Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa pipa m'mabuku kumakhala m'zaka za m'ma 3, zithunzi zoyambirira za zana la 5. Komabe, protipype pipa adalipo ku China kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. e. Dzinalo "pipa" limalumikizidwa ndi njira yoimbira chida: "pi" amatanthauza kuyenda kwa zala pansi zingwe, ndipo "pa" - kusintha kusunthira mmwamba.

Pipa, kalekale lotchedwa "pipa wokhala ndi khosi lopindika", Chida chachikulu choimbidwa cha China, chobwereka ku Mesopotamia kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Eastern Han (25-220), ndikufikira mkati mwa Xinjiang ndi Gansu mpaka zaka za zana lachinayi. Pambuyo pa ma Sui and Tang dynasties (581-907), pipa adakhala chida chachikulu. Zoyambitsira pafupifupi nyimbo zonse za nthawi ya a Tang (618-907) zidachitika papa. Chida chachilengedwe chonse cha solos, ensembles (zida ziwiri kapena zingapo) komanso chothandizirana nacho, pipa ndiwotchuka chifukwa chakuwoneka bwino komanso kuthekera kwake komveka kwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu, ndipo nthawi imodzimodzi, ndizosavuta komanso zopatsa chidwi.

Kuyambira zaka zana linoChifukwa cha kuyeserera kwa Liu Tianhua ndi oimba ena ambiri ndi olemba nyimbo, njira yamaapayipi yatukuka kwambiri ndipo mbiri ya nyimbo yamtunduwu yatukuka.

Chipangizo

Pipa ali ndi mtengo wowoneka ngati ngale wopanda mabowo kapena khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi bala yokongoletsedwa bwino. M'mphepete mwa mano a barb mumakhala ma 4 oyambira okhazikika, ma 13-14 otsala mu mawonekedwe a matabwa opendekera amapezeka pabwaloli. Zingwe za silika (nthawi zambiri - zitsulo) zimalumikizidwa ndi zikhomo ndi chofukizira. Kutalika kwazonse kachipangizako ndi pafupifupi 100 cm, m'lifupi 30-30 cm.

Phokoso limachotsedwa ndi plectrum, koma nthawi zina ndi chala cham'manja, chomwe chimapatsidwa mawonekedwe apadera.

Nkhani - makamaka A-d-e-a.
Zoyipa: A - a2, lonse lathunthu la chromatic.

Mukasewera, pipa imachitika molunjika, zala zakumanzere zimakanikizidwa pazingwe, ndipo zala zakumanja zimadula zingwe ndikukutulutsa mawu. Amasewera chitolirochi atakhala pansi, akupumula pansi pa thupi pabondo, komanso khosi kumanzere. Pipa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chodziimbira, chophatikiza kapena choimbira kuti chithandizire kuyimba komanso kutsagana nawo popumira. Mukamapanga nyimbo zayokha paapa, ndimakonda kusewera nyimbo zamagetsi ndi makondedwe a pulogalamu.

Kanema: Pipa

Kusiyananso kwina kwakukulu kuchokera ku achule ena onse - miyendo yakutsogolo ya amphibian iyi ilibe zimagwira kumapeto kwake ndikutha ndi zala zokulitsidwa. Ndipo zomwe zimadabwitsa kwambiri - palibe zopanda pake pa iwo, zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi pipa ya Surinamese ku nyama zonse zapamwamba kwambiri. Koma pamiyendo yakumbuyo pali makoko akhungu, amasiyanasiyana mwamphamvu zawo ndipo amapezeka pakati pa zala. Makatani awa amachititsa kuyenda kwa chule pansi pa madzi ndi chidaliro.

Kutalika kwa thupi la Surinamese pipa pafupifupi sikokwanira kupitirira masentimita 20. Ndiosowa kwambiri pamene anthu akuluakulu amapezeka omwe kutalika kwake kumafika 22-23 cm. Chikopa cha chirombo ichi ndichipongwe kwambiri komanso makwinya pakapangidwe kake, nthawi zina mumatha kuwona malo akuda kumbuyo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa chisinthiko chomwe chimalola kuti Surinamese pipa kuti izitha kutengera zochitika zachilengedwe ndi mtundu (wosafanana ndi achule ambiri). Achule awa ali ndi khungu laimvi komanso m'mimba wopepuka.

