Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) ndi wa banja la Skopina (Pandionidae). Ndi m'modzi mwa oyimira ake pano. Osprey wa kum'mawa (Pandion cristatus) amakhala ku Australia komanso kuzilumba za Oceania; anthu ambiri amatero ngati mabungwe awo. Dzina Lachilatini la mbalame yamtunduwu limachokera ku dzina la Mythical Pandion, yemwe amakhala ku Greece wakale.
Iye, pokhala mfumu ya Atene, adachereza alendo Dionysus, mulungu wopatsa mowa, ndipo anali woyamba mwa anthu ku Atene kuphunzira kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi nthano, mfumu yolusa itatha phwando lina ndikumwa idasanduka chiwombankhanga ndipo idawulukira komwe sikudziwika.
Osprey ndiye chizindikiro choimira boma la Canada ku Nova Scotia ndi m'chigawo cha Sweden cha Södermanland.
Kugawa
Malo omwe amakhala ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale kupatula Antarctica. Osprey amakhala ku Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North, Central ndi South America. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku North America chikuwuluka kupita ku South America nthawi yozizira kupita ku South America, ndipo anthu aku Europe ndi North Asia kupita ku Africa ndi Southeast Asia. Mbalame zambiri nthawi yozizira ku India.
Okhala ndi phee, amakhala kumadera ambiri a ku Africa, ku Central America ndi zilumba za Pacific.
Masamba ambiri okhalamo amapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi m'malo okhala mpaka nyengo yayitali. Osprey amatseka mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono kapena madzi ambiri oyenda ndi nsomba zambiri. Amakonda madera okhala ndi mitengo yayitali, mapiri kapena zilumba zopanda anthu momwe mulibe nyama zomwe zimadyera.
Mbalame zimakhazikika m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso pafupi ndi madzi abwino ndi matupi osakanizika a madzi kapena m'maenje. M'malo otentha, amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma bwino.
Pali ma subspecies 4. Masanjidwe opatsirana ndiofala kudera lonse la Palearctic.
Khalidwe
Ospreys ndiosiyana ndi ena ambiri omwe amadyera masana masana. Zala zawo ndi zazitali kutalika, ndipo zibowo zimazunguliridwa. Mwa iwo, monga kadzidzi, chala chakunja ndi cha mafoni, chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wogwira wovulalayo ndi zala ziwiri kutsogolo ndi ziwiri kumbuyo. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka pogwira nsomba zosalala.
Mbalame zimagwira ntchito usana lonse kuyambira kucha mbandakucha. Atchuthi, amatha kukhala kwa maola ambiri pamwamba pa mitengo yakufa kapena zipilala.
Panthawi yosamukira, ospreys amatha kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 10, koma nthawi zambiri amasamukira okha. Mlengalenga, mbalame zimawuluka pamalo owoneka ndi mapiko okwezeka, zomwe zimapanga liwiro la 30-60 km / h.
Osprey amatha kudumphira pansi ndikusambira kwa nthawi yochepa atatambasula mapiko. Kuti auluke, amapukusa mapiko ake pamwamba pamadzi, atagwira ndodo zake. Asanadutse, nyama yodya nkhosayo imatambasulira miyendo yake kutsogolo ndikugwira nsomba ndi nsapato zazitali, zoonda komanso zakuthwa. Amatenga nyama kupita nayo ku chisa kapena malo obisika ndipo amadya pang'onopang'ono.
Mbalameyi imachita manyazi kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imasamala za munthuyo. Sichapiri ndipo alibe malo osungirako nyumba, osunthira ndikofunikira kuti asamuke nsomba. Ndege zatsiku ndi tsiku kupita kumalo odyetserako zimatha kuchitika mtunda wa 8-14 km.
Madera omwe banja lirilonse silikudutsa ndipo limakhala pamalo omwe ali pamtunda wa 5-10 km kuchokera ku chisa. Pazaka zochepa zokha, magulu ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa awiriawiri nesting 100-500 mamita kuchokera wina ndi mnzake.
Nthawi zambiri, mpheta, zimeza ndi mbalame zazing'ono zina zimakhazikika pamiyala yamtchire pansi pa zisa za ospreys, zikhale zotetezedwa.
Adani akuluakulu achilengedwe mlengalenga ndi chiwombankhanga (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) ndi kadzidzi za anamwali (Bubo virginianus), ndi m'madzi a Ng'ona (Crocodylus niloticus) ndi caimans (Caiman crocodilus). Pamtunda, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa anapiye ndi mazira chikuyimiriridwa ndi mikwingwirima ya raccoon (Procyon lotor).
