Aliyense amadziwa mbalame ya kadzidzi. Kodi pali amene adamvapo za gulugufe wotchedwa kadzidzi? Nanga adatani kuti apeze dzina lotere? Tsopano tiuza ...

Kukula kwa gulugufe wamtunduwu nthawi zina kumafika mpaka masentimita 20. Gulugufe wa owl amatha kutchedwa kuti nthawi yamadzulo kuposa usiku.

Ntchito za gulugufe zimachitika dzuwa litalowa, koma sizimatenga nthawi yayitali - gawo limodzi lokha la ola limodzi. M'munsi mwa mapiko pali chojambula chomwe chofanana ndi maso a kadzidzi, kuphatikiza apo, njirayi ndiyofanana kwambiri ndi chithunzi chomwe chili pakhungu la njoka.

Kuti muteteze kwa adani angapo, mbalame, gulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera komanso yothandiza: akaopsezedwa, kachilombo ka nthomba kamalumphira, kulola mbalame kuti iwone kumbuyo kwa mapiko awo. Ziziwoneka mwachangu kubisala, chifukwa chithunzi chomwe adachiona ndi chifanizo chofanana ndi kadzidzi.

Mbali yakunja yamapiko imakhala ndi timabatani tambiri tating'onoting'ono komanso timitengo ta beige, tomwe timalolera bwino kwambiri.

Gulugufe wa Owl ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Imadzazidwa ndi zipatso zochulukirapo mu chilengedwe ndi m'ndende. Chokometsera chapadera kwa iye ndi nthochi zochulukidwa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chakudya chake chosavuta, anthu ambiri amatha kugula gulugufe kunyumba.

Mbozi ya Kaligo imawoneka yachilendo kwambiri: milozo ya buluu imawoneka yokongola pamtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira, ndipo mutu wowala wachikaso wovekedwa ndi nyanga.

Izi zimamupangitsa kufanana ndi chinjoka chokongola chochokera ku China. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi mchira womera kumapeto, ndikukhala ndi mbali ziwiri za azure mbali.

Malo obadwira gulugufe ndi nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - nkhalango ya Amazon. M'malo achilengedwe, amakhala m'malo otentha a kumwera ndi pakati ku America. Pakadali pano, Kaligo ikhoza kupezeka m'nkhalango za Venezuela, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua. Agulugufe okongola amawoneka kutali ndi kumpoto - ku Mexico.

Kaligo wamkulu wa imvi amakhala ndi thunthu lalikulu komanso mapiko akuluakulu kwambiri, nthawi zina amafika pafupifupi 20 cm. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalikulu, mapiko pamwamba ndi velvety. Ngati mungayang'ane pafupi ndi kachilombo, mutha kuyiwala kuti gulugufe ndi uyu: pali malingaliro athunthu kuti patsogolo panu pali nyama yaying'ono.

Gulugufe amatha kuzolowera eni ake, nthawi yomweyo amatulutsa zipatso zake, akuyembekezera kudyetsedwa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalakalaka timadzaza, timafunitsitsa. Gulugufe amakonda kusangalala ndi vinyo wokoma, makamaka vinyo wopangidwa ndi nyumba. Kupeza chisamaliro choyenera, Kaligo azitha kukhala pansi pazipinda mpaka miyezi iwiri.

Poyerekeza ndi aguluguya am'mawa, gulugufe wa owl amatha kumva ndi mawu. Imatha kupatsa mafunde akupanga, kuphatikiza apo, kuwala kotsika komwe kumakodwa ndi munthu. Popeza kuti mileme imasaka agulugufe usiku, kuwapeza mumdambo wamalo otentha okhala ndi zokuzira mawu, agulugufe amafunika kudziteteza. Ngati amva mileme ikusaka ndi ma ultrasound, ndiye kuti amatumiza chenjezo lomwelo, koma amakhala ndi zolakwika zambiri. Zotsatira zake, chithunzi cholakwika cha malo chimapangidwa ndi mbewa, cholakwika cha malowo chimapangidwa, chifukwa chake, kuphonya. Kutenga nthawi yabwino, agulugufewo amabisala.

Gulugufe wa kadzidzi ndi kachilombo komwe kamakhala ndi zinsinsi zambiri pokha. Kuti awathetse, asayansi ayenera kuchita chilichonse.

Kufotokozera zamtundu wa Kaligo, mawonekedwe a gulugufe wa owl

Butterfly owl wa ku banja la Kaligo, chithunzi

Gulugufe wa Owl (Owlbutterflies Caligo) ndi wamtundu wa Kaligo, amaphatikiza agulugufe pafupifupi 20 omwe amakhala m'malo otentha a America.

Mapiko a oimira mtundu wa Kaligo amafika masentimita 120-160, ngakhale kuli zitsanzo zina zomwe chiwerengerochi chimafikira 200 mm.

Agulugufe onse amakhala oderapo komanso abulauni, pomwe adalandira dzina loti "Kaligo", lomwe kuchokera ku Latin limatanthauzira kuti "matalala". Palinso zoyerekeza ndi beige, mawanga a lalanje ndi tint yofiirira.

Mbali yodutsa yamapiko a agulugufe amakutidwa ndi mikwingwirima, mizere ya wavy ndi mawanga. Gulugufe wa kadzidzi yemwe ali mkati mwa mapiko ake am'mbuyo ali ndi bwalo limodzi lakuda ndi m'mphepete wachikasu, lomwe mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi kadzidzi.

Gulugufe amakhala ndi thupi lopindika lopota lakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Kukula kwakukulu kwa tizilombo ndi 16-17 cm, nthawi zina amakula mpaka 20 cm.

Maso ndi amtundu wamtundu ndipo amakhala m'mutu kwambiri. Tinyanga timakhala takuchita.

Pafupifupi, agulugufe amakhala milungu itatu.

Tizilombo tanena kuti mtundu wa akazi: Mitundu yaikazi ndi yayikulu kuposa amuna ndipo imakhala ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri.

Kuswana

Gulugufe ali ndi mitundu yovuta ya chibwenzi mu mawonekedwe a ndege ndi zovina mating. Amuna agawa magawo azigawo momwe amayembekezera zazikazi zowuluka. Pambuyo pa nyengo yachisanu, agulugufe amawoneka koyambirira kwamasika, ndi omwe amapereka m'badwo woyamba. Kusaka kwa abwenzi kumathandizira kugawa ma pheromones. Pambuyo umuna, chachikazi chimayikira mazira 100 mpaka 300 kumbuyo kwa masamba azomera. Nthawi zambiri amakhala wamkati. Kulakwitsa kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa Meyi. Mluza umakhazikika sabata limodzi mpaka milungu iwiri, kenako mbozi imawonekera.

Mbozizo zimakhala ndi zida zokomera pakamwa; zimadyetsa usana ndi usiku nthawi yopumira. M'badwo woyamba, kutalika kwa mphutsi ndi pafupi 2 mm; wachiwiri ndi kale mamilimita 8. Amakula mwachangu, ndikudya masamba onse pachomera. Kuphatikiza pa maula, tizilombo timakhazikika pa raspberries, hops, msondodzi kapena masamba a birch. Chiwerengero cha masiku pakati pa molting ndi chosiyana; kwathunthu, mbozi zimasinthidwa ndi zaka zisanu. Gawo lazilomboli limatenga pafupifupi mwezi. Asanayambe kuseweretsa, mbozizo zimangoyenda mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Makina ali ndi njira zawozawo zodzitetezera. Akamaukiridwa ndi adani, amatenga mpata wowopseza ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kusunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimawopseza owukira. Kuphatikiza apo, mbozizo zimapanga madzi osasangalatsa obiriwira, zimatha kupindika mpaka kugwera pansi. Thupi la angular la imvi kapena la golide wonyezimira limatha kuwoneka pamakoma, nthambi kapena zimayambira. Mtundu umatengera malo omwe adasankhidwira ana. Gawo ili, kutengera ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, kumatenga milungu iwiri.

Kutalika kwa pupa ndi 25-27 mm; amapanga mozondoka. Zoyimira zosiyanasiyana zamapiko, mapapo, pamimba. Mbadwo woyamba wa agulugufe umapezeka kumapeto kwa June. Coco limakhazikika pamutu komanso m'mphepete mwa mapiko.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Dzuwa la Gulugufe Wa Peacock Diso

Mwanjira ya imago, imawoneka koyambirira kwa chilimwe ndipo imakhala ndi moyo mpaka Seputembala - ndendende, mpaka nthawi yomwe kuzizira kwanyengo kumadza. Agulugufe awa amawononga gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo kuthawa, ndipo amatha kukhala otakataka kapena ongokhala - chifukwa cha mapiko awo ambiri, amapulumutsa mphamvu pakungokonzekera.

Kugwira ntchito dzuwa lokha - kumayamba kuzizira kwambiri madzulo, pofunafuna malo ogona. Amakonda kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, chifukwa pandege amafunikira mphamvu zambiri - chifukwa chake amatha kuyenda padzuwa nthawi yayitali asanayambe ndege ina.

Amafunikiranso nyengo yabwino kuti aziuluka. Chifukwa chake, ngati mvula ndi nthawi yozizira chilimwe ikung'ambika, kusunthira mkati kumayang'ana pachitseko cha peacock - gulugufe amagwera posakhalitsa. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala mpaka sabata mkati mwake ndipo amabwerera ku moyo wokangalika pambuyo poti kwatentha ndi kupendanso dzuwa.

Diso la peacock ndi chiwindi chowona lalitali, chonse, osawerengera nthawi ya kubisala, imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka chaka. Pambuyo nyengo yozizira ikayamba nyengo yachisanu.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti m'malo otentha kwambiri, malo a peacock amatha nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yachiwiri, ndikuwukanso ku hibernation kumapeto.

Chifukwa chake, mutha kukumana ndi gulugufeyu mumtunda wazaka zambiri - kuyambira March mpaka Okutobala. Zachidziwikire, m'malo otentha nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, mchaka, mwina, agulugufe omwe amadzuka mwangozi ndi thaw amatha kukumana, ndipo amawuluka mwachidule kwambiri.

Kalanga, imfa iwadikirira, chifukwa gulugufe yemwe amadzuka nthawi isanakwane amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri ndipo sangathe kuibwezeretsa moyenera - ngakhale nthawi zina amatha kupeza malo ogona ndikupitiliza nthawi yachisanu kudzadzukanso ikayamba kutentha.

Kuti akhale yozizira, amafunika kupeza malo omwe sangakhale ozizira ngati panja, komanso osatentha: amatha kukwera pansi pa khungwa la mitengo, kulowa pansi kwa zinyalala, pamakhonde ndi pamakomo. Chachikulu ndikuti malowa azitetezedwa kwa ozizira komanso ozunza.

Panthawi yozizira, gulugufe amatha kupirira kutentha, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yake siyabwino. Koma sangathe kuyankha pomuwopseza, komanso kuti azibwezeretsanso zakudya zake - chifukwa chake, muyenera kusankha malo pokhapokha ndikusungirani pasadakhale.

KOMA POPANDA

MABWINO POPANDA gulu la mabanja okhala ndi gulu la agulugufe, kapena Lepidoptera, mtundu wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri m'gulu la tizilombo. Ambiri, monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, amakhala ndi nthawi yamadzulo kapena usiku. Kuphatikiza apo, njenjete zimasiyana ndi nthenga za masana komanso mawonekedwe ake. Thupi lawo limakhala lotalikirapo, ndipo mapiko ake nthawi zambiri amakhala osalala, ofanana. Antennas (antennae) nthawi zambiri amakhala cirrus kapena filatera, pomwe masana agulugufe malekezero awo amakhala oboola pakati, chifukwa chake lepidoptera ya gululi amatchedwanso timabowo touluka, ndipo njenjete za usiku zimatchedwa kuti zangokhala.

Kuzungulira kwa moyo.

Mazira a njenjete usiku anagona okha kapena mulu. Akazi amatha "kuwombera" pa ntchentche, kuwabayira m'tizomera kapena kuwayika mosamala pazinthu zosankhidwa. Mphutsi zowoneka ngati nyongolotsi - mbozi - kumaswa mazira okhala ndi mutu wokhazikika, mawere osadziwika bwino, atanyamula miyendo itatu yolumikizika miyendo yonse yokhala ndi chovala chamadontho, ndi pamimba, pomwe pamakhala miyendo isanu yamiyendo yabodza, yomaliza kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi. Miyendo yabodza ya agulugufe onse amatha ndi mabatani angapo okhala ndi mbedza. Pambuyo popita kulumikizana kangapo, mbozizo zimasanduka pupae, pomwe njenjete zam'madzi zambiri zimangiriridwa ndi sera wazopangidwa ndi silika. Silika amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo tambiri tambiri tating'onoting'ono. Amasunga timadzi tambiri tokhala ndi mapuloteni timene timayatsidwa ndi mpweya. Ulusiwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito poluka coco, kukhomera chipinda chapansi panthaka, kukumba mbozi asanaswe, kumanga malo okhala, komanso njira zapadera zotetezera adani. Mkati mwa bulu wa taxa yapamwamba yosinthika, zowonjezera za munthu wamkulu yemwe amakula (imago) zimakanikizidwa mwamphamvu thupi ndipo sizingathe kusuntha. Pakapita kanthawi, kutengera mtundu ndi zinthu zakunja, gulugufe wachikulire amatuluka kuchokera pachimbudzi.

Zida zapakamwa.

Gulugufe wokhazikika wa gulugufe amaonedwa ngati zida zapakamwa zapadera kwambiri m'gulu la tizilombo. Pakugwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri imabisidwa pansi pamiyeso. Prostoscis yowonjezeredwa ndi yoyenera kuphatikizidwa kwa chakudya chamadzimadzi ndipo maziko ake amatseguka mwachindunji pakhosi. Akuluakulu osadyetsa omwe amakhala ndi zida zapakamwa pakati pa agulugufe ndi osowa. Oyimira oyambilira achidziwitso akakalipaku atakhala ndi nsagwada zagaya, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mbozi za magulu ena a tizilombo.

Mapiko.

Agulugufe amtunduwu amakhala ndi mapiko awiri ophukira bwino, ophimbidwa ndi tsitsi ndi mamba omwe amachokera.Komabe, mapangidwe a mapikowo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri: amatha kukhala osakhalapo kwathunthu (chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa chisinthiko), amaimira ndege zazikulu, kapena zazifupi, pafupifupi zomanga. Momwemo, kuthekera kwa agulugufe osiyanasiyana kuuluka nawonso kumasiyanasiyana. M'mitundu ingapo, mwachitsanzo, tinthu ting'onoting'ono, mapiko timangochepetsedwa mwa akazi, pomwe abambo amakhalabe maluwa abwino. Mitundu yodziwika yokhala ndi mapiko ndi akazi opanda mapiko. Kumbali inayo, pali mitundu yomwe mapiko ake amawoneka kuti amapangidwa nthawi zonse, koma monga zowuluka zowuluka sizigwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo ndi kanyumba kamene kamapatsa silika wamalonda: abambo ndi akazi ake ali ndi mapiko, koma sangathe kuuluka. Mwinanso ndege yabwino kwambiri yochitira banjali. Mapiko ake opapatiza amawombera pafupipafupi kotero kuti agulugufe samangokhala othamanga kwambiri, komanso amatha, monga zovala za hummingb, kukangamira mumlengalenga ngakhale kuwuluka cham'mbuyo.

Mwachitsanzo, njenjete zingapo zausiku, mwachitsanzo, zakuba zina ndi magalasi onse, zilibe tsitsi ndi mamba pa ndege yamapiko, koma izi sizikhudza kutha kuwuluka. Mapiko amtunduwu ndi opapatiza, ndipo safunikira thandizo lina lamakina lopangidwa ndi chivundikiro. Nthawi zina, machitidwe a mitsempha pafupi ndi mapiko amachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo ntchito yothandizira imachitidwa ndi ma flakes mwanjira yapadera yomwe ili pamwamba pawo. Agulugufe ena ochepa kwambiri, mapiko ndi ochepa kwambiri kuti mwina sakanatha kunyamula zikanapanda tsitsi lalitali lomwe linali m'mphepete. Zimapezeka kwambiri kotero kuti zimakulitsa malo okhala ndi mlengalenga.

