Zowunika za moyo wa okhala m'madzi - tizilombo zomwe zimayenda (ngakhale kuyenda) m'madzi.
Zingwe zamadzi ndi zina mwa tizilombo todabwitsa kwambiri. Oimira gulu lankhondo, iwo khalani pansi m'malo osungira.
Olimbana ndimadzi amathamanga ndikudumphira pamadzi. Amatha kuthamanga mpaka 1 m / s, koma nthawi zina amatha kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Zingwe zamadzi sizimasambira, zimayenda pamwamba pa madzi, zimasunthira mbali yoyang'ana chimodzimodzi momwe wothamangitsira sipulogalamu amayendetsedwa kuchokera kumayambira. Zingwe zamadzi zimapeza wina ndi mnzake mothandizidwa ndi mafunde omwe amachokera mukuyenda kwawo. Mafunde omwewo, mwachiwonekere, amawathandiza kuyendayenda pakati pazinthu zomwe zili pamalo owazungulira.
M'nyengo yozizira, ozungulira madzi amadzitchinjiriza pansi pa miyala, m'nthaka kapena pansi pa dziwe ndi mitsinje. Chapakatikati amakhala otakataka, abwere pamwambapa ndi wokwatirana. Akazi amaikira mazira, kuwaphatikiza ndi chinthu chilichonse chomizidwa m'madzi. Patatha milungu iwiri, mphutsi zimaswa mazira ndikuyandama pamwamba. Njira yonse yachitukuko kuchokera ku mphutsi kupita ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imatenga kupitirira mwezi.
Maulendo am'madzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi maso akuthwa, timawona wina akuchokera kutali.
Zomenyera madzi okhala m'madzi oyera zimakhala ndi mapiko kumbuyo kwawo. (Omenya madzi am'madzi, Mosiyana ndi madzi oyera, alibe zingwe.) Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutalika kwa mamilimita asanu mpaka khumi ndi asanu. Anthu osakhazikika ndi ocheperako.
M'madziwe ang'onoang'ono, mitsinje yamadzi imapewa malo omwe madzi ake amayenda mwachangu, komanso madzi obwerera komwe malo ake amaphimbidwa ndi algae. Sakonda malo omwe masamba kulibe. Amakhala makamaka komwe kumakhala udzu wochepa pang'onopang'ono. Amakonda kuzama kosaposa masentimita angapo.
Zowopsa za omwe akumenya m'madzi osaya pang'ono zikuwoneka kuti zitha kufotokozedwa kuti pano sakuwopsezedwa ndi nsomba zomwe zimatha kuwameza.