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mzere wakuda womwe umabwera mpaka kumaso ndi kuphimba khosi la chala, motero umapanga malire. Fungo lonunkhira, losasangalatsa la nyama yokongola pang'ono pang'onopang'ono limalepheretsa anthu omwe amadana nazo ("fungo lokhalo" limafanana ndi hydrogen sulfide).

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Pipa amawoneka bwanji

Pipa ndi wa gulu la amphibian, banja la a pipa. Zojambula zamtundu wapadera zimayamba kale pa siteji iyi - ngakhale poyerekeza ndi abale ake, pipa ali ndi zosiyana zambiri, chifukwa chomwe akatswiri odziwa zachilengedwe akakumana koyamba ndi nyama yachilendo amakayikira ngati chinali chule. Chifukwa chake, kusiyana koyamba koyamba kuchokera ku ma amphibians ena onse (ndi achule makamaka) ndi thupi lake lapadera.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuzindikira chule lathyathyathya, lingaliroli limadzuka kuti sanali mwayi kwambiri, chifukwa amawoneka ngati adayenda pamwamba pa ayezi, komanso kangapo. Thupi lake lofanana ndi tsamba lomwe latsika pamtengo wotentha, chifukwa limakhala laling'ono komanso lathyathyathya. Ndipo osadziwa zobisika zonse, ngakhale kuvomereza kuti usanakhale tsamba lakugwa, koma chamoyo kuchokera kumtsinje wamadzi otentha, ndizovuta kwambiri.

Izi zakufa sizimasiyana konse ndi malo am'madzi. Inde, munyengo yamvula amatha kuyenda m'madziwe omwe sanawume, ndipo kupatula nyengo zomwe zimasintha kwambiri mbatata zamphaka izi, palibe chomwe chingawawopseze. Pipa mwapadera ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha kusinthika kwa thupi la nyama - chifukwa cha moyo wautali pansi pamadzi, maso a amphibians awa adakhala ochepa ndipo adataya eyelon, kufooka kwa lilime ndi tympanic septum.

Surinamese peep, yemwe amakhala m'chigwa cha Amazon, adafotokozedwa bwino kwambiri ndi wolemba Gerald Darrell m'buku lake Atatu Tickets to Adventure. Pali mizere ili: "Adatsegula manja ake, ndipo nyama yodabwitsa ndi yonyansa idandiyang'ana. Inde, mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ngati chovala cha bulauni, chomwe chimabwera pansi pa atolankhani.

Mawonekedwe ake aafupi komanso owonda anali m'makona amiyala yaying'ono yomwe inkawoneka kuti yosasinthika kwambiri idakumbukiridwanso. Kupukutira kwake kunali kowongoka, maso ake anali ochepa, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a papa anali ofanana ndi kapamba.

Kodi pipa amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Pipa the Chule

Malo okondedwa a chule awa ndi matupi amadzi okhala ndi madzi ofunda komanso amatope, osasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyandikira kwa munthu sikumamuwopseza - nsonga za Surinamese zimakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kuti sizili kutali ndi malo olimapo (makamaka m'mitsinje yothirira). Nyamayi imangokhala yamatope pansi - kwakukulu, kosanjikiza ndi malo osungirako.

Zamoyo zodabwitsa zoterezi zimakhala m'chigawo cha Brazil, Peru, Bolivia ndi Suriname. Pamenepo amawaganiziridwa kuti "opambana amoyo onse a madzi oyera" - mapiri a Surinamese amakhala ndi moyo wamadzi. Achule awa amatha kuwoneka mosavuta osati mumitundu yonse yamadzi ndi mitsinje, komanso m'mitsinje yothirira yomwe ili paminda.