Kusiyanitsa kokhazikika kwambiri pakati pa njenjete zam'madzi ndi ma diurnal kumalumikizidwa ndi machitidwe omatira kutsogolo ndi mapiko kumbuyo, i.e. sinthanitsani kayendedwe kake kuthawa. Pali njira ziwiri mwa njenjetezi. Mmodzi wa iwo amatchedwa tambala. Chingwe ndichotchinga kuchokera kutsogolo kwa mbali yakumbuyo ya phiko lakumbuyo kumbuyo kwake. Amayikidwa mu otchedwa retinaculum kutsogolo kwa phiko lakutsogolo, komwe amuna nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi thumba ndipo ili pansi pamphepete kutsogolo kwa mapiko pamitsempha yamtengo wapatali, ndipo mwa akazi imawoneka ngati mulu wa bristles kapena tsitsi lalitali m'munsi mwa mtsempha wammbali. Njira yachiwiri imaperekedwa ndi tsamba laling'ono lomwe limamatirira kumapiko a kumbuyo kwa phiko lakumbuyo lakumaso kwake. Mtundu wotere, wotchedwa yugum, umadziwika m'mitundu yochepa kwambiri. M'magulu agulugufe amsana, gululi limachitika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mapiko akumbuyo, bulangeti siloyenera. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana zingapo kumadziwika. Mu gulugufe wakale tsiku lina, tinthu timeneti timasungidwa, ndipo mwa agulugufe ena otuluka usiku, mapikowo amalumikizidwa, monga agulugufe amsana.

Ziwalo za fungo.

Ziwalozi, zomwe zimakhala pa antennas a moths mostctctalal, ndi ma pineal kapena maukwati osanjikizana ndi makoma oonda kwambiri. Amadziwika ndi gulu la maselo apadera am'maganizo omwe amakhala mkati mwa cuticle ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi nthambi zamanjenje zam'maso. Zikuwoneka kuti kununkhira kwa njenjete zambiri zamadzulo ndizovuta kwambiri: amaganiza kuti ndikuthokoza kwake kuti amapeza nthumwi za amuna kapena akazi anzawo komanso zakudya.

Magulu akumva.

M'mabulu ena amtundu wa usiku, ziwalo zamakutu zimamva, ngakhale m'masiku onse agulugufe samakhalapo. Ma mechanoreceptor awa amapezeka pazotsatira zam'mbuyo pazithunzi zapambuyo kapena zigawo zoyambirira zam'mimba. Zotsegukazo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi membrane woonda kwambiri, pomwe pansi pake pamapezeka patali. Mafunde amtundu wakufalikira kudzera mumlengalenga amachititsa kuti nembanemba igwedezeke. Izi zimapangitsa chidwi cha maselo apadera am'maso, omwe amaperekedwa ku nthambi zamanjenje zam'malingaliro.

Zowongolera masomphenya.

Zida zazikulu za masomphenya aubweya wamadzulo ndi maso awiri akulu oyang'ana, pafupifupi gawo lonse lakumutu.Maso oterowo, omwe ali ndi tizilombo tambiri, amakhala ndi zofanana zambiri zodziyimira pawokha - ommatidia. Aliyense wa iwo ndi diso losavuta ndi mandala, photosensitive retina ndi innervation. Magalasi amiyala masauzande angapo ammatidia a diso limodzi lautchire agulugufe amapangika pamwamba pake. Pofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kapangidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ziwalo zotere, masamba ochulukirapo angafunike pano, ndipo ndikofunikira kuzindikira chinthu chimodzi chokha: aliyense wa ommatidium, popanda ufulu wa ena, amazindikira gawo la chithunzi chonse, chomwe pamapeto pake chimakhala chamitundu. Poona momwe njenjete zimakhalira usiku, momwe zimawonera, monga za tizilombo tina, ndizabwino kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwona zinthu zakutali. Komabe, chifukwa chodziyimira pawokha cha ma ommatidia ambiri, kayendedwe ka zinthu zomwe zimagwera m'mawonedwe awo mwina zimadziwika ngakhale "kukulira", popeza zimapangitsa mazana kapena ngakhale masauzande a ma cell a receptor nerve kuti asangalale. Chifukwa chake, mawu omaliza amadzisonyeza kuti maso amtunduwu cholinga chake ndi kujambula.

Ziphuphu.

Monga agulugufe amsana, mtundu wa agulugufe amtunduwu umapangidwa mwachilengedwe - mawonekedwe ndi ma pigment. Tizilombo tambiri tomwe timapangidwa tomwe timapangidwa timatumba tomwe timapangidwa timiyendo tambiri tomwe timagwira. Zinthuzi zimatenga timizere ta mafunde enaake ndikuwonetsa zina, zomwe ndi gawo la mphamvu zowonera dzuwa zomwe timawona tikamayang'ana gulugufe. Makongoletsedwe a zojambula ndi chifukwa cha kukonzanso ndi kusokoneza kwa kuwala, kosalumikizidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa utoto. Kapangidwe ka mamba ndi mapiko, komanso kupezeka kwa zitunda zazitali ndi mizere m'miyeso, zimayambitsa kupatuka ndi kulumikizana kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa “mwanjira yoyera” kotero kuti mbali zina zowoneka bwino zimakulitsidwa ndikuzindikiridwa ndi wowonayo monga mitundu. Mu nthenga zausiku, mtundu wake ndiwopakidwa utoto.

Pogona.

Makatani a mitundu ingapo kutali ndi mabanja amtundu uliwonse, mwachiwonekere, mwanjira yodziyimira pawokha amatenga machitidwe otetezera ofanana. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi ophatikiza misuzi ndi milandu. Nyumba za silika zokhala ndi zidutswa za masamba ndi masamba achokolekera zomwe zimapangidwa panja zimamangidwa m'mabanja a njenjete musana atangochita kukoka. Kapangidwe kake pachitetezo kamakhala ngati kuti mbali yakutsogolo ya mphutsiyo imatuluka, pomwe, ikasokonezedwa, imachokeranso mkati. Kukula kwa nyumbayo kumakuliraku ndikukula kwa mboziyo, mpaka imakula ndikukula mkati mwa "thumba" ili, kutalika kwa 2.5-55. Masabata angapo pambuyo pake, wamwamuna wamphiko amatuluka, ndipo akazi ena amtundu wina amakhalabe mnyumbamo , ndipo matani amapezeka mothandizidwa ndi chinthu chapadera kwambiri cholimbirana, chomwe chimamenya. Pambuyo umuna, mkaziyo amaikira mazira m'thumba mwake ndipo mwina amafa pafupi nawo, osapita kunja, kapena, mwa mitundu ina, komabe amatuluka kuti agwere pansi ndikufa.

Timbalimbi touluka timamanga nyumba zofananira kuchokera masamba, masamba otayidwa ndi zina, ndikuwapatsa chinsinsi cha tiziwalo tamadonthono ndi tinthu tambiri.

Tsitsi, zotupa ndi zina.

Makungu amtundu wina amakhala ndi tsitsi lowotcha kapena bristles. Pamitu yawo yakuthwa, ndulu zakhungu zakuda zimatseguka, chinsinsi chake, chikalowetsedwa m'thupi la mdani, chimayambitsa kukwiya kwa mawonekedwe ake. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachokera m'mabanja osiyanasiyana timanyowetsa thupi ndi madzi, omwe timatha kuwononga kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Mbozi zina, ngati zasokonekera, zimayamba kuvunda mwamphamvu, zina zimapondaponda ndi mpira wolimba kapena kumayesa kuti zafa.Nthawi zambiri, pakakhala zoopsa, zimagwa kuchokera kunthambi ndi mwala ndipo zimangamira pazingwe za silika zomwe zimasungidwa nthawi yakugwa. Kuti abwerere, mboziyo imakwera m'mphepete mwa silika, ndikuigwirira zala zam'manja ndi miyendo yakutsogolo. M'mimba mwa mphutsi zambiri, gawo lachisanu ndi chitatu limanyamula zikuluzikulu zazikulu ngati nyanga kumbuyo. Mbozi yosokonekera ndi kayendedwe kowongoka imawaongolera mdani. M'miphutsi yambiri, tsitsi lalitali kapena lochepera lophimba thupi limateteza thupi ku majeremusi komanso zilombo.

Zida zoteteza pupae.

Gawo la pups mu moths limadziwika ndi zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka. Kupumula kwa pupae m'nthaka kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wosakongola wophatikizika ndi maziko. Ma cocoon a silika, omwe amapakidwa ndi njenjete zambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito ngati chida chomwe chimateteza kwa adani ndi tiziromboka. Zomera zodziwika bwino zimakhala ndi magawo atatu. Danga lakunja ndi lotayirira, lamtunda wandiweyani, komanso mkati mwake. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti ma chrysalis osatetezedwa omwe amakhala mkati mwa osagwirizana.

Kupaka utoto.

Makungu amphaka ndi zithunzithunzi za nthenga zausiku zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yoteteza (cryptic) ndi kuchenjeza (kubwezeretsa) mitundu. Nyamayi imakopa chidwi cha nyama zomwe zimadya ndipo zikuwonekeranso mwa mitundu yomwe ili ndi mtundu wina wa chitetezo champhamvu. Mwachitsanzo, utoto wowala bwino, mbozi zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi kukoma kosasangalatsa, chifukwa chobisalira kwa timinyewa tapadera, kapena yokutidwa ndi tsitsi loyaka. Mitundu ya Cryptic, yomwe imalola kuphatikiza ndi maziko, imapangidwa mumtundu wina wa mphutsi mwabwino kwambiri. Ngati mboziyo ikapeza chakudya pa coniferiyo, singasiyane mitundu ndi mawonekedwe kuchokera singano kapena masikelo ozungulira. Mumtundu wina, mphutsi sizimangofanana ndi mfundo zazing'ono pakuwonekera kwawo, komanso zimawuka panthambi panthawi yangozi kuti zitsimikizire kufanana kumeneku. Makina oterowo ndi achilendo, mwachitsanzo, kwa njenjete ndi nthiti zina.

Mitundu ya cryptic ya njenjete zachikulire imatha kufotokozedwa ndi zitsanzo zazikulu. Kuchepetsa anthu amitundu ina kuchokera kumabanja akutali akufanana ndi zitunda za mbalame, zina zimaphatikizana bwino ndi miyala ya granite, makungwa, masamba kapena maluwa omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala. Ma Ribbons akuwonetsa pa chiwonetsero chowoneka bwino cha mapiko akumbuyo, koma sichimasinthika kupumula, popeza mapiko oyang'ana kumbuyo omwe amaphimbidwa kumbuyo kwake amaphimba kachiromboka pamiyala kapena pamiyendo yamtengo. Mapiko a agulugufe ena amtambo usiku amakhala ndi mawanga ofanana ndi maso otseguka a adani akuluakulu. Izi zimawopseza adani omwe amayesa kuti asaike pachiwopsezo pakuwona kukula kwanyamayo "kuyiyang'ana".

Mitundu yanyimbo

- Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri, kwazaka zambiri kukopa chidwi cha akatswiri asayansi ya zamatsenga ku usiku agulugufe. M'madera ambiri, kusiyanasiyana ndi tizilombo ta utoto wamba, ochepa mwa anthu akuda (omwe amasungunuka) nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Kapangidwe ka utoto mkati mwawo sikofanana ndi ena, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini, i.e. cholowa. Zadziwika kuti m'zaka zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthenga zausiku kwachuluka, ndipo izi zidachitika m'malo opanga, makamaka ku Europe. Nthawi zambiri, agulugufe amdima pafupifupi amachotsa kuwala, komwe amati ndiwo mitundu ya zinthu. Mwachiwonekere, tikulankhula za njira ina yomwe ikupanga mwachangu chisinthiko.

Kafukufuku wamitundu yokhala ndi mafakitoni ojambula adawonetsa zotsatirazi. Mwayi wopulumuka ndi "wabwinobwino", i.e. kuwala, mitundu ya kumidzi ndi yayitali kuposa pakati pa mitsitsi, popeza ndi mtundu wabwinobwino womwe umafunikira m'malo ano.Zowona, agulugufe amdima ali ndi mwayi wathanzi - amapulumuka mikhalidwe ya kuperewera kwa zakudya (zosakwanira m'zinthu zina zopatsa thanzi) zomwe zimapha abale awo opepuka, koma, mwachiwonekere, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala kuti titha kugwidwa ndi adani athu kuposa chakudya chamagulu, osangochulukitsa anthu wamba, komanso kukhalabe ochepa. M'malo opangidwa ndi mafakitale, zinthu zambiri zomwe agulugufe amakhala nazo zimaphimbidwa ndi mwaye, ndipo mitundu yakuda pano imasalala kwabwino kwa adani kuposa zopepuka wamba. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mbewu zamasamba zidzaipitsidwa ndi kuipitsidwa, kufunikira kotsika kwa zakudya zapamwamba ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, amaika agulugufe wamba m'malo ogulitsa, ndipo ngati chiwopsezo cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi chikakhala chofunikira kwambiri kuposa kuzunzidwa ndi zilombo, zimawonjezera kukhalapo kwawo kumidzi. Chifukwa chake, kuyikira kofunika kwa chiphunzitso chamakono cha chisinthiko kumatsimikiziridwa: majini omwe amapatsa thupi mwayi uliwonse amagawidwa mwa anthu ngati atapanda nthawi imodzi kuwatsogolera pakuwonekera kwa zizindikiro zomwe zimachepetsa kulimba. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mtundu wa melanistic womwe wafalikira pakati pa agulugufe kumadera otukuka komanso akumidzi oyandikana nawo ndi gawo lalikulu. Chodabwitsa cha melanini yama mafakitale chikufunikirabe kafukufuku. Pokhala chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha chisinthiko chomwe chikuyenda mofulumira pamaso pathu, chimapereka mwayi woti timvetsetse zina mwazomwe zimayambira.

Kugawa.

Gulugufe wamtunduwu amapezeka pamakontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica, komanso kuzilumba zambiri zamamadzi. Mwachidziwikire, kuthekera kwa akuluakulu kukauluka kwakhala chinthu chofunikira chofotokozera kufalikira kwa mitundu yambiri. Komabe, kwa ena a taxa, njira zazikulu zakhazikitsi ndizosiyana. Chifukwa chake, pamalo okwera kwambiri komanso m'malo akutali kwambiri ndi malo omwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, mbozi zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zimayenda mumlengalenga pazingwe za silika zomwe amatulutsa zinagwidwa. Kufalikira kwa mitundu kumathandizidwanso ndi kuphatikiza mazira ku mitengo ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zimatengedwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi madzi osefukira kapena mphepo. Njenjete zambiri zausiku zimalumikizidwa ndi maubwenzi achilengedwe ndi mitundu ina, ndipo mndandanda wawo umagwirizana ndi gawo logawidwa kwa "makamu". Chitsanzo ndi njenjete ya yucca yomwe imaberekanso maluwa a yucca.

Phindu.

Popeza zida zam'kamwa zambiri za nthenga zachikulire ndi nthito yofewa, yosaboweka minofu ya nyama ndi chomera, maimidwe azilombozi nthawi zambiri samavulaza anthu. Nthawi zambiri, amadya timadzi tokoma t maluwa, ndipo amabweretsa phindu losaneneka ngati mungu wankhuni zofunika.

Chitsanzo cha kupindula koteroko komanso nthawi yomweyo kuyanjana kophatikizana ndi ubale wa njenjete ndi mbewu za yucca. Duwa lakumapeto limakonzedwa mwanjira yoti umuna wa mavuvu ndi kukula kwa nthangala kuchokera kwa iwo sizingatheke popanda thandizo la pollinator. Thandizo lotere limaperekedwa ndi njenjete wamkazi. Akusonkhanitsa mungu kuchokera kumaluwa angapo, amajambula mpira, pomwe amaika mosamala manyazi a pestle, potero amaonetsetsa kuti mavuvu amasungidwa m'mimba mwake, pomwe amaikira mazira. Mbeu za yucca zomwe ndi chakudya chokhacho cha mphuthu, pomwe, zimangodya zochepa zokha. Zotsatira zake, machitidwe ovuta a akulu omwe ali ndi nthenga zam'mawa motere mosadabwitsa amathandizira kufalikira kwa mbewu zolongosoledwa bwino. Mitundu ingapo ya njenjete za yucca imadziwika, iliyonse yomwe imalumikizidwa modzipereka ndi mtundu umodzi kapena zingapo za yucca.

Ma guluu agulugufe amadzulo ndiwowonekera bwino. Zitha kuwononga masamba, zimayambira ndi mizu ya mbewu, kudya zakudya zosungidwa, kuwononga ulusi ndi zinthu zina. Mphutsi za mitundu yambiri ya agulugufe am'mawa zimayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pa ulimi.