Kodi ma tayala amadzi amawoneka bwanji?
Onse ali ndi miyendo itatu. Miyendo yakutsogolo nthawi zambiri imakhala yaifupi - imathandizira kuti thupi la tizirombo tikhazikike m'madzi. Ma miyendo otsala am'madzi omwe ndidawagwira anali atali kwambiri kuposa matupi awo. Tizilomboti timayenda m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito sing'anga. Miyendo yakumbuyo imathanso kuchita nawo izi, koma nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira pamene kachilombo kakuyandama pamwamba pamadzi.
Mwendo uliwonse umakhala ndi zigawo zingapo: beseni, swivel, ntchafu, mwendo wotsika ndi tarsus. Phazi, nalonso, limakonzedwa. Chophimba pamtunda womaliza wa tarsus pang'ono pamwamba pa nsonga yake ndi mawonekedwe am'madzi oyenda. Mwina nthabwala imeneyi imathandizira kuti kachiromboka kamaime pamadzipo pamtunda.
Pakakhala pokhapokha, oyenda ndimadzi amapuma pamiyendo yonse isanu ndi umodzi. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yapakati imalumikizana ndi madzi okha ndi mawondo awo, pomwe miyendo yakumbuyo imagona pamadzi ndi pawendo ndi mwendo wotsika, sizimizidwa m'madzi, koma zimakhala m'malo osazama kwambiri pamadzi.
Kukula kwa miyendo yakumaso kwa gawo lamadzi ndikochepa. Miyendo yotsalayo, kudalira madzi, imapanga timiyala tambiri m'mbali mwake, chifukwa ambiri mwendo umalumikizana ndi madzi.
Dzuwa likagwera mbali yakumanja kwa wopenyerera, zopumulazo zimawonekera bwino. Nthawi zina, zimatha kuwoneka pamthunzi wa kachilombo pansi pamtsinje kapena chombo. Amawoneka ngati mazira akuda kumapeto kwa mithunzi yabwino kwambiri kuchokera kumiyendo iliyonse.
Nthawi zambiri, maulendo am'madzi amayenda pang'onopang'ono, mwanjira imeneyi akufunafuna chakudya. Komabe, nthawi zina, amatha kuthamanga mofulumira pamadzi. Nthawi zonse amayenda mumzere wowongoka. Pamapeto pa kayendedwe, kachilombo kamayima, ndikukonzanso miyendo imodzi yapakati, ndikusintha kolowera thupi ndikusunthidwa kukayenda kotsatira.
Ngakhale kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa tizilombo ndi kosavuta kuwona. Poyenda momasuka, kachilombo kathirakumwa kamadzuka m'madzi, ndikusunthira miyendo yake yapakati ndikuyendetsa miyendo yakumbuyo, komwe imangokhala osagwira, koma imathanso kupita kumbuyo pang'ono.
Miyendo yakutsogolo, komanso kumtunda kwa tibia pamiyendo yakumbuyo, imachoka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pamadzi, kenako ndikubwerera kumtunda, ndipo tizilomboti timayandama pamadzi. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhazikika ngati olimba. Mapeto ake, mphamvu za kayendedwe ka kinetic zimatha kwathunthu ndipo tizilombo timayima. Kupereka koyamba kwa mphamvu ya kinetic kumapita pakupanga mafunde ndi kukokoloka pamadzi.
Kusuntha kwa miyendo yapakati kumaphatikizapo kutembenuka kambiri. Phazi ndi mwendo wotsika zimazungulira molumikizana molumikizana ndi mwendo wotsika ndi ntchafu mwachangu kuposa m'chiuno kumazungulira mozungulira mpaka kukanirira kwa swivel. Chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe kazinthu ziwiri izi, phazi limakanikizira kukhoma lakumbuyo kwa recess mu wave wave. Kutsutsana ndi funde kwa jolt kumeneku kumapangitsa mphamvu ya kachilombo.
Pakuwona kayendedwe kameneka, munthu amatha kuwona zabwino ziwiri za miyendo yayitali yapakati.
Kutalika kwa miyendoyo kumapereka chotsekera kumbuyo kwa madzi. Phazi lalitali limapereka kukangana kwambiri ndikuthana ndi madzi, komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu ya kukankha. Matako a miyendo yakutsogolo ndi afupikitsidwe - izi zimakupatsani mwayi wochepetsera mikangano ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwaulere.
Mitundu ina ya miyendo yamiyendo yakumapazi kwamiyendo yamtundu wapakati imakhala ndi masamba omwe amachititsa kuti madzi abwerere kwambiri. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi miyendo yake yomwe imamatirira pamadzi.
Mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimathandizira kachiromboka pamwamba pamadzi, poyenda komanso popuma, zimapangidwa ndi kukhudzana kwa madzi, chifukwa cha mphamvu yomatira pakati pazinthuzi pamadzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, kachilomboka kanapanganso njira zina zothandizira. Tsitsi loonda kwambiri m'miyendo ndi thupi la mitundu yambiri yamizeremizere yamadzi imatchinga thovu lakutsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, tsitsi, miyendo ndi thupi la tizilombo timatha kuluka ndi chinthu ngati sera chomwe chimalepheretsa kunyowetsa. Mphezi yomwe imagwiridwa ndi tsitsili imapangitsa kuti pakhale zochulukirapo. Kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo cha mpweya kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndikuyika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono mita yamadzi. Pansi pa madzi, mpweya wokuta thupi la tizilombo, siliva padzuwa. Mukamasula chingwe chamadzi, chimatuluka mwachangu ndipo, ngati kuti palibe chinachitika, chimathamangira mwachangu pamwamba.
Ndipo, nthawi zina omenyera madzi amanyowa - zimatha kuwoneka kuti makina amatsitsi ndi zokutira ngati sera sizimagwira ntchito mokhulupirika nthawi zonse. Munthu amatha kuwona momwe maulendo ena amadzi agwera m'madzi. Chingwe chomira chimasankhidwa pamwala kapena paphesi la kakombo kuti ome.
Madzi atalephera kupeza m'mphepete mwa dziwe, adadziyeretsa pukupukuta ndi phazi lakumaso ndi mwendo umodzi wakutsogolo, ndipo miyendo yonse iwiri idanyamuka m'madzi. Tsitsi lapadera pa tibia la mwendo wakunja wa wopondera madzi limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kutsuka madzi kuchokera ku miyendo ina.
Mapazi atapendekeka madzi, youma, kusokonezeka kwa madzi ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawo athandizike. Chingwe cha madzi chimatha kuyimirira panja, kupumula pamiyendo yonse isanu ndi umodzi, koma nthawi zina chimakhala chokhazikika pamiyendo inayi. Nthawi zina ndimayang'ana ngati china chake chomenya nkhondo chikumangidwa pakati pa zingwe ziwiri zamadzi.
Kulimbana koteroko nthawi zonse kumatha ndikutulutsa kachilombo kamodzi kapena kawiri konse ndikumabalukira mbali zosiyanasiyana, komabe, filimu yomwe ili pamadzipo idakhalabe yolimba.
Pakukhazikika kwa mita yamadzi, pamwamba pa madziwo pansi pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tiyenera kugwada mwachangu, ndikubwereza mawonekedwe a recess.
Zingwe zamadzi ndizosenda kwambiri kotero kuti zazikazi zimapitilira kusambira ngakhale ikameta.
Pakukhwima, yamphongoyo sinagwedezeke, koma yaikazi inkapitilira kuyenda pamwamba. Zikuwoneka kuti sakanathanso kuthamanga, komabe samatha kuyenda motsika pang'ono pafupifupi 1 cm.
Titha kuganiza kuti kutha kwa chingwe cha madzi kuyimirira kapena kutsamira pamwamba pa ng'ombe, zimadalira kuchuluka kwa malo omwe miyendo imakhudza madzi. Nthawi iliyonse ikakumana, pamwamba pa ng'ombeyo imapinda miyendo yake, ndipo mphamvu yochita kuyipanga imapangidwa kuti igwire tizilombo.
Mayendedwe achilengedwe omwe ali ndi tizilombo tomwe timafuna kuti miyendo yapakati iyandikira miyendo yakumbuyo. Pakadali pano, pamene chingwe cha madzi chikukankha, miyendo yakutsogolo imatulukira m'madzi, kotero kuti miyendo yakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo imanyamula kulemera kwa tizilombo. Koma pakadali pano miyendo yamkati ndi kumbuyo imayandikira kwambiri, komabe, kachilomboka sikudutsa pamadzi.
M'mitsinje yopanda phokoso, ozungulira madzi amapezana ndi mafunde. Paketi yoweyula ikafika pamadzi oyandama, kachiromboka kamafinya, kenako ndikufutukula kumakolo komwe kumachokera.
Zingwe zam'madzi zimagwiritsa ntchito mafunde akunyanja ndikulemba kuti uwapeze. Ntchentche ikagwera m'madzi ndikuwatchingira mapiko ake pamwamba, wopondayo amawapeza, mothandizidwa ndi mafunde okha omwe atuluka pamenepa. Masomphenya amathandiza pokhapokha ngati madzi oyambira asambira pafupi kwambiri, koma osatero. Zikuwoneka kuti mafunde am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde ngati njira yofotokozera zambiri.

