Kamba wobiriwira - Ichi ndi kamba wam'nyanja chokhudzana ndi mtundu wake m'chiwerengero chimodzi, ngakhale kale anali waku Australia. Lero, tikambirana za malo okhala nyama zofunikazi, zosangalatsa zake, za kubereka ndi zina zambiri.
Kufotokozera kwa Green Turtle
Kamba wobiriwira - Ichi ndi choyimira chachikulu cha pamadzi, chofika kutalika kwa 80-150 cm, ndi kulemera kwa thupi kwa 70-200 kg! Zowona, nthumwi zazikulu sizambiri, nkovuta kukumana ndi kamba komwe kamakula mu 150-200 cm ndikulemera 500 kg. Koma ali ndi mtundu wokongola bwanji! Mphepo zokhala ndi khosi ndizitali, zakutidwa ndi mtundu wakuda ndi zoyera kapena mtundu wachikasu, ndipo chipolopolo chimakhala chobiriwira ndi maolivi.
M'nyanja ufulu Amamadya makamaka ku jellyfish, zomera ndi nyama zina, koma izi zimangokhala zaka zoyambirira za moyo. Kenako, amayandikira m'mphepete mwa gombelo, kudya pafupifupi algae, koma nthawi zonse sasamala kudya jellyfish, akusambira kutali kwambiri.
Mawonekedwe
Chigoba chozungulira cha turtle wobiriwira ndi chowulungika. Akuluakulu, amatha kutalika kwambiri mpaka mamitala awiri, koma kukula kwachilengedwe ndi 70 - 100 cm. Kapangidwe ka chigombachi ndikosadziwika: zonse zimakhala ndi zikopa zoyandikana, zimakhala ndi utoto wambiri pamwamba, zimakutidwa ndi zishango ndipo zimakhala ndi mutu wocheperako. Maso okhala ndi ana owazungulira ndi okulirapo ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe okumbika a almond.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Zosefukira zimalola akamba kuti asamuke ndikusunthira kumtunda, nthambi iliyonse ili ndi chivundikiro.
Kulemera kwa munthu wamba ndi makilogalamu 80-100, zoyerekeza masekeli 200 sizachilendo. Koma kulemera kwa mtundu wanyanja wobiriwira ndi 400 ndipo ngakhale 500 kilogalamu. Mtundu wa chigombachi umatengera pomwe buluyu anabadwira ndikukula. Imatha kukhala dambo, zobiriwira zonyansa, kapena zofiirira, zokhala ndi mawanga achikasu osakwanira. Koma khungu limakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira komanso mafuta omwe amaphatikizika pansi pa chipolopolo mkati, chifukwa chomwe timatsamba totsekemera timakhala ndi utoto wapadera.
Khalidwe, moyo
Akamba am'nyanja sakhala m'mizungu, amakonda kukhala pawokha. Koma kwazaka zambiri, ochita kafukufuku adadabwa ndi zovuta za akambuku am'nyanja, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa mozungulira momwe zimayambira mafunde akuya kwa nyanja, zimatha kusonkhana tsiku linalake pagombe lina kuti liike mazira.
Pakatha zaka makumi angapo, athe kupeza gombe lomwe adasungira kale, ilipo kuti adzaikira mazira, ngakhale atapambana ma kilomita masauzande.
Akamba am'nyanja sakhala aukali, akudalira, kuyesa kukhala pafupi ndi gombe, komwe kuya sikumafikira 10 metres. Apa akutenthedwa pamadzi, amatha kutuluka kuti akasambe dzuwa, kudya zakudya zamtchire. Akamba amapuma pang'ono, akumapumira mphindi 5 zilizonse kuchokera pamwamba.
Koma m'malo opumira kapena kugona, akamba obiriwira sangathe kutuluka kwa maola angapo. Kutsogolo kwamphamvu - mafupa, monga ma oars, amawathandiza kuyenda pa liwiro lalikulu mpaka makilomita 10 pa ola limodzi, kotero kuti akasuti obiriwira osambira sakhala oyipa.
Ana osadulidwa mazira, ana amathamangira mumchenga kupita kumadzi. Sikuti aliyense amatha kufika pamzere wa ma surf, chifukwa mbalame, nyama zodya zochepa, komanso zodzikongoletsera zina zomwe zimadyera zinyenyeswazi ndi zipolopolo zofewa. Nyama zosavuta zimayimiriridwa ndi ana pagombe, koma sizotetezeka m'madzi.
Chifukwa chake, zaka zoyambirira za moyo, mpaka chipolopolo chimakulirakulira, akambuku amatha m'madzi akuya kwa nyanja, akudzimata okha. Pakadali pano, amadya osati zakudya zam'mera zokha, komanso jellyfish, plankton, mollusks, ndi crustaceans.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Akamba akamba kwambiri, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe komwe amakhala. Pang'onopang'ono kusintha ndi kupatsa thanzi, ndikukhala "zamasamba."
Kuphatikiza "mapanga" oposa 10 omwe amadziwika padziko lapansi, iliyonse imakhala ndi mitundu yake. Ena akungoyendayenda, kutsatira mafunde otentha, ena amatha nyengo yozizira m'malo awo, "kuseketsa" m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Asayansi ena akuganiza kuti azisiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya akamba wobiriwira omwe amakhala m'mitunda inayake. Izi zidachitika ndi akamba aku Australia.