Aliyense amadziwa zovuta za njenjete za keratophagous. Amayikira mazira pa ubweya ndi ubweya womwe mphutsi zawo zimadyapo.Zingwe za zinthuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu ina popanga cocoon a ana.

Tizirombo zoyipa ndi njenjete, kapena njenjete, Indian njenjete ndi mphero, ndikuwononga tirigu m'malo osungiramo katundu. Mitundu yonse itatuyo ndi cosmopolitans, i.e. yogawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuchepetsa zowonongeka zomwe zimayambitsa, muyenera kuchita chithandizo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zonse.

Makungu amitundu yambiri ali m'gulu la otchedwa ma miners a masamba (ochokera ku English miner - miner) - amadya tiziwalo tambiri mkati mwa tsamba ndipo chifukwa cha ichi amatafuna podutsa maulendo ataliitali komanso mizere yayitali pansi pake. Mphutsi zamtundu wina kudzera munthambi, mizu ndi mitengo ikuluikulu, itakhala nthawi yayitali mkati mwa chomera, chomwe chimateteza tizirombo, adani komanso anthu omwe akufuna kulimbana nawo.

Mwinanso kuwonongeka kodziwika kwambiri kwa mbozi kumera ndi defoliation, i.e. kuwonongeka kwa masamba. Mphutsi za njala zam'madzi zanjala zimatha kudzutsa minda, minda, ngakhale mitengo yamatchire.

Gulu.

Pulogalamu yodziwika kwambiri ya Lepidoptera imagawa magawo awiri - Palaeolepidoptera ndi Neolepidoptera. Omwe akuwayimira amasiyana wina ndi mzake munjira zambiri, kuphatikiza zakumaso, zida zam'kamwa, kuperekera mapiko ndi kapangidwe ka njira yolerera. Mitundu ingapo ya Palaeolepidoptera, koma imayimiriridwa ndi mawonekedwe osintha kwambiri amitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ndi mbozi za miner, pomwe gawo laling'ono la Neolepidoptera limaphatikiza agulugufe amakono ambiri. Pazonse, dongosolo la Lepidoptera lili ndi mabanja opitilira 100, ena mwa iwo (okha mwa njenjete) omwe alembedwa pansipa.

Opanga Magalasi (Sesiidae): mawonekedwe owoneka bwino okhala ndi mapiko owonekera popanda mamba, amafanana ndi njuchi pakuwoneka, akuwuluka masana.

Ognevki (Pyralidae): agulugufe aang'ono, okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, mapiko atapumidwa ndi makona atatu: mitundu yambiri ndi tizirombo.

Mapiko okhala ndi zala (Pterophoridae): mitundu yaying'ono yokhala ndi mapiko amtundu wautali, omwe m'mphepete mwake mumakhala gawo la masikelo.

Njenjete zenizeni (Tineidae): agulugufe ochepa kwambiri okhala ndi mamba m'mphepete mwa mapiko.

Sagittarius moths (Gelechiidae): agulugufe ochepa, owala kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, njenjete (barele), ndi tizirombo zoyipa.

Squid (Sphingidae): kawirikawiri mitundu yayikulu yomwe imawoneka ngati ma hummingbird.

Marauders (Psychidae): Amuna ali ndi mapiko, ang'ono, akuda, akhungu opanda phokoso ndipo mbozi zimakhala m'matumba a silika.

Peacock-eye (Saturdayniidae): agulugufe akuluakulu kwambiri, okhala ndi mapiko ambiri okhala ndi thupi lalikulu, ambiri amakhala ndi mapiko “amaso” pamapiko awo.

Moths (Geometridae): mitundu yaying'ono, yocheperako, yotambalala, mbozi zomwe "zimayenda", zikugwada ndi chiuno mu ndege yoyima.

Leafworms (Tortricidae): mitundu yaying'ono ndi yaying'ono, mapiko okulungidwa nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi belu panjila, ambiri ndi tizirombo owopsa, monga kachilomboka ndi chikumbu.

Cocoonworms (Lasiocampidae): agulugufe apakatikati okhala ndi thupi lalikulu, mbozi ndi tizirombo owopsa.

Zimbalangondo (Arctiidae): agulugufe aubweya wapakati wokhala ndi mapiko owala owala.

Scoops (Noctuidae): maonekedwe okhala ndi mapiko aimvi kapena otuwa komanso tinyanga tamadonsi.

Volnanka (Lymantriidae): Amuna okhala ndi mapiko aimvi kapena otuwa komanso tinyanga ta nthenga, zazikazi nthawi zina zimakhala zopanda mapiko, mbozi zimakhala ndi utoto wowala.

Kodi ndingathe kusunga gulugufe kunyumba?

Masiku ano, kadzidzi wa gulugufe amatha kusewera ngati chiweto. Munthu sachita manyazi kwambiri komanso amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yosinthira. Simudzakhala ndi nthawi yodziwira momwe amakhalira kukhalapo kwanu ndikukhala pansi m'manja mwake. Palibe chovuta kumpatsa chakudya chofunikira. Amasangalala kusangalala ndi magawo a nthochi kapena malalanje. Tizilombo timene timadya kamodzi patsiku, nthawi yakudya imasiyanasiyana kuyambira mphindi 5 mpaka 15

Komabe, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kutentha ndi chinyezi zinthu zofunika pa moyo wa njenjete. Chifukwa chake, matenthedwe sayenera kutsikira mpaka madigiri 23 ndi kupitirira 28 madigiri

Chinyezi mchipindacho chikuyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa 60-70%. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa agulugufe, chifukwa nthawi zina mapiko a kachilombo amatha kupuma ndikuyamba kutha. Kuti mupewe zoterezi, nthawi zina mutha kupopera kachilomboka kapena kuyika chopukutira chonyowa m'madzi ake. Ngati musamala gulugufe, imatha kukhala miyezi iwiri mpaka itatu.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Kusiyanasiyana kwa dongosolo la kadzidzi kumayimiriridwa ndi mbalame zazing'ono kuyambira kukula kwa mpheta kupita kwa oyimilira akuluakulu kutalika kwa 60-70 cm.Mtundu wosiyanasiyana, mitundu yamitundu yambiri imapezeka mumitundu yotuwa, ya bulauni, yakuda ndi yoyera.

Koma Zizindikiro zodziwika za mbalame za kadzidzi zimawapangitsa kuzindikirika mu ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi - mutu wozungulira wokhala ndi maso akulu ali kutsogolo, mulomo wamfupi wamaso opindika. Akatswiri a Ornithologists akuwonetsa zinthu zingapo zomwe zimasiyanitsa mitundu ya mbalame ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimadya. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe a mbalame ndiosiyana:

• kuthekera kwa chala chakunja kugwada chammbuyo,
• nimbus chowala cha nthenga zolimba zopanga mawonekedwe a nkhope,
• kukhalapo kwa zopendekera zofewa ndi notches mu manambala, chifukwa chake kadzidzi imawuluka mwakachetechete.

Tizilombo ta miyendo yopyapyala ndi yolimba, yochititsa chidwi. Zovala zamphamvu zimasinthidwa kuti zigwire wozunzidwayo, gwira. Mapiko otambalala ndi masentimita 150-200. Nthenga, chachitatu ndi chachinayi mzere, ndizitali kwambiri. Mchira wake ndi wafupi. Pothawa, kadzidzi amafika mothamanga mpaka 80 km / h.

Mutu wa mbalame umawoneka waukulu chifukwa cha nthenga zowuluka, amazipanga mozungulira. Kutha kwa mbalame kuzungulira mitu yawo ndi kuzungulira kwa 270 ° kumadziwika popanda kusokoneza kapena kuvulaza thanzi. Izi zimathandizira zilombo kuti azitsata nyama.

Masomphenya a bulino amapereka chithunzi choyera komanso choyera. Kupeza mandala mu chubu cha lipenga m'malo moboola m'maso kumatsegulira mwayi kwa kadzidzi kuti muone bwino usiku. Kukhazikika kwa maso kutsogolo kumathandizanso kusaka kwachipambano.

Koma mbalameyo singathe kuzungulira ndi maso ake, ngati munthu. Maso ake amayang'ana kutsogolo. Ophunzirawo amakhala tcheru kwambiri osati kungotulutsa pang'ono, koma amakula ndikuchita mgwirizano ndi nyama yomwe imayamba kupuma.

Mbalame zimamva bwino kanayi kuposa amphaka. Khutu lakunja lakutidwa ndi khola la khungu, lozunguliridwa ndi nthenga zowala. Kuyenda pang'ono kwa nyama kumapangitsa kadzidzi kukhalapo.

Mawu a mbalame amatha kumvekedwa panthawi yakukhwima, ndiwachilengedwe mwachilengedwe. M'masiku akale, adalumikizana ndi kusungulumwa, chisoni, ndikuyika ngati ziwanda. Mbalame ikakwiya, imapatsa pakamwa pake.

Mverani mawu a chithaphwi

Mtundu wa kadzidzi umakhala wopanda ulemu, wanzeru. Malo amtundu wakuda, madontho, mikwingwirima yabalalikana pachikhalidwe chachikulu cha imvi. Kutali, amaphatikiza ndi maziko ozungulira, ndipo kutada kwa mbalame ndizosatheka kuzindikira - mtundu wamtundu wawo ndi mwayi wake.

Pali mabanja awiri pakati pa mbalame za kadzidzi - kadzidzi weniweni, kadzidzi. Mitundu yambiri yazinyama zokhala ndi mbewa imakhala m'malo ochokera ku equator kupita kumayiko akumpoto. Ena mitundu ya kadzidzi adatchuka kwambiri.

Owl wazaka zazitali. Mtundu wonyezimira wamafuta kumunthu wakumbuyo wokhala ndi mawanga amdima, mbali yakumunsi imakhala ndi mizere yopingasa. Pamutu pali mitolo ya makutu mpaka 3 cm, yomwe idapatsa dzinalo.

Kutalika kwa kadzidzi kumakhala pafupifupi 35 cm, ndi mapiko a masentimita 90. Amakonda nkhalango zowoneka bwino za maiko aku Europe, kumpoto kwa Asia, momwe zimakhalira. Imasaka m'malo otseguka - m'minda, pamapu. Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Amadyetsa mbewa, nyama zazing'ono, mbalame. Kadzidzi ya whir imakhala miyezi yakuzizira ku Africa.

Mverani mawu a kadzidzi wazaka zazitali

Chispanya.

Kadzidzi wamkulu wa imvi. Mbalame yayikulu, thupi lotalika masentimita 80. Utoto wonenepa. Maso ake ndi achikasu achikaso. Anthu okhala ku Taiga.Amapezekanso kumapiri a ku Europe, ku Mongolia. Kadzidzi idayamba kutchedwa chifukwa cha malo akuda pansi pamlomo wake womwe umawoneka ngati ndevu. Azungu nthenga pangani kolala pakhosi.

Sparrow Owl. Woyimira banjali pang'ono, kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo ndi 16- cm basi, misa ndi 60-80 g. Mutu umawoneka kuti ndi wosalala. Maso achikaso ndi mphete zoyera ndi zofiirira, zokhala oyera kuposa.

Madontho ang'ono achikasu amaso pamwamba pa kadzidzi, pa nthenga zofiirira za bulauni zakumbuyo, malo amakula. Mimbayo ndi yoyera ndi utoto. Mbalame imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, zimasaka usana ndi usiku, zimakhazikika.

Mverani mawu a mpheta

Chispanya.

Nyumba Owl. Mtundu wonyezimira wopepuka wamitundu yambiri. Maso ali okhazikika, chifukwa chomwe mbalameyo imawoneka kuti ili ndi frown. Mchenga wozungulira umakhala ndi mapiko, pomwepo pa chifuwa ndi pamimba.

Mbalameyi imagawidwa ku Southern Altai, ku Transbaikalia, m'chigawo chapakati cha Europe, mayiko a Asia, komanso kumpoto kwa Africa. Amakonda madera opondera, malo achipululu, momwe muli makoswe ambiri, abuluzi.

Sewerani kadzidzi wanyumba

Chispanya.

Barn Owl. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mbalameyo ndikuti mawonekedwe amaso ndi mawonekedwe. Maonekedwe achilendo amathandizidwa ndi makonzedwe asymmetric makutu - khutu lakumanzere lili pamphumi, ndipo kumanja kuyenera kufunidwa m'dera la mphuno. Izi zimapatsa mbalameyi makutu abwino.

Kukula kwa khola Owl ndi kwapakati - kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 39 cm, kulemera kwa 200-500 g. Zowonjezera kumbuyo ndizowala kofiyira, komwe kuli mawanga ambiri, madontho, ndi mikwingwirima. Miyendo imasintha malinga ndi malo omwe mbalame imakhala.

Mverani mawu a kadzidzi

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White Owl. Mbalameyi ndi yokhalamo tundra, chifukwa chake mtundu wautoto ndi wofunikira kwambiri m'malo achisanu. Mlomo wakuda, mawanga akuda, maso achikasu akuwoneka owala kwambiri maula oyera oyera.

Kutalika kwa mbalame mpaka 65 cm, wolemera mpaka 2,5 kg. Amakonda malo otseguka, pafupifupi osawulukira m'malo obisika. Chakudyacho chimakhala chokhudza mandimu. Kadzidzi owala zolembedwa mu Red Book, mtundu wosowa womwe umakhala ku Greenland, North America.

Hawk owl. Kukula kwa mbalameyo kungafanane ndi kukula kwa khwangwala. Mtundu wodziwika bwino ndi wam'munsi. Kamvekedwe kake ndi kofiirira kwambiri ndi mawanga oyera.

Imapezeka ku Karelia, dera la Murmansk, Kamchatka, Asia, North America. Mchira ndi wautali. Hawk kadzidzi—mbalame yozizira. Pazakudya zopweteka, m'malo mwa makoswe, hazel grouse, Partridge amawonekera.

Mverani hawk owl

Splyushka (scoop wamba). Makulidwe amtundu wakuda wonyezimira wokhala ndi maonekedwe angapo, mikwingwirima yopepuka. Kutalika kwa sputus ndi pafupifupi 22 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 80 g.I imakhala m'malo a nkhalango zamapiri. Mbalame yosamukasamuka. Nyengo ku Africa, South Asia.

Mverani mawu a splyushki

Chiwombankhanga. Mu banja lalikulu la kadzidzi, ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri. Pamitu yayikulu pamalo ammahema pamakhala nthenga zolimba zofanana ndi ma auricles. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi fawn, buffy.

Mosiyana ndi achibale ambiri, amagwira nyama yayikulu masana - mahares, agwape ang'onoang'ono, abodza. Malo okondedwa ndi malo opondera, pomwe mapiko akuluakulu samakumana ndi zopinga.

Mverani mawu a kadzidzi

Chisamaliro cha gulugufe

Chithunzi: Gulugufe Lycaena wochokera ku Red Book

Mitundu ina ya Lycaenidae yalembedwa mu Red Book lapadziko lonse, chiwerengero chokulirapo - mu Red Book yamaiko amodzi. Zomwe zimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa agulugufewa ndi kuchepa kwa malo awo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'tauni, msipu woweta ng'ombe m'malo omwe kuchuluka kwake kukuwonjezeka, kuwotcha udzu ndi zochitika zina za anthu.

Chifukwa chake, njira zotetezera cholinga chake ndikusunga umphumphu wa malo ena osowa a mitundu ya polyommatus. Zochita za zomwe zimatengedwa zimasiyana kutengera boma, zapamwamba kwambiri zimawonedwa m'maiko aku Europe.

Ku Russia, mitundu ingapo ya Lycaena ndiotetezedwa, kuphatikiza Arion, marshmallow okongola ndi David Lycaenidae.Zomwe zikuchitika zikuthandizira kuti ziwonongeke zachilengedwe osowa chonchi: gawo lalikulu la anthu awo limakhala m'malo osungirako ndi malo ena achilengedwe otetezedwa, omwe amathandizira kupewa kuchulukana kwawo.

Makamaka kwa iwo, madera azinthu izi, madambo opanda udzu atsala, oregano clumps pafupi ndi anthill, anths iwowokha sawonongeka. Kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa kusunga mitundu yachilendo ya zoyeserera zimadalira makamaka kwa oyang'anira zigawo zomwe ma polyommatus amatetezedwa.

Ma Lycaenidae ndi osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'malo otentha, momwe mungathe kukumana ndi agulugufewa okhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamapiko. M'malo amtunda wocheperako, ngakhale ali ang'ono kwambiri, mulinso ambiri, ndipo zolengedwa zazifupi kwambiri zimakongoletsa nyengo yotentha - ngakhale kuti mbozi zawo nthawi zina zimavulaza malo obzala.