Ngakhale chilala chotalika sichitha kuwakakamiza kuti akwawire panthaka yolimba - pipa amakonda kukhala pansi m'maenje owuma. Koma limodzi ndi nyengo yamvula kwa iwo akuyamba thambo lenileni - achule amatenga miyoyo yawo kwathunthu, kuyenda ndi madzi amvula kudutsa m'nkhalango zobasefukira ndi mvula.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chikondi champhamvu kwambiri cha Pip Surinamese wamadzi - chifukwa chakuti nyama izi zimakhala ndi mapapu olimba komanso khungu loyipa, loyipa (zizindikiro izi ndizodziwika bwino za nyama zapadziko lapansi). Thupi lawo limafanana ndi tsamba laling'ono lathyathyathya lokhala ndi ngodya zakuthwa mbali zake. Kusintha kwa mutu m'thupi sikunafotokozeredwe. Maso akuyang'ana mokweza.

Malo okhala anthuwa asanduka malo ananso a pezi za Surinamese. Ngakhale mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino komanso fungo la hydrogen sulfide, anthu omwe amakonda nyama zachilendo amasangalala kubereka achule kunyumba. Amavomereza kuti zonsezi ndizosangalatsa komanso zothandiza kutsatira njira yonyamula mphutsi ndi mkazi akabadwa ndi ma tadpoles.

Zikatero, ngati mutawerenga nkhaniyo mukamvetsetsa chisoni ndi ma Surinamese peep ndikusankha mwamphamvu kukatenga chule kunyumba, ndiye kuti mwakonzanso malo akuluakulu. Mmodzi wa ma amphibian ayenera kukhala ndi madzi okwanira 100 malita. Kwa aliyense wotsatira - buku lofanana. Koma ndizomwe zili apo - likukhalira kuti Pipa Surinamese kuthengo kokha amatha kuzolowera chilichonse. Ali mu ukapolo, amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri, kuti nyama iyi ibereke ana, ayenera kupatsidwa zinthu zingapo.

Izi zikuphatikiza:

• kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wam'madzi ukhazikika,
• kutentha kosalekeza. Kusintha kwa mfundo ndizovomerezeka pamtunda kuchokera pa 28С mpaka 24С,
• Zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Achule awa safunika kudyetsedwa osati chakudya chouma chamadzi amumadzi, komanso ndi ma fumbi, mphutsi za tizirombo touluka m'madzi ndi tizinthu tatsopano tomwe timapanga nsomba.

Kupanga Surinamese pipa yemwe akukhala m'madzi am'madzi kukhala omasuka momwe angathere, mchenga wokhala ndi miyala yabwino komanso mwala wamtchire uyenera kuthiridwa pansi.

Kodi pipa amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Pipa m'madzi

Ndi zala zake zamphamvu komanso zazitali zopezeka pamphumi pake, nyalugwe imamasula dothi ndikuyang'ana chakudya, kenako ndikuitumiza kukamwa kwake. Amadzithandizira pantchito yabwinoyi ndikumakula m'miyendo yake. Popeza kuti amafanana ndi nyenyezi, chule ameneyu amatchedwa "galu wa nyenyezi". Zakudya za chule cha Surinamese zimakhala ndi mitundu yotsalira yomwe ili pansi penipeni penipeni pa nkhokwe, pansi.

Kuphatikiza apo, pipa amadya:

• nsomba zazing'ono ndi mwachangu,
• nyongolotsi
• mbozi zam'madzi.

Achule a Pipa pafupifupi samasaka chilichonse. Mosiyana ndi achule wamba, omwe ife tinkakonda kuwona, samakhala mchithaphwi ndipo samagwira tizilombo touluka ndimalilime awo atali. Inde, ali ndi khungu loyipa, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mapapu, koma Surinamese pipa amangodya mwakukumba mozama mu siltali, kapena kungokhala m'madzi.

Ponena za nyengo yamvula, ofufuza ena adawona momwe nthawi yamvula ikukhalira, anthu aku America ku South America amawonekera pamphepete mwa nyanja ndikuchita ma kilomita mazana ambiri kuti apezeke mafinya ofunda komanso auve omwe ali pafupi ndi nkhosazo. Pomwepo amatenthetsera ndi kuphimba ndi dzuwa.