Kutalika kwa moyo
Zoyipa kwambiri kwa akamba ndi zaka zoyambirira momwe ana ali opanda chitetezo. Akamba ambiri satha kukhala ndi moyo kwa maola angapo kuti afike kumadzi. Komabe, atapeza chipolopolo cholimba, akamba obiriwira amakhala osatetezeka. Kutalika kotalikira kwa akamba obiriwira am'madzi mu chilengedwe ndi zaka 70-80. Ali mu ukapolo, akambuku awa amakhala ochepa, chifukwa anthu sangazibwezeretsanso malo awo okhala.
Zolemba zapafupifupi
Turtle wobiriwira wa Atlantic ali ndi chipolopolo chambiri komanso chosalala, amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa North America, ndikupezekanso pafupi ndi gombe la Europe.
Pacific East amakhala, monga lamulo, m'mphepete mwa California, Chile, amatha kupezeka pagombe la Alaska. Izi subspecies zitha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wocheperako komanso wapamwamba wamtundu wakuda (bulauni ndi wachikasu).
Habitat, malo okhala
Nyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic, madzi a malo otentha komanso malo otsetsereka amakhala nyumba zovuta zobiriwira zam'madzi. Mutha kuwayang'ana ku Netherlands, ndi kumadera ena a UK, komanso kumadera aku South Africa. Monga zaka zapitazo, nyama zapamadzi sizimachoka kumpoto kwa North ndi South America, ngakhale kuti tsopano zodabwitsa kwambiri zam'madzi ndizochepa. Pali akamba obiriwira komanso pagombe la Australia.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Kuzama mpaka mamitala 10, madzi otenthetsedwa bwino, ma algae ambiri ndi pansi pathanthwe - ndizo zonse zomwe zimakopa akamba, zimapangitsa izi kapena gawo ili la nyanja zam'madzi padziko lapansi.
M'miyala yamiyala, amabisala kwa omwe akuwathamangitsa, kupumula, mapanga amakhala kwawo kwa chaka chimodzi kapena zaka zingapo. Kulikonse komwe amakhala ndi kudya, kusuntha malo ndi malo, motsogozedwa ndi zikhalidwe, china chake chimawakakamiza kuti abwerere mobwerezabwereza ku magombe awo, kumene amangotsatiridwa ndikusaka kosakasa. Akamba ndi asodzi abwino osawopa mtunda wautali, okonda kuyenda akulu.
Kamba wam'nyanja wobiriwira
Kamba Wam'madzi Wam'madzi - Chelonia mydas - amakhala m'malo otentha padziko lonse lapansi: ku Atlantic, Pacific, komanso nyanja zam'madzi za India. Mu Nyanja ya Atlantic, kamba wobiriwira amatha kupezeka kuchokera pagombe lakumpoto la United States kupita kumagombe a Argentina pa 38º. ., komanso kuchokera kumadera a m'mphepete mwa Great Britain, Belgium ndi Netherlands kupita kumadzi aku South Africa, imapezeka mu Pacific Ocean kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Africa kupita ku America konse.
Mitundu iwiri ya turtle wa nyanja yobiriwira imadziwika:
- Atlantic Green Turtle - Chelonia mydas mydasamakhala m'mphepete mwa Europe ndi North America. Kambukuyu ndiwotetemera, chipolopolo chake ndi chokulirapo
Turtle wa Pacific Pacific - Chelonia mydas agassizii -Nthawi zina imakhala ndi carapace yakuda, yomwe imapezeka pafupi ndi Alaska, kulikonse ku California, imabwera ku Chile. Ufuluwu ndi wautali, chithunzi chake ndi kale (117 cm kutalika), avareji kulemera 126 kg.
Chiwerengero cha Pacific ndi Atlantic chagawika kwa zaka mamiliyoni angapo.
Kamba wobiriwira ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa mitundu ina ya suburb ya nyanja zam'madzi: kutalika kwa chigobacho kumayambira pa 71 mpaka 153 cm, anthu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amapezeka mpaka 1.4 m kutalika. Mitundu ya ufuluyi imakhala ndi kulemera kwa 205 kg, komabe, anthu amapezeka mpaka 400 kg. Kamba wam'nyanja wobiriwira amakhala ndi zigamba zozungulira zomwe zimakutidwa ndi zikopa zazikulu zazitali, zomwe m'mphepete mwake sizingaphimbane. Mutu umakhala wocheperako poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupilo, umakutidwa ndi zishango zazikulu zazingaliro, kutsogolo kwa muzzle kumakhala kozungulira. Kamba wobiriwira samatulutsa mutu mkati. Maso ake ndi akulu, monga akamba ena onse am'nyanja. Malingaliro ali ngati ntchentche ndipo amasinthidwa bwino pakusambira. Zolemba kutsogolo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mpango umodzi.
Akamba am'madzi am'madzi amasiyana mosavuta ndi akazi omwe amakhala mgulayeti komanso lalitali, amakhala akuluakulu ndipo michira yawo imakhala yayitali (kupitirira 20 cm), yowonekera bwino pansi pa chipolopolo. Mtundu wa carapace (chotchinga kumtunda kwa nkhonoyi) ndimtundu wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira, nthawi zina wakuda, kutengera mtundu wa magawidwe amtunduwu. Nthawi zina pamakhala mawonekedwe amalo achikasu, nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera. Mbali yamkati (pulasitala) ndi yoyera kapena yachikasu yokhala ndi m'mphepete mwamdima m'mapazi.