Zikuwoneka bwanji

Zingwe zam'madzi zam'madzi ndizing'onozing'ono komanso zopanda mapiko za mtundu wakuda, zofanana ndi anzawo amtsinje watsopano. Makamaka mwamphamvu adakulitsa miyendo yapakati yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula mukamatsamira pamadzi.

Moyo

Tizilombo tambiri timakonda kukhala m'madzi oyera, kuthera nthawi yayitali m'miyoyo yawo. Amapita kumtunda pokhapokha kuti akakhazikitsidwe ndikuthawira nthawi yozizira. Zoyenda panyanja ndi nyanja zamchere sizimalandira mwayi wotere, popeza zimapezeka pamtunda wa makilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera pagombe lapafupi. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizochitika izi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti tizilombo tosowa mapiko awo.

Monga anzawo am'madzi amchere, mitsinje yamadzi yamadzi samamira pansi pamadzi. Thupi lawo (makamaka lachiwiri ndi lachitatu la miyendo) limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono la hydrophobic, lomwe limawathandiza kuti azikhala chete pamtunda. Ndiye chifukwa chake tizilombo timeneti timakhala moyo wawo wonse pamafunde a nyanja. Tizilombo ta bedi lamadzi nthawi zambiri timagulu tosangalatsa. Izi zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi momwe amadyera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti tizilombo timene timakonda kudya, ndipo kutsogolo kwa miyendo ya mtundu wogwira kumawalola kuti agwire nyama yaying'ono yokha yomwe imakwera pafupi ndi madzi (zooplankton, jellyfish, physalis, caviar ndi nsomba mwachangu). Wina akakumana ndi wofooka pang'ono komanso wamkulu, munthu sangathenso kupirira popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anzawo.