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Ospreys amadya zamtundu uliwonse wa nsomba zam'madzi ndi nsomba zamchere zomwe zimatha kugwira. Pokhapokha pokhapokha pomwe amadyera nyama zapambuyo zazing'ono, abuluzi, ndi zolengedwa.
Kumayambiriro kwa kusaka, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo owonera, ndipo atayang'anitsitsa malo osaka amawuluka pamalo ozungulira pamalo okwera 20-30. Atazindikira kuti nyama zomwe zingagwire, adaniwo amagwetsa pansi ndi mwala, ndikugwira ndi zikhadabo zawo ndikuuluka nawo kuchokera pamadzi. Nthawi zina amapachika kwakanthawi m'malo amodzi, akungouluka ngati mapiko a kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).
Mlengalenga, osprey amagwira nyama yake moloza. Kulemera kwa nsombayo ndi 150-300 g, 2 kg.
Panthawi yausodzi, mbalameyi imatha kumizidwa pansi pa madzi mpaka akuya mamita 3. Nthenga zake zimapakidwa ndimaso amtundu wa coccygeal gland, zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi osasunga madzi.
Kuswana
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka pafupifupi zitatu. M'madera momwe osprey amakhala, nthawi yakukhwima nthawi zambiri imadutsa kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi, komanso nyengo yofunda kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Nyengo, mbalame zimasamba kamodzi kokha.
Amakhala magulu awiriawiri, omwe amakhala ndi moyo wonse. Pambuyo nyengo yachisanu, anyani amphongo ndiye oyamba kubwerera zisa. Pafupifupi sabata limodzi, zazikazi zimafika.
Chidacho nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zingapo, chaka chilichonse chimakonzedwa ndikumalizidwa ndi okwatirana. Zinthu zomanga ndi nthambi ndi mtengo wamatabwa. Mkati mwenimweni mumakhala udzu ndi zomera zam'madzi.
Ntchitoyo ikamalizidwa, yaimuna idyetsa mkazi ibweretse nsomba kwa mkazi. Kenako kuluka kumachitika, komwe kumangokhala masekondi ochepa. Yaikazi imayambira 2 mpaka 5, pomwe imakhala ndi mazira 7.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 35-42. Maanja onse amakumbatirana mosiyanasiyana. Kumaswa mazira kumayamba nthawi yomweyo atayika dzira loyamba. Chingwe chimagonjera ndi masiku 1-2, kotero zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana.
Anapiye okulirapo amatha kupulumuka, kulandira chakudya chochuluka panthawi yakukakamizidwa kudyetsa. Wamphongo amadyetsa ana kwa milungu iwiri yoyambirira, kenako mkaziyo amamutsatira.
Nkhupakupa zimabadwa ndi loyera, komabe amafunika kuzitentha ndi kutentha kwa thupi la amayi awo. Zamoyo zakale zimayamba kukula pazaka pafupifupi 10. Pazaka 5 zakubadwa, anapiyewa amafikira pafupifupi 80% ya unyinji wa makolo awo. Pamasiku 50-60 amakhala atakhala mapiko ndipo motsogozedwa ndi makolo amaphunzira kupeza okha chakudya.
Pazaka masabata 10-15, osprey wachichepere amapita kukakhala payokha. Palibe oposa 20% omwe amakhalapo paunyamata.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi 55-58 masentimita, mapiko a 145-170 cm.C kulemera kwa 1300-2000 g. Akazi ndi akulu akulu komanso kulemera kuposa amuna. Kuwala kwa dimorphism mumtundu kulibe. Anthu okhala m'malo otentha ndi ochepa kuposa anthu amtundu wakumpoto.
Zowonjezera zam'mbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi zofiirira. Nthenga zaiwo pa iwo ndi zoyera. Chovala chamkati choyera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mutu, nape, mmero, chifuwa ndi m'mimba zimapaka zoyera kapena zonona.
Miyendo imakutidwa ndi maula kutuluka okha. Zala zake ndizimaso zonyezimira, mulomo ndi zikhadabo zakuda kapena pafupifupi zakuda.
Ana aang'ono ali ndi mawanga kumbuyo ndi mapiko kuposa mbalame zazikulu. Ali ndi maso ofiira ofiira omwe amakhala achikasu chikamakula. Mankhwala achikulire amapezeka miyezi 18.
