalamu 5 mpaka 7. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi ndipo ali ndi nsagwada zophuka.

Ma Tarbagans a kumpoto kwa makulidwewo ndiocheperako.

Mutu mawonekedwe ake amatha kufanana ndi kalulu ndipo wobzalidwa pakhosi lalifupi. Mphuno yakuda kwambiri. Malo amdima amapezeka mozungulira maso. Makutu ndi ang'ono komanso ozungulira.

Chophimba chaubweya Malo okhala ku Mongolia sakhala ndi dongosolo limodzi ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala osakanikirana ndi mchenga wopepuka komanso woderapo. Ndi kugwa, imawala pang'ono. Kupindika kwa mchira, miyendo ndi makutu kuli kofiyira.

Moyo

Njira ya moyo wa tarbagan imafanana ndi chikhalidwe komanso moyo wa marmot, bwalo lamtambo, koma zotchinga zake ndizakuya, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zipinda ndizocheperako. Nthawi zambiri kuposa izi, iyi ndi kamera imodzi yokha yayikulu. M'mapiri, mtundu wamakhazikika ndi wowoneka bwino komanso wamanja.

Nyama za m'madzi za ku Siberia zimakhala kumadera okhala udzu kapena msuzi zambiri. Imakhazikika kumapiri, nkhalango zoweta, zipululu, mapiri ndi mitsinje yapafupi. Amatha kupezeka m'mapiri pamtunda wamamita 3,8,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. ., koma osakhala m'mitengo yaying'ono yamapiri. Ma solonchaks, ma gullies opapatiza ndi maenje amathanso kupewa.

Makonda Aokondedwa - ndimtunda ndi mapiri a mapiri. M'malo oterowo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malo osungirako nyama imapereka nyama kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa malo pomwe udzu umasanduka wobiriwira koyambilira kwa nyengo yamasika komanso malo opanda mthunzi pomwe masamba ake samatha kutentha nthawi yayitali.

Malinga ndi izi zimachitika kusunthika kwakanthawi kwa tarbagans. Zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zimakhudza zochitika za moyo ndi kubereka nyama.

Mbalame zaku Siberian zimakonda nsanja:

• phala lam'mapiri komanso dzenje, lomwe silimakhala chowawa,
• forbs (kuvina),
• nthenga, nthenga, zophatikizidwa ndi sedge ndi ma forbs.

Pakati pawo nyama zimalumikizana kudzera muzizindikiro zomveka. Akalulu akafika, mmodzi wa iwo amaliza mokweza mawu. Atamva kuwoneka kokhala, gulu lonse limathamangira kumalo osungirako nthaka osazengereza.

Ma Tarbagans amakhala zachilengedwe pafupifupi zaka 10, ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala ndi zaka 20.

Zochitika zina ndi zina

Zisanu kutengera malo ndi malo, ndi miyezi 6 - 7.5. Kubisa hibernation kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia kumachitika kumapeto kwa Seputembala, ndondomekoyi imatha kupitilira masiku 20-30. Nyama zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi misewu kapena komwe munthu amazizunza siziyenda bwino mafuta ndikukhalabe nthawi yayitali.

M'nyengo yozizira, yopanda chipale chofewa, ma tarbagan omwe samasonkhanitsa mafuta amafa. Nyama zotsika zimafa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, pomwe chakudya chimakhala chochepa kapena nthawi yamkuntho wa chipale chofewa mu Epulo-Meyi. Choyamba, awa ndi achinyamata omwe analibe nthawi yopopera mafuta.

Chapakatikati Ma Tarbagans amagwira ntchito kwambiri, amakhala nthawi yayitali pamtunda, akumka kutali ndi malo okuta, pomwe udzu wasintha wobiriwira ndi ma 150-300 metres.

Masiku achilimwe Zinyama zimakhala mumakola, kawirikawiri sizingopita kumtunda. Amapita kukadya kukatentha.

Wagwa Mafuta onenepa a ku Siberia agona marmot, koma iwo omwe sanadye mafuta chifukwa cha chisoni. Pambuyo kotentha koyamba, ma tarbagan samakonda kusiya dzenje, ndipo pokhapokha, masana. Masabata awiri chisanachitike kubisala, nyama zimayamba kukolola zinyalala m'chipinda chozizira.

Kutalika kwa moyo wa tarbagan kuthengo ndi zaka pafupifupi 13.

Ndizodziwika kuti nyama iyi imatha kukhala chonyamula matenda opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Chapakatikati, nyama zikafuna kutuluka mumabowo, nthawi idzafika posintha nyengo yachilimwe komanso gawo lotsatira la kubereka ndi kudyetsa. Kupatula apo, ma tarbagans amafunika kukhala ndi nthawi yopeza mafuta nyengo yozizira yotsatira isanachitike. Nyama zamtunduwu zimadyera mitundu yambiri ya udzu, zitsamba, mitengo yamitengo.

Nthawi zambiri samadyetsa mbewu, chifukwa sakhazikika m'minda. Zitsamba zingapo za steppe, mizu, zipatso zimapita kukazidyetsa. Nthawi zambiri amadya atakhala, miyendo yakutsogolo ikugwira chakudya.