Kulephera kwanyumba kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha madzi am'nyanja. Tizilombo timakakamizidwa kuti tifufuze chinthu chomwe chimayikiridwa ndi mazira chosamizidwa m'madzi, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mchere wam'nyanja kumabweretsa ngozi kwa nyama zazing'ono. Mitundu yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso yopanda madzi imasiya ana amtsogolo pamiyala ndi m'miyala. Chovuta kwambiri ndikuyimira oyimira zamtunduwu, amakhala kutali kwambiri ndi kumtunda. Saphonya mwayi kamodzi ndikuyika mazira pazinthu zilizonse, kaya ndi gawo lakufa la mwera wa bulauni, nthenga za mbalame, chidutswa cha mtengo kapena botolo la pulasitiki lomwe limagwidwa munyanja kudzera mu vuto la munthu.

Gulu

Zolanda: Tizilombo (Tizilombo)
Giredi: Postmaxillary (Ectognatha)
Gulu: Hemiptera, kapena nsikidzi (Hemiptera)
Banja: Tizilombo tokhala m'madzi (Gerridae)
Jenda: Mizere yamadzi am'madzi a Ocean (Halobates)

Zizindikiro zakunja za chingwe chamadzi cham'nyanja

Omenyera madzi am'nyanja, poyerekeza ndi abale amchere, ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, mtunda pakati pa nsonga za thupi ndi 5.0-6.5 mm.

Mtundu wa omenya m'madzi am'madzi ndiwosalala. Koma pamadzi, tizilombo timayang'ana silvery chifukwa cha kuwala komwe kumachoka mu tsitsi zambiri zophimba thupi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamafukufuku azamagetsi, zapezeka kuti chivundikiro chakunja kwamamadzi am'madzi cham'madzi chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso amateteza tizilombo ku madzi am'nyanja ndikuwoneka kwa ma ray a ultraviolet. Kutsogolo kwa oponya madzi am'nyanja okhala ndi ma spikes ndi miyendo yodzetsa chidwi.

Madzi oyenda panyanja (Halobates).

Miyendo yayitali yakumbuyo imakhala ngati chiwongolero. Amazindikira komwe mayendedwe amadzi amayenda. Miyendo yapakati, yokutidwa ndi bristles, imagwira ntchito ngati injini. Mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yachilengedwe chonse, chingwe chamadzi chimadumpha ndikusambira. Mphamvu yolumikizira yam'mimba imapitilira mphamvu ya thupi la tizilombo kuposa nthawi 10. Mapiko akumidzi zamadzi am'madzi ndizosakhalapo.

Nyanja zamchere

Zinyanja zamadzi am'madzi zimakhala m'madzi am'madzi, zimapezeka ku Indian Ocean ndi Pacific, ndipo ndi mtundu umodzi wokha womwe umakhala ku Atlantic. Ma Halobates ndi okhala kumadzi am'madzi otentha. Kuchulukitsa kwa mizere yamadzi am'mbali mwa nyanja kumakhala kochepa kufupi ndi gawo momwe kutentha kwa madzi pamunsi sikungagwere pansi pa 21 ° C.

Maulendo am'madzi am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito mawaya am'mbuyo kuti azitha kuyenda.

Kubwezeretsa nyanja zamadzi am'madzi

Madzi oyenda panyanja amayanjana ndi madzi pamadzi. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira matupi awo kapena kuziyala pachiwindi choyandama m'madzi, pa nthenga za mbalame za kunyanja. Nthawi zina pa nthenga za mbalame zoyandama mumatha kupeza mazira mazana angapo ammadzi am'madzi oyenda m'magawo osiyanasiyana chitukuko. Zovala zimatha kupezeka pazomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zachikazi zazikazi zam'madzi zimayikira mazira awo pazinthu zoyandama zilizonse, nthawi zina zodabwitsa kwambiri. Mazira am'madzi oyenda panyanja amapezeka pamatabwa am'madzi, zinyalala za pumice, zidutswa za pulasitiki, zipatso, nthenga za mbalame, ndi zipolopolo.