Osprey adakhala ndi moyo zaka 20-25 kuthengo.
Msonkho
Kufotokozera monga malingaliro Chida cha Buteo idasindikizidwa mu 1816 ndi katswiri wazachipatala wa ku France, dzina lake Louis Vieillot, yemwe adadziwika kuti mitundu ya mitundu ya anthu ambiri. Epithet chisa amachokera ku "crest" yaku Latin pofotokoza za nthenga zolimba zomwe zimachokera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Njira zamankhwala Pandion haliaetus chisa kumasiyanitsa crest kuchokera kuma subspecies ena P. haliaetus , dzina lotengedwa kuchokera ku Greek wakale haliaietos chifukwa cha "chiwombankhanga".
Pambuyo pake olemba adafotokoza kuchuluka kwa zigawo monga mitundu yosiyana Pandiona leucocephalus Gould, J. 1838 ndi Pandion gouldi Kaup, JJ 1847 kapena muma subs- Pandion haliaetus australis Burmeister, KHK 1850 ndi Pandion haliaetus melvillensis Mathews, kufotokozera kwa GM 1912. Gould adazindikira zingapo zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala osiyana ndi watsopano Pandion haliaetus kutengera zitsanzo zomwe zapezedwa ku Tasmania, Rottnest Island ku West ndi Port Essington, gawo lomwe likuwonetsa mitundu yomwe yatulutsidwa mu Synopsis (1838) kuti Mbalame za ku Australia -A adaphedwa ndi a Elizabeth Gould. Akuluakulu ena amathandizira chithandizo cha osprey akum'mawa monga amodzi mwa njira zinayi Pandion haliaetus , mitundu yotsalira ya mtundu ndi banja. Pomwe zitsanzo ndi kuwunika kwa anthu atsopano zidatulutsidwa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, olemba ambiri adawafotokoza ngati mitundu yatsopano, kusintha kuzungulira kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi adayamba kunena kuti mawonekedwe monga mtundu wathunthu ndiwoyenera.
Katundu waku fauna waku Australia azindikira kuchira kwathunthu kwa mitundu, ponena za kusinthidwa kwa 2008, adawona mtunda wofanana ndi mitundu yofananira kwambiri Hieraeetus ndi Akula (Wink, ndipo Dr ., 2004) ndi kusiyana kwakung'ono koma kosasintha pama morphology ndi mitundu yambiri. Kusiyana pakati pa anthu atatuwa omwe akukangana kumakhala ndi chilolezo chokhalamo nyama zam'madzi, pomwe kumpoto kwa America anthu amapezeka akuswana ndikuyenda m'mizere pafupi ndi madzi abwino.
Pandion Wofotokozedwa ndi katswiri wodziwa za nyama ku France Jules César Savigny mu 1809, ndiye mtundu wokhawo wa banja la Pandionidae, adatchulidwa dzina lachi Greek lomwe limadziwika kuti Pandion. Njira zina zoziyika pafupi ndi kambuku ndi chiwombankhanga m'banjamo - momwe zimadziwikiratu kuti ndizopanga gawo lalikulu la kulumikizidwa ndi kankhumba kapena wolumikizana ndi Sokolina mu falconform. Sibl-Ahlquist wamisonkho adamuyika iye ndi abuluzi enanso amtovu mu ma Ciconiiformes omwe amakulitsa kwambiri, koma izi zimabweretsa gulu lodziwika bwino lofanizira.
Amadziwika ndi dzina lodziwika kuti osprey, kapena wodziwika ngati osprey wakummawa; mayina ena amaphatikizapo osprey ndi osprey wokhala ndi mutu. Gould adazindikira za nkhanza zosagwiritsidwa ntchito atakhala ku Australia, "Little Fish-Hawk" ku New South Wales ndi "Fish-Hawk" adalembetsedwa ku coloni ya Swan a John Gilbert, dzina lomwe adatipeza ndi Joor-jout ku Port Essington ndi wina kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia, kumasulira kuchokera ku Chinungar, dzinali limaperekedwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia monga yoondoordo [adaneneka yoon'doordaw].