Zipatso za mbewu, nthanga sizimayidwa ndi ma marm Siberian, koma zimafesedwa, limodzi ndi feteleza wokhathamira ndikuwazidwa ndi dothi lapansi, izi Amawongolera malo opondera.

Chapakatikatipakadali udzu wocheperako, ma tarbagans amadya mababu azomera ndi ma nthangala awo. Mu nthawi yogwira chilimwe maluwa ndi zitsamba, nyama zimasankha mphukira zazing'ono, komanso masamba omwe ali ndi mapuloteni ofunikira.

Tarbagan imatha kumeza mpaka makilogalamu 1.5 patsiku. mbewu.

Kuphatikiza pa mbewu, tizilombo tina - makoko, ziwala, mbozi, nkhono, ndi pupae - zimalowa mkamwa. Nyama sizisankha mwapadera chakudya chotere, koma zimapanga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chakudya chonse masiku ena.

Mukamasunga ma tarbagans ali mu ukapolo, amadyetsedwa ndi nyama, zomwe amazifunitsa. Ndi chakudya choterechi, nyama zimapeza kilogalamu yamafuta pachaka. Samasowa madzi, amamwa pang'ono.

Kuswana

Nthawi yoswana ya Tarbagans iyamba mu Epulo. Mimba mwa mkazi imatenga masiku 42. Ang'ono, akhungu komanso opanda tsitsi amabadwa 4-6 marmotomwe, patatha milungu itatu, amayamba kutsegula maso awo. Amayi amadyetsa ana mkaka mpaka miyezi 1.5, pambuyo pake samasaka okha.

Chifukwa chosadziwa zambiri panthawiyi, achichepere achi Tarbag nthawi zambiri amagwera m'manja mwa ozembetsa.

Ku Mongolia, alenje azaka zapakati amatcha "wamba", Ana azaka ziwiri -"owiritsa", Ana azaka zitatu -"sharahazzar". Akuluakulu Amuna - "burkh", Chachikazi -"kunyu».

Makolo onse, nthawi zina m'badwo wakale, nthawi zonse amalera ana. Amembala ena a mabanja owonjezereka amathandizanso polera ana, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a thermoregulation panthawi ya kubisala. Kusamalira koteroko kumawonjezera kupulumuka kwa mitundu yonseyo.

Banja la mabanja pamikhalidwe yokhazikika imakhala Anthu 10-15, mumkhalidwe wovuta kuchokera 2-6. Amatenga nawo gawo kuswana za 65 % akazi okalamba ogonana.

Adani achilengedwe

Adani akuluakulu achi Tarbogans ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zinyama. Ozunzidwa awo nthawi zambiri amakhala a Tarbagans omaliza, omwe amakonda kusewera mosagwirizana ndi mabowo awo ndipo amachedwa kuchenjezedwa.

Mwa okwatula, chiwombankhanga chagolide ndicowopsa kwambiri kwa marmot a ku Siberia, ngakhale sichofala ku Transbaikalia. Chiwombankhanga cha steppe chimadyera anthu odwala ndi marmoti, ndipo chimadyanso ndodo zakufa. Mwa tetraporous tetrapods, mimbulu imayambitsa zovuta kwambiri ku marmot ku Mongolia, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumatha kuchepa chifukwa chogwidwa ndi agalu osochera. Makungu amtchire ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira zitha kuwasaka.

Nthawi zambiri nkhandwe zimadikirira mbalame zazikazi. Bwino zimasakidwa ndi corsac ndi steppe ferret.

Tarbaganov amagwiritsa ntchito anthu am'deralo chakudya. Ku Tuva ndi Buryatia, sizikhala pafupipafupi tsopano (mwina chifukwa chakuti nyamayo yakhala yosowa kwambiri), koma ku Mongolia kulikonse. Nyama ya nyama imawonedwa ngati yokoma. Mafuta a Tarbagan, omwe ali ndi katundu wofunikira, amakhala wamtengo wapatali ndi munthu. Amatha kuchiza chifuwa chachikulu, kuwotcha ndi frostbite, kuchepa magazi.

Zikopa zapamwamba sizinkayamikiridwa makamaka, koma zamakono zamakalidwe ndi kuvala zimatha kutsata ubweya wawo kuti azitsuka ubweya wamtengo wapatali.

Malo osungira

Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia nyama ili, monga mndandanda wa IUCN, m'gulu "pangozi"Ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia, m'gulu la" kuchepa "mdera la Tuva, Northeast Transbaikalia.

Cholinga cha kutha kwa tarbagan chinali kufunikira kwakukulu koyambirira kwa mafuta, ubweya ndi nyama za nyama izi, komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa malo ake.

Nyama imasungidwa Borgoyskiy ndi Orotsky malo opulumutsidwa mkati Sokhondinsky ndi Daursky malo, komanso Buryatia ndi Chigawo cha Transbaikal.

Kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa nyama, nkofunika kupanga njira zosungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuchitapo kanthu.