Tsopano mukudziwa kudyetsa achule a pipa. Tiwone momwe amakhalira kuthengo.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Suriname Pipa

Monga achule ena ambiri otentha, pakuchepa kapena kuyanika kunja kwa matupi amadzi, Pipa Surinamese imakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo opanda uve, osaya matope kapena poyambira, kudikirira moleza mtima nthawi zoyambira. Pochita mantha, amphibian mwachangu amadzera pansi, kukumba mozama mozama.

Ndikosatheka kuti musangokhala pa mawonekedwe azikhalidwe zamiseche. Mwachitsanzo, ma tadpoles olimba amakonda kufika pamwamba pa madzi ndikumagwira mpweya wabwino wopatsa moyo posachedwa. "Ochoka" ofooka, m'malo mwake, amagwera pansi ndikuyandama pansi ndikuyesa kokha 2-3.

Mapapu awo atatseguka, nthenga zimatha kusambira mozungulira. Kuphatikiza apo, panthawiyi akuwonetsa machitidwe - osavuta kuthawa kwa adani ndi kudya. Chule, chomwe m'mbuyomu chinkanyamula mazira kumbuyo kwake, tadpoles itatuluka, imakola miyala, ndikufuna kuchotsa mazira obwezeretsanso mazira. Pambuyo pa molting, mkazi wokhwima mwakugonana amakhalanso wokonzeka kukhwima.

Mapaipi amadyetsedwa kuyambira masiku awiri amoyo wawo. Zakudya zawo zazikulu (ziribe kanthu momwe zimamvekera) ndi ma ciliates ndi mabakiteriya, chifukwa mwa mtundu wawo wa zakudya amakhala osasefera (monga ma mussels). Nettle ufa ndi abwino kudyetsa akapolo. Kuberekanso ndi kukulitsa bomba la Surinamese kumachitika pa T (mu vivo) kuyambira 20 mpaka 30 ° C ndi kuuma osapitilira 5 mayunitsi.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Surinamese pipa chule

Amphongo ochita zachiwerewere amapanga kumveka kwinakwake, kumamuwuza mkaziyo kuti ali wokonzeka kumupangitsa kukhala wokondweretsa komanso wosangalatsa kukhala ndi nthawi. Amuna ndi akazi amaseweretsa magule aukwati pansi pamadzi (munthawi imeneyi, wina ndi mnzake “amawunikidwa”). Chikazi chimayikira mazira angapo - limodzi ndi izi, "wosankhidwa wake" amawatsanulira ndi madzi ake akumimba.

Pambuyo pake, njirayi imagona pansi, pomwe mazira okhathamira amagwera mwachindunji kumbuyo kwake ndipo amatsatira iye. Wamphongo amatenga nawo mbali mu njirayi, kukanikiza mazira kwa mnzake ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Pamodzi, zimatha kugawa nawo mosiyanasiyana m'maselo omwe ali kumbuyo konse kwa mkazi. Chiwerengero cha mazira amodzi mu mawonekedwe amodzi amasiyana kuchokera pa 40 mpaka 144.

Nthawi yoti chuleyo ibereke ana ake ndi masiku 80. Kulemera kwa "katundu" ndi mazira omwe ali kumbuyo kwa mzimayi kuli pafupifupi magalamu 385 - kunyamula zomangira za pipa kuzungulira koloko ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Ubwino wa mtunduwu posamalira ana uli m'lingaliro loti pomaliza kupanga mapangidwe omanga, umakutidwa ndi kadzenje kowopsa koteteza khungu lomwe limapereka chitetezo chodalirika. Kuzama kwa maselo komwe caviar imayikidwa mpaka 2 mm.