• Amphiesmenoptera
• Obtectomera
• Panarthropoda
• Gulugufe
• Red Book Butterflies
• Mabulosi olemba mu Red Book of Kazakhstan
• Red Book Butterflies
• Gulugufe wa Russia
• Kalabu
• Lida
• Kuyamwa-kawiri
• Omwe amodzi mokhazikika
• Gulugufe wa masana
• Nyama zaku Africa
• Nyama zaku Belarus
• Nyama za ku Eurasia
• Nyama za ku Europe
• Nyama za ku Kazakhstan
• Nyama zaku China
• Nyama Zofiira
• Nyama za Buku Lofiira la Russia
• Nyama zanyama
• Zinyama zilembo B
• Zinyama zilembo G
• Nyama zakutchire
• Nyama zaku Russia
• Nyama za kumpoto kwa America
• Zinyama zapamwamba za kumpoto kwa Nyengo
• Zinyama zakutchire zam'mwera kum'mwera
• Nyama za Subequatorial Belt ya Northern Hemisphere
• Nyama Zosungidwa ndi Subequatorial Belt wa South Hemisphere
• Nyama zotentha
• Nyama Zam'madzi Otentha a North Hemisphere
• Nyama Zam'madzi Otentha Zakum'mwera
• Zinyama zaku Ukraine
• Nyama Zoyaka Zapakati
• Zinyama Zoyaka Zakumwera
• Nyama zaku South America
• Gulugufe wokongola
• Tizilombo ta mapiko
• Molting
• Gulugufe
• Tizilombo Red Book
• Tizilombo Tosinthika Bwino
• Gulugufe zapamwamba
• Tizilombo ta mapiko
• Poyamba
• Gulugufe
• Kupuma kwa tracheo
• Agulugufe otentha
• Nyama zotentha
• Khalid
• Lepidoptera
• Arthropods
• Ma miyendo 6
• Eukaryotes
• Eumetazoi
• Gulugufe wowala

Moyo & Habitat

Zimbudzi zimakhazikika kulikonse - zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'chipululu, malo ammapiri, pakati pa mapiri, nkhalango. Simungathe kupeza kadzidzi ku Antarctica kokha. Ku Russia, mitundu 18 ya mbalame za kadzidzi imakhala. Kuphatikiza pa nyama zamtchire, nyama zolusa zimasungidwa m'malo ocheperako pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.

M'makona anyumba, pansi padenga la nyumba mutha kupeza kuti kumakhalako kadzidzi.Ndi mbalame iti, yosunthira kapena ayi, zimamveka bwino kuchokera machitidwe ndi kubwera kwa nyengo yozizira.

Si mitundu yonse ya kadzidzi yomwe imawulukira kumadera akumwera, ambiri amakhala. Kusamukira kumachitika kokha chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chakudya.

Mbalame zam'mapiri zimasamukira kumapeto, kadzidzi akumpoto amachoka m'malo awo osakhalapo asatenthe.

Zomera zimakopa mbalame zambiri, koma pali mitundu yomwe imamangidwa kumalo otseguka. Zimbudzi za mbalame zimatha kupezeka m'maenje osiyidwa, pakati pamiyala yamiyala, kadzidzi zakutsogolo zimangokhala mu dzenje.

Kadzidzi - mbalame usiku, koma kansalu koyera, kambewu, kansalu masana. Maso abwino kwambiri, kumva chidwi, kutuluka kwa mbalame mwakachetechete kumasaka osaka bwino. Pofunafuna nyama, nthawi zina amalira mofuula komwe kumawopsa makoswe. Kuyenda kocheperako kumayimira nyama yomwe ikamenya nkhondo.

Mwa mawu, mawu omveka, mutha kudziwa mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana:

• "Kuseka" kwaperekedwa ndi kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga,
• "Kukula, kutsokomola" kudabadwa mu kadzidzi wa kadzidzi, kadzidzi,
• chibadwa cha monosyllabic chimaseweredwa ndi kadzidzi wa polar,
• mzungu wodziwika amachokera ku kadzidzi wa khungubwi, splyushki.

Ziweto zimangokhala zayekha, osayendayenda m'makola. Kukhalapo kosiyana kumalumikizidwa ndi kuphatikizidwa ndi tsamba linalake, gawo limodzi.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Owl - mbalame yodya nyama, maziko a chakudyacho ndi chakudya chochokera ku nyama.Pokhala osaka abwino, mbalame nthawi iliyonse zimadzipatsa zokha zofunika. Chakudya chimadalira malo.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timadyanso mitundu yambiri ya ma amphibians, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (kafadala, ziwala), makoswe ang'onoang'ono (mbewa, ma voles), zomwe zimabweretsa zabwino, ndikuwononga okhala m'nkhalango zowopsa.

Nyama zazikuluzikulu zimadyera anyama (ma hedgehogs, hares). Amadyanso makoswe, abuluzi, njoka, zilonda zam'mimba, achule, matanga. Mbidzi zimakonda kubera mbalame pafupipafupi, koma m'nthawi yanjala zimatsutsana ndi nkhuku, ang'onoang'ono odutsa. Mitundu ya kadzidzi yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nsomba, kudya nkhanu, mussel.

Gawo la owol limadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka mwezi umodzi, kuchita popanda madzi. Pakufunika kofunikira, amadzaza kufunika kwa kumwa ndi magazi a omwe akuvutitsidwayo. Koma matupi amadzi ndi ofunikira kuti nyama zokhala ndi zowetchera ndizofunika kuti zithetse ludzu lawo, komanso njira zaukhondo. M'mayiko otentha, kadzidzi amaonjezera chakudyacho ndi zipatso zabwino, zipatso, masamba.

Owl (zithunzi za 130) - mafotokozedwe a mbalame, mitundu, komwe kadzidzi amakhala ndi zomwe amadya, mbiri, chilengedwe ndi moyo

Mbalame izi zimatsogolera moyo wosazolowereka. Ochuluka a kadzidzi amakhala ogalamuka usiku, kuchuluka kwawo kumakupatsani mwayi wokumana nawo kulikonse padziko lapansi, ndipo kufanana kwawo ndi parrots kumangowonjezera mwatsatanetsatane. Pakadali pano, akatswiri a zamankhwala alemba mitundu mazana awiri ndi makumi awiri a mbalamezi.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

• Kadzidzi amakhala padziko lonse lapansi ndipo mutha kukumana naye kulikonse (kupatula Antarctica).
• Amapezeka ku chipululu chotentha, mapiri, malo okwera, pagombe, m'nkhalango ngakhale m'mizinda yayikulu.

Siziwoneka kawirikawiri m'malo otseguka. Mitundu ina ya kadzidzi imakhala moyo wosasunthika, pomwe ina simasuntha nthawi yonse yamoyo.

1. Tizilombo timakhala m'malo obisika osatetezeka (ma boti, m'maenje, apakhosi).

Kulongosola kwa mbalame ya kadzidzi kukusonyeza momwe amasiyana. Kukula kwa kadzidzi kumasiyana kwambiri. Makamaka owol ang'ono mpaka masentimita 20 (ma passerines) ndipo okulirapo kwambiri mpaka 75 sentimita kutalika ndi mpaka kilogalamu 4 (Eagle Owl) amapezeka.

Nthawi zambiri thupi la kadzidzi limakhala ndi nthenga zambiri zakuda zokhala ndi pilo yayikulu pansi pawo. Mtundu umasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa mbalame. Zosankha za 420 za owl ndizodziwika pano.

Mwachitsanzo, buluzi wa chiwombankhanga amatha kusintha mtundu wake kutengera malo omwe amakhala. Kuti mudzitsimikize ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodabwitsa, yang'anani chithunzi cha kadzidzi.

Mbalame izi zimakhala ndi miyendo yolimba kwambiri. Akasaka, amagwiritsa ntchito zibwano zamphamvu ndi zowala.

Maso a kadzidzi amaoneka bwino kwambiri, ndipo maso ndi akuluakulu. Chifukwa cha maso akulu ndi ochenjera ku Greece wakale, kadzidzi amaoneka ngati mbalame zanzeru.

Maso awo ali ndi chochititsa chidwi: amatha kuwona mumdima wathunthu osati owala kwambiri masana. Komabe, owulu sawona chilichonse pafupi.

Ziweto zimva bwino nthawi makumi asanu kuposa anthu. Kufananako ndi mbalame zotchedwa zinkhanira zikuwoneka chifukwa chakuti mulomo wa kadzidzi ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi mulomo wa parrot.

• Mosakayikira, chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za kadzidzi ndi khosi lawo, lomwe limatha kuzungulira madigiri 270.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, oyimilira ena a kadzidzi ndi anthu osamuka, pomwe ena amakhala moyo wongokhala, wokhala m'magulu awiri kapena ang'onoang'ono.

Nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri masana ndi usiku. Masana iwo amakhala tulo, kupumula ndi kugona. Chosiyana ndi kadzidzi yoyera. Amagwira nthawi iliyonse patsiku la polar.

Kadzidzi amadya makoswe nthawi zambiri kuposa tizilombo kapena nsomba. Nthawi zambiri, kadzidzi ang'ono amafunafuna pang'ono.

Zimbudzi ndizowonongera, ndikupanga banja, amakhala moyo wawo wonse ndi wokwatirana naye. Komabe, nthawi iliyonse ya chibwenzi yomwe imapezeka m'mitundu ina ya mbalame sikhala mu kadzidzi.

Owls ndi aulesi, sakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi mphamvu pomanga zisa chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala mwa alendo. Nthawi zina, mazira amayikidwa mwachindunji m'maenje akunyumba ndi m'makola. Chiwerengero cha mazira nthawi imodzi: zidutswa 4-10.

Chifukwa chosowa chakudya, anapiyewo amatha kudyana. Ndi makolo awo mu chisa, makanda satha mwezi umodzi. Kenako amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Zikho zazikulu kwambiri zimayamba kuzolowera chilengedwe, zofooka kwambiri zimapita kukadyetsa mbalame zodya nyama.

Mwanjira zambiri, kadzidzi, ngati akukhala moyo wosamukasamuka, nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ngozi kapena kuwukira komwe akukhala. Nthawi zina samachoka m'deralo zitachitika izi, koma amangobisala m'makona a mitengo kapena miyala.

Gulugufe wa Owl - kufotokozera, malo okhalamo, zochititsa chidwi

Kuyambira ndili mwana timadziwa za kukhalapo kwa kadzidzi. Komabe, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amakayikira kuti zinyama za dziko lathuli zili ndi gulugufe wotchedwa mbalameyi. Kodi nchiyani chomwe chimapangitsa anthu kupatsa chidacho dzina lotere? Kodi ndi zochitika ziti pamoyo wake? Tikambirana izi munkhani yathu.

Chifukwa chiyani amatchedwa?

Choyamba, timatembenukira ku kufotokozera kwachilendo kwa dzina la mitundu ya Lepidoptera. Anthu okhala zolengedwa zamvula zamvula zambiri, omwe ndi ngwazi za momwemo amakhala nthawi zambiri, amakakamizidwa kufunafuna chitetezo kwa adani.

Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino pakati pa tizilombo ndi kubisala. Chifukwa chake, mapiko a gulugufe nthawi zambiri amaphimbidwa ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nyama zolusa, monga mbalame kapena zokwawa.

Gulugufe wa owl, wa mtundu wa Kaligo, adayamba kutchedwa chifukwa cha mtundu wake, wofanana ndi mbalame yodyedwa. Mabwalo akulu mkati mwa mapikowo ali ofanana ndi maso a kadzidzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kachilomboka azitha kutengera nkhope ya mbalameyo.

Izi zimasocheretsa adani achilengedwe a gulugufe, omwe akukonzekera kuti aukire, chifukwa pamaso pawo mulibe tizilombo tosakhazikika, koma chilombo choopsa.

gulugufe wa multicolor - mafotokozedwe, malo, mitundu

Kodi gulugufe amawoneka bwanji?

Mwapadera pofotokoza komwe dzinalo linayamba, tinatulutsa nkhaniyi. Komabe, sizinafotokozedwe mokwanira, chifukwa chake tikufuna kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zikupezeka. Amadziwika kuti nthumwi ya Lepidoptera iyi ndi yayikulu. Gray kaligo, monga akatswiri amatcha kadzidzi wa gulugufe, ali ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake ndi kotheka kufika 20 cm.

Thupi la kachiromboka limakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, ndipo mapiko ake amafanana ndi velvet kukhudza. Kupenda mwatsatanetsatane ndikuphunzira pa gulugufe kumapangitsa kuti chisamve ngati sichilombo, koma ngati nyama yaying'ono. Mapiko a gulugufe wamtunduwu amasiyana kuchokera pa mamilimita 120 kupita pa mamilimita 160.

Anthu ena anali ndi mapiko akulu kwambiri kotero kuti mapiko awo amafika mamilimita 200.

Mtundu wowopsa wa kumbuyo kwa mapiko, wofanana ndi maso a kadzidzi, sichinthu chokhacho chodabwitsa pa gulugufe. Mwa njira, anthu ambiri amachifanizira ndi mawonekedwe omwe amakongoletsa khungu la njoka. Mbali yakunja yamapiko imadziwika ndi ambiri kuti ndi okongola kwambiri. Mtundu wake ndi wosefukira wazithunzi zingapo zamtambo wamtambo wabuluu ndi beige, ngati kuti ukuyenda limodzi kupita kwina.

Zojambula zoyambirira zimakhala ndi chowoneka ngati mbozi. Thupi lake limapaka utoto wobiriwira, pafupi ndi mithunzi ya letesi, komanso amakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yamtambo.

Mutu wa mphutsi zachikasu zowoneka bwino zovekedwa ndi nyanga. Kuwoneka ngati mbozi ndi nyimbo zambiri kuti muyerekeze ndi zovuta zamakedzana zaku China.

Makamaka amakankhira makamaka kumapeto kwa mchira wake ndi kupukutira kwake ndi mikwingwirima yovuta.

Kodi gulugufe amakhala bwanji?

Nthawi yogwira masana imakhala isanayambe dzuwa lisanalowe. Komabe, ilibe nthawi yopatsa chidwi: mphindi 20 zokha gulugufeyu ndiwopezeka kwambiri. Pakadali pano, akusaka chakudya. Ngati zapezeka, ndiye kuti, zitatsikira pansi, zimasungunula phula lozunguliralo ndi kumamwa timadzi tokoma.

Nthawi yonseyi, agulugufe wa owl ali pamitengo. Mapiko awo atakulungidwa, amakhala osasunthika.Mbali yodabwitsayi pakadali pano ikuwoneka bwino kwa adani omwe angakhale.

Popeza njira yayikulu yotetezera gulugufe kwa adani ndi kubisala, ndiye kuti panthawi yomwe ndege zidzagwera nyama kapena zouluka, nthawi yomweyo zimapanga chithunzi cha 180 degree kuti ziwawonetse "chinsinsi chobisalira" kumbuyo kwa mapiko ake ambiri. Mphamvu zakugwiritsa ntchito njira yothandizayi ndi zabwino kwambiri, chifukwa mbalame zonse ndi njoka zimayesetsa kubisala pazomwe zimawona - chithunzi cha mawonekedwe a kadzidzi.

Tizilombo timeneti timadya makamaka zipatso zambiri, zimakhala zonse zachilengedwe komanso kukhalabe kunyumba. Zokondedwa pakati pa izi ndi nthochi zakuda. Kusasamala kwa gulugufe wamtunduwu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimakopa anthu kuti azisunga ngati chiweto.

Ambiri amati tizilombo touluka timakhala agulugufe. Ndipo, asayansi akutsimikiza kuti gulugufe wa owl ndi nthawi yamadzulo. Kutanthauzira kotereku kumawonetsa kukhalapo mu nyama ya kumva kwa akupanga ngakhale mawu.

Tizilombo toyambitsa mbozi sitingagwire kung'ambika pang'ono, komwe anthu satha kuzindikira, komanso kubereka! Popeza mileme yosaka ndi kanyenyezi ndi amodzi mwa adani achilengedwe a agulugufe, zolengedwa zosalimba zimayenera kuteteza.

Maluso ake apadera amamuthandiza pamenepa. Gulugufe amatenga njira yomwe nyamayo imayandikira ndikutumiza ma polasort molowera ndi kusintha kwakanthawi. Izi zimasokoneza chithunzi cha danga loyesedwa ndi batu, ndipo limalephera kugwira zolondola.