Chitetezo cha nyama zamtunduwu ziyeneranso kukumbukiridwa chifukwa ntchito yofunikira ya tarbagans imakhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe. Nyama zakutchire ku Mongolia ndi mitundu yofunika kwambiri yomwe imathandizira kwambiri kuzomera zachilengedwe.

Ku Mongolia Kusaka nyama kumaloledwa kuyambira pa Ogasiti 10 mpaka Okutobala 15, kutengera kusintha kwa nyama. Kusaka kunaletsedweratu mu 2005, 2006. Tarbagan ali pamndandanda wa nyama zosowa za ku Mongolia.

Tarbagan nyama yomwe zipilala zingapo:

• M'modzi mwa iwo ali Krasnokamensk ndipo ndichipangidwe cha ziwerengero ziwiri mwa mawonekedwe a mgodi ndi mlenje, ndi chiphiphiritso cha nyama yomwe inali itangotsala pang'ono kuphedwa ku Dauria.

28.02.2019

Tarbagan, kapena Mongolian marmot (lat.Marmota sibirica) ndi a banja la gologolo (Sciuridae). Pamodzi ndi pallassic pika (Ochotona pallasi), amadziwika kuti ndiomwe amachititsa kwambiri ku Mongolia. Amadziwikanso kuti marmot a ku Siberia.

Nyama ya Tarbagan imadyedwa ndi anthu ambiri ku Asia. A Mongol akuphika chakudya chamtundu kuchokera ku nyama, yomwe imatchedwa Boodok.

Amachotsa chikalacho, amawotcha pamoto kapena amachiwotcha ndi madzi otentha ndikuyeretsa. Zilowezo zimachotsedwa, ndipo nyama ndi mafupa zimaphatikizidwa ndi anyezi osankhidwa ndi zitsamba zonunkhira. Miyala yotentha imawonjezeredwa ndi osakaniza. Kenako imasokedwa pakhungu loyendetsedwa bwino ndikukazinga, ndikuyiyendetsa pang'onopang'ono pamoto wotseguka.

Pambuyo popanga khungwa wagolide, limayamwa pamimba ndipo theka la lita imodzi limathiridwa. Zakudya zamtengo wapatali zimapitilirabe mwachangu kwa theka la ora. Msuzi umathiridwa m'makapu, miyala amatulutsidwa, ndi kuduladula nyama kuthandizira alendo.

Ku Siberia, nyama imaphikidwa kapena kuwiritsa, ntchito kuphika ndi ravioli. Mafuta a Tarbagan amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochizira wowerengeka pochiza kupsa, kuzizira, chifuwa chachikulu komanso magazi m'thupi. Ubweyawo umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusoka zopangira ubweya.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Mapiri a ku Mongolia amapezeka ku North Hemisphere, monga anzawo onse, koma malowa amapitilira kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa China. Ndizachikhalidwe kusiyanitsa pakati pamitundu iwiri ya tarbagan. Orginary kapena Marmota sibirica sibirica amakhala ku Transbaikalia, Eastern Mongolia, ku China. Khangai subspecies Marmota sibirica caliginosus imapezeka ku Tuva, kumadzulo komanso pakati pa Mongolia.

Tarbagan, monga khumi ndi limodzi ogwirizana kwambiri komanso mitundu isanu yazinyama zomwe zasowa masiku ano, adatuluka ku nthambi ya mtundu wa Marmota kuchokera ku Prospermophilus ku Late Miocene. Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ku Pliocene inali yofala. European idakali deti kuchokera ku Pliocene, ndipo aku North America adakhalako mpaka kumapeto kwa Miocene.

Ma marmot amakono asunga mawonekedwe apadera a mawonekedwe a axial chigaza Paramyidae wa nthawi ya Oligocene kuposa oyimira ena agologolo padziko lapansi. Osati mwachindunji, koma achibale oyandikana kwambiri a marmot amakono anali a American Palearctomys Douglass ndi Arktomyoides Douglass, omwe amakhala ku Miocene mu meadows ndi nkhalango zowerengeka.

Kugawa

Malo amenewa amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia, Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa China. Ku Russia, Tarbagan amakhala ku Siberia ndi Transbaikalia, komanso ku China ku dera la Heilongjiang m'chigawo komanso Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Nyama za m'madzi za ku Siberia zimakhala kumadera okhala udzu kapena msuzi zambiri.

Imakhazikika kumapiri, nkhalango zoweta, zipululu, mapiri ndi mitsinje yapafupi. Imapezeka m'mapiri pamalo otsetsereka kumapiri ndi mapiri a Alpine pamalo okwera mpaka 3800 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1862 ndi wolemba zachilengedwe waku Russia Gustav Radde. Pakadali pano, ma subspecies awiri amadziwika. Masabusikowa amapezeka m'malo otsika, ndipo Marmota sibirica caliginous amakhala kumapiri.

M'zaka 90 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu chinatsika ndi 70% chifukwa chosaka mosasamala. Tarbagan adalembedwa mu Red Book ku Russian Federation.