Kugawa ndi malo okhala
M'madera ndi madera aku Australia, komwe nyamazo zimalembedwa kuti zikuchitika ku Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia ndi Tasmania, mzerewu ndi mzere wopendekera pagombe ndi zilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ngakhale nthawi zina zimapezeka pamsewu wamtsinje wotseguka komanso m'zigwa. Kuyendera madera akumtunda kuchokera kumpoto panthawi yamvula kumatha kuchitika zaka zambiri zamvula. Ku kontilakitoli, imakhala moyo wongokhala, wosasamuka, wosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya anthu Pandion haliaetus . Amapezeka mosiyanasiyana m'mphepete mwa gombe, ngakhale uyu si mlendo wosankha kum'mawa kwa Victoria ndi Tasmania. Pali malo amtunda wamtunda wamtunda wa (620 mi) wolingana ndi gombe la Nullarbor, pakati pa gawo lakumadzulo kwa South Australia ndi malo omwe akuberekera pafupi kwambiri kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia. Mitunduyi idawonetsedwa ngati osowa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia.
Madera ena okhala Philippines, Indonesia ndi New Guinea. Alendo okacheza a Sulawesi amafika kuchokera kumwera, ndipo akuyenera kuti achoka kumpoto kwa Australia.
Mtengo wosankhidwa ngati malo okhala chisa ku Australia ndi buluzi wamkulu. Amatha kuwoneka akuwuluka pamtunda wosiyanasiyana womwe umachitika pakati pawo ndikusaka kwamadzi.
Kusaka
Zakudya zamtunduwu ndizambiri zamitundu yam'madzi, ngakhale amakonda kwambiri ku Australia, monga mukudziwa, ndi mullet, ngati alipo. Zolemba zodzipatula zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha njoka zam'madzi zina zomwe zikuopseza, zolengedwa ndi ma crustaceans amtundu wam'madzi zamtchire, tizilombo, mbalame ndi zinyama. Amadziwika kuti amagwira mbalame za m'madzi mouluka.
Ospent ali ndi masomphenya omwe amasinthidwa bwino kuti azindikire zinthu zapansi pamadzi kuchokera mumlengalenga. Nyama imayamba kuzindikirika pamene nyemba yakum'mawa ili pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 40 pamadzi, kenako mbalameyo ikuwuluka kwakanthawi kenako ndikukhwekhwereza miyendo yake kaye ndi mapiko akwezedwa, mkombero waukulu umapangidwa m'mene umalowa m'madzi. Zomwe zimachokera komwe zingachitike m'magawo angapo, ndipo zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka mita imodzi. Atagwira chandamale, amagwiritsa ntchito mapiko olemera kuwuka pamwamba pamadzi, ndikuyambiranso kuchita ndi nsomba kukhala yoyamba kunyamulidwa. Nyama yomwe "inkaponyera ngalawa za mod" ndi mutu wotsogola kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndipo ina ikumagwira chizolowezi chimasiyanitsa Pandion kusiya mosasamala kufinya nyama za chiwombankhanga chosodza. Katundu wawo wamkulu sanameze nthawi yomweyo, m'malo mochita kupangidwira m'chigawo chokhazikika kapena chodzala ndi nyengo yopanda kuswana.
Chifundo Pandion imasinthasintha zingapo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi momwe imadyera nsomba, imaphatikizanso zala zakunja zosasinthika, ma spicule akuthwa kunsi kwa zala zakumaso, mphuno yotseka kunja kwa madzi pomiza, ndi cholembera chakumaso pazovala zomwe zimakhala ngati ma barbar thandizani kuti akagwidwe. Osprey ali ndi nthenga zowondera zomwe zimakhala zamafuta ndipo zimalepheretsa nthenga zake kuti zisasowe madzi.
Kubereka
Malo otsetsereka a miyala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Rottnest Island kugombe la Western Australia, komwe kuli malo 14 kapena zina zonga zomwe 6:55 imagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chimodzi. Ambiri aiwo amakonzedwanso nyengo iliyonse, ndipo ena a iwo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka 70. Chidacho ndi mulu wawukulu wa timitengo, mabatani, kapena tinsalu ta zamadzi zam'madzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pamapangidwe a mtengo wakufa kapena miyendo, pogwiritsa ntchito miyala. mitengo, miyala yakunja, zipilala, nsanja zojambula kapena zilumba zam'nyanja. Zopitilira mosalekeza zokhala nesting zimatha kutalika mpaka mamita awiri. Zisa zimatha kutalika ngati 2 metres komanso zolemera 135 kg.
Monga lamulo, ospreys akum'mawa amafikira kutha msinkhu ndikuyamba kubