Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Chilombo sing'anga kukula (nthawi imodzi ndi theka lalikulu kuposa khwangwala a). Thupi kutalika 48-60 cm, kulemera 500 ga 750-1 wingspan 130-180 cm. Yaimuna ndi yaikazi ndi mtundu wofanana, kukula pafupifupi ofanana. Kuwonjezera kuwala, mapiko ndi mchira elongated, ngati kukhala waukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa mbalame. Miyendo yochepa, pa tibia anayamba "Buluku" nthenga lengthened, bobbin osati nthenga, yoteroyo ndipo mulomo ofooka.

Kufotokozera. General mtundu kuchokera poonetsera kuti woderapo, mutu ndi opepuka, ndi kum'chitira grayish. Pa mutu ndi thupi anayamba nastvolnymi mdima milozo, sawona bwinobwino chithunzi pa masamba ndi mapiko. Maso ali bulauni kapena wachikasu-karyaya, mdima mulomo, cere ndi miyendo chikasu neoperonnye gawo. Mu ndege, mapiko yaitali chimagwirizanitsa bwino amalembedwa kuti "zala" (pamwamba nthenga ndege yaikulu) mu ndege chomwecho ndi thupi. nkukwera pafupipafupi Achiritsa mu akalumikidzidwa mpweya zovuta, akuyendetsa, kum'patula unwrapped mchira. Pansi pa zabwino kuwala kuonekera chachilengulengu yopapatiza mikwingwirima mdima pa nthenga mchira ndi kukupiza nthenga, pang'ono mbandakucha "pawindo" pa mapiko anapanga ndi primaries lomaliza. Gray underside wa osiyanitsa mchira ndi mdima bulauni podhvostem. Pamwamba pa mapiko zooneka opendekera mphenzi anapanga opaque nthenga yachiwiri ndege.

subspecies kum'mawa M. m. lineatus, «chornouhy mphamba"Common kum'mawa wa Volga, yokulirapo WesternM. m. migransYosiyana mdima nthenga khutu zambiri zosiyana mapiko, amene ali kuoneka bwino kuwala imvi "bokosi", ndi "zala" ndi sekondale nthenga ndege chimaonekadi mdima, ndi wochepa kusiyana ndi mchira podhvostem. Young yosiyana wamkulu mbalame ku coloration zambiri variegated - zambiri wotumbululuka ocher milozo nastvolnymi mbali m'munsi mwa thupi, m'mbali owala pa flywheel ndi yophimba nthenga mapiko, dera mdima padziko diso. Cere ndi miyendo kuzimiririka, grayish-chikasu.

Mu mapiko a mbalame zouluka zambiri zosiyana, ndi osiyana kuwala "zenera" kuchokera pansi ndi ocher ❖ kuyanika chitsanzo pa nthenga pamwamba. Nthawi zina semilunar noticeable yowala osajambulidwa pa nadhvoste. Kudula mchira ndi bwino anakamba, osati podhvoste kusiyanitsa kamvekedwe ndi mchira. Kuyambira onse a mbalame wathu wa nyama zina kuposa Red mphamba osiyana pang'ono forked mchira, ndi ambiri anaweramuka mchira zodula akhoza kukhala noticeable. Pamene kuuluka mapiko pang'ono wopindidwa, chinapululutsa dzanja khola.

mawu. Mkulu akututuma trill chokhala bulu kulira "kiyy-yuyyuyuyuyu-Yu"Pamene nkhawa mluzu"Pilloux"Creaky"Cirri"Jerky"Ki-VI Ki-Ki-Maf».

Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Ponseponse mu mitundu kum'mawa Chigawo, zisa Russia ku nayonso kumpoto (osowa) pa chilumba cha steppe nkhalango ndi mabacteria mchipululu (wamba). Nyengo mu kotentha ndi mayiko a Asia ndi Africa, anthu ena osakhwima mu malo amodzi ndi letuet. chiwerengero ali utachepa m'zaka za posachedwapa, kummawa kwa mitundu dera ndi ofala.

Moyo. Iye wakonda mitunda zithunzi, kawirikawiri m'chipululu chigumula, pafupi nyanja ndi zithaphwi, kunja kwa mzinda wa midzi. nkhalango mosalekeza ndi malo chilichonse kupewedwa. Apadera wokhometsa, kudyetsa osiyanasiyana nyama yamoyo, zovunda, zinyalala chakudya zakudya Chikupambana nsomba snulaya mu dera kumadzulo, achule, invertebrates, kum'mawa - makoswe. Mafomu masango, makamaka nthawi sanali kukaikira mazira, landfills, lotayako, pafupi slaughterhouse, kumene iye atenge mbali ya mkangaziwisi a.