Kukhala, makamaka, m'thupi la amayi, maimelo amalandira kuchokera mthupi lake zonse zomwe amafunikira kuti chitetezeke. Magawano omwe amalekanitsa mazira kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake amalowetsedwa ndi zotengera - kudzera mwa iwo mpweya ndi zosungunuka zimalowa mu mbewu. Kwina kwina mu masabata 11 mpaka 12 achinyamata pe pe achinyamata amabadwa kale. Kufika pa ukalamba ndi zaka 6 zokha. Nyengo ya kuswana ikugwirizana ndi nyengo yamvula. Izi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa pipa, monga wopanda chule wina, amakonda madzi.

Adani achilengedwe amabisalapo

Chithunzi: Toad Surinamese pipa

Pipa Surinamese ndiwothandizadi kwa mbalame zotentha, zodya nyama komanso anthu ochulukirapo okhala m'malo. Ponena za mbalame - nthawi zambiri achule amenewa amadzisangalatsa ndi nthumwi za mabanja a corvidae, abakha komanso achifinya. Nthawi zina amadyedwa ndi adokowe, mahule, heron. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwinozi zimatha kugwira nyama ikauluka.

Koma choopsa chachikulu ndi njoka ku Surinamese, makamaka njoka zam'madzi (monga zazala zina zonse zomwe zikukhala kuzilumba zilizonse). Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale kubisala kokongola sikawathandiza pano - pofunafuna, nyama zapamtunda zimakonda chidwi champhamvu komanso tanthauzo la kutentha komwe kumakhala ndi zinthu zamoyo. Akamba akuluakulu amasamba nawonso sakonda kudya phwando ngati la chule.

Komanso, ngati achikulire ali ndi mwayi wopulumutsa miyoyo yawo pothawa mwachangu kapena pobisalira wowathamangitsa, ndiye kuti malembawo alibe chodzitchinjiriza. Ambiri a iwo amafa, kukhala chakudya cha tizilombo tokhala m'madzi, njoka, nsomba ngakhalenso chinjoka. Mokulira, aliyense wokhala m'malo otentha "adzawona kuti ndi mwayi" kudya phwando.

Chinsinsi chokha chopulumukira ndi kuchuluka - kokha kuti Pipa wachikazi wa ku Surinamese akaikira mazira pafupifupi 2000, amapulumutsa mtunduwo ku chiwonongeko ndikuulola kuti uwonongeke.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Pipa amawoneka bwanji

Pipa amagawidwa makamaka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya South America. Achule awa amatha kuwoneka pafupifupi m'maiko onse a kontrakitala iyi. Akatswiri ena owonera za nyama adazindikira kukhalapo kwa achule awa ku Trinidad ndi Tobago. Malire ofukula ndi ofikira mpaka 400 metre pamwamba pa nyanja (ndiye kuti nsonga za surinamese zimapezeka ngakhale pamalo okwera).

Ngakhale kuti Pipa Surinamese adasankhidwa kuti ndi gulu la nyama zam'madzi zambiri, chule ameneyu amadziwika kuti ndi wamadzi am'madzi - mwa kuyankhula kwina, amakhala nthawi zonse m'madzi, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu. Pipa Surinamskaya amakonda malo osungirako ndi madzi osayenda kapena kuyenda kwakanthawi - malowa amakuta mitsinje yambiri, komanso ma dziwe ndi madziwe ang'onoang'ono.Achule amabisala mwaluso m'm masamba agwa, ndikuphimba pansi pazosungira. Chifukwa choti pamtunda amasuntha kwambiri ndipo (mosiyana ndi achule ena ambiri) samatha kudumphira mtunda wautali, anthu omwe ali kunja kwa dziwe amakhala osavuta kuwapeza.

Ponena za momwe zachilengedwe zilili, lero kuchuluka kwa Surinamese pipa ndi mphamvu zake zimawoneka kuti ndizokhazikika. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa adani achilengedwe komanso chiwonetsero cha anthropogenic, mitunduyi imapezeka kawirikawiri. Palibe chowopsa pakukula kwa mitundu iyi, ngakhale m'malo ena pakhala kuchepa kwa anthu chifukwa cha ntchito zaulimi za anthu komanso kubwezeretsanso madera. Pipa Surinamese palibe mndandanda wazamoyo zomwe zikuopseza kuchuluka, umapezeka m'malo osungirako.