Akamba obiriwira nthawi zambiri amakhala herbivores, ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja, akudya algae ndi udzu womwe umamera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madzi osefukira kwambiri. Ali aang'ono, amadya nyama zam'madzi: jellyfish, akhwangwala, masiponji, nkhono ndi mphutsi. Akamba achikulire amawongolera kwambiri.
Amuna ndi akazi amakhala okhwima pakati pa 10 ndi 24 zaka. Kubala zimadalira kupingasa kwa akamba. Kutenga pakati kumatheka pokhapokha pakulimbana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Nthawi yakukhwima, akamba amakuwa amakuwa kwambiri. Monga mitundu ina, amuna amapikisana pa akazi, kuyesa kuluma mdani pakukhwima kwawo. Kukhwinyika kumachitika pansi pa madzi kapena pamwamba pa nyanja mkati mwa 1 km ya gombe. Nthawi zina wamkazi amakhala ndi umuna wokwanira, womwe umakwanira kuti azitha kuyikira mazira kangapo pachaka. Amabereka ana mwakubereka mazira zaka zitatu zilizonse kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nthawi ikakwana yoti akwatire, akamba amasuntha maulendo ataliatali komanso osawerengeka kupita kumtunda kumene anabadwira. Akazi amtchire obiriwira amayikira mazira awo m'mphepete momwe amayi ndi agogo awo anagona. Akaziwo akakhala kuti akufuna kuyikira mazira ake, amachoka kunyanja, ndikukwawira kumtunda wamchenga ndi kukumba dzenje kwa maola ambiri mpaka atatha kulimba. Kenako amaikira mazira 100-200. Kambukuyo imaphimba kumachinga ndi mchenga kuti izitetezere ku kutentha, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi zowononga zina. Akamba obiriwira a Pacific amayikira mazira ambiri kuposa Atlantic. Mazira amasokedwa kwa masiku 40-72, kutengera malo okhala kamba.
Akamba amatsegula chigobacho ndi mano awo a mazira. Kuyika mazira kwakukulu m'makamba ndikufotokozedwa ndikuti ndi ochepa mwa ana aamuna omwe amatha kupulumuka. Adani achilengedwe - ankhandwe, nkhandwe, coyote, nyerere, ngakhale anthu amakumba mazira. Akamba aja omwe adatha kubowola mazira akuyamba kugwira ntchito ndikukutira, ndipo mchenga umagwa, ndikuwukankhira pansi. Amayamba kusamukira kunyanja ndikuyenda kuchokera pagombe. Pakadali pano, akamba kwambiri ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Khwangwala zokulirapo, nyerere, njoka, nsanja, zotheka, makoswe angawagwere. Kwa zaka zingapo amasambira munyanja, akudya plankton. Nthawi yonseyi kuwola kwawo ndi kofewa, ndipo akambuku ang'onoang'ono ndi osavuta kudya nyama zam'madzi: asodzi, ma dolphin, ndi ena. Pakatha zaka zambiri podyetsa plankton, amasamukira kumalo osaya ndi kudya algae.
Kudya kwamtundu wa Green Turtle
Akamba akangoona kuwalako, kumvera miyambo yakale, amayesetsa mwakuya momwe angathere. Ndiko, pakati pa ma corals, miyala yam'nyanja, ndi algae ambiri komwe amawopsezedwa ndi anthu ochepa omwe akufuna kudya omwe akukhala kumtunda ndi madzi. Kukula kopitilira muyeso kumawapangitsa kuti asamamwe zomera zokha, komanso ma bollus, jellyfish, crustaceans. Akamba obiriwira ang'onoang'ono ndi mphutsi zimadya mosavuta.
Pakatha zaka 7-10, chipolopolo chofewa chimayamba kulimba, kuyamba kudya nyama zokoma kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa mbalame ndi nsomba zambiri zolusa. Chifukwa chake, akamba opanda mantha amathamangira pafupi ndi gombe, kumadzi otenthetsedwa ndi dzuwa ndi masamba osiyanasiyana, osati am'madzi okha, komanso gombe. Pofika nthawi yoti akamba obiriwira atakula, amasinthana kudyera zakudya ndikukhalanso masamba mpaka zakale.
Akamba a Thalassian ndi zoster amakonda kwambiri akamba am'madzi, omwe mapiko ake oyandikira mamita 10 nthawi zambiri amatchedwa msipu. Zobera sizikana kelp. Zitha kupezeka pafupi ndi gombe pamalo amtunda wamtali, ndizosangalatsa zokongola zam'madzi zamtchire.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Akamba obiriwira amakhala okhwima pakatha zaka 10. Mutha kusiyanitsa kugonana kwa munthu wokhala m'madzi kale. Amuna a mitundu yonseyi ndi otsika kale kuposa zazikazi; Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mchira, womwe ndi wautali kwa anyamata, umafika 20 cm.
Matenga amuna ndi akazi amapezeka m'madzi. Kuyambira Januwale mpaka Okutobala, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimakopa chidwi mwa kupereka mawu osiyanasiyana ofanana ndi kuyimba. Amuna angapo amamenyera akazi, anthu angapo amathanso kumuthira manyowa. Nthawi zina izi sizokwanira imodzi, koma zingapo. Kukalamba kumatenga maola angapo.