Pogwiritsa ntchito zakusowa kwa mdani, agulugufe amabisala kwa iye.

gulugufe wa mnemosin - malongosoledwe, malo okhala, mitundu

Kodi gulugufe amapanga bwanji?

Kudzuka kwa chibwenzi chachitali kwamphongo, kumakula kumachitika ndi munthu wogonjetsedwa wamtundu wa Kaligo pamitengo yamitengo. Pambuyo pake, wamkazi amayikira mazira pamasamba akuluakulu. Pakatha sabata, mphutsi zimatuluka. Nthawi zambiri, si mazira onse amene amaberekedwa amabereka.

Choyamba, thupi la mphutsi limapaka zoyera, pomwe mikwingwirima imadutsa. Kenako kuyerekeza kumachitika, kenako mbozizo zimasintha kukhala zobiriwira ndikupeza nyanga ndi mphete.

Kodi gulugufe amakhala kuti?

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti komwe kudalako mtundu wa Lepidoptera ndi nkhalango pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Amazon. Masiku ano, malo omwe amagawa tizilombo ndiabwino.

Madera okhala ndi agulugufe kumaphatikizapo nkhalango zam'malo otentha kum'mwera ndi pakati mwa Amereka, nkhalango za ku Venezuela, zomwe amadziwika ambiri ku Honduras ndi Nicaragua.

Kuphatikiza apo, milandu ya anthu apeza gulugufe wamtunduwu m'dera lotentha ku Mexico yalembedwa.

Nthawi zambiri anthu amakhala m'malo athyathyathya. Nthawi zina anthu amapezeka m'mapiri. Izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa kukhala ndi gulugufe wa owl pamtunda wamakilomita 1.5 pamwamba pa nyanja.

White Owl: Mfundo Zosangalatsa

Kadzidzi ya polar imadziwikiratu ndi mbiri ya abale ake kuchokera kubanja la kadzidzi chifukwa cha kuwuluka kwake. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa kadzidzi yoyera, ndipo a Yakuts amatcha nkhosayo mokoma - Kaar-ebe, yemwe mu Russian amatanthauza "agogo oyera."

Chithunzi cha mbalame yokongola ichi chimatha kuwoneka pamabatani a Savrasov, Kustodiev, Monet komanso ngakhale pamipanda ya Mfumukazi yaku England. Ndizosangalatsanso kuti mtunduwu umatchulidwa munkhani zingapo za Harry Potter.

Pali zina zambiri zosangalatsa za kadzidzi yoyera.

Kadzidzi wamkulu kwambiri mu tundra

Kadzidzi yoyera (polar) ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku kadzidzi mu tundra. Potere, zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zamphongo: kutalika kwa thupi lawo kufika 70 cm, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi 3 kg. Amuna amakhala owoneka bwino kwambiri, koma kutalika kwake kumakhala kocheperako: kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana pakati pa 55-65 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kumafika mpaka 2,5 kg. Mapiko a nyama yolusa imeneyi ndi 1.5 m.

Zonenepa zimapatsa mbalame mbalame zochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizioneka zazikulu.Kapangidwe kake kotayirira, ndikupanga mpweya wabwino, kumachepetsa kwambiri kutentha. Nthenga zonyowa pafupifupi zimaphimba mlomo wonse, kuziteteza ku hypothermia. Mawamba ake amaphimbidwa ndi pansi, ofanana ndi ubweya ndikupanga "cosmas", kotero zofunda sizowoneka.

Ngakhale ndi kukula kwake, kadzidzi yoyera amawuluka mofulumira. Zowoneka pamapiko ndizovuta, koma kuthawa kuli chete.

Chinsinsi mbuye

Utoto wa kadzidzi wa polar wamkulu umateteza - yoyera ndi zikwangwani zakuda. Mlomo ndi zikhadabo zokutidwa ndi bristles zakuda. Amuna okha ndi omwe amakongoletsa mtundu wa kristalo, wothira kuchepetsedwa ndi mitsitsi yaying'ono.

Mu mbalame zazikazi ndi mbalame zazing'ono, chifuwa ndi m'mimba zokha ndizopakidwa utoto wowoneka bwino, ndipo mbali yonse yakumwambako imakutidwa ndi timizere tosiyanasiyana tosiyanasiyana. Nthochi zimabadwa ndi nthenga zofiirira, zomwe zimasintha mtundu zikamakula.

Mtunduwu ndiwobisika bwino kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kuwona kadzidzi woyera pamawonekedwe oyera mumdima wokulirapo, chifukwa chake chimakhala ndi mwayi wosaneneka posaka nyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimadyanso.

Mbalame zoyenda pang'ono

Nthawi zambiri amakhala kumalo amodzi, koma nthawi zina amayenda mtunda wautali. Chifukwa chake imaganiziridwakoyenda pang'ono. Malo okhala mbalamezi ndi tundra.

Koma nthawi yozizira, kukasaka chakudya, nyama zokhala ndi mbewa zimatha kudumphira kudera lotchedwa tundra ndi mapiri. Koma kukumana naye kunkhalango ndizosatheka.

Ngati chakudyacho nchabwino kwenikweni, mbalameyo imasunthira chakum'mwera, mpaka pakati pa Russia kapena kumalire a Canada.

Kusunthika kwa kadzidzi ka polar kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa yophukira, ndipo kumakhala kwawo kumwera kumatha mpaka nthawi yamasika. Anthu ena amakhalabe m'malo osungirako nyengo yachisanu, koma amasankha malo omwe ali ndi chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa ndikuyesayesa kuti akhale m'malo otseguka, nthawi zina amathawiranso m'midzi.

Wosaka wodabwitsa

Kadzidzi ya polar ndi nyama yomwe imadya. Pazakudya zake ndi magawo, mbewa ndi makoswe ena;

M'masiku anjala, sichinyalanyaza nsomba, zomwe zimagwidwa mosavuta chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa mphezi, komanso ngakhale matenthedwe. Mwazovuta kwambiri, imatha kupatula chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali.

Pafupifupi, mbalame imodzi yachikulire imachotsa mamilion oposa chikwi chimodzi ndi theka pachaka.

Makina ake osakira ali ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa:

• Amakonzekera kuukira nyama yomwe ikuyandikira, atakhala pansi kapena kuukira kuchokera kuphiri laling'ono, wolakwiridwayo nthawi zambiri amawalondera. Koma madzulowo umatha kusaka komanso kuwuluka, uku ikunjenjemera pamalo amodzi mlengalenga, ngati kestrel.
• Masomphenya a kadzidzi adapangidwa kuti azitha kuwona bwino usiku komanso nthawi ya masana. Mbalame zimakakamizidwa kukhala tsiku lozungulira. Ndiwokhawo woyimira banja la kadzidzi yemwe amatsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ena onse amasaka usiku kapena usiku. Koma nthawi zambiri amakonda kugwirira nyama nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yausiku kapena m'mawa pomwe dzuwa silichita khungu.
• Maso a Amber sakusunthika, motero mbalameyo imakakamizika kutembenuza mutu wake wozungulira ndi makutu ang'ono 270 madigiri. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azithamangitsa nyama zomwe zimayang'anira kapena zoopsa popanda kuchoka pamalo ake.
• Kapangidwe kapadera ka maso a kadzidzi kameneka kumapangitsa kuti maso awo azikhala akuthwa kwambiri. Pakuyesayesa kwasayansi, zidapezeka kuti olusa amatha kudziwa makoswe ang'onoang'ono osawoneka bwino mpaka mtunda wa mamita 340. Usiku wozizira kwambiri, amatha kusaka ngakhale nyenyezi zokhota komanso kuwala kwa mwezi.
• Mitundu yochititsa chidwi imalola kadzidzi yoyera kugunda ngakhale nthawi zina akumwetulira, mafinya, atsekwe, abakha. Amathanso kuukira zazing'ono, koma zowopsa, mwachitsanzo, zonyansa. Nyama yaying'ono imamezedwa ndi mbalame zonse pamodzi ndi mafupa ndi ubweya, zomwe kenako zimang'ambika, ndipo zazikuluzo zimatengedwera mchisa ndikugawika kale ndi zibwano m'malo mwake.

Ndizodziwikanso kuti ziziwongola dzanja sizimasaka pafupi ndi komwe zimakhala.. Lamuloli silisintha ngakhale ngati pali zina zomwe zingapangidwe pafupi.

Mwachilengedwe, adani achilengedwe a nyama zodya zinayi ndi nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Siziika pachiwopsezo kuukira akuluakulu, koma nthawi zambiri amawononga zisa zawo pakudya mazira ndi anapiye.

Mbusa wa Goose

Zosasangalatsa kwenikweni za kadzidzi yoyera - zimakhudza kwambiri nyama za tundra. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa mbalamezi za makoswe ambiri omwe amaba mazira a mbalame, komanso kuchita ukali kwambiri poteteza gawo lokhalamo, zimakhudza mwachindunji kupambana kwa mbalame zina za tundra. Chifukwa chake, abakha, atsekwe, atsekwe, mbalame za m'madzi zimakhala pafupi ndi iwo.

Kupatula apo, kadzidzi nthawi zambiri amakhudza oimira mbalamezi ndi mazira, koma amayendetsa bwino nkhandwe kapena agalu osokera omwe amakonda kuwononga zisa zawo. Mbalame zokhala ndi ma polar zimasungira nyama kutali ndi nyumba zawo pafupi ndi kilomita kuteteza anapiye awo. Chifukwa chake, ndichizolowezi kuti anthu ena Kumpoto azitcha kadzidzi zoyera "abusa achikazi".

Pakakhala zoopsa, kadzidzi amatha kulowa pansi mopanda mantha kwa munthu ndikumenya mwamphamvu ndi zopindika zake. Sikulimbikitsidwa kuphwanya malire a zinthu zake ndikuyandikira kwambiri chisa.

Mitundu yosangalatsa yoswana

Zovala zoyera zimangokhala zokhaokha chifukwa cha chibadwa chawo. Koma kumapeto kwa nyengo yamasika iliyonse, amagawika magulu awiriawiri, omwe pamodzi amalera ana omwe amapezeka mu June, nthawi yoti akule. Ndi wamphongo amene amasodza mazira. Anapiyewo akafika masiku 55, amayamba kuphunzira kuuluka, ndipo mgwirizano wamakanthawi wa makolo awo umasweka kwamuyaya.

Owls amakonda kukonza zisa m'malo owuma mapiri, mudzaze ndi fluff ndikugona: mu nyengo yabwino, mpaka mazira 10 kapena kuposerapo, komanso mchaka chanjala - mpaka 4.

Ndi chilala, ana akhoza kukhala kuti palibe.

Kuphatikiza apo, si onse amene amatchera nkhama omwe amakhalabe ndi moyo, chifukwa mbalame zimayamba kulolera ana kuchokera dzira loyamba, kuti mupeze anapiye azaka zosiyanasiyana mu chisa chimodzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri achichepere amafa.

Chaka chonse, nyama zoyera za ma polar zimakhala zangokhala chete. Amapereka mawu pokhapokha ngati nthawi ya kuswana. Nthawi zina mukathawa mumatha kumva mawu osokosera "komanso-ndi-ndi-ndi-ndi-ndi" kapena "kra-au", wokumbutsa khwangwala wokuwa.

Mu ukapolo amakhala nthawi yayitali

Mwachilengedwe, kadzidzi wowonda amakhala zaka 9 zokha.. Mbalame yachilendo kwambiri imatha kudutsa pakhomo pofika zaka 17.

Koma imagwiridwa bwino mu ukapolo. Kusamalira bwino malo osungira nyama, nyama zoyera zitha kusinthana ndi magawo atatuwo.

Kadzidzi ya polar imadziwombera pa chovala mikono ya mzinda wa Novy Urengoy (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha Quebec - imodzi mwa zigawo zaku Canada. Anthu akumpoto amadya ndipo amachiwona ngati chimodzi mwazakudya zabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha nyama yokoma ndi mafuta.

Chithunzi cha mdani amakhala nanu nthawi zonse

M'mavuto azakudya, agulugufe amakhala ngati wovutitsidwa. Ali ndi adani ambiri: mbalame, abuluzi, chameleon, mileme. Kuti mupulumuke pozungulira ndi adani ambiri, muyenera kuchita zanzeru. Gulugufe wa Kaligo amavala chithunzi chodalirika cha kadzidzi pamapiko ake, chomwe nyama zonse zazing'ono zimachita mantha.

Mbali yakunja yamapiko a Kaligo yapentedwa pansi pa nthenga zokulira kumutu ndi khosi la mbalameyo. Mtundu, ukulu, mawonekedwe - chilichonse chikufanana. Zina mwa nthenga izi zopakidwa utoto, zikuluzikulu zazikuluzikuluzikulu. Pamene buluzi kapena mbalame yofiirira ya tanagra ikafika kaligo, gulugufe amapukusa mapiko ake. Nyamayi imakumana ndi kuzizira kwa kadzidzi ndikuthawa.

Mphamvu yamantha imathandizidwanso ndi kukula kwa gulugufe payokha. Mapikowo amafika 20 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 7. Ichi ndi chopatsa thanzi kwambiri kwa nyama zosatetezeka, ndipo iyenera kutetezedwa ndi mawonekedwe owopsa.

Momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira pa gulugufe

Mapiko aliwonse atsopano omwe amapezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa masinthidwe. Mwinanso, nthawi ina mwa mtundu wa kaligo wa bulauni.Ngakhale sanali adani onse omwe anali kumuopa iye, koma ochepa okha, koma anali ndi mwayi woposa amtundu wake: anasiya ana.

Mu ana ochepa, mawanga sanangokhala, koma amakula. Amawopa adani ambiri komanso kupulumuka mpaka nthawi yayikulu ya moyo - kubereka. Ndipo mu m'badwo uliwonse: ndani amene ali ngati kadzidzi, amakhala m'dziko la nkhalango za Amazon ndi ana ake.

Onaninso: M'mutu wamakamera, mafuta, osati madzi

Kaligo si yosiyana ndi mtundu wake. Diso la peacock lomwe limakhala ndimawangamawanga aku Africa likuwonetsa zojambulazo. Malekezero a mapiko a Atlas peacock-eye akufanana ndi mitu ya njoka yabwereranso kumbuyo. Saturnia Io wokhala ndi maso opundana pachikhalidwe chowoneka bwino chachikaso ndiwothandiza kwambiri.

Gulugufe wa Owl

Gulugufe wamkulu amakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, motero kampani yake ikhoza kusangalatsidwa kunyumba. Amadya msuzi wa zipatso zambiri, amakonda nthochi ndi vinyo wokoma. Tizilombo timakumbukira mwachangu yemwe wadyetsa, ndikuwuluka kupita kwa mwini. Chachikulu ndikuchenjeza alendo za zoopsa za utoto wa pet, kuti asawope kuwonekera kwadzidzidzi kwa kadzidzi m'chipindacho.

Osasangalatsanso chidwi ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa a akamba a njovu ndi njuchi, phunzirani zinthu zatsopano tsiku lililonse ndi tsamba lathu.

Mumakonda ... Kuwala kwa udzudzu ndikumveka kwa mapiko, ndipo amuna samaluma konse Anthu a Turtles anali oyamba kuwuluka mozungulira mwezi pa drone yaku Soviet. imapanga mapiko zana limodzi pamphindi mphumiFish lang imapirira chilala ndipo imatha kukhala kunja kwa nkhokwe kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.Ilitali lakufota kwa akavalo amtundu wa Falabella ndi 84 cm

Gulugufe: Kufotokozera ndi chithunzi. Kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a agulugufe

M'mapangidwe a gulugufe, maudindo awiri akuluakulu amadziwika - thupi lotetezedwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba ndi mapiko.

Gulugufe - kachilombo komwe thupi lake ndi:

Mutu umangokhala pachifuwa. Mutu wa gulugufe umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozunguliridwa ndi gawo lachiphamaso. Maso owoneka ngati gulugufe mwa mawonekedwe a hemispheres, omwe amakhala kwambiri kumbuyo kwa mutu, ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Gulugufe amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu, ndipo zinthu zoyenda zimawona bwino kuposa zoyenda. Mumitundu yambiri, maso owonjezera a parietal amapezeka kumbuyo kwa tinyanga. Kapangidwe ka zida zam'kamwa zimatengera mitunduyo ndipo imatha kukhala yoyamwa kapena yodulira.

Ma antennae a gulugufe amakhala pamalire a parietala ndi mbali zoyambilira za mutu. Amathandizira agulugufe kuyendetsa chilengedwe, kuzindikira kugwedezeka kwa mpweya ndi fungo losiyanasiyana.