Pipa Surinamese imasiyana ndi ena onse oimira amphibian m'njira zambiri - chokhacho sichikhala ndi lilime lalitali lopangidwira kugwira tizilombo, mulibe ziwalo ndi mapanga kumapazi ake. Koma ali womasuka kwambiri ndipo opambana onse amasamalira ana, atanyamula mazira kumbuyo kwake.

Buku Lofotokozera la Living Great Russian Language, Dahl Vladimir

g. wakunja. muyeso wa vinyo, mbiya, zidebe 40-50.

Mitundu yake ndi yotentha. achule, pomwe achule amawonekera m'maselo kumbuyo.

Psk. Kuyesa wakhungu, wosawona pang'ono? Pipka w. pipitsa, Psk. chotupa, chitoliro chosuta.

Chingwe cha m'manja, chitoliro, chitoliro cholowetsedwa ndi china chake, i.e. m'mbale

chitoliro chachitsulo, Fick, m'magalasi amoto, pophulika galasi.

Mtundu wa chotupa mu kavalo, kakulidwe kapenanso kutunda kwapamwamba. Pipp zap. kusuta chitoliro. Pipokpenz. Kuyesa shish, cookie.

Wikipedia

Pipa:

• Pipa ndi mtundu wa achule otentha kwambiri.
• Pipa ndi chida chaimbira cha ku China chomwe chadulidwa.
• Pipa ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa zakumwa zoledzera.
• Pipa ku Brazil, m'chigawo cha Tibau do Sul.
• Pipa, Alexander Viktorovich

Pipa - Chida choimbira cha ku China cha zingwe 4. Chimodzi mwazida zodziwika bwino kwambiri komanso zodziwika za ku China. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa pipa m'mabuku kumakhala m'zaka za m'ma 3, zithunzi zoyambirira za zana la 5. Komabe, protipype pipa adalipo ku China kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. e. Dzinalo "pipa" limalumikizidwa ndi momwe chida chikuimbidwira: "pi" amatanthauza kuyenda kwa zala pansi zingwe, ndipo "pa" amatanthauza kusunthira mmwamba chokweza m'mwamba.

Ili ndi pepala looneka ngati matabwa lopanda mabowo olimba ndi khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi barot tooted bala. M'mphepete mwa mano a barb mumakhala ma 4 oyambira okhazikika, ma 13-14 otsala mu mawonekedwe a matabwa opendekera amapezeka pabwaloli. Zingwezo ndizopera, zolumikizidwa ndi zikhomo komanso chogwirizira chingwe. Kutalika kwazida chida - pafupifupi. 100 cm, m'lifupi 30- 35 cm.

Phokoso limachotsedwa ndi plectrum, koma nthawi zina ndi chala cham'manja, chomwe chimapatsidwa mawonekedwe apadera.

Kukhazikitsa - makamaka A - d - e - a, osiyanasiyana A - amuyeso wathunthu

The pipa imaseweredwa atakhala, kupumula pansi pa thupi pabondo, ndi khosi kumanzere. Pipa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chodziimbira, chophatikiza kapena choimbira kuti chithandizire kuyimba komanso kutsagana nawo popumira. Mukamapanga nyimbo zayokha paapa, ndimakonda kusewera nyimbo zamagetsi ndi makondedwe a pulogalamu.

Kufalikira Mokwanira ku Central ndi Southern China. Kuyambira m'zaka za VIII, zimadziwikanso ku Japan pansi pa dzina la biwa. Mikate inkapangidwa mosiyanasiyana.

Pipa - kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa vinyo ndi mowa ku North America, UK, komanso kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chakomweko komanso mtundu wa zakumwa. Kukula kwa vinyo pipa ndiko, malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, kuchokera pa 450 mpaka 486 malita. Za mowa, magwero osiyanasiyana amalemba manambala osiyanasiyana, kotero ndizosatheka kumvetsetsa chilichonse, kupatula kuti kuchuluka kwa ma pips a mowa kunalibe kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mapaipi avinyo, monga momwe mulili mtengo wamagulu onse okhala ndi mayina omwewo.