Yaikazi imakhala paulendo wautali, ikugunda makilomita zikwizikwi kuti ifike pamafumbi otetezeka - nesting, kamodzi pakatha zaka 3-4. Pamenepo, atakwera kumtunda usiku, kamba'yo amakumba dzenjelo mumchenga m'malo obisika.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mu chisa ichi, pamalo otentha bwino, chimayikira mazira 100, kenako imagona mumchenga ndikuyika dothi kuti ana asakhale ovuta kwa abuluzi, kuyang'anira abuluzi, makoswe ndi mbalame.
M'nyengo imodzi yokha, kamba wina wamkulu amatha kupangira ndodo 7, iliyonse imakhala ndi mazira 50 mpaka 100. Zisamba zambiri zidzasakazidwa, si ana onse omwe akuyembekezeredwa kuwona kuunika.
Pakatha miyezi iwiri ndi masiku angapo (makulidwe a mazira amamba - kuchokera pa 60 mpaka 75 masiku), akamba ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi ziphuphu akuwononga chigoba cha dzira loyaka ndikufika pamwamba. Afunika kuphimba mtunda wa 1 km, ndikuwasiyanitsa ndi madzi am'nyanja. Ndi m'malo omwe mbalame zimakhazikika pamtengowu ana akhanda asakudya, pamakhala ngozi zambiri zomwe zimadikira akamba.
Atafika pamadzi, anawo samangosambira okha, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito zilumba zam'madzi zam'madzi, kuwamatira kapena kukwera pamwamba kwambiri, pansi pa dzuŵa. Pangozi yochepa kwambiri, akamba amasambira ndikusilira ndipo mofulumira amapita kuzama. Achichepere amakhala odziyimira pawokha pakubadwa ndipo safuna chisamaliro cha kholo.
Adani achilengedwe
Mpaka wazaka 10, akamba ali pachiwopsezo kulikonse. Amatha kukhala msodzi wa nsomba zodya nyama, nkhanu, kugwera m'mano achinkhanira, ma dolphin, ndipo akambuku akuluakulu amasangalala nazo. Koma akamba akuluakulu sakhala ndi mdani zachilengedwe, ali shaki okha m'mano, chipolopolo chake chonse ndicholimba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kwa zaka masauzande, anthu okhala kunyanja alibe adani omwe amatha kuwononga akuluakulu.
Kupezeka kwa mitundu iyi kwawopsa. Osangokhala nyama yokha, komanso mazira amaonedwa kuti ndi amtengo wapatali, ndipo chikhoterero cholimba chimakhala chida chabwino kwambiri chamakumbukidwe, ndichifukwa chake adayamba kuwononga akambuku ambiri amamba obiriwira. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi, asayansi adafuwula, pozindikira kuti akamba obiriwira atsala pang'ono kutha.
Mtengo wamunthu
Msuzi wokoma koopsa, mazira odabwitsa komanso athanzi, amasambitsidwa, nyama zouma ndi zochiritsidwa amawadyera m'malesitilanti abwino kwambiri ngati chakudya. M'zaka zakumbuyo komanso kupezeka kwa malo atsopano chifukwa cha akamba am'nyanja, mazana oyendetsa chombo adatha kupulumuka. Koma Anthu sakudziwa momwe angakhalire othokoza, kuwonongedwa kovutitsidwa kwazaka mazana ambiri masiku ano kwalimbikitsa anthu kuti alankhule zopulumutsa akamba obiriwira. Mapulogalamu onsewa adalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo amatetezedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Anthu masauzande ambiri anakwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe akamba akachita mazira kwazaka zambiri. Tsopano pachilumba cha Midway, mwachitsanzo, azimayi makumi anai okha ndi omwe akumanga malo okhala kwa ana. Pa magombe ena, zinthu sizingakhale bwino. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazi, ntchito yayamba kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa akamba obiriwira pafupifupi m'maiko onse momwe nyamazi zimakhala.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Akamba omwe adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, ndizoletsedwa kugwira ntchito iliyonse m'malo a nesting, kuwasaka ndikupeza mazira.
Alendo sangathe kuwayandikira m'malo osungirako kuposa mita 100.Mazira oikidwa amaikidwa mazenera, ndipo akamba amasungidwa amatulutsidwa m'madzi otetezeka pokhapokha atalimba. Lero, kuchuluka kwa akamba obiriwira kukusonyeza kuti mitunduyi siyidzazimiririka kumaso kwa Dziko lapansi.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za turtle wobiriwira
• Tortoise Habitat - Madera otentha komanso ozizira a nyanja zamchere
• Akamba obiriwira mpaka pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chakudya, ndipo ambiri amati zodzikongoletsa zili ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri
• Pano akusaka akamba obiriwira M'mayiko ambiri dziko lino ndi loletsedwa chifukwa kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumatsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake, adagweramo Buku Lofiyira
• Pakadali milu mbali iliyonse ya phokoso, ndipo zikuluzikulu zimaloledwa kuzisambira zonse panyanja ndikusuntha pamtunda
•Akamba obiriwira - zolengedwa zachilendo komanso zopanda nkhanza, zomwe pazifukwa izi zimapezeka mwakachetechete pafupi ndi gombe
• Ngala wokalamba, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe
• Kutalika kwa moyo wa kamba ali ndi zaka 70-80
• Amuna amasiyana amuna ndi akazi okhala ndi mchira wautali wa 20 cm
Habitat
Mu Nyanja ya Atlantic, kamba wobiriwira amatha kupezeka kuchokera pagombe lakumpoto la United States kupita kumphepete mwa Argentina pa 38 ° S. ., kuchokera kumadera a m'mphepete mwa Great Britain, Belgium ndi Netherlands kupita kumadzi aku South Africa. Mwachiwonekere, ma Jeti a Gulf Stream amalowetsa akamba olowera kumpoto kwa Europe. Mu Indian ndi Pacific Oceans, subspecies yapadera (Chelonia mydas japonisa) imakhala, kudutsa kumpoto ku Japan ndi Southern California, ndi kumwera mpaka 43 ° S. w. (Chilumba cha Chiloe pafupi ndi gombe la Chile). Ngakhale akamba obiriwira amatha kupezeka munyanja, kutali ndi dziko lirilonse, malo awo okhazikika ndi madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Akambawa amakopeka kwambiri ndi malo omwe pansi ndi miyala yamiyala pamakhala mapanga ndi matako, pomwe amakwera kuti akapume.
Munthawi zabwinobwino, turtle wobiriwira (Chelonia mydas) ndi loghead (Caretta caretta) amagwira ntchito masana. Kwa turtle wobiriwira, kuwonjezera pa zochitika zamasana, zochitika zowonjezereka zidadziwika usiku (Jessop, Limpus & Whittier 2002). Akasamba omwe aswa posachedwa pomwe amasamukira nawonso anali otakataka usiku kuposa ma besses (Eretmochelys imbricata) (Chung et al. 2009).
Amagona pansi kapena pansi m'mphepete mwa miyala ndi miyala. Mukapumula, akamba akuluakulu amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa maola angapo. Akamba achichepere amagona pamwamba chifukwa osatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Ana atsale amakhala ndi malo okhala ndi zipsepse zam'maso zokumbira kumbuyo kwawo. Ali kundende, zidadziwika kuti akamba amakonda kubisa mutu wawo akagona mapaipi ali pansi kapena m'malo ena obisalamo. Zikuwoneka kuti, mchitidwewu umalumikizidwa ndi kufunika koteteza mutu (akamba am'nyanja satha kubweza mutu ndi khosi) ndipo amachokera ku chizolowezi chogona m'mapanga m'madzi kapena m'mingala yamiyala.
Pakuya kwa 4-6 m, "msipu" wachuma "wokhala ndi mphukira zowirira za zoster ndi thalassia (amatchedwa" udzu wofunda "). Zomera zam'madzi izi ndizomwe zimapanga chakudya chachikulu cha akamba, kuphatikiza apo pali alomera osiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zina jellyfish, mollusks, arthropods.
Kubzala Wamtambo Wobiriwira
Mating amuna amuna ndi akazi m'madzi. Njirayi imawatenga kupitirira ola limodzi, ndipo mkaziyo akangomaliza ulendo. Amafika pagombe lotetezeka, kugonjetsa ma kilomita akuluakulu, ndi zonse pofuna ana amtsogolo. Usiku, njirayo imapita kunyanja, ikakumba kabowo komwe kamayikira mazira. Chiwerengero chawo chimasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri chimafika pa 100. Inde, ambiri amakumbidwa ndi adani, pomwe ena adzafa panjira yopita kunyanja. Koma mu nyengo, zazikazi zimapanga ndulu zisanu ndi ziwiri zotere, pomwe mazira ndi osachepera 50. Ana akuyamba kuwona kuwala m'miyezi 2-2,5. Ali ndi njira yovuta, amamenyera nkhondo moyo wawo.
Zowonjezera
Kamba wobiriwira adadziwika ndi dzina la mafuta omwe amasonkhana m'thupi lake.
Pamene kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XVI. Columbus anawoloka Nyanja ya Carribe, magulu akuluakulu amtundu wobiriwira adatseka njira ya zombo ku zilumba za Cayman. Atachita chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa nyamazi, Columbus adatcha zisumbu za Las Tortugas (las tortugas - turtles) zomwe adazipeza. Dzinali silinakhale pachilumbachi, ngakhale ng'ombe zazimuna, zowonongedwa ndi kusodza kwakutali, sizisungidwa. Kumene kunali kovuta kutsogolera sitima kudutsa zipolopolo zopitilira muyeso, tsopano sikophweka kupeza ngakhale kamba umodzi.
Akamba obiriwira amagwidwa mbali imodzi ndi maukonde, koma makamaka nthawi yomwe (zazikazi) zimapita kumadzi ndikumanga. Akamba omenyedwa amawatembenukira kumbuyo ndikukasiyidwa pamalo pomwe akamba omwe sangathe kudzitulutsa. M'malo (kufupi ndi gombe la Kum'mawa kwa Africa, ku Torres Strait, pafupi ndi Cuba) akambukuwa amakopedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomwe zimamangiriridwa ndi zingwe (Echeneis), nsombayo imalumikizidwa ndi kapu yotsekera ku chikopa cha turtle ndikutulutsa nayo. Anzeru a zilumba za Pacific Ocean amawapeza akugona kapena m'malo ang'onoang'ono, kuyesera kuti agwire nyamayo ndikugundana ndi mapaipi ake akutsogolo, oyanjana nawo amasambira ndikuyichotsa ndi nyama pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe chomangidwa kuzungulira thupi la osaka. Mazira a akamba amasangalalanso ambiri. Nyama ndi yokoma kwambiri; akamba obiriwira amoyo amabweretsedwa ku Europe makamaka kuchokera ku Westindia.
Greens amakonda kukanda ma carpaks pamiyala ndi zinthu zina zolimba. Mwina ndichifukwa chake nyambo yawo ilibe ma crustaceans-sticking, omwe ndi mitundu ina ya akamba am'nyanja.
25.11.2019
Supu kamba, kapena turtle wobiriwira wam'nyanja (lat. Chelonia mydas) idatchedwa dzina lake chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, pamene msuzi wa turtle wopangidwa ndi nyama yake unanyadira m'malo a zakudya zaku Britain. Imakhala ndi mtundu wa amber wakuda, kununkhira kosangalatsa komanso kununkhira kwapadera. Kutengera ndi njira yophikira, curry, kirimu wokwapula, wowuma, wonyezimira, cognac kapena madeira nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa kwa icho.
Kutchuka kwake kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti kunapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa anthu pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Kuyambira mu 1988, nkhanu za msuzi zakhala zikutetezedwa ndi Washington Convention, motero mwalamulo sizothekanso kusangalala ndi msuzi.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, wopanga wamkulu anali kampani ya ku Germany yotchedwa Eugen Lacroix, yomwe inkapanga matani 250 a njoka pachaka pambuyo pa nkhondo. Gulu lomalizira la kukoma kwa uzimu linatulutsidwa mu 1984. Patatha zaka 12, kampaniyo idapezekanso.
Ku England, msuzi wa turtle nthawi zambiri ankawugwiritsa ntchito mbale zazing'ono zojambulidwa ndi akamba. Tsopano akhala olowa m'malo m'mabanja ambiri; amangogulitsidwa pamisika yamakedzana.
International Union for Conservation of Natural yazindikira kuti kamba wobiriwira panyanja ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Kugawa
Malo omwe amakhala ndi madzi am'madzi otentha kwambiri. Imafikira pafupifupi 30 ° kumpoto ndi kumwera kotentha. Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala ku Atlantic Ocean sichikupezeka ku India ndi Pacific Oceans.
Pali ma subspecies 4. Mayendedwe osankhidwa amapezeka ku Atlantic kuyambira ku Azores kupita kumwera kwa Africa. Masabusikiti a Chrlonia mydas agassizi, omwe amakhala ku Oceania, amamuwona ngati akatswiri amisonkho ngati mitundu ina.
Akamba obiriwira amapezeka panyanja yayikulu komanso pafupi ndi gombe. Akazi oikira mazira amayenda ku magombe omwewo pomwe iwo anabadwira. Zimayikira mazira m'maiko 80 ndipo zimasambira m'madzi am'madzi a mayiko a 140.
Mchaka, repitili imasamukira kutali, malo osambira okwanira 4,000 kilomita. Amatsatira njira momwe kutentha kwa madzi sikumatsikira pansi pa 20 ° C. Izi akamba amawonera nthawi zina m'malo otentha.
Anthu onse malinga ndi kulosera kwabwino kwambiri akuyerekeza anthu 2 miliyoni.
Turtle wa sea sea Green (supu) ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa akambuku am'nyanja. Imapezeka munyanja zonse zam'malo otentha komanso ozizira. Msuzi wotchuka wa ufuluwo adawakonzera. Masiku ano, mitunduyi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Nenani, uthenga, chithunzi
Banja - Akamba am'nyanja
Mitundu / Mitundu - Chelonia mydas. Green Sea (Msuzi) Turtle
Misa mpaka 400 kg.
Kutha msinkhu: kuyambira wazaka 10.
Nthawi yakukhwima: kuyambira mu Okutobala.
Nthawi yagona: nthawi zambiri kumatha masabata 7-10.
Chiwerengero cha mazira: pafupifupi 100 pachilichonse, kwa milungu ingapo wamkazi amapanga ndodo zingapo.
Makulidwe: Miyezi 2-3.
Zochita: Akamba (onani chithunzi) kupatula nthawi yakukhwima, khalani nokha.
Chakudya: Akamba ang'onoang'ono amadya crustaceans ndi nsomba, ndipo akambuku akuluakulu amadya zakudya zamasamba.
Kutalika kwa moyo: Zaka 40-50.
Mitundu 6 ndi ya banja la akamba am'nyanja.
Anthu akhala akusaka akamba am'madzi obiriwira chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, mazira ndi zipolopolo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga miyala yamtengo wapatali. Akamba obiriwira amasungidwa pafupi ndi gombe, amapita kunyanja yoyambira pomwe nthawi yakukhwima ikupita kuzilumba zazing'ono zam'chipululu.
Kufalitsa
Akamba omata amapezeka m'madzi osaya m'mbali mwa mchenga wa zilumba zamtengo wapatali. Usiku, akazi amapita kumtunda kukaikira mazira. Apa amasuntha ndi zovuta zazikulu, akukankha thupi kutsogolo mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yawo yakutsogolo. Atatuluka pamzere wa ma surf, mkaziyo amayamba kufinya mchenga posaka malo oti adzaikire mazira. Amakumba chisa ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Chilichonse cholumikizira chimakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 100-110. Pakuswana, wamkazi amapanga ndodo ziwiri 2-5. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, akambuku amaswa mazira. Atatuluka pachisa, iwo, mothandizidwa ndi chibadwa chawo, amapita kunyanja.
ZITI
Akamba obiriwira amakonda mafunde otentha, momwe zakudya zawo zazikulu zimakulira - seaweed, makamaka thalassia ndi zoster. Panyanja, akamba amapita nthawi yakukhwima, kupita kumadera komwe mazira amayikidwa. Nthawi yotsala yomwe amakhala kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Akamba obiriwira amasambira bwino komanso mosasamala, akumadula madzi ndi zipsepse zawo zamphamvu. Kuyenda kwa akamba akufanana ndikuuluka kwa mbalame zazikulu zodya nyama. Akamba obiriwira ndiosavuta kugwira pamadzi. Popanda kudumphira pansi, amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa maola asanu.
ZONSE ZABWINO
Akamba obiriwira akuluakuluwa amadalira zakudya zam'mera zokha. Zomera zam'madzi izi, komanso algae osiyanasiyana, ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha akamba am'madzi obiriwira.
Mukakhala m'nkhokwe za zokonda zawo, akamba obiriwira samadya osati zokwanira, komanso amapanga zosungirako: amatenga thukuta, ndikugudubuza m'miyeso yayikulu ndikukudula ndi dongo. Madzi mafunde amabweretsa "mipira" iyi pamphepete pomwe akamba amawadyera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuzilumba za Galapagos komanso kumadera ena, akamba obiriwira amayendera mitengo ya mangongge ndikudulira masamba a mitengo yamangumi yomwe ili pamadzi. Mitengo yokhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu wolimba.Ikamba zobiriwira zomwe zimadya pakati pa algae zimadya nsomba zazing'ono, crustaceans ndi jellyfish. Akamba amtunduwu amagwira shrimp ndi cr craceans yaying'ono.
MISILIYA
Pachaka, mbalame zazikuluzikulu zamtundu wobiriwira zimasunthira mtunda wautali, ndikupita kumalo obisalirako mazira ndi kumbuyo. Akamba amasambira m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe adabadwira okha. Mwa kulembera akambuku, zinali zotheka kutsimikizira kuti amatha kuwoloka molunjika pamtunda wam'nyanja, ndikudziyang'ana mozama m'madzi a nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, akamba obiriwira, okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Brazil, amasambira pafupifupi makilomita 2000 kuti afike kumphepete mwa mchenga wa Ascension Island pakati pa Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ascension Island ndi 17 km kokha. Asayansi amati akamba amapeza njira yawo, motsogozedwa ndi kununkhira komwe kumayenda mafunde am'madzi, ndi dzuwa. Akamba obiriwira amapanga maulendo oterowo pofuna kuteteza mazira.
DZIWANI IZI: ZOTHANDIZA
- Malo ena oikira mazira ndi otchuka pakati pa akamba amtundu wobiriwira (m'mphepete mwa chilumba cha Ascension) kotero kuti akamba onse omwe amafuna kuyikira mazira sangathe kukwana pamenepo.
- Pansi pa akamba amatengera kutentha kwa mpweya. Kutentha kwa 30 ° C, 50% ya akazi komanso amuna ambiri amakumana ndi mazira. Ngati matenthedwe amasungidwa pafupifupi 28 ° C, amphongo okha amakula, ndipo kutentha kwa pafupifupi 32 ° C - akazi okha.
- Akamba zana limodzi, khanda limodzi kapena awiri amapulumuka mpaka chaka chimodzi.
NKHANI ZOSAVUTA ZA GEEN TURTLE
Chogoba chozungulira, chowonongera chomwe chimakutidwa ndi zikopa zazikulu zazitali, zomwe m'mphepete mwake sizikulimbana. Mtundu wa chikopa cha dorsal ndi bulauni wa azitona wokhala ndi mawanga amdima ndi mizere yopanga mawonekedwe a mabo. Ndi za mtundu wobiriwira womwe kamba'yu wam'nyanja amatchedwa wobiriwira.
Madzi amchere ochulukirapo amachotsedwa m'thupi la turtle wobiriwira kudzera mu gland, yomwe ili pafupi ndi maso.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayitali kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Adasandulika kukhala akuwombera. Ichi ndi chida chachikulu chosambira. Zigoba zam'nyanja ndizowonda pang'ono kuposa mitundu yamtunda. Mutu wa kamba wobiriwira ukhoza kutulutsidwa pang'ono pokhapokha, miyendo sangabwezeretse.
- Kukhazikika kwa kamba wa zobiriwira
Akamba obiriwira amapezeka munyanja zonse zam'malo otentha komanso otentha. Amayikira mazira kuzilumba za Caribbean, pachilumba cha Ascension, pagombe la Costa Rica ndi Ceylon.
KUTETEZA NDI KUTETEZA. RED BUKU
Ngakhale zili zoletsedwa, akamba obiriwira akuchepetsedwa ndipo zomangira zawo zikuwonongeka. Masiku ano, malo ambiri pomwe akamba amaikira mazira awonongedwa.
Kamba wobiriwira panyanja (Chelonia mydas). Kanema (00:01:11)
Kamba wam'nyanja yomwe idasamukira ku Voronezh Oceanarium kuchokera ku Zoo ya Moscow.
Chipolopolo cha munthu wamkulu chimakhala chotalika 80-100 cm, ndipo makamaka masentimita 153. Kulemera kwa akamba akuluakulu kumafika 200, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale 400 kg. Amadyera pa algae, nthawi zina jellyfish, mollusks, arthropods. Kugona mazira 70-200.
