Mitundu ya agwape omwe amakhala ku South ndi Southeast Asia.
Muntzhaki ndi agalu ocheperako. Amasiyana m'magulu a nyanga zosavuta: Nyanga iliyonse imakhala ndi nthambi imodzi yokha, awiri apamwamba, osaposa masentimita 15. Monga mitundu yonse ya agwape, amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Monga mbawala ya musk ndi agwape am'madzi, abambo a muntack omwe amapezeka m'nsagwada yapamwamba ali ndi zofunikira kupangira pakudya ndikutuluka kuchokera mkamwa. Ubweya wa nyama, kutengera mtundu wake, umakhala ndi utoto wosiyana - kuchokera ku chikasu mpaka imvi komanso bulauni, nthawi zina wokhala ndi mawanga owala. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mutu wa agwape amenewa kumasiyana kuchokera pa masentimita 64 mpaka 135, kuti izi ziyenera kuwonjezedwa kutalika kwa mchira kuyambira 6 mpaka 24 sentimita. Muntzhaki masekeli 12 mpaka 33 kilogalamu, mwa mitundu ina kulemera kumafika 50 kilogalamu.
Muntzhaki amakhala ku East ndi South Asia, kuyambira Pakistan, Iran, Nepal ndi India kupita ku China, Malaysia ndi Vietnam, komanso kuzilumba za Java, Kalimantan, Taiwan. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira. Mu prehistoric era (nyengo ya tertiary), ma ajjak adakhalanso ku Europe.
Amuna a Muntzhak amateteza madera awo kuukira kwa amuna anzawo. Akakumana, nthawi zambiri chimagwera, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito nyanga zazifupi kwambiri ngati zida zakuthwa. Mukasangalala kapena kukondweretsedwa, agulugufewa amapanga mawu ofanana ndi agalu oluma.
Mimba mwa akazi imakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, pambuyo pake kubadwa mwana mmodzi, pomwe amayo amabisala mumtengo mpaka atamutsata mosadalira. Izi zimakonda kudya zakudya zamasamba: masamba, udzu, masamba, zipatso zakugwa.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mitundu isanu yatsopano ya mapiri atumphuka idafotokozedwera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1990s, pomwe kupezeka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya zinyama zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizokayikitsa kwambiri.
M'mayiko a ku Asia, muntzhaki amasakidwa, nyama yawo imadziwika kuti ndi yamtengo wapatali. Mawonedwe:
Bornean muntzhak (muntiacus atherode) ili ndi nyanga 4 cm zokha, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, silikhazikikanso. Zili pachilumba cha Kalimantan chokha.
A Chinese muntzhak (Muntiacus reevesi) amakhala kumwera kwa China komanso pachilumba cha Taiwan. Pamtunda waukulu, manambala a agwantawa akuyerekeza pafupifupi makope 650,000. Zamoyo zamtunduwu zimabweretsedwa ku England ndi Wales, komwe amakhala m'malo achilengedwe.
Gongshan Muntzhak (Muntiacus gongshanensis) ndi nyama yosowa kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino kuchokera ku Chigawo cha China cha Yunnan ndi madera akumalire a Tibet. Idapezeka koyamba mu 1990.
Indian muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak) ili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri logawa pakati pa mundjac ina - imakhala ku India, kumwera kwa China, Bangladesh, Southeast Asia, zilumba za Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali ndi Hainan. Kuphatikiza apo, Indian muntjack idabweretsidwanso ku Andaman Islands, ku Lombok komanso ku Texas. Kuyesera kubereka nyama ku England sikunaphule kanthu chifukwa nyengo yozizira kwambiri.
Muntzhak Pu-Hoa (Muntiacus puhoatensis) adapezeka koyamba ku Vietnam mu 1998. Izi ndi nyama zazing'onoting'ono zazitali kuyambira pa 8 mpaka 15 kilogalamu.
Muntiac Putaoensis adapezeka koyamba mu 1997 ku Burma, m'chigwa cha Mai Hka. Amatchedwa mzinda wapafupi wa Putao. Kankhosa kakang'ono kwambiri ka genus muntzhakov (pafupifupi kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 12). Mu 2002, ngwazi zamtunduwu zidapezekanso ku India ya Arunachal Pradesh.
Muntack, kapena chimphona (Muntiacus vuquangensis), ndiye woimira wamkulu wamtunduwu. Kutalika kwa Deer kumafika masentimita 70, kulemera - mpaka 50 kilogalamu. Zinapezeka ndikufotokozedwa mu 1994 ku Wu-Kwang Nature Reserve mkati mwa Vietnam. Mu 1996, nthumwi za mtunduwu zidapezekanso ku Laos.
Muntiac Roosevelt (Muntiacus rooseveltorum) amapezeka ku Laos komanso m'malire ndi China ndi Vietnam
Black muntzhak (muntiacus crinifrons) ndizofala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa China. Pakadali pano akupezeka m'chigawo cha Guangdong, Guangxi ndi Yunnan. World Conservation Union yasankha mitundu yamtunduwu wa agwape ngati kuti ali pangozi. Chiwerengero chonse cha nyamazi ndi pafupifupi 5,000. Mu 1998, phiri lakuda lidapezekanso ku Burma.
Phiri la Mountzhak kapena Sumatran (Muntiacus montanus) linapezeka mu 1914. Kuphatikizidwa ndi Buku Lofiyira.
Muntiacus feae amakhala kum'mawa kwa Burma, dera la China ku Yunnan ndi madera akumalire a Thailand.
Muntjak Chyongshon (Muntiacus truongsonensis) adapezeka ku Vietnam mu 1997.
Maonekedwe a mounts
Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama izi kumayambira masentimita 89 mpaka 150, kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 40-65, ndipo kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 50.
Thupi la phirili ndi squat, miyendo yake ndiyifupi, khosi lake ndi lalifupi, msana wake ndi wozungulira. Kumapeto kwa muzzle pali chikopa chopanda tsitsi. Makutu ndi maso ndi a pakati, nsonga zawo ndi zokuzungulira.
Muntzhak (Muntiacus).
Amuna ali ndi nyanga zosavuta, kuyambira masentimita 4 mpaka 25, omwe nthawi zina amatha kukhala ndi infraorbital kapena terminal process. Zomera za Hemp ndizitali kwambiri, pomwe nyanga zake ndizifupi.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Chingwe cha tsitsi sichikhala ndi fluff. Tsitsi la tropical la muntzhaki ndi locheperako komanso lothika, ndipo mwa anthu akumpoto kwa mtunduwu ndiopakata komanso lalitali.
Mtundu wa dorsal mbali imatha kukhala yachikasu, yofiyira, yofiirira kapena yofiirira. Mbali yamkati ndi yoyera. Akazi ndi opepuka kuposa amuna. Mwa achichepere, mtundu wake ndi wowala.
Amuna a Muntzhak amateteza madera awo kuukira kwa amuna anzawo.
Moyo wa Muntzhak
Nyama izi zimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira. Yesani kukhala pafupi ndi madzi. M'mapiri akukwera mpaka 4,000 metres, ndiko kuti, kumalire kumtunda kwa nkhalangoyi.
Muntzhaki akugwira ntchito mumdima. Amakhala awiriawiri, mabanja komanso oyimba. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi zitsamba, zipatso, masamba, bowa ndi zina zambiri.
Panthawi ya rut kapena muntzhak ikakhala pangozi, nyamayo imalira kwambiri. Akawopsezedwa, muntzhaki imatha kudumphira mpaka ola limodzi.
Muntzhak - wokhala m'nkhalango zowirira za nkhalango.
Adani akuluakulu a muntzhak ndi akambuku ndi nyalugwe. Komanso nyamazo zimasakidwa ndi nzika zakomweko, chifukwa cha nyama ndi zikopa. Anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino amakhala muukapolo.
Kodi chirombo ichi ndi chiani?
Kunja, muntzhak amafanana ndi woimira mabatani - 40-60 cm, khosi ndi miyendo ndiyifupi, nsonga zokhala ndi makutu, kupweteka kumawoneka ngati nkhandwe. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe imapangitsa kuti kumbuyo kwa artiodactyl kubwezeretsedwe. Koma mchirawo ndi wautali: mpaka 25 cm.
Mafupa, kapena mutu wamphongo, ndiowopsa - Nyanga khumi ndi khumi ndi zisanu, kuphatikiza ndi ma fangs omwe amapezeka pakatikati, omwe siomwe amakhala ndi herbivores, amalimbikitsa malingaliro okhudza chiyambi cha chigaza.
Zakudya za nyamayi ndi zolemera kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kutchedwa kuti zosapatsa chidwi: masamba, udzu, khungwa la mitengo - kuti mutchepetse zomwe mumafunikira mano, bowa, mazira a mbalame, zouluka, nyama zazing'ono komanso zovunda.
Stronger ndi amene amalira kwambiri
Muntzhak, mosiyana ndi abale ake owala, amakonda kucha, akupita kukasaka "mumdima." Iye si wokonda gulu la anthu - njira zoweta sizili za iye. Kalulu wonyansa amakhala wosalolera wololera yekha mkazi kapena mwamuna. Nthawi zina - ana awo omwe, mpaka atakula - mpaka chaka.
Mwa kudzipatula kwace konse, muntjack amakonda kucheza kwambiri - kaphokoso komweko, kokwiyitsa komwe kumatha kukhala kwakanthawi. Amuna amatsimikizira umaso wawo kutsogolo, mosamvetseka mokwanira, osati ndi nyanga kapena ngakhale mano, koma misozi: Amalemba gawo lawo ndi zodzikongoletsa kuchokera ku tiziwalo tambiri tambiri.
Ngwazi zokhazikika
Pali mitundu isanu yaomwe amakhala atakwera kale. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi agalu ogwidwa omwe amakhala ku China. Iye ndi wamtali pang'ono poyerekeza ndi abale ake: mpaka 70 masentimita kufota, kutsekeka kwambiri, ndipo ali ndi magawo awiri osiyana:
- Crest, chifukwa chake idatchedwa dzina. Pamutu pake amakula mphumi yofiirira yakuda mpaka 17cm, ndipo nthawi zina amabisa nyanga.
- Komanso ndizovunda zazitali kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake khwangwala uyu nthawi zina amatchedwa "vampire."
Pankhondo yolumikizana, agulu achi China amasangalala kugwiritsa ntchito pakamwa pawo zida zabwino kwambiri, ndikuluma matupi a otsutsa, choyamba kugwetsa pansi ndi kuwomba kwa lipenga. Koma ndi zofukiza zonse zowopsa, agulu onyentchera, ngati muntzhak onse, ndi amtendere kwambiri, zolengedwa zodekha, ndipo mayiko ambiri, kuphatikiza ndi ena aku Europe, amazigulira malo awo osungira.
Kodi mukudziwa chifukwa chake ng'ona zimalira komanso chifukwa chiyani mvuu zimakhala zowopsa? Khalani ndi ife!
Kufalitsa kwa phiri
Zomwe zimachitika pakubala sizinafotokozeredwe. Pazilumba za Sumatra ndi Java, nsonga yachuma imachitika theka lachiwili la chaka. Mimba imatenga miyezi 6. 1 imabadwa, kawirikawiri - ana awiri. Pobadwa, ngwazi zimalemera 550-650 magalamu.
Achinyamata amayamba moyo wodziyimira payokha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kukula mwakugonana mwa amuna kumachitika mchaka, ndipo mwa akazi mu -8 miyezi. Muntzhaks amakhala zaka pafupifupi 12-15.
Mitundu ya Amambala
Pali mitundu isanu mwa mitundu:
• M. muntjak Zimmermann amakhala ku Burma, Sri Lanka, Malacca, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Hainan ndi Java,
• A M. reevesi Ogilby amakhala ku Taiwan ndi East China,
• M. rooseveltorum Osgood amakhala ku Peninsula ya Indochina,
• M. feae Thomas et Doria amapezeka ku Thailand,
• A crinifrons Sclater amakhala ku East China.
Mitundu ya M. crinifrons Sclater ndi M. feae Thomas et Doria ali mu Red Book, mitundu yoyamba imawerengedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono, koma malo ake enieni sakudziwika, ndipo yachiwiri ili pangozi.
Mtundu: Muntiacus Rafinesque, 1815 = Muntzhaki
Muntiacus Rafinesque, 1815 = MuntzhakiKutalika kwa thupi 89-135 cm, kutalika kwa mchira 13-23 masentimita, kutalika kufota 40-65 cm, kulemera 40-50 kg. Thupi limakhala ndi miyendo yochepa, kumbuyo kumakhala kozungulira. Khosi ndi lalifupi. Mbiri yakumutu molunjika. Kumapeto kwa muzzle ndiko chigamba chopanda tsitsi. Maso ndi makutu ndi sing'anga pakati. Nsonga zamakutu ndizokuzungulira. Amuna amakhala ndi zosavuta (zokhala ndi infraorbital yocheperako komanso nthawi zina zopumira ziwiri) zotalika 4-25 masentimita. Zopindika za Hemp ndizitali kwambiri ndipo zimatalikirana kwambiri ndi mbali yakumapeto kwa chigaza, pomwe nyanga zake ndi zazifupi komanso njira zitatu.
Miyendo ya kumbuyo ndi yayitali kuposa kutsogolo. Zovala zamtsogolo ndizochepa. Tsambalo ndilosasunthika, lotsika komanso losowa mwa anthu okhala kumalo otentha komanso othinana komanso okhwima mwa anthu ochokera kumpoto kwa mtunduwo. Mtundu wakumbuyo wakumbuyo umachokera ku chikasu kapena mtundu wonyezimira mpaka kukhala wonyezimira komanso wakuda, m'mimba kumayera. Akazi ndi opepuka kuposa amuna. Nyama zazing'ono ndimawangamawanga. Mitsempha ya preorbital imapangidwa bwino. Palinso zachiguduli zakunja, zopindika ndi kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumaso - tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono. Palibe zododometsa zotere. Chiwerengero cha ma chromosomes 46 ndi 46.
Kugawidwa ku Sri Lanka, ku East India, Southeast Tibet, Burma, kumpoto kwa Indochina ndi Malacca Peninsulas, ku China (kumpoto mpaka 32 ° N), kuzilumba za Taiwan, Hainan, Kalimantan , Sumatra, Java, Bali ndi zilumba zazing'ono zoyandikana. Pamakhala nkhokwe zambiri m'nkhalango ndi malo anthropogenic makamaka pafupi ndi madzi. Imakwera m'mapiri mpaka kumtunda kwa nkhalangoyi (mpaka mikono 4,000 kumtunda kwa nyanja). Yogwira ntchito madzulo ndi usiku. Khalani nokha komanso awiriawiri, nthawi zina mabanja. Amadyetsa zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, zitsamba, zipatso, bowa, nthawi zina. Vutoli likasowa, phirili litha "kubowola" kwa ola limodzi kapena kupitilira apo. Palibe nyengo mu kubereka. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha kubadwa ku Java ndi Sumatra kumachitika theka lachiwonetsero. Kutalika kwa mimba ndi pafupifupi miyezi 6. Mu lita imodzi, kawiri konse ana awiri. Kuchuluka kwa ngulu yobadwa pakubala ndi 550-650 g. Kukhwima kumachitika mwa akazi pa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, ndi kwa amuna pa chaka chimodzi. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 12-15.
Adani akuluakulu ndi nyalugwe ndi kambuku. Anthu akumaloko amasaka phirili chifukwa cha nyama ndi khungu. Amapundika milomo amavomereza ukapolo bwino.
Pali mitundu isanu ya moyo pamtunduwu:M. muntjak Zimmermann, 1780 (Hindustan Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, Malacca Peninsula, Hainan Islands, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java), M. rooseveltorum Osgood, 1932 (Indochina Peninsula), M. reevesi Ogilby, 1839 (East China ndi Taiwan), M. crinifrons Sclater, 1885 (East China) ndi M. feae Thomas et Doria, 1889 (Thailand).
Kutsatira Haltennorth (Haltennorth, 1963), ndikolondola kwambiri kuphatikiza iwo kukhala amtundu umodzi. Mitundu yochokera ku Tenasserim - M. feae Thomas et Doria, 1889, ndi Southeast China - M. crinifrons Sclater, 1885, akuphatikizidwa "Buku lofiira": Yoyamba monga yowopsezedwa kuti idzawonongeka, ndipo yachiwiri monga mtundu waung'ono womwe chikhalidwe chake sichikudziwika.
Muntzhak ndi amodzi mwa agalu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Iye, monga ife, ndi mwana wa nthawi ya Cenozoic, koma wamkulu kwambiri kuposa ife. Zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, ku Eocene, nthawi yachonde, yomwe imatchedwa "m'bandakucha wamoyo watsopano", kudakhala anthu osakonda, patatha zaka zomwe adawatcha kuti "Archieomerix". Inalibe nyanga ndipo inali ndi maanga. Chimodzimodzi ndi musk deer ndi Mountzhak.
Zimachokera ku nyama zazing'ono zokongola izi zomwe agwape amakhala ndi komwe adachokera. Anakula mwachangu. Patha zaka makumi mamiliyoni makumi angapo, mkati mwa Quaternary, pomwe anthropoids osiyanasiyana, ofanana kwambiri ndi anthu, akuyenda mozungulira dziko lapansi, agwape anali agwape.
Zinali ngati akukonzekera pagulu lakubadwa kwa munthu woyamba ndikuchita bwino kwambiri patsiku lofunikira: adakhala akulu, okongola komanso okongola, monga kuti akudziwa kuti wina adzayamika pamapeto pake.
Ndipo munthu wololera adawathokoza.
Koma za muntzhaks. Zotsatira zawo sizinali zoipa kwambiri. Quaternary isanafike, anali atakhazikika pafupifupi kulikonse. Koma kenako adamwalira, nasiya ana, omwe, mwachiwonekere, mitundu yonse yamakhalidwe amakono idachokera. Iwo okha adapulumuka m'chigawo cha Indo-Mala. Apa maluwa ndi nyengo zakhala zokhazikika, motero muntzhaki sizinasinthe kwenikweni. Ngati mukufuna kujambula mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndikuti, nyengo ya Tertiary, chilengedwe chiri pafupi ndi inu.
Koma musaiwale za mawanga! Muntzhak yamakono imawoneka paubwana wokha; kholo lawo limakhulupirira kuti limayang'aniridwa atakula.
Magwero akale a Muntzhaks
Wochepa wosakhulupirira adakhala zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, munthawi yotchedwa "kuyambiranso kwa moyo watsopano," ku Eocene.
Muntzhaki imatha kulemera makilogalamu 12 mpaka 33, mwa mitundu ina, kulemera kumafikira 50 kilogalamu.
Nyama iyi imatchedwa Archiomerix. Inalibe nyanga, koma inali ndi ziboda, zofanana ndi muntzhak. Mwambiri, kuchokera ku nkhokwe zakale, muntzhak amachokera.
Nyama zakale izi zidamera mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo kale munthawi ya Quaternary, anthu akakhala, panali agwape. Amawoneka kuti adapangidwa mwapadera kuti awoneke anthu: deer adakhala achisomo, akulu komanso achikondi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.