Khalidwe

Nyama zakutchire ku Mongolia zimakhala m'midzi ing'onoing'ono, yopanga banja lobereketsa komanso ana awo, obadwira zaka 2-3 zapitazi. Kutengera ndi kupezeka kwa malo othandizira, dera la chiwembu chanyumba limayambira 2 mpaka 6 ha. Pakakhala chakudya chochuluka, mpaka 18 nyama imakhala m'mudzimo, ndipo ikasowa, kuchuluka kwawo kumachepera katatu.

Nthawi zambiri, achikulire osungulumwa amalowa ndi okwatirana, omwe amavomereza zochepa m'magulu azandale ndipo safuna kubereka.

Ma Tarbagans mu chakudyacho amateteza mwankhanza malire a katundu wawo kuchokera pakulowa kwa alendo. Amawonetsa udani wapadera wa ma marmots (Marmota baibacina). Ndi chakudya chochuluka, amalekerera oyandikana nawo ndipo samawachitira nkhanza.

Pakati pawo nyama zimalumikizana kudzera muzizindikiro zomveka. Akalulu akafika, mmodzi wa iwo amaliza mokweza mawu. Atamva kuwoneka kokhala, gulu lonse limathamangira kumalo osungirako nthaka osazengereza.

Adani akuluakulu achilengedwe ndi mimbulu, nkhandwe, agwape, zimbalangondo, abuluzi amtchire ndi mphungu. Ozunzidwa awo nthawi zambiri amakhala a Tarbagans omaliza, omwe amakonda kusewera mosagwirizana ndi mabowo awo ndipo amachedwa kutsatira chenjezo lomwe amva.

Mabwato a ku Siberia amapanga zida zambiri zapansi panthaka, ndikumapangira malo okwirirapo. Potula dothi, zimathandizira kuti mbewu zikhale bwino m'malo otentha.

M'nyengo yozizira, tarbagan imagwera mozungulira. Asanagundidwe koyamba, amaika dzenje mkati ndi masamba owuma ndikutseka chotsekeramo ndendemo pogwiritsa ntchito dothi, udzu, mkodzo wake ndi ndowe. Asanakhale hibernation, makoswe amadya kwambiri kuti azitha kupeza mafuta ambiri. Onsewa amakhazikika limodzi, akumamatirana.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Zomwe Tarbagan akuwoneka

Kutalika kwa mtembowo ndi 56,5 masentimita, mchirawo ndi 10,3 cm, womwe ndi pafupifupi 25% kutalika kwa thupi.Chigoba ndi 8.6 - 9.9 mm kutalika ndipo ali ndi mphumi wopyapyala komanso wamtali komanso masaya otambalala. Mu tarbagan, postorbital tubercle samatchulidwa monga mitundu ina. Zovala, zazifupi, zofewa. Utoto wake ndi wachikasu, lotuwa, koma utaphunziridwa bwino, nsonga zakuda zautsitsi zakunja zimapindika. Hafu yotsika ya mtemboyo ndi imvi. Kumbali zonse, utoto ndi wofiyira ndipo umasiyananso ndi kumbuyo ndi pamimba.

Pamwamba pamutu pali kuda kwambiri, kumawoneka ngati chipewa, makamaka m'dzinja, atasungunuka. Palibenso china kuposa mzere womwe umalumikiza pakati pa makutu. Masaya, ma vibrissae ndi opepuka ndipo mitundu yawo yaphatikizika. Danga pakati pa maso ndi makutu limakhalanso lowala. Nthawi zina makutu amakhala ofiira pang'ono, koma nthawi zambiri, imvi. Malowa ndi amdima pang'ono pansi pa maso, komanso oyera pozungulira milomo, koma pali malire akuda m'makona ndi chibwano. Mchira, ngati utoto wakumbuyo, ndi wakuda kapena wakuda kumbali yakumapeto, monganso mbali yake yam'munsi.

Zoyambitsa za pentiyi zimapangidwa bwino kwambiri kuposa ma molars. Kusinthasintha kwa moyo wa mizinga ndi kufunika kwa kukumba ndi manja awo kunapangitsa kufupikitsidwa; miyendo yakumbuyoyo idasinthidwa makamaka poyerekeza ndi agologolo ena, makamaka ma chipmunks. Chala chachinayi cha makoswe chimapangidwa kukhala champhamvu kuposa chachitatu, ndipo kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kungakhale kulibe. Ma Tarbagans alibe matumba. Kulemera kwa nyama kumafika pamtunda wa 6-8 kg, mpaka kufika pa 9.8 kg, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa chilimwe 25% yakulemera kwake ndi mafuta, pafupifupi 2-2.3 kg. Mafuta a subcutaneous ndi 2-3 nthawi yochepa kuposa mafuta am'mimba.

Ma Tarbagans a kumpoto kwa makulidwewo ndiocheperako. M'mapiri, anthu akuluakulu komanso achikuda akuda amapezeka. Zoyerekeza zakum'mawa ndizopepuka, kutalika kwake kumadzulo, khungu la nyama limachita khungu. M. s. sibirica ndi yaying'ono komanso yopepuka kukula ndi "cap" yakuda. M. s. caliginosus ndi wokulirapo, pamwamba amapakidwa utoto wakuda, kuti utoto wa chokoleti, ndipo chipewa sichimatchulidwa ngati m'mabuku am'mbuyomu, ubweya umakhala wotalikirapo.