Pipa ndi vinyo wakale wakale wa Chingerezi, pafupifupi malita 477. Mu Ufumu wa Britain ndi ofanana ndi malilita 105. Ku USA, ili ndi kukula kocheperako, ngakhale kuli kofanana ndi malita 126 - ndulu zomwe zilipo ndizocheperako. M'magawo onse awiri, pipa ndi wofanana ndi theka la tan ndi mivi awiri.

Zitsanzo za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu akuti pipa m'mabuku.

Malinga ndi sayansi kuti pakafunika kukalamba pompopompo popanda kusiya chithunzi chovomerezeka, zotayidwa, zodzaza ndi nyama yokhala ndi chibadwa chamkati, zinali zothandiza kawiri kuposa momwe mwendo wakumbuyo wam'mbuyo wa Surinamese unalili pe pemankhwala a creosote ndi malovu apamwamba.

Chifukwa cha izi pe pe ndindalama zingati boma la US lidapambana kuchokera kwa okhonza misonkho, ndi kuponyera ku Sverdlovsk - pamakona onse, ndi ogwira ntchito bwanji!

Nthawi zambiri sanali kukonda kupita kutali ndi kwawo, koma Pipa Nthawi zonse amapanga makeke okoma oterowo, ndipo anali womvera kwambiri kotero kuti Bantu samakana kuyitanira mbewa.

Bantu, mawu adabwera kuchokera mchipinda chotsatira. PipaPambuyo pake Bantu anamva mkokomo.

Adzakhala Pipa m'mawa kusangalala kwadzaoneni, adzasankha mtedza waukulu kwambiri mu pilry, amapanga keke yokoma kwambiri tchuthi ndikuthamangira kunkhalango kukaimbira foni abwenzi kuti apeze tiyi kuchokera masamba obisika.

Ikuyambiranso nthano ya mbewa yaying'ono Pipa, mink yake m'khola pafupi ndi nkhalango ndi abwenzi ake.

M'makoma momwemo ndipo mudakhomapo mabowo ndikuyika timabowo momwe timakhalira Pipa zitha kufikiridwa mwachangu komanso mosavuta.

Chifukwa chake lero Pipa keke anali atakonzeka kale - adayimirira patebulo pakati pa chipinda chake chofewa.

Ngakhale azungu onenepa, kapena batala, omwe amawonda kwambiri kuchokera kumisere, kapena mabere amdima, kapena nkhandwe zamanyazi sizinadetsa nkhawa kwambiri mtima Pipangati wosungulumwa komanso wolema boletus.

Ndipo kumbuyo Pipa adapeza chisonyezo chozungulira komanso champhamvu cha mapiko a Ukhsha ndi Ugurun.

Zinafika kuti Ukhsha sanagwire zovala zake Pipa, komanso mu keke wokhala ndi rasipiberi, yemwe adanyamula ndi kutsogolo kwa mutu wake.

Kona, pachipinda chachitatu cha pantry, Pipa panali zitsamba - rasipiberi, currants, linden, wort wa St. John, chamomile.

Phokoso la zipolopolo zawo limayamba kulira Pipa, ndipo nthawi zina ankasinthanitsa matumba ake a mtedza ndi ma thumba ake, kuwonetsetsa kuti sawola komanso kuwonongeka.

Malonda otentha chilimwe anali atagona pamenepo Pipa, chingwe, chogwirizira chochokera ku chikho chosweka, mtundu wina wa alumali, ziguduli, poto wa holey komanso chidutswa cha galasi lomwe lidaswedwa ndi Bantu patsiku lomwe adakumana.

Kusambira kozizira komwe kumayambukiridwa Pipa, ndipo adazunguliza mitsinje yamadzi italowa m'madzi, napita kukaona zomwe zidachitika pamenepo.

Kutanthauzira: pipa
Kumbuyo kumawerengedwa kuti: apip
Pipa ali ndi zilembo 4