Tsikulo lidzafika oyambirira, pa kutsegula kwa mitsinje ndi snowmelt. Ochepa ndi inconspicuous zisa amanga wokongola mkulu akorona. Monga mbali ya chuma kukaikira mazira - manyowa, nsanza, zinyalala osiyanasiyana, udzu watsopano ndi nthambi wobiriwira. Zisa zambiri ntchito kwa zaka zingapo. Kum'mwera, nthawi zina n'kupanga wandiweyani kuswana chiwerengero cha khumi kapena awiriawiri kwambiri. Mu kusanjika 2-4 mazira woyera ndi zofiirira mawanga. Choyamba downy mwana wankhuku chovala pabuka-bulauni, ndipo chachiwiri - grayish. A mbalame chisa mosamala, nthawi zina aukali. The mbalame achinyamata kusiya chisa pambuyo miyezi 1.5 pambuyo kuswa. Anatambasula kunyamuka kwa August kwa October, pa kusamuka zina kupanga ziweto za makumi ndi mazana a mbalame.

Mawonekedwe

Kukula mphamba ranges wakuda kwa masentimita 40 mpaka 60 m'litali ndi thupi la magalamu 800 ndi 1,200. Malinga ndi kukula kwake si wolephera akhwangwala a. Massiveness kotereku amamangirira mapiko aakulu, zomwe ziri yofanana ndi tinyumba tina thupi lonse, ndi wina wamkulu ndi mamita theka. Mtundu nthenga makamaka woderapo, lomwe limapezeka lakuda Chapatali. Mutu ali azioneka grayish ndi pang'ono umasiyana ndi mtundu wa nthenga. Juveniles angakhale opepuka mtundu. Miyendo ndi m'malo ofooka ndi waufupi.

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Black mphamba mu ndege

Black mphamba amakhala ndi maonekedwe ake limaonetseratu. Chifukwa cha matabwa ake diso, izo amaona aukali. Kusiyanitsa Black mphamba zili zotheka ngakhale patali kwambiri. Mbali n'kofunika vilkovatoy kupanga mchira, amene ali M'ndegeyo ndi mapiko pa ndege. Mchira amachita chowongolero ntchito mu ndege. Ndi zotheka kudziwa mphamba pa mkokomo wake khalidwe, omwe akufanana trill.

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Habitat

Black mphamba mitundu mwachilungamo wodzaza ndi malo waukulu. Unafalikira mu Africa, Madagascar, Asia, chilumba madera ambiri a ku New Guinea ndi kumpoto Australia. Akumana mphamba wakuda mu Russia ndi Ukraine. Iye wakonda kukhala mitsinje nkhalango kulemera. mbalame awa amapezeka zigwa chigumula cha mitsinje ndi nyanja. Zisa akhoza moyo ngakhale m'mizinda ikuluikulu. M'chilimwe amakonda kupanga zisa zawo m'nthambi mkulu wa mtengo.

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Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Black mphamba - ndi chilombo lililonse limene lili luso kusaka. Komabe, chifukwa pothana kwake, akhoza younikira magwero a chakudya kwa anthu ndi nyama. Panali miimba, amene anatulukira asodzi amene anawabweretsa kwa mawanga nsomba. Kupeza malo ndi chakudya, kites lakuda palibe msangamsanga kwa kusakasaka amakonda kudikira chinachake kwa moyo.

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kites Black akhoza kudyetsa miimba zosiyanasiyana ndi zinyalala. Monga ulamuliro, apamwamba kuchuluka zakudya zawo imakhala yeniyeni izi. Large nyama mbalame safuna kusakasaka chifukwa cha nthambi ofooka, iwo sangathe kulimbana ndi abe lapansi. Wozunzidwayo yekha kuti n'zosavuta kunyamula mapazi sali wamkulu nsomba.

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Nyama zazikulu zimene amapanga zakudya mphamba wakuda: makoswe, nsomba, achule, abuluzi, tizilombo mphutsi nkhanu. Nthawi zambiri nyamazo amakhala ku mitsinje kapena pafupi iwo. Pachifukwa ichi, amakonda malo okhala ndi mayiwe, popeza pamenepo savuta kusaka ndi kutulutsa chakudya chawo. Black miimba amakonda kupeza nyama alimbane, kuyambira adani awo amafuna osachepera kuchuluka kwa khama.

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Nesting

nyengo kuswana kwa miimba wakuda amalembedwa ndi kubera masika. Panthawi imeneyi, mbalame kubwerera pambuyo wintering m'madera kumbuyo kwawo. Ntchito yomanga zisa zimachitika mitengo pa mtunda wa mamita pafupifupi 10. Sankhani kwambiri wogontha nkhalango madera chisa anali inconspicuous. Anthu ena angakhale bungwe chisa ovuta lapansi. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake chisa angafikire mita imodzi awiri. mbalame amakonda chisa mu mwake chimodzimodzi monga iwo musakhale zosafunika. Chaka chilichonse mbalame wotanganidwa kuwongolera zisa zawo. zipangizo ntchito zosiyanasiyana nsanza, zinyalala, nthambi ndi chilichonse kuti angapezeke pafupi.

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Chidzukulu

Nthawi makulitsidwe kumatenga za masabata 4. zowalamulira wina ndi 2-4 mazira woyera chipolopolo awo ndi mawanga bulauni. Kuswa ali okha ndi wamkazi. Panthawi imeneyi mwamuna wotanganidwa kufunafuna mwachangu nyama. Akazi amakhala osamala kwambiri pamene incubating. Pankhani ya akunja, iwo sakuona mu zisa kapena Pre-tiwolokere pang'ono kwa mdani angathe. Pamene wazindikira mkazi chisa chake pangozi, zikuyamba kuukira. Iwo swoops pansi akuopseza ndipo akhoza kulumpha ndi zikhadabu pa nkhope.

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Birds kuti moyo pafupi m'mizinda angathe popanda chifukwa chenicheni kuti agonjetse anthu. Chotero aukali miimba wakuda padziko m'dera la India ndi Africa, M'madera a zitunda Russian ali wamtendere.

Anabadwa anapiye ndi zofiirira kapena wofiira mtundu. Zisa za khalidwe wamng'ono azitengapo. Anapiye akhoza kulimbana ndi mzake, nthawi zina limadzetsa imfa ya m'modzi wa anapiye. Pa zaka masabata 5, miimba tidze kunja kwa chisa, ndipo akuyesetsa kupanga ndege chake choyamba. Kwa miyezi itatu kukhala zazikulu ngati mbalame wamkulu. Kunyamuka mu malo otentha kumayambira August zimatha mpaka autumn mochedwa.

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Anapiye Black mphamba

Moyo

Black miimba zimasiyana ndi mbalame zambiri zimene kawirikawiri kupanga madera. Iwo amakonda fungatirani kwa nthawi yaitali popanda kupanga mapiko aliwonse kukupiza. Nthawi zambiri, iwo mwakachetechete tiwolokere mu mlengalenga. Ena mbalame akhoza kuuka ndi kutalika kwambiri, zomwe iwo sangathe kuwoneka. Wonse wa kusaka nyama mosavuta.

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Mbalame zimenezi n'zomwe kukongoletsa malo zisa zawo. Motero amasonyeza mphamvu zawo mbalame zina. Nawonso mbalame, amene aona izi, mukhoza kukonza ndi altercation ndi mphamba wakuda. mbalame ofooka ndi odwala amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoonjezera mu dongosolo la chisa, kuti imautsa mbalame zina kuchita ndewu.

Zikuwoneka ngati mphamba wakuda

ogwirira awa a dongosolo yastreboobraznyh, Mphamba banja ndi mtundu Milvus. The mtundu zikuphatikizapo mitundu 2 okha: kites wakuda ndi wofiira, umene amasiyana mtundu wa nthenga ndi dongosolo mchira.

Monga ambiri hawkish, mkazi Black mphamba zikuluzikulu pang'ono kuposa amuna. Growth wamkulu ranges kuchokera masentimita 48 ndi 60 mu thupi makope 800-1100 Single kulemera 1.5 makilogalamu.

Maonekedwe wonse wa mbalame amasonyeza Kuwonjezera pang'ono ndi yaitali kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi, mapiko ndi mchira. Miyendo mu Black mphamba yochepa miyendo ku Tariso kuoneka bwino fluffy "Buluku", popangidwa ndi nthenga yaitali. Mutu ndi mbalame yaing'ono, yopapatiza mulomo ngati chiombankhanga ambiri, mkulu ndi lakuthwa, mwamphamvu yokhota kumapeto kunsi, koma ofooka.

Chinthu chapadera omwe angaperekedwe mphamba wakuda - ndi forked mchira, ndipo zimenezi zimaonekera makamaka pamene mbalame wakhala. Komabe, mphako mu mchira wa Red mphamba ndi sankangotanthauza pamaziko a mbalame mosavuta kusiyana. Yotakata mapiko Black mphamba kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 41-51, ndi lonse mpaka masentimita 155.

View wa mphamba wakuda ndipamene subspecies 5, kuphatikizapo nominative ankaona Milvus migrans migrans umatchedwanso European kapena Western mphamba. Nthawi zambiri mu chithunzi muimba wakuda anagwira subspecies kwambiri ndi ambiri kwambiri ndi kwambiri bwino.

Amuna ndi akazi mofanana utoto wakuda muimba. Mtundu zoyamba za nthenga makamaka lignite kapena zofiirira ndi kulocha wofiira. Mbalame zonse mbandakucha, nthawi zina ndi zowawa za phulusa. Onse pa thupi ndi mutu kuoneka bwino bwino kotenga mdima milozo.

Diso mtundu Black mphamba ku Brown kuwala chikasu-otuwira. Mlomo bulauni cere ndi neoperennye malo owala miyendo chikasu.

Wina subspecies - chernouhy kapena kum'mawa mphamba, lomwe likupezeka pa dera la Russia ndi chosiyana ndi nominative wokulirapo ndipo mdima "makutu" nthenga.

Black mphamba.

Kodi mphamba wakuda

Oimira mtundu subspecies Black mphamba wamba ndiponso wodzaza m'madera ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi Asia akumana kuti Pakistan.

Chernouhy mphamba amakhala kum'mawa kwa Volga, Siberia, m'mayiko a China kuchigawo kum'mwera kwa China.

Mu kum'mawa kwa Pakistan, mu nkhalango zotentha za India ndi chilumba cha Sri Lanka moyo ang'onoang'ono miimba Indian.

Oimira subspecies wina, dzina anamasuliridwa kuti "mphamba ndi forked mchira" moyo pachilumba cha Sulawesi, Papua New Guinea ndi kum'mawa Australia.

Ndipo subspecies chachisanu - Taiwan mphamba amakhala m'chigawo Chinese wa Hainan ndipo Taiwan chilumba.

Anthu a mbali European wa chisanu ikuchitika Africa, otentha subspecies ya Black mphamba amangokhala.

Kwa ake osiyanasiyana mbalame yaikulu kusankha malo ofanana: nkhalango ochepa pafupi madzi - mitsinje, nyanja kapena m'madambo. Mu malo awa mukhoza kukuza chithunzi mphamba wakuda ndi kumva mawu ake: mkulu melodic trills "yurl-yuyurrrl", choncho nkhawa mobwerezabwereza "Ki-akupikisana-Ki-Maf".

Open malo ogwirira kupewa m'nkhalango yowirira wa chomwecho sizichitika. Koma zingapo midzi anthu ndi mbalame bwino, mphamba wakuda zambiri anaona m'mizinda ikuluikulu, kumene ogwirira ndi chinachake ndalama.

Black mphamba Republic of Altai, Ulagansky chigawo, kum'mwera kwa Nyanja Teletskoye.

Kodi wakudya mphamba wakuda

Ogwirizira a miyendo ofooka ndi milomoyo, mbalame awa otchedwa okhometsa sanali apadera. Choncho, chifukwa cha zakudya muimba wakuda ndi wosiyana ndi zovunda. Mu floodplains mbalame kukatenga ambiri nsomba snuloy kaŵirikaŵiri zinyalala, landfills oyang'anira tauni ndi oyandikana nawo slaughterhouse, kumene kudya zosiyanasiyana zinyalala.

Live nyama alipo mu zakudya zolusa mmene wamng'ono. Black miimba kukakwera makoswe ang'ono Nthawi zina njoka ndipo achule anasonkhana mu osaya madzi nsomba zazinkhanira ndi nkhono Tingafinye nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo kudya anapiye ndi mbalame yaing'ono.

Pa kudyetsa wakuda miimba achibale wololera, woipa lalikulu la mbalame Tingaone mu mzinda zonyasa, kumene chakudya, kapena zouluka pamwamba pansi. The ogwirira kuuluka kusunga mapiko mu ndege chomwecho ndi thupi, ndi bwino kuonekera "zala" - nthenga pamwamba ndege, kutchulidwa kwambiri, koma osati splayed.

Likuchuluka miimba wakuda zambiri komanso kwa nthawi yaitali, nthawi kukonza awa mpweya amasonyeza ndi somersaults ndi machenjerero zovuta. Mukulephera kusintha mbalame amathandiza mchirawo forked.

Ku Ulaya, ndi chilombo anthu kachulukidwe ndi wokwezeka kwambiri moti m'madera ena mphamba wakuda simungathe kulikonza pa chiwembu chawo. Kenako Mbalame amakakamizidwa kudya gawo ena ndi chisa mu magulu a anthu opanda minda mabanja.

Mphamba wakuda.

Black mphamba (Milvus migrans)

Black mphamba (Milvus migrans)

Black mphamba (milvus migrans) - Mbalame kumuwombera Falconiformes, mayina a Red Book wa Moscow dera

Mbalame zodya nyama ya kukula sing'anga, koma chifukwa cha lonse ndi yaitali mapiko ndi mchira wautali zikuwoneka akhwangwala wokulirapo. Chekeni mwachilungamo monochromatic - woderapo, mutu ndi pang'ono opepuka kuposa thupi. Amuna ndi akazi musati amasiyana mtundu. achinyamata mbandakucha kwambiri, ndi milozo pa chifuwa ndi pamimba. Kwa mbalame zina zodya nyama hawks osiyana hvostom- "foloko" ndi osaya recess.

Mphamba mawu mkulu ndi akunjenjemera, kulira ndi ofanana kwambiri phokoso.

Iwo inafalitsidwa mu Europe ndi ku Asia, Africa ndi Australia. Kukwatiwa mu nkhalango osiyanasiyana, pa m'mbali nkhalango, minda, farmlands, nthawi zambiri matupi pafupi waukulu wa madzi.

Izo wakudya onse moyo nyama ndi zovunda. Aziphedwa makoswe, tizilombo mphutsi, zina nyama pa mbalame fledglings ndi akulu. A chiwerengero yofunika kwambiri zakudya za nsomba, monga amoyo ndi "mtulo". Zonse kites Tingaone imagwira m'zigawo padziko madzi ntchentche. Nthawi zambiri anazigwira, achule. Nthawi zambiri kudya zinyalala osiyana chakudya lotayako ndi landfills.

Mu gulu lathu - anapita kukagwira. Nyengo mu Africa.

Pa malo kukaikira mazira zambiri amapezeka mu m'ma April.Zisa zamuyaya, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi awiri chaka chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri amamanga chisa mu chisoti, chimalimba bwino. Maziko ake amakhala ndi nthambi zazikulu ndi nthambi. Magulu a udzu, manyowa owuma, nsanza zingapo ndi zinyalala za pepala zimawonjezerapo ulalo. Chaka chilichonse, chisa chimamalizidwa ndikusinthidwa. M'mabowo nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira 2-3, oyera okhala ndi mabowo. Zachikazi zimagwira. Makulitsidwe amakhala pafupifupi mwezi. Nkhuku zimakhala mchisa kwa miyezi 1.5. Makolo onse awiri amadyetsa anapiyewo limodzi. Kukula anapiye akuwuluka mu chisa, kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala pafupi ndi makolo awo. Amawuluka nthawi yozizira kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti manambala achepetse kuchulukana mwachidule, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa koyenera kumanga chisa, kuchepa kwa nsomba zochuluka, ndi kuipitsidwa kwa matupi amadzi, kuphatikiza pa kuchulukitsa msipu wamadzi osefukira.

Habitat

Mbalame zamtunduwu zimatha kupezeka ku Australia, nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ku Africa, kupatula chipululu cha Sahara. Amapezeka ku Madagas, kum'mwera komanso pakati Asia. Titha kuonanso ku zilumba za Philippines, kumpoto kwa Australia, ku New Guinea. Sizachilendo kuti nyama yolusa imeneyi izipezeka ku Ukraine ndi ku Russia. Ndikosatheka kunena mosasamala kuti kite wakuda ndi mbalame yosamukira. M'malo omwe kuli koyenera kwa iye, amatha kukhala moyo wongokhala. Ndipo komwe sichitha, nthawi zambiri imawuluka kasupe, kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, ndipo imanyamuka nthawi yachisanu mu Ogasiti.