Kodi tarbagan amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Mongolian tarbagan

Tarbagany amapezeka kumapazi a kumapazi ndi kumapiri. Malo awo okhala ndi udzu wokwanira kudyetsa: mitengo, zitsamba, mapiri a mapiri, mapiri a mapiri, malo otseguka, nkhalango zamapiri, malo otsetsereka a mapiri, chipululu, mitsinje ndi zigwa. Amatha kupezeka pamalo okwera mpaka 3.8,000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. ., koma osakhala m'mitengo yaying'ono yamapiri. Ma solonchaks, ma gullies opapatiza ndi maenje amathanso kupewa.

Kumpoto kwa mtunduwo, iwo amakhala m'mphepete mwa kumwera, kotentha, koma amatha kukhala ndimphepete mwa nkhalango pamphepete kumpoto. Malo omwe mumakonda ndi oponderapo phiri komanso mapiri. M'malo oterowo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malo osungirako nyama imapereka nyama kwa nthawi yayitali. Pali malo pomwe udzu umasintha kubiriwira koyambilira kwa nyengo yamasika ndi malo amdima pomwe masamba ake samatha kutentha nthawi yayitali. Malinga ndi izi, nyengo yosuntha ya tarbagans imachitika. Zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zimakhudza zochitika za moyo ndi kubereka nyama.

Zomera zikamalira, kusunthidwa kwa tarbagan kumawonedwanso, zomwezi zimatha kuwonedwa m'mapiri, kutengera kusintha kwa lamba kwamanyowa, chakudya chodutsa chopita. Kuyenda kokhazikika kumatha kukhala 800-1000 metres kutalika. Magawo amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana a M. s. sibirica amakhala m'malo otsika, ndi M. s. caliginosus imakwera pamtunda wa mapiri ndi malo otsetsereka.

Mbalame zaku Siberian zimakonda nsanja:

• phala lam'mapiri komanso dzenje, lomwe silimakhala chowawa,
• forbs (kuvina),
• nthenga, nthenga, zophatikizidwa ndi sedge ndi ma forbs.

Mukamasankha malo okhalamo, ma tarbagans amasankhidwa ndi iwo omwe ali ndi chithunzithunzi chabwino - pamitunda yaudzu wotsika. Ku Transbaikalia ndi kum'mawa kwa Mongolia, imakhala m'mapiri momwemo matanthwe abwino komanso m'mphepete mwake, komanso m'mapiri. M'mbuyomu, madera okhala malo okhala adafika kudera lakutchire. Tsopano nyamayi imasungidwa bwino kumapiri a Hentei komanso mapiri akumadzulo kwa Transbaikalia.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe tarbagan imapezeka. Tiye tiwone zomwe khonde lidya.

Kodi tarbagan amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Marmot Tarbagan

Mabwato a ku Siberia ndi herbivorous ndipo amadya magawo obiriwira a zomera: chimanga, asteraceae, mothito.

Kumadzulo kwa Transbaikalia, chakudya chachikulu cha tarbagans ndi:

• wamisala,
• chisangalalo,
• kaleria
• udzu wamaloto
• buttercups
• Astragalus
• scutellaria,
• dandelion
• scabiosis
• bulwheat
• opsinjika
• cymbaria
• chomera
• chisangalalo,
• munda
• mikanda
• komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyezi wamtchire ndi chowawa.

Chochititsa chidwi: Mukasungidwa, nyama izi zimadya mitundu 33 ya mbewu kuchokera pa 54 yomwe imamera m'mphepete mwa Transbaikalia.

Pali kusintha kwamadye nthawi ndi nthawi. Chapakatikati, pomwe kulibe msipu wokwanira, pomwe ma tarbagans amasiya mabowo, amadya turf yomwe ikukula kuchokera ku chimanga ndi sedges, ma rhizomes ndi mababu. Kuyambira Meyi mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti, ndikakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, amatha kudya pamitu yawo yomwe amakonda kwambiri ya Asteraceae, yomwe imakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri komanso zinthu zina zam'mimba zosavuta. Kuyambira mu Ogasiti, komanso zaka zowuma komanso zakale, pomwe mbewu zam'mizere zikutha, mbewu zamphesa zimaleka kuzidya, koma pamthunzi, m'masomphenyawo, udzu ndi chowawa zimasungidwa.

Monga lamulo, marmot a Siberia samadya chakudya chanyama, ali mu ukapolo amapatsidwa mbalame, agologolo pansi, ziwala, kafadala, mphutsi, koma ma tarbagans sanavomereze izi. Koma mwina, pakakhala chilala komanso chifukwa chosowa chakudya, amadya nyama.

Chochititsa chidwi: Zipatso za mbewu, nthanga sizimayidwa ndi ma marm Siberian, koma zimafesedwa, limodzi ndi feteleza wophatikizidwa ndikuwazidwa ndi dothi lapansi, izi zimathandizira mawonekedwe a steppe.