Kutalika ndi kapangidwe ka anangula zimatengera mitundu.

Zoyala za njenjete

Mapiko awiri agulugufe, yokutidwa ndi miyeso yosalala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ali ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndipo amabooleka ndi mitsempha yopingasa ndi yayitali. Kukula kwa mapiko a kumbuyo kwanu kungakhale kofanana ndi kutsogolo kapena kocheperako. Mapiko a gulugufe amasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu ndipo amakongola ndi kukongola kwake.

Pa kujambula kwa macro, mamba kumapiko a agulugufe amawoneka bwino - amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mapiko a Gulugufe - kuwombera kwakukulu

Kuphatikizika kwa Mapiko a Gulugufe

Maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a mapiko a gulugufewa samangothandiza pakuzindikira zaubwenzi, komanso amachita monga chotetezera chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wophatikizana ndi malo ozungulira.Chifukwa chake, mitundu imatha kukhala yowoneka bwino kapena yokhala ndi mtundu wophatikizika.

Kukula kwa gulugufe, kapena kuposa kunena mapiko a gulugufe, kumatha kukhala 2 mm mpaka 31 cm.

Mapiko a gulugufe mahatchi amaso a peacock okhala ndi mawonekedwe a cobra

Kodi agulugufe amakhala kuti?

Madera agulugufe padziko lapansi ndi ochulukirapo. Sichikuphatikizira kokha kufalikira kokhazikika kwa Antarctica. Gulugufe amakhala kulikonse kuchokera ku North America ndi Greenland mpaka pagombe la Australia ndi chilumba cha Tasmania. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha nyama zomwe zimapezeka ku Peru ndi India. Tizilombo touluka tomweti timawuluka osati m'zigwa zokha, komanso komanso m'mapiri.

Kodi agulugufe amadya chiyani?

Chakudya cha agulugufe ambiri chimakhala ndi mungu ndi timadzi tokongoletsa kuchokera kumaluwa maluwa. Mitundu yambiri ya agulugufe imakhala ndi zipatso, kuphatikiza ndi zipatso zowola. Brazhnik, mutu wakufa, ndi mseru weniweni, chifukwa nthawi zambiri umawulukira mumiyendo ya njuchi ndikusangalala ndi uchi womwe wapeza.

Agulugufe ena a nymphalidae amafunikira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zautali komanso chinyezi chowonjezera. Magwero awo ndi zimbudzi, mkodzo ndi thukuta la nyama zazikulu, dongo lonyowa, komanso thukuta la anthu.

Mwachitsanzo, agulugufe ochokera ku nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon amamwa misozi ya akamba ndi ng'ona.

Pali mitundu ya agulugufe omwe alibe zida zapakamwa: kuti azisamalira ntchito zofunika kwambiri, amawononga ndalama zomwe zimapezeka muzinthu za mbozi.

Agulugufewa amaphatikiza ma comet a ku Madagascar, mapiko ake ali masentimita 14-16. Kutalika kwa moyo wa gulugufewu ndi masiku 2-3.

Gulugufe Madagascar Comet (Saturnia Madagascar) (argema mittrei)

Palinso “ma vampires” pakati pa agulugufe. Mwachitsanzo, anyani amtundu wina wa scoop amakhalabe ndi mphamvu chifukwa cha magazi ndi misozi ya nyama.

Ili ndi gulugufe wa vampire (lat. Callyptra).

Magawo a agulugufe oswana. Kutembenuza Mphaka kukhala Gulugufe

Agulugufe ambiri amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya zibwenzi munyengo yamatumba, yowonetsedwa mu ndege ndi zovina. Njira yakukhwima, yomwe mkazi amalandira kuchokera kwa wamwamuna, kuwonjezera pa umuna, kupezeka kwa zinthu zofunika kutsata ndi mapuloteni, nthawi zina amachedwa kwa maola angapo.

Chingwechi chimasanduka gulugufe

Nthawi ya gulugufe imakhala ndi magawo anayi (magawo):

Moyo wa gulugufe umayamba ndi dzira. Kutengera mtundu ndi kuphatikizika kwa mitundu, gulugufe amaikira mazira pam masamba kapena nthambi za mbewu. Imatha kukhala ndi mazira osakanizidwa okwana 1000 ozungulira, mawonekedwe a cylindrical kapena ovoid. Mitundu ya mazira imatha kukhala yoyera, yobiriwira, yachikasu, yofiyira, nthawi zina imakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Gawo ili la moyo wa gulugufe limatha mkati mwa masiku 8-15.

Komati (Larva)

Pakadali pano, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tili ndi mawonekedwe obisika. Zida zapakamwa zamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtchire. Chizimba cha mboziyo ndi kupezeka kwa tiziwalo timene timakhala m'mitima, yomwe imatulutsa chinthu chomwe chimayamba kulimba ndi mpweya ndikupanga mtundu wa ulusi wolimba wa silika. Makungu a agulugufe amadalira zakudya zam'mera: zipatso, maluwa ndi masamba a mbewu. Komabe, pali mbozi zomwe zakudya zake zimakhala ndi ubweya, zinthu zonenepa, komanso sera.

Poll

Kutengera mtundu wa nyama, pupa imakhala ndi cholembera chazitali komanso chozungulira. A coco olimba nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mikwingwirima, madontho ndi mawanga. Pa nthawi iyi ya chitukuko, gulugufe, mapiko, mapikiselo ndi miyendo zili kale muubwana.

Kutembenuza Mphaka kukhala Pupa

Imago (wamkulu, gulugufe)

Kutengera mtundu wa nyama, kutalika kwa moyo wa gulugufe kumatha kukhala maola angapo mpaka miyezi 10. Imago imatha kale kubereka komanso kukhazikitsanso nyumba, yomwe imagwira ntchito kwambiri.

Kutembenuza pupa kukhala gulugufe (imago)

Kodi agulugufe amachita chiyani nthawi yozizira?

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti agulugufe amabisala mosiyanasiyana. Pali mitundu ya agulugufe omwe, atasiya chrysalis, amangokhala nthawi yachilimwe, ndikumwalira ndi nyengo yozizira.Ena amayembekeza nthawi yozizira, koma ambiri amachita ngati chrysalis. Pali mitundu yomwe imakumana ndi chimfine ndi tizilombo tokhwima ndipo imabisala mumalo mwa mitengo kapena ming'alu yayikulu makungwa. Izi ndi urticaria, burdock ndi lemongrass.

Gulugufe Lemongrass (wokolola)

Koma pali kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulowo.

Oimira ena a Lepidoptera amakonda kusiya malo awo osadikirira nyengo yabwino. Amangoulukira kumadera otentha. "Apaulendo" odziwika kwambiri ndi aleander hawker ndi monarch.

Kusamukira kwa agulugufe amfumu kupita kumawonekedwe otentha

Gulugufe ndi anthu

Red Order Ribbon (Catocala nupta), banja la Scoop-Ribbon, Julayi, Ulyanovsk Region Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Olga Sytina

Lepidoptera, kapena agulugufe (Lepidotera) -Zolengedwa zowoneka bwino kwambiri kwakuti ngakhale anthu omwe sakonda tizilombo amazichitira zabwino. Zambiri zalembedwa za agulugufe, koma chaka chilichonse amakwanitsa kuphunzira zatsopano kuchokera ku moyo wawo kapena kufotokoza mitundu yatsopano. Kuti nkhaniyi singafanane ndi chidule chofotokoza zambiri zokhudzana ndi agulugufe, ndizingokhalapo pazinthu zina kuchokera pamoyo wawo.

Gulugufe akudziwika pafupifupi mitundu 200,000, onsewa amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa tsitsi lapadera lothothoka pamapiko - mamba. Nthawi zambiri, ana amaganiza kuti agulugufe amaphimbidwa ndi maluwa, ndipo ngati mungafafanize, ndikosavuta kutsanulira pamwatsopano, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku maluwa okongola. Komabe, "mungu" uwu - masamba. Ngati zichotsedwa ndipo mapiko awo atasokonekera, tizilombo tosakhazikika sitingathe kuwuluka ndipo sakhala moyo kwa nthawi yayitali.

Muubwana, agulugufe ambiri amayesera kuti atengere - izi ndizolakalaka mwanzeru, koma agulugufe akaphedwa kuti asangalale, ndikukumbukira ndima ija kuchokera mulemba kuti: "Pazitengo zazikulu, malo ogona mokhulupirika ndi oyang'anira oyang'anira"

"Ponena ngati anthu afunika kuda nkhawa kuti apulumutsa tizilombo, a Mids amakumbukira zomwe zinachitika pa imodzi mwawebusayiti. Pamene njenjete inakhala patebulopo pomwe anali ndi chakudya cham'mawa, m'modzi mwa antchito adakweza dzanja kuti ayipatse. Enawo anatha kugwira dzanja mlengalenga. "Ndipamene ungapange china chonga iye," adatero, "kenako utha kupha iyi."

Posachedwa, ndidawona msungwana akugwira gulugufe pa ntchentche. Anamuponyera pachidacho ndikumupondaponda. Amayi sananene chilichonse kwa iye, sanalongosole chilichonse, iwo amangopitilira ...

Ambiri a Lepidoptera ali ndi phenoscis yopangidwa bwino. Agulugufe onse amapezeka kuchokera ku mbozi zomwe zimasaka. Agulugufe ena amadya timadzi tam'maluwa, ena amadya chakudya chamtengo ndikuthiriridwa zipatso, pomwe ena sada nkhawa kuti amadya zinyama ndi misozi, komanso matope amapangira kuchepa kwa mchere wam'madzi utatha.

Ndimachita chidwi kuti ilipo agpire agulugufe. "Ma Vampires" ndi amuna azinthu zochepa chabe zomwe zimachokera ku mtundu caliptra (Calyptra), ndipo akazi ochita kubereka amakonda masamba a zipatso. Ma calipter ambiri amakhala m'malo otentha ku Asia, komwe amamwa magazi a njati. Munkhani yopeka ya sayansi "Brood" kuchokera pagulu la "Vampires: Anthology" Ramsey msasa Adatiuza zanzeru za calyptra eustrigata (Calyptra eustrigata) - gulugufe wamwazi wotentha. Sanazipangire - gulugufe wotere amamwa usiku magazi a njati m'malo otentha a Asia. Ndizosangalatsa kuti amuna okha ndi omwe amamwa magazi - chifukwa chake amapeza zinthu zofunika kuti aberekane. Agulugufe awa amafotokozedwa kalekale, sizikudziwikiratu chifukwa chomwe adasankhira kuti atuluke, akulemba munyuzipepala miyezi ingapo yapitayo kuti agulugufe a vampire adapezeka.

Ku Primorye, ndipo nthawi zina kumadera oyandikira ndi dera la Leningrad, kuli gulugufe caliptra basilica (Calyptra thalictri, onani inatsegulidwanso mu 1790!). Uwu ndi khungu losaya laimvi. Nthawi zina, samatha kumwa magazi kuchokera pachilonda chotseguka, komanso kubaya khungu ndi khungu. Agulugufe awa ndi osowa, m'malo ena adalembedwa mu Red Book. Ndikofunikira kupitilira usiku wopitilira kudambo kapena m'nkhalango, kukopa tizilombo ku kuwala ndikudikirira mpaka calipra atakhala pachala ndikuboola khungu ndi khungu.Zomwe ndikumva m'malingaliro awa - sindikudziwa, koma oyeserawa akuti zikuwoneka ngati chidule ndi singano yofiyira. Kuphatikizika kwa cholembera ndi lakuthwa, ndi ma denticles kumapeto. Kudyetsa magazi mu nyama kumafunika kukonzanso mozama, mwakuthupi, chifukwa chake, kusinthika kwakutali, chifukwa chake musachite mantha ndi azungu omwe amatembenuka, omwe tsiku lina amathamangira kumwa magazi amunthu.

Gulugufe pamtunda ndi pansi pa madzi

Wotsogolera wakale wa antler, Ogasiti 4, Moscow Region, Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Nikolai Vladimirov

M'maso mwa anthu, chokongoletsera chofunikira kwambiri cha agulugufe ndi mapiko. Ndili othokoza chifukwa cha mapiko amtambo osiyanasiyana amtundu wa agulugufe omwe amapeka nthano, amadziwika kuti ndi munthu wamunthu, yemwe akujambulidwa penti ndi ma tattoo. Komabe, pali agulugufe opanda mapiko! Mwachitsanzo, chachikazi okalamba akale (Orgyia antiqua). Gulugufeyu amatchedwanso carpail. Ambiri zopepuka (banja Lymantriidae) sizidyetsa, koma zikhalani pokhapokha pokhapokha pamatola omwe amapezeka ndi mbozi.

Kuphulika kwachikale kumakhala ndi zoyambira zam'mapiko, koma kusokonekera (Orgyia dubia) ndipo izi zimakanidwa. Kutembenukira kukhala gulugufe, chachikazi sichimatuluka mu coco. Akugona pamenepo ndipo akuyembekezera amuna. Kufika maukwati kumeza pang'onopang'ono kubowo. Mkazi wamafuta osasunthika amapanga mazira ambiri, pafupifupi zana, ndipo onsewo amaphimbidwa ndi coco. Chifukwa chake chilengedwe chimasamalira ana amtsogolo a Piper - padzakhala mbozi zambiri, ndipo zimatetezedwa ndi cocoon wandiweyani.

Munkhani "Science and Life", membala wa Entomological Society, wasayansi ya sayansi ya zamankhwala Vladimir Murzin adafotokozapo za milandu yotere ndi ntchentche selenokos (Gynaephora selenophora). M'mapiri a Uzbekistan, adapeza pansi pa mwalawo kuti ndi akazi angati achikazi ndi kuwaika m'thumba mwake. Wowona zachilengedwe atafika m'chihemacho, adazunguliridwa ndi gulugufe wazinthu zazing'ono zakuda. Onsewa anali amuna. Anayesera kulowa m'matumba awo ndi kukwatirana ndi azimayi opanda mapiko omwe anali atangobowoka kumene. Kodi adazipeza bwanji? Fungo la ma pheromones, lomwe limagwira ndulu zake zapamwamba. Ngati mungayang'ane ndi nthiwatiwa zausiku, mutha kuwona kuti tinthu tina tating'ono, tating'ono, pomwe ena amakhala ndi cirrus. Awa ndi amuna, ndipo ndevu zawo zazimasamba zimathandizira kununkhira wamkazi kuchokera kutali.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti agulugufe ena opanda mapiko siangokhala ma heroine okha, komanso ama oyendetsa mahatchi. Zachikazi zopanda mapiko pansi pamadzi (Acentropus niveus) imayenda mwamadzi.

Agulugufe ang'onoang'ono awa ochokera ku banja la njenjete (Pyralidae) amakhala ku Europe. Amphaka amadya masamba a pansi pa madzi a Hornworms (Ceratophyllum) ndi pestle (Potamogeton). Ofufuza ena amati amuna achimuna amayenera kulowa pansi m'madzi mu dziwe. Achotsedwe ndi chikondi, amapeza cholowa. Zachidziwikire, mosiyana ndi zazikazi, zazimuna sizimasinthidwa kukhala moyo wamadzi. Mulimonsemo, moyo wa agulugufe amtunduwu ndi waufupi - tsiku kapena awiri, koma mbozi zimakhala nthawi yayitali padziwe.

M'malo omwe maluwa oyera oyera (Nymphaea alba) amapezeka, mungapeze gulu lina la gulugufe - kakombo wamadzi (Hydrocampa nymphaeata). Mbozi zachikulire za mtunduwu zimadzipangira zophimba kuchokera pamasamba, ndikuzidzaza ndi thovu. Amphaka kulikonse amapita ndi chikwama chamlengalenga chotere. Khungubwi limazika mizu m'thumba lomwelo. Gulugufe yemwe adabwera kudziko lapansi (njenjete zam'madzi zokhala ndi mapiko) zimayandama pansi ngati buoy. Pambuyo pouma pa tsamba loyamba, gulugufe amawuluka. Ndikosavuta kuphunzira tizilombo toyambitsa madzi, motero palibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi izi. Nthawi zambiri pofuna kuwonera, mbozi zimayikidwa mu malo am'madzi, omwe amaikidwa pafupi ndi desktop - kuyang'anira mbozi tsiku lililonse.