Kupeza kodabwitsa kunachitika mu 2002 ku Pacific yotentha: mazira 70,000 a H. Sobrinus adapezeka papulasitala 4 litre, adakutira pulasitiki m'magawo 15. Pakuwerengera, zidakhazikitsidwa kuti mzimayi m'modzi amatha kuyikira mazira 10, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akazi opitilira 7,000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu canister. Kupeza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti ndizovuta bwanji kwa oyenda m'madzi am'nyanja kupeza malo opangira zomangira, motero tizilombo timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zilizonse zoyandama pamadzipo kuti tisiye ana.

Mphutsi zimaswa kwa mazira kwa mphindi makumi atatu zoyambirira zimawoneka zosathandiza. Kenako amafalitsa miyendo yawo, khungu lawo limachita khungu, oyenda m'madzi ang'onoang'ono amakhala akhama. Ngati mazira adayandama m'madzi, osati pamtunda, ndiye kuti mbewa pansi pamadzi imapita kunyanja kwa maola pafupifupi awiri, ndikugonjetsa mphamvu ya madzi.

Ngakhale nsikidzi zimathera moyo wawo wonse pamafunde a nyanja, oyenda pansi pamadzi amaikira mazira awo pazinthu zingapo zoyandama.

Nthawi zambiri kukula kwa madzi am'madzi am'madzi kuchokera pa dzira kupita kwa wamkulu kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri.

Pali lingaliro kuti pamlingo wa mphutsi, oyanjana ndi madzi amasambira pansi pamadzi. Zambiri mwatsatanetsatane wa chitukuko ndi moyo wamamadzi amadzi akadali vuto la sayansi.

Kuyesera kufufuza ma Halobates mu aquarium kwalephera: maulendo am'madzi am'madzi amayenda mwachangu kwambiri motero amavulala pamakoma a aquarium.

Thanzi lamadzi am'madzi am'madzi

Omwe amadzi am'madzi am'nyanja amadya nazo zomwe zimamwa mwa kuyamwa zamadzi zomwe zapezeka kuti zawagwiritsa ntchito. Zimagwira nyama zosiyanasiyana za m'madzi zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nyanja kapena pafupi ndi gombe. Nthawi zambiri ma jellyfish, siphonophores amakhala amisala yamadzi.Amadyanso nsomba zam'mbuyo, mitembo ya mbalame zakufa kapena zoweta. Amagwira mikwingwirima yamadzi ndi tizilombo tamoyo, tambiri tambiri tomwe tili pansi, makamaka panyanja.

Kutalika kwa moyo wamadzi oyenda mwachilengedwe sikudziwika, ndipo tizilombo timakhala m'chipinda chopangira Laborator kwa mwezi wopitilira.

Mitundu yam'nyanja zamadzi am'madzi am'madzi amazidyetsa makamaka ndi zooplankton. Pakasaka bwino, amadziunjikira mafuta m'thupi kuti apulumuke nthawi yanjala. Cannibalism imapezekanso pakati pa omwe amamenya madzi am'madzi: mphutsi zikuluzikulu zimadya zosakhazikika, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akuluakulu timadya mphutsi.

Oyendetsa madzi am'nyanja samasambira kuti agwire nyama, koma mwina amagwera m'madzi, kuthawa zoopsa.

Zida za mizere yamadzi am'madzi

Oyenda m'madzi am'madzi amakhala moyo wawo wonse, kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kufa, pamadzi. Amatha kupezeka pamtunda wa makilomita mazana ndi masauzande kuchokera kumtunda. Tizilombo tokongola timasungidwa pamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yayitali komanso yofalikira kwambiri chifukwa cha mpweya wabwino womwe umaphimba thupi laling'ono.

Ma Halobates amayenda mofulumira kwambiri pamwamba pa madzi, nthawi zina kulumpha mita kapena kupitilira pamadzi.

Tizilombo touluka timayang'ana kwakanthawi, kenako nkubwerera m'madzi. Amapinda mumphepo yamkuntho, koma osakhalitsa, ndikutsamira. Koma olowa m'madzi amabwerera kumtunda kuti akapume mpweya wabwino. Izi zimatsimikizira komwe kumachokera mizere yamadzi kuchokera kwa tizilombo touluka.

Mtengo wamadzi oyenda panyanja

Anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja amadya kwambiri nsomba. Mbalame zawo zimakhazikika pamwamba pa nyanja. Okwera m'madzi am'madzi amakwaniritsa udindo wawo wachilengedwe: ndi gawo limodzi la maunyolo azakudya munyanja, kusungabe zofanana pazinthu zachilengedwe.

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