Tarbagan amadya kuchokera kumodzi mpaka theka la kilogalamu wobiriwira wobiriwira tsiku limodzi. Nyama samamwa madzi. Ma groundhogs amapezeka kumayambiriro kwa kasupe ndikutulutsa mafuta ambiri am'mimba, osafanana ndi mafuta am'mimba, amayamba kuthiriridwa ndikuwonjezeka kwa ntchito. Mafuta atsopano amayamba kudziunjikira kumapeto kwa Meyi - Julayi.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Njira ya moyo wa tarbagan imafanana ndi chikhalidwe komanso moyo wa marmot, bwalo lamtambo, koma zotchinga zake ndizakuya, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zipinda ndizocheperako. Nthawi zambiri kuposa izi, iyi ndi kamera imodzi yokha yayikulu. M'mapiri, mtundu wamakhazikika ndi wowoneka bwino komanso wamanja. Malo ogulitsira nthawi yozizira, koma osati magawo omwe ali kutsogolo kwa chipinda chodyeracho, amakhala omata ndi chidebe chadothi. Mwachitsanzo, m'zigwa za kumapiri, monga ku Dauria, malo otsetsereka a Bargoy, malo omwe mumakhala marmot amtunduwu amagawanidwanso m'dera lalikulu.

Kukula nyengo yachisanu, kutengera malo ndi malo, ndi miyezi 6 - 7.5. Kubisa hibernation kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia kumachitika kumapeto kwa Seputembala, ndondomekoyi imatha kupitilira masiku 20-30. Nyama zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi misewu kapena komwe munthu amazizunza siziyenda bwino mafuta ndikukhalabe nthawi yayitali.

Kuzama kwa dzenje, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi ziweto zochulukirapo kumakuthandizani kuti muzitha kutentha kutentha m'chipindacho pamlingo wa 15 madigiri. Ikamagwa mpaka zero, nyamazo zimapita mtulo ndikuyenda kwawo zimatentezana ndi malo ozungulira. Zimbudzi, zomwe marmote aku Mongolia akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, zimakulitsa malo akuluakulu otuluka. Dzinalo la marmot otere ndi laling'ono. Makulu ake ndiocheperako kuposa ma baibaks kapena marmmm. Kutalika kwambiri ndi mita imodzi, pafupifupi mita 8 kudutsa. Nthawi zina mutha kupeza marmot akuluakulu - mpaka 20 mita.

M'nyengo yozizira, yopanda chipale chofewa, ma tarbagan omwe samasonkhanitsa mafuta amafa. Nyama zotsika zimafa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, pomwe chakudya chimakhala chochepa kapena nthawi yamkuntho wa chipale chofewa mu Epulo-Meyi. Choyamba, awa ndi achinyamata omwe analibe nthawi yopopera mafuta. Kutentha, ma tarbagans ndi otakataka, amakhala nthawi yayitali pamtunda, akupita kutali ndi malo okuta, pomwe udzu wasintha kukhala wobiriwira ndi ma 150-300 metres. Nthawi zambiri amadya pammunda, pomwe masamba amayambira kale.

M'masiku achilimwe, nyamazo zimakhala m'makola, zomwe sizimabwera kwenikweni. Amapita kukadya kukatentha. Panyengo yophukira, mbalame zakulemera kwambiri zaku Siberizi zimagona marmot, koma iwo omwe sanadye mafuta m'mizimo. Pambuyo kotentha koyamba, ma tarbagan samakonda kusiya dzenje, ndipo pokhapokha, masana. Masabata awiri chisanachitike kubisala, nyama zimayamba kukolola zinyalala m'chipinda chozizira.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Tarbagan kuchokera ku Red Book

Nyamazo zimakhala m'maderamo kumapiri, kumalumikizana wina ndi mzake ndikumayang'anira gawo moyang'ana. Kuti achite izi, amakhala pamiyendo yawo yakumbuyo, akuyang'ana padziko lapansi. Kuti muwone bwino, ali ndi maso akulu a convex, omwe amayikidwa kumtunda kwa korona ndikupitilira mbali. Ma Tarbagans amakonda kukhala m'dera la mahekitala atatu mpaka 6, koma m'malo ovuta amakhala mu mahekitala 1.7 - 2.

Mbidzi zaku Siberiya zimagwiritsa ntchito zing'onozing'ono kwa mibadwo ingapo, ngati palibe amene akuvutitsa. M'malo am'mapiri, pomwe dothi sililola kukumba kokumbira kambiri, nthawi zina anthu 15 amabisala m'chipinda chimodzi, koma pafupifupi nyama 3-4-5 nthawi yozizira imakola. Kulemera kwa zinyalala nthawi yachisanu kumatha kufika 7-9 makilogalamu.

Chidacho, ndipo posachedwa umuna, chimachitika m'madambo a Chimongolia mutadzuka nyengo yachisanu, chisanadze pamtunda. Mimba imatenga masiku 30-42, kuyamwa kumatha chimodzimodzi. Surchat, pakatha sabata limodzi amatha kuyamwa mkaka ndi kudya masamba. Pali zinyalala 4-5 mu zinyalala. Chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana ndi ofanana. M'chaka choyamba, 60% cha ana amafa.