Kukweza agulugufe kuchokera ku Makola

Chiphuphu cha kokonati, mbozi, Meyi 11, dera la Moscow. Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Olga Kuvykina

Udzu wamphongo wa kokonati, gulugufe, wachikazi wa pa Julayi 21, Chigawo cha Moscow

Khungubwe lopezeka limayenera kutengedwera limodzi ndi chomera cha ziweto - monga lamulo, uwu ndiye mtengo kapena duwa lomwe mboziyo imakhalamo. Koma bwanji ngati mboziyo ikapezeka, ndikuti, panjira? Ndikofunika kuyesa mawonekedwe ake pogwiritsa ntchito buku kapena ma foromological, ndiye kuti zimveka zomwe amadya.Kupatula apo, mtundu uliwonse wa mbozi umakonda zakudya zinazake. Zina, komabe, ndizachilendo, mwachitsanzo, mbozi za scoops zina zimadya chilichonse chomwe chimadutsa - kuchokera masamba a cloves mpaka masamba a rosehip.

Khola kapena mtsuko wokhala ndi mbozi uyenera kutsekedwa bwino ndi chidebe kapena chivindikiro ndi mabowo olowera mpweya, apo ayi nyamayo imapukuta. Nkhani yophunzitsira inandichitikira chilimwe. Ndinali wopanda pake ndipo ndinasankha kudzisangalatsa ndekha ndi maphunziro vinyo adagawika (Deilephila elpenor - deilefila elpenor) kuchokera kwa mbozi.

Chakumapeto kwa Julayi, ndidapeza m'nkhalango pafupi ndi nyumba mpanda waukulu wa tiyi ya ivan (Chamaenerion angustifolium --wotseguka-wamanjenje). Sindinayerekeze kutenga mboziyo kupita nane nthawi yomweyo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthawi yachilimwe m'badwo wachiwiri samakhala ndi awa akuba nthawi zonse, koma m'zaka zabwino. Kupanda kutero, chidolecho chimayenera kusungidwa nthawi yonse yozizira mufiriji pakati pa masamba, nthawi zonse chimanyowetsa moss-sphagnum. Vuto lina ndilakuti mbozi za mbidzi zomwe zimabisala pansi pa masamba atagwa pamaso pa ana. Patatha sabata limodzi, ndinayendanso pamalo omwewo, ndinawonanso mbozi, ndipo nthawi ino sindinathe kukana, ndinapita nayo. Masiku awiri oyamba, mboziyo imatafuna masamba a Ivan-tiyi - idayima mumtsuko wokutidwa ndi chopukutira kuti mboziyo isamire. Koposa izi zidakutidwa ndi ukonde wa udzudzu, kuchokera pansi kuponderezedwa ndi zolemera.

Pa tsiku lachitatu, mboziyo idaleka kudya ndipo idayamba kuthamanga mozungulira mozungulira khola - idatsala pang'ono kugunda. Pazifukwa zina, sanakonde lapansi ndi sphagnum, yomwe ndinayika mumphika. Pa tsiku lachinayi, adathawa. Sindingathe kudziwa komwe mphamvu za mbozi zimachokera - zidatha kusuntha. Khwangwala ndi wamkulu, kukula kwa chala, komabe kubisala kwinakwake kuti ndisakuwone pa khonde lowoneka bwino.

Ndasanthula miphika yonse ndi dziko lapansi, ma paketi onse - sizili choncho ndipo ndi zomwe! Nthawi zonse adadumphira pansi kuchokera pa khonde ndikugona pa maluwa, kapena adabisala kuti zitheke kudzamuwona pambuyo pa gulugufe. Otsala ena amakhalanso ndi milandu - mboziyo idabisala, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi panali mapiko osangalatsa pansi pa denga. Ngati gulugufe, atawonekera kuchokera ku chrysalis, sapeza chithandizo choyenera (nthambi, katani), mapiko amafalikira ndipo adzakhala wolumala. Chifukwa chake, mukamakulitsa mbozi ndikofunikira kuyika timitengo mumtsuko. Gulugufe akamatuluka pachimake, mapiko ake amawoneka ngati ziguduli atapachikidwa pachimake - mitsempha. Pang'onopang'ono, mapikowo amakhala olimba komanso otambasuka.

Pambuyo pake, ndidakhala ndi mwayi wambiri polera gulugufe. Poyamba, ndidapeza kabuku kakang'ono kofiyira saturnia pavonia (diso laling'ono lamtendere usiku - Saturnia pavonia) nabwera naye kunyumba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kusunga coco yooneka ngati peyala ya saturnia, yolimba ngati mwala, nthawi yonse yozizira pa khonde lowoneka ngati galasi kapena mufiriji patsamba lotsika pansi m'bokosi lokhala ndi mchenga ndi sphagnum. Nthawi zina mchenga umafunika kuti uzisungunuka. Kumapeto kwa Epulo, timayika bokosi m'chipinda pawindo lotentha (koma osati pansi pa dzuwa lotentha!), Ikani nthambi mkati ndikudikirira kubadwa kwa gulugufe wamkulu. Zowona, ntchentche zazomera zazing'ono kapena okwera nthawi zina zimawonekera kuchokera ku cocoon m'malo mwa agulugufe. Posachedwa, gulu la mavu a golide agasitiki asungidwa kuchokera pachimbudzi cha nymphalidae.

Anthu okwera achikulire amabowola mbozizo ndi kuyikira mazira mthupi lawo, ndipo maudzu akuluakulu amakulunga mazira pamwamba, komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri mwakuti simungathe kuwakwaza ndi singano. Kumaswa mazira, mphutsi zimadyera minofu yofewa ya mboziyo popanda kuwononga dongosolo lamanjenje. Ndipo chisanachitike chidole, chimafika ku ubongo, ndipo gulugufe wamtsogolo limwalira.

Kachiwiri, ndidapeza pupae yambiri yophukira zida zam'madzi (Scoliopteryx libatrix). Awa ndi ma scoops okongola omwe ali ndi mapiko a seva ndi mawonekedwe amalo a lalanje. Pa Seputembara 22, ndidapeza pupae wakuda mumakwenzi a msondodzi, ndipo pupa m'modzi chotere ndidapezeka mu lunguzi. Sindinkafuna kuvutitsa ndi kusungidwa kwa nyengo yozizira kwa pupae, kotero poyamba sindinawakhudze. Komabe, posakhalitsa ndidazindikira kuti awa anali pupae wa scoop. Ili ndi mtundu wosowa kwambiri wamchigawo cha Moscow ndi imodzi mwazizulu zochepa za nthawi yozizira usiku.Ndiye kuti, pupa wanga sanali kupita nthawi yozizira, koma gulugufe amapita nthawi yozizira.

Kubwerera ku msondodzi, ndinayang'ana chrysalis zonse ndikusankha yomwe idakwapulidwa ikakhudzidwa. Zina sizinasunthe. Ndidatenga ndi nthambi. Ndinaika mphukira mumtsuko, ndikuwuphimba ndi gauze, ndikukoka ndi gulu la zotanuka, ndikuyika m'chipinda chotentha pawindo. Nthawi zina pang'ono ankanyowetsa mpweya ndi madzi opopera.

Pakupita nthawi, mawonekedwe a thupilo adayamba kuwonekera pupa. Kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, miyendo ndi ana owoneka bwino. Pa Okutobala 5 madzulo ndinabwerera kunyumba, ndinayang'ana kubanki ndipo kwakanthawi ndayiwala zonse - anali atakhala pamenepo, gulugufe wokongola! Ndizachisoni, adatuluka pomwe sindili kunyumba, ndipo sindinathe kuwona njira yosangalatsayi. Kupatula apo, agulugufe amatenga maola angapo kuti afalikire mapiko awo. Choyamba, "zitsa" zimawoneka, koma pang'onopang'ono zimawongoka, ngati kuti zimakutambasulira chimango.

Ngati mungapeze cocoyfry cocoy, samalani nawo, atenge ndi mpango, osati ndi manja ako. Posachedwa ndidapeza choko chachikulu cha imvi pamtengo, ndidaganiza kuti ndiwone ngati chrysalis akadalipo, kaya ndibwino kupita ndi coceko kunyumba. Anatsegulira cocoyo mosamala kuchokera pamwamba, ndipo masamba angapo ang'onoang'ono akuda analowa pansi pa khungu la zala! Sindinathe kuzichotsa, ndipo kwa sabata lopitilira chala changa.

Pang'ono pazakujambula Lepidoptera

Amayi a Pearl Aglaya, Ogasiti 17, ku Moscow Region. Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Olga Kuvykina

Zachidziwikire, ndibwino kuwombera agulugufe pamaluwa - izi ndi zachilengedwe komanso zokongola. Koma bwanji ngati chimphepo champhamvu chikugwedeza pansi inflorescence pansi ndikulephera kuyang'anitsitsa? Pankhaniyi, ndili ndi kudziwa kwanga - ndimatenga mabotolo okhala ndi yankho la uchi m'thumba mwanga. Ndadzaza chala changa, ndikubweretsa kwa gulugufe - iye adasunthira pamenepo. Chachikulu ndikuyandikira mosamala kuti mthunzi usagwere. Ndipo mukufunikiranso kunyamula misozi yonyowa nanu, apo ayi sikuti manja anu okhaokhazikika.

Soni ndipo agulugufe ena amakopedwa ndi chisakanizo chotsekemera - uchi ndi mowa wamphesa (kapena yisiti) umalowetsedwa kwa maola 24 mumtsuko, kenako umapaka nsalu (chidutswa cha burlap ndibwino) ndikumakutira nsalu iyi mozungulira thunthu la mtengo kapena kuyimikidwa pa nthambi. Agulugufe ambiri ausiku (dipper, scoop, saturn) amatha kujambulidwa ngati mutawakopa kuunika usiku. Kuti muchite izi, madzulo ofunda kuseri kwa nyali yamphamvu (bulb quartz light bulb is bwino) mtunda wa 50-100 cm kuchokera pamenepo ndikokera pepala loyera pomwe agulugufe amakhala. Ndikofunika kuyika pepala loyera (pepala) pansi pansi pa nyali - chowunikira. Nyali imayikidwa pamalo okwera 1-1.5 m. Musayang'ane nyaliyo - imavulaza maso.

Nthawi zina agulugufe osangalatsa amauluka mwachindunji mu nyumbayo usiku - ndibwino kwambiri kuyatsa nyali ndikutsegula mawindo onse. M'chilimwe ichi amuna amphongo adabwera kudzandichezera mankhwala azitsamba (Euthrix potatoria, gulugufe amafanana ndi nkhandwe wofiyira) ndi ngayaye yaying'ono (Clostera pigra, gulugufe wokhala ndi mataye kumapeto kwa pamimba). Kuti mutulutse gulugufe mumsewu mutatha kujambula zithunzi, ndibwino kuti mutulutsire kunja kwa bwalo, osaloleza kuti atuluke pazenera, apo ayi bwereranso m'nyumba. Kuwala kosakoka kumakopa tizilombo touluka.

Ambiri amadabwa komwe ndimapeza mbozi zambiri zojambula. Ali paliponse, koma ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso osangalatsa. Muyenera kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kudutsa m'nkhalangomo ndikuyang'ana tsamba lililonse kuchokera pamwamba ndi pansi, pamtengo komanso pansi pa mapazi anu, kuti muwone china. Nyengo yoipa kwambiri kapena mbozi zotentha kwambiri zimabisala.

Makhalidwe ndi malo a Lycaenidae

Lyubyanka (Latin Lycaenidae) ndi banja lachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi, lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 5,000 ndipo imakhala pafupifupi makumi atatu a mitundu yomwe ilipo lero mu sayansi. Chozizwitsachi chitha kuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, koma nthawi zambiri m'malo otentha.

Pofufuza chithunzi cha polyommatus, munthu amatha kufotokozera mawonekedwe ake akunja, monga kukula ndi mtundu. Gulugufeyu, yemwe ali ndi mapiko, samapezeka kwambiri masentimita anayi, kupatula mitundu yambiri yotentha, yomwe imafikira masentimita asanu ndi limodzi.

Polygonum adalandira dzina lake mwachindunji chifukwa cha mtundu wake, womwe umakhala ndi mtundu wa buluu kapena mtundu wamtambo, chosawoneka kwambiri ndi polygonidae wokhala ndi utoto wofiirira.

Monga zolengedwa zina zambiri, zimakhala ndi zinthu ngati dimorphism, ndiye kuti, kusiyana kwakunja komwe kumadalira jenda. Makamaka, mu lycaenidae, dimorphism imadziwoneka ndendende mu utoto, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala owala kuposa akazi!

Anthu okhwima ali ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, mwa amuna ambiri kutsogolo kwawo sikakulidwe bwino. Thupi la Shaggy, kuphatikiza mutu ndi maso, nthawi zina zimawululidwa. Pali awiri a antennae ndi palps wamfupi.

Gulugufe wa Gulugufe Lycaenidae amakhala pafupi ndi mbeu zopanga michere, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje yokutidwa ndi masamba wandiweyani. Sakhala ndi mtima wofuna kuthana mtunda wautali, choncho sangasiye malo ena a moyo wawo wonse.

Kufotokozera kwa kunja kwa gulugufe wa tsamba

Gulugufe wa tsamba akamakulunga, mawonekedwe ake amakhala osazindikirika ndi tsamba louma.

Chifukwa cha kufanana kumeneku kuti dzina lodziwika bwino la genus - masamba a masamba - adawonekera. Ndi agulugufe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masamba (callima) omwe mwina ndi chitsanzo chowululira kwambiri m'chilengedwe.

Gulugufe wa tsamba ali wofanana ndi tsamba louma kotero kuti ngakhale katswiri wodziwa bwino za tizilombo, akung'amba nthambi komwe kachilombo kameneka amakhala, akudziwa kuti imakhala pamenepo, sangathe kusiyanitsa nthawi yomweyo. Mawonekedwe, utoto, mithunzi ndi mapiko a mapiko a Kalima ali kwathunthu, pazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri amatsanzira tsamba louma.

Gulugufe wa masamba (Kallima inachus).

Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ngakhale m'mphepete mwa mapiko a gulugufe wa masamba amawoneka wonyozeka komanso wokutidwa, ngati tsamba louma. Komabe, kufanana ndi tsamba louma sikumatha ndi izi: kuti likwanirane ndi tsamba louma la potaziyamu, limapindulira mapiko ake mwakuti mapiko a kumbuyo ndi mphukira zawo zazifupi.

Ponena zamkati mwa mapiko amtunduwu wa kudzikongoletsa, imakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wa buluu kapena utoto wowala wachitsulo. Gulugufe wa masamba ophukira amawuluka mwachangu ndipo, chifukwa cha utoto uwu, amakhala okongola kwambiri komanso oonekera pa nthawi yomwe amathawa.

Kukongola kwa gulugufe wamasamba kumakwaniritsidwa ndi chingwe chachikaso kapena lalanje lomwe lili pamapiko akutsogolo. Agulugufe ena amakhalanso ndimtambo wakuda wokhala ndi malo oyera oyera owoneka bwino pamtambo wakuda.

Mapiko a gulugufe wa masamba pamwamba ali ndi utoto wowoneka bwino, ndipo mkati mwake amawoneka ngati tsamba louma.

Zosangalatsa za Gulugufe

• Kodi agulugufe ndi owopsa kwa anthu? Ayi, koma palibenso china, ichi ndi gulugufe wa Saturday. Choonadi sichiri gulugufe pawokha, koma mbozi zake zobisa poizoni zomwe zimatha kupha anthu. (mwamwayi, agulugufe ndi mbozi zotere sizikhala m'mitunda yathu).
• Gulugufe yemwe amakhala akusunthasuntha ndi mpikisano wowona wa kupirira, amatha kuuluka mtunda wautali pamtunda wa km 1000 nthawi, ngakhale osayima kuti apume.
• Ngati gulugufe wa monarch ndi mpikisano wopirira, ndiye kuti brazhniki ndi atchuthi enieni padziko lonse lapansi mwachangu, amatha kuthamanga mpaka 60 km pa ola limodzi pamtunda wochepa.
• Gulugufe sagona usiku kapena usana, popeza safunikira maloto.

Kodi gulugufe wa lemongrass amawoneka bwanji?

Male wamba lemongrass, kapena buckthorn (Gonepteryx rhamni).

Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri kuchokera kumtundu wa lemongrass ndi lemongrass wamba, imakhalanso buckthorn (Gonepteryx rhamni). Oimira onse amtunduwu amadziwika ndi mtundu wamtundu: wolemera wachikasu hue wamapiko. Komabe, amuna agulugufe okhaokha omwe amatha kudzitamandira ndi chithumwa choterechi, nthawi zina, mapiko awo amafikira kamvekedwe ka lalanje. Za lemongrass yachikazi, mtundu wawo ndi wobiriwira mopepuka, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale yoyera.