Green (msuzi) kamba. Kanema (00:01:04)
Fuluu wobiriwira, kapena msuzi, (Chelonia mydas) ndi am'banja la akamba am'nyanja (Cheloniidae). Kutalika mwachizolowezi cha chipolopolo kuli pafupifupi mita 1, kulemera kwa 100-200 kg. Amasungidwa m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'madzi osaya ndi nthenga za udzu wanyanja. Mosiyana ndi mamembala ena am'banja komanso kamba wa chikopa, imangokhala ngati herbivorous. Imakhala ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri, mpaka posachedwapa, inali yofunika kwambiri. Kutetezedwa, kulembedwa mu Red Book span>
ZOONA ZA TOP - MITUNDU. Kanema (00:05:26)
Kusangalatsidwa ndi akamba
Akamba akhala padziko lapansi zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 220.
Tsopano papulaneti lathu pali mitundu pafupifupi 200 ya akamba. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zokwawa izi zimapezeka m'maiko onse kupatula Antarctica.
Kamba wakale wakale kwambiri ndi Archelon. Cholengedwa ichi, chomwe chinkakhala nthawi ya Cretaceous, chinakula mpaka mita 5 ndikulemera pafupifupi matani awiri.
Kamba wamakono wamkulu kwambiri ndi wachikopa. Chimakhala munyanja zonse ndi nyanja zamchere, kupatula kuzizira kwambiri. Kamba wam'madzi wamkulu kwambiri wonyamula zikopa, wogwidwa ndi munthu, wolemera makilogalamu 916 ndipo anali ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamitala 3. Anthu apakatikati ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi la 1.5-2 m ndipo amalemera pafupifupi theka la tani.
Malo abwino kwambiri ndi njovu za ku Galapagos. Zoyimira zamtunduwu zimafika kutalika kwa 1.8 m ndipo zimalemera oposa 400 kg.
Chingwe chaching'ono kwambiri Padziko Lapansi chimapangidwa. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 8-10 cm.
Izi zapamwamba zimakhala ndi tchuthi chawo - Tsiku la World Turtle. Ikondwerera pa Meyi 23.
Akamba amawoneka ngati zolengedwa pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, izi ndizowona pang'ono: akamba amtundu wa m'madzi amatha kupanga liwiro lakufika ku 35 km / h pachinthu chawo. Akamba am'chimadzi nawonso amasiyana siyana, amatha kusambira mpaka pakuya kwa 1.2 km.
Akamba amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 150. Wosunga rekodiyo ndi fulu dzina lake Jonathan yemwe amakhala ku St. Helena. Panopa ali ndi zaka 182. Mwa njira, zaka zoyenerana ndi kambuku zimatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi mphete zapachaka pazotchinga zake.
Pakati pa akamba, pali mitundu yowopsa kwa anthu. Fulu wamwamuna wamwamuna pa nthawi yamasewera amatha kumiza mtsikana wosasamala, ndikumulakwitsa ngati wamkazi.Kuphatikiza apo, akamba a Cayman amatha kuluma mwamphamvu munthu yemwe adawawombera. Mtundu wina wa akambuku “oluma” ndiwosangalatsa: inde, sadzaluma kufikira munthu atamwalira, koma angathe kugwira chala mosavuta. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chimalumikizidwa ndi kamba wamtchire: sichimayesetsa kupeza chakudya chokha. Kamba wotereyu amadziveka we pansi ndipo amakhala pansi modzitchinjiriza, natsegula pakamwa pake ndikutulutsa lilime lake lalitali. Asodzi amatenga lilime la kamba ka kachilombo ka nyongolotsi - ndipo amapezeka pakamwa pa adani.
Akamba akuwonjezeka kwambiri. Oyimira ena a malo othamangitsawa sangadye chilichonse kwa zaka 5 ndikupita popanda mpweya kwa maola pafupifupi 10. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti amatha kukhala ndi ovulala kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wodziwa za nyama ku Italiya R Redi adachita zoyeserera zopanda pake m'zaka za zana la 17: adalemba ubongo kuchokera ku kamba. Nyama yatsoka ija idakhala miyezi inanso isanu ndi umodzi atachitidwa opareshoni.
Mitundu ina ya akamba ndilamphamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kamba wam'nyanja wobiriwira amatha "kuchotsa" anthu 5. Mwina zitha kukhala zochulukirapo, koma sizikukhudzanso chipolopolo!
Chochititsa chidwi: m'zaka za zana la 19, m'mabanja a akatswiri olemera, olowa m'malo adaphunzitsidwa kukwera akamba. Chifukwa chake, adaphunzitsidwa kusamalira ngakhale ndodo yochepetsetsa kwambiri komanso yaulesi, osataya mtima.
Akamba amazindikira mawu a munthu. Kambuku akakhala ndi mwini nyumbayo kwa nthawi yayitali, amamvetsetsa ikakwiya, ndikubisala m'gobolomo. Akayamikiridwa, amadzuka m'khosi mwake ndi kumvetsera mosangalala. Kuphatikiza apo, pakhala pali nthawi zina akamba am'nyanja adakafika kumtunda kukamvetsera nyimbo.
Akamba am'madzi obiriwira amatha kuyenda m'malo, ndikupanga kusintha kochepa kwambiri kwa maginito apadziko lapansi. Titha kunena kuti akamba awa amabadwa ndi kampasi yomanga!