Ana aamphongo mpaka zaka zitatu samasiya makolo awo kapena kufikira nthawi yomwe kukhwima kumachitika. Amembala ena a mabanja owonjezereka amathandizanso polera ana, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a thermoregulation panthawi ya kubisala. Kusamalira koteroko kumathandizira kupulumuka kwamtunduwu. Gulu la mabanja pamikhalidwe yokhazikika limakhala ndi anthu a 10-15, pamkhalidwe wovuta kuchokera ku 2-6. Pafupifupi 65% ya azimayi okhwima omwe amagonana amatenga nawo mbali kuswana. Mitundu ya marm imeneyi imakhala yoyenera kubereka mchaka chachinayi cha moyo ku Mongolia komanso chachitatu ku Transbaikalia.

Chochititsa chidwi: Ku Mongolia, osaka ana azaka zam'mbuyomu amatcha "wamba", wazaka ziwiri - "cauldron", wazaka zitatu - "sharakhazzar". Mwamuna wamkulu - "burkh", wachikazi - "tarch".

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Zomwe zimawoneka ngati tarbagan

Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala ndi tarbagan chatsika kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi. Izi zimadziwika makamaka ku Russia.

• nyama yosawerengeka,
• kulima malo achinyamatawa ku Transbaikalia ndi Dauria,
• kufalikira kwapadera kupatula miliri (mlomo wa matenda a tarbagan).

Mu zaka 30 mpaka 40 zapitazi ku Tuva, mgombe la Tannu-Ola, panali anthu osakwana 10,000. Kumadzulo kwa Transbaikalia, kuchuluka kwawo mu 30s kunalinso nyama 10,000. Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. panali ma tarbagans mamiliyoni angapo, ndipo pofika pakati pa zaka zana limodzi kumadera omwewo, makamaka munagawidweko, anthu sanali okwera kuposa anthu 10 pa 1 km2. Kumpoto kokha kwa siteshoni ya Kailastui kudera laling'ono kunali kachulukidwe ka magulu 30. pa 1 km2. Koma kuchuluka kwa zinyama kunali kukucheperachepera, chifukwa miyambo yosaka ndiyolimba pakati pa anthu akumaloko.

Chiyerekezo cha nyama padziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10. Mu 84, zaka makumi awiri. Ku Russia, panali anthu 38,000, kuphatikiza:

• ku Buryatia - 25,000,
• ku Tuva - 11000,
• ku Southeast Transbaikalia - 2000.

Tsopano kuchuluka kwa nyamayo kwatsika kambiri, kumathandizidwa kwambiri ndi mayendedwe a Tarbagans ochokera ku Mongolia. Kusaka nyama ku Mongolia mu 90s kunachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu pano ndi 70%, kusunthira mitunduyi "kusokoneza pang'ono" kukhala "pangozi". Malinga ndi mbiri yakale yosaka ya 1942-1960. zimadziwika kuti mu 1947 malonda osaloledwa adafika pachimake pa mayunitsi okwanira 2,5 miliyoni. Munthawi yochokera mu 1906 mpaka 1994, zikopa zopitilira 104.2 miliyoni zidakonzedwa kuti zizigulitsidwa ku Mongolia.

Chiwerengero chenicheni cha zikopa zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimapitilira kuchuluka kosaka kuposa katatu. Mu 2004, zikopa zoposa 117,000 zomwe zidalandidwa mosavomerezeka zidalandidwa. Makina osakira adachitika kuyambira pomwe mitengo ya zikopa idakwera, ndipo zinthu monga misewu yosinthidwa ndi njira zamayendedwe zimapatsa mwayi kuti asaka asakafufuze.

Alonda a Tarbagan

Chithunzi: Tarbagan kuchokera ku Red Book

Mu Red Book of Russia, nyamayo ili, monga m'ndandanda wa IUCN, m'gulu la "omwe ali pangozi" - awa ndi anthu kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia, pagulu la "kuchepa" ku Tyva, Northeast Transbaikalia. Nyamayi imatetezedwa kumalo osungira a Borgoysky ndi Orotsky, m'malo a Sokhondinsky ndi Daursky, komanso m'dera la Buryatia ndi Trans-Baikal Territory. Kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zamtunduwu, ndikofunikira kupanga malo okhala nyama zamtchire zapadera, komanso njira zodzikonzanso, pogwiritsa ntchito anthu ochokera m'malo otukuka.

Chitetezo chamtundu wamtunduwu chikuyenera kukumbukidwanso chifukwa moyo wa ma tarbagans umakhudza kwambiri malo. Zomera za marmoti ndizamchere kwambiri, sizichedwa kutopa. Nyama zakutchire ku Mongolia ndi mitundu yofunika kwambiri yomwe imathandizira kwambiri kuzomera zachilengedwe. Ku Mongolia, kusaka nyama kumaloledwa kuyambira pa Ogasiti 10 mpaka Okutobala 15, kutengera kusintha kwa nyama. Kusaka kunaletsedweratu mu 2005, 2006. Tarbagan ali pamndandanda wa nyama zosowa za ku Mongolia. Zimachitika m'malo otetezedwa kudera lonse (pafupifupi 6% ya mitundu).

Tarbagan nyama imeneyo, yomwe ili ndi zipilala zingapo. Chimodzi mwazomwe zili ku Krasnokamensk ndikupanga ziwerengero ziwiri mu mawonekedwe a mgodi ndi mlenje, ichi ndichizindikiro cha nyamayo, yomwe idatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa ku Dauria. Chiboliboli china chakumata chidayikidwa ku Angarsk, komwe kumapeto kwa zaka zana lomaliza kupanga zipewa zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa tarbagan zidakhazikitsidwa. Pali gulu lalikulu kwambiri ku Tuva pafupi ndi mudzi wa Mugur-Aksy. Zipilala ziwiri zopangira tarbagan adazimanga ku Mongolia: chimodzi ku Ulan Bator, ndipo chinacho, chopangidwa ndi misampha, kum'mawa kwa Mongolia.

Maonekedwe a tarbagan

Tarbagany - marmlemera komanso akulu. Ali ndi miyendo yayifupi ndi mchira wautali, wopepuka, womwe umakhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi.

Tarbagan amawoneka ngati baibak.

Kutalika kwa amuna ndi pafupifupi masentimita 60, ndipo oyimilira akulu kwambiri amtunduwo amafika masentimita 65.

Kutalika kwa akazi kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 55-58. Ma Tarbagans amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 6-8 pakugwa komanso nthawi ya hibernation.

Ubweya wa marmeli awa siwothandiza, koma ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Kutalika kwa mimbulu kumakhala pakati, kapangidwe kake ndi kochepa. Mtundu wa ubweya umasiyana ndi dzimbiri kapena kuwala. Mkati wamkati ndi wamdima. Miyendo ndi yofiyira. Mbali yakumwamba ya mutu ndi nsonga ya mchira ndi zakuda. Makutu ali ndi utoto wonyezimira. Chapakatikati, ubweya umakhala wopepuka kuposa nthawi yophukira.

Ma tarbagans angapo.

Tarbagan Habitat

Tarbagan amakhala kumapiri a Russia, ku Transbaikalia ndi Tuva. Ku Kazakhstan ndi Trans-Urals, marmot-bakak amakhala. Madera akum'mawa ndi chapakati pa Kyrgyzstan, komanso mapiri a Altai, adasankhidwa ndi mitundu ya Altai.

Mtundu wa Yakutian umakhala kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Yakutia, kumadzulo kwa Transbaikalia ndi kumpoto kwa Far East. Mtundu wina - Ferghana Tarbagan, wogawidwa ku Central Asia.

Mapiri a Tien Shan adasandulika khomo la Talas Tarbagan. Mbalame ina yakuda yomwe imakhala ku Kamchatka, yotchedwanso tarbagan. Malo abwino oti akhalepo ndi mapiri, mapiri opiri, nkhalango zam'mapiri, mapiri ndi zigwa zamtsinje. Amakhala m'mamita 0,6-3,000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Ma Tarbagans amakhala m'midzi. Koma, banja lirilonse limakhala ndi makina ake okhala ndi ma mink, omwe amaphatikiza malo okhala, nthawi yachisanu ndi chilimwe "malo"

Chifukwa chake, nyama yothamanga kwambiri imatha kudzitenga kuti ndi yotetezeka - pakuwopsezedwa, imatha kubisala. Kuzama kwa dzenje nthawi zambiri kumafikira mamita 3-4, ndipo kutalika kwa mayendedwe kuli pafupifupi 30 mamita.

Kuzama kwa burbagan ya tarbagan ndi mamita 3-4, ndipo kutalika kuli pafupifupi 30 m.

Banja, ili ndi gulu laling'ono mkati mwa njuchi, lomwe lili ndi makolo ndi ana osaposa zaka ziwiri. Mlengalenga momwe muli

Pakakhala chakudya chokwanira, njingayo imakhala ya anthu 16-16, koma ngati zitha kukhala zovuta, ndiye kuti ziweto zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala pafupifupi 2 toyesa.

Nyama zimayenda tsiku ndi tsiku, kutuluka mamawa pafupifupi 9 koloko m'mawa, komanso pafupifupi 6 madzulo. Pomwe banjali limatanganidwa kukumba mabowo kapena kudyetsa, ena ayima paphiri ndipo pakuwoneka zoopsa adzachenjeza chigawo chonse ndi mluzu woboola.

Mwambiri, nyamazo zimakhala zamanyazi kwambiri komanso ndizosamala, zisanachoke kubowo, zimayang'ana uku ndi uku kwa nthawi yayitali mpaka zitsimikizike za chitetezo chamalingaliro awo.

Mverani pansi pamtunda wa Tarbagan

Pofika m'dzinja, mu Seputembara, nyamazo zimabisala, zikubisala m'matumba awo kwa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri (m'malo otentha, kubisala kochepa, kozizira kwambiri).

Amatseka khomo lolowera dzenje ndi ndowe, nthaka, udzu. Chifukwa cha dothi komanso chipale chofewa pamwamba pake, komanso kutentha kwake, ma tarbagans amapanikizana kwambiri kuti aliyense azitentha.