Kusiyana kwina kwa lemongrass ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kuwonekera pakatikati pa mapiko a gulugufe. Tizilombo tikatambasula mapiko ake, kutalika kwake ndi mainchesi atatu mpaka 6.

Mawonekedwe a Gulugufe wa Gulugufe ndi Habitat

Amfumuwa amayenda maulendo ataliatali kuti akwereke kupita kumayiko ofunda nthawi yozizira.Chimodzi mwazinthu za tizilombo ndi kusalolera nyengo yozizira, ndipo chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa sichikula nthawi yachisanu kumayiko omwe adakhalako.

Gulugufe wa monarch wochokera ku mtundu wa Danaid, womwe ndi wa banja la nymphalid. Kuyambira kalekale, mtundu wa Danaid udagawika m'magulu atatu, omwe amaiwalika nthawi yathu, ndipo lero agulugufe onse 12 ndi amodzi. Pankhani imeneyi, mafotokozedwe a gulugufe wamfumu nthawi zina amakhala osiyana.

Mapiko akukulidwa gulugufe ndi okulirapo (8-10 sentimita). Koma sikuti kukula kwake ndikosadabwitsa, koma kapangidwe ka mapikowo, omwe ali ndi maselo 1.5 miliyoni, ndikosangalatsa, pamakhala ma thovu.

Mtundu wa mapikowo ndi osiyanasiyana, koma maonekedwe ofiira ofiira amapitilira ena onse, amakhala odzaza ndi ambiri. Pali mapangidwe opakidwa utoto wachikasu, ndipo nsonga za mapiko akutsogolo zimalembedwa zokhala ndi malalanje, m'mphepete mwa mapiko ndizakuzunguliridwa ndi chinsalu chakuda. Akazi agulugufe amasiyana ndi amphongo okhala ndi mapiko akuda ndi aang'ono.

North America ndiyo ili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha tizilombo tosangalatsa. Koma chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa agulugufe, amfumu amatha kupezeka ku Africa ndi Australia, Sweden ndi Spain. M'zaka za zana la 19, kuoneka kwa tizilombo ku New Zealand kudadziwika. Gulugufe adayendera Europe ku Madeira ndi Canaries, ndipo gulugufe adasamukira ku Russia.

Poona kuthamanga kwa agulugufe, akatswiri adazindikira kuti mu Ogasiti amachoka ku North America ndikupita kumwera. Kuuluka kumachitika m'makola, amatchedwanso "mitambo".

Mu chithunzi, kusuntha kwa agulugufe otchedwa monarch kupita kumayiko otentha

Ngati malo okhala mfumu ali pafupi kwambiri kumpoto, ndiye kuti kusuntha kumayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Yaikazi pamalo omwewo imasunthira ndi ena onse, samayikira mazira, koma amawasunga mkati mwake momwe amathawa, ndipo amangokhala m'malo atsopano, amawayika. Ku Mexico, Mariposa Manarca Natural Reserve adapangira agulugufe, ndipo sikoyenera kukhala komwe gulugufe wamfumu amakhala.

Malo okhala ndi malo abwino

Zamoyo zowala ndi zokongola izi ndi anthu okhala ku Eurasia. Iwo ali kuchokera ku Spain kupita kumalire a Japan
. Ambiri mwaiwo amakhala ku Germany komanso mdziko muno mu 2009 gulugufe wamaso a peacock adadziwika kuti ndi gulugufe wamwaka. Malo abwino kwambiri kwa zolengedwa izi ndi malo otseguka. Amakhala omasuka kwambiri poyenda m'gawo:

Amatha kuwonedwa m'mapaki, mabwalo ndi minda. Kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino komanso chitukuko
amafunikira chinyezi chopatsa moyo ndi malo. Malo ngati chipululu kapena nkhalango zowuma sizikwanira, komanso chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira satha kukhala polar tundra. Satha kuwoneka pagawo la chilumba cha Kerete komanso kumpoto kwa Africa.

Kuchulukitsa

Chithunzi cha Willow Pox (Leucoma salicis), wamwamuna. Chithunzi Dean Horned

Phunziro la gulugufe lepidopterologists - kuchokera ku Greek lepis (patrimonial. Case. Lepidos) - mamba, pteron - mapiko, ndi logo - sayansi, kuphunzitsa.

Mutha kusokonezeka pang'ono mu msonkho, chifukwa zosintha zikuchitika pafupipafupi - mwina nymphalid amagawidwa m'mabanja osiyana, ndiye mitundu yosiyana imapangidwa ndi mabanja apansi.

Nayi mndandanda wa mabanja akuluakulu a agulugufe akuluakulu (opanda Lepidoptera):

• Thinworms (Hepialidae) • Lipusids (Lypusidae) • Scabbers (Psychidae) • Slugs (Limacodidae) • Amodzi (Zygaenidae) • Glassfish (Sesiidae) • Woodworms (Cossidae) • Coco-spider (Lasiocampidae) • Saturnia, peacock-eye (Saturdayniid) ), Heliconiinae subfamily, Heliconiinae subfamily, Limenitinae subfamily, Migrate subfamily (Apaturinae), subfamily nymphalidae (Nymphalinae) • Damselfly (Drepanidae) • Urania (Uraniidae) • Moths (Geometridae) • Corydalis (Notodontidae) • Erebids, Timbers (Erebidae): subfamily Roachworms (Lymantriidae, Lamantriidae Herminiinae), subfamily Usatki (Hypeninae), subfamily Order ribbons (Erebinae) • Nolides, dwwerf silkworms (Nolidae) • Scoops (Noctuidae): subfamily Arrows (Acronictinae), subfamily Hoodweed (Cucullieneinae, Noctuinae)

Agulugufe osiyanasiyana

Silkworm birch, wamwamuna. Dera la Moscow, Meyi 4. Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Nikolay Vladimirov

Ndizosatheka kuwonetsa mitundu yonse 200,000 ya agulugufe papepala limodzi. Ndikungofuna kuwakhazikitsa mitundu - pali agulugufe ofanana ndi ma mavu, zimphona, maula, kuwala kowoneka bwino ndi "mbewa" zotuwa.

Zimbudzi za agulugufe ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo ndi zithunzi zabwino kwambiri za ojambula a macro - pali mbozi zomwe zimawoneka ngati njoka, ngati ana a fluffy, ngati zokongoletsera tsitsi ndi masamba. Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuwona agulugufe ochulukirapo, maulalo omwe ali pamwambapa amaperekedwa.

Banja Moths Zitali (Adelidae)

M'banja-moths, kapena mothoka, pali Mitundu 30-40. Menyani nde yayitali kuphatikiza thupi katatu. Amuna nthawi zina amasambira komwe amawoneka. Mapikowo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi Sheen wachitsulo. Mwa akazi, ndevu zazitali zazitali ndi zazifupi kwambiri kuposa zazimuna. Makungu a njenjetezi sasangalatsidwa ndi malaya amoto m'makabati - amakhala mkati masamba kapena mbewu. Masharubu mu kuthamanga agulugufe. Masharubu oterowo amafunikira kufunafuna akazi.

Kodi mole amadya chiyani? Funsoli limafunsidwa ndi ambiri. Makamaka ana ochititsa chidwi amaganiza kuti njenjete ili pafupi kutuluka m'chipinda ndikuwukira munthu. M'malo mwake, njenjete, monga agulugufe onse, amadya timadzi tokoma kapena samadya chilichonse. Banja lakale lakale la njenjete zimadyanso mungu.

Chovala chansalu, zovala, chimanga ndi njenjete zina zomwe mbozi zimawonongera zovala ndi chimanga ndi za banja Moths Real (Tineidae). Njenjete zotsala zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango sizigwirizana ndi "asabeta" awa. Poyamba, njenjete zenizeni, ndiye kuti, mbozi zawo, zimadyedwa ndi nthenga ndi ubweya wa zisa komanso zotchinga nyama. Koma pambuyo pake adazolowera kuyandikana ndi abambo. Momwe mungachotsere njenjete? Tsopano njira zambiri zopangira mankhwala zapangidwa, koma shag, lavender, geranium ndi mafuta a fir adakali otchuka. Ndipo chinthu chabwino ndi kungoyenda zovala pafupipafupi ndikumaziwotcha padzuwa.

M'banja la ziphona zam'mutu zokhala ndi Zakubadwa 12. Ku Europe, pafupifupi mitundu 10. Izi timadontho tinasungira mandibles ochepetsedwa pakupera chakudya. Amakhulupirira kuti agulugufe akale anali ofanana momwe amapangira njenjete zosenda. Ma boti amphaka a mano sakusangalatsidwa ndi malaya aubweya, amakhala mkati mwa timabowo ta mosses.

Mukawona agulugufe ang'onoang'ono, mumamva "Pest!". Koma, choyambirira, ndi mitundu yochepa chabe yomwe imatipatsa mavuto. Ndipo chachiwiri, "tizilombo" m'chilengedwe sichiri. Pali ma phytophage okha omwe amadya ndendende mbewu zomwe munthu adaganiza kuti azibereka.

Banja la masamba timaphatikizanso zina 750 genera ndi mitundu 6300.

Awa ndi agulugufe ocheperako, koma ena ndi opakidwa utoto. Makungu a masamba a masamba a masamba amapezeka paliponse, mwachitsanzo, "nyongolotsi zazing'ono" zomwe zimakumba zipatso za nandolo ndi mphesa. Tsamba lamitundu yambiri (Olethreutes arcuella) akuuluka mu Meyi-Ogasiti ku Europe. Amphaka amadzala masamba amagwa, ndiye kuti, amapukuta kale masamba osavulala ndipo samavulaza.

M'mabanja a Ognevka, enieni ndi Ognevka, alipo pafupifupi mitundu 6200. Mitundu yambiri imawulukira m'mawa, ndi mbozi, monga a Leafworms, pindani masamba mu udzu ndipo khalani mu "nyumba" yabwino ngati iyi, ndikuigwirizira pamodzi ndi chingwe.

Mitundu ina ya zowononga moto imayika mazira awo tirigu, barele, mpendadzuwa, ndipo chifukwa chake, mbozi zawo zazing'ono zimawononga mbewu. Mwachitsanzo, mbozi zoterezi, zamtundu wa Anerastia lotella, zimachedwa masoka.

M'mayiko otentha kumene mbozi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zamoto sizimapezeka - mu zipatso zouma, mafuta, mafuta, mbewu, mizu. Sindinakumanepo ndi zoopsa zopanga moto, ngakhale ndimakonda dimba. Ndani amatha kudya masamba kwathunthu, mwachitsanzo, currants, ndiye mphutsi za sawflies - tizilombo popanda mbola, abale a mavu. Ndipo rosebuds nthawi zambiri amawononga nsabwe za m'masamba kwambiri.Kwa ine, moto ndi agulugufe okongola pang'ono, zinthu zazikulu zojambula zazikulu. Mitundu yosangalatsa ya ziphokoso zamoto imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi madzi, pomwe amadya zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi, mwachitsanzo, duckweed.

Amphaka dziwe lamadzi (Nymphula nitidulata) amakhala pansi pamadzi, pamasamba a kapu wamadzulo ndi chikasu.

Banja Zitsamba (Crambidae)

Panthaŵi inayake, njenjete zazitsamba zimawerengedwa ngati njenjete zenizeni, koma tsopano ndizopatula. Awa ndi agulugufe ang'onoang'ono omwe amabisalira udzu, akumapinda mapiko awo m'mphepete mwa udzu.

Thinworms - banja lakale, ku Europe kumakhala anthu okhawo Mitundu 10mdziko - pafupifupi 600. Kuchokera kutali, nyongolotsi zoonda zingakhale zolakwika kwa caddis, koma caddis si gulugufe. Mapiko a njenjete zowonda sakhazikika konse ngati agulugufe amakono, mwachitsanzo, nymphalids. Pazikulu zing'onozing'ono, maphunzirowa adachepetsedwa, ndiye kuti, mawonekedwe ake amakhala osavuta, ndipo gulugufe wamkulu samadyetsa. Amphaka amakhala pansi, kudya mizu ya zitsamba zosiyanasiyana - dandelion, sorelo, maloto. Nthomba zimawulukira nthawi yamadzulo.

Kugawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Zodziwika za Mitundu 2700. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda zingwe.

M'malingaliro anga, mbozi za Red-Tailed Pox ndi zina mwa zokongola kwambiri ku Europe. Mchira wofiyira amakonda mitengo ya birch, beech ndi oak. Chakumapeto kwa Okutobala, ana agalu pansi, ndipo kumapeto kwa Meyi agulugufe amawonekera.

Mu banja la Corydalis pali Mitundu 3500. Njenjete zam'madzi izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri - tayang'anani pang'ono pa mbozi - bwanji, bwanji osapangidwa mokongola?

Corydalis ndiofala padziko lonse lapansi, koma kufikira kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri kwam'malo otentha. Awa ndi agulugufe osakhalitsa amtunduwu omwe ali ndi crests kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ena amakhala otentha kwambiri ndipo amafanana ndi mphaka, ndipo m'Chingerezi amatchedwa "Puss Moth". Agulugufe akuluakulu samadyetsa; mbozi zimadya masamba a mitengo ya mitundu ina.

Mitengo yamtundu wamtundu wina imayerekezera kukhala zoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa thupi, pomwe mitundu ina imapanga acid acid ndi zina zoteteza. Zomwe zimakupangitsani kuti musapiteko, kuti musadyedwe ... Nthawi zambiri mbozi iliyonse imakhala pa tsamba lokhalokha, osapanga magulu, monga peacock eye ndi nymphalids ena amakonda kuchita.

At mabowo asiliva ndi agulugufe ena mutha kuwona njira yosangalatsa kwambiri ya kutsanzira --bisa. Nditaona dzenje la siliva mu udzu, lingaliro loyamba linali ili - mfundo idang'ambika mbali zonse ziwiri ndikuponyera mu udzu ndi mphepo. Komabe, ndidawerama ndikuwona kuti ndi gulugufe! Pukutani, modekha.

Padziko lonse lapansi zikudziwika Mitundu 1200 a banja lino.

Agulugufe osangalatsa kwambiri, omwe ambiri sazindikira, chifukwa amafanana ndi udzudzu kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe. Kuuluka kwawo kumapiko kumayenda pang'onopang'ono, kumawoneka ngati kakhwawa kamayikidwa kumapiko iliyonse. Ndipo zonse chifukwa choti mapiko a zala-zala amafalikira nthawi zonse, samazipinda. Mapiko akutsogolo agawika pawiri, ndipo mapiko a kumbuyo amapezeka masamba atatu. Zonsezi zikufanana ndi zala zoyala.

Zala zimatha kupezeka ngati m'mawa zimayenda pang'onopang'ono m'munda kapena m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi. Mbawala za mapiko akuluakulu zimakhala ndi masamba ndipo zimakhalamo, kapena zimakhazikika m'mitengo ya herbaceous. Agulugufe amadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu.

Ngati usiku wachilimwe wina munthu wa imvi ndi fluffy amagogoda pazenera lanu - ndiwotsika. Scoops ndiye banja lalikulu kwambiri la nthenga zausiku, ngakhale zina zimawuluka masana. Pali ma scoops kulikonse, amadziwika za Mitundu 35,000. Mtundu pamapiko nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mizere yosweka, madontho, mabwalo. Mapiko nthawi zambiri amapindidwa "nyumba", ndipo mapiko apansi ndi owala kuposa kumtunda.

Ma scoops ena ali ndi utoto wokongola utoto wobiriwira, wachikaso, ndi zitsulo.Zovala zazikulu za buluu komanso zofiirira zinatumizidwanso koyambirira kwa banja la Sovka, koma tsopano zaperekedwa ku banja lina Scibops Ribbon.

Mbozi za scoop nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda, zopaka utoto mosiyanasiyana - ndizobiriwira komanso zofiirira, komanso zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Amakonda kudya mitundu yambiri, ndiye kuti, mtundu umodzi umatha kudya nthawi yomweyo mpendadzuwa, clover ndi cloves. Mutu wa mbozi ndiwotakata, wotakata, nthawi zambiri ndimutuwu ndimazindikira kuti patsogolo panga pali mbozi ya scoop.

Kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri kumakhala ku South America - Titippina wa Agrippina (Thysania agrippina) ali ndi mapiko ofika mpaka 28 - 30,5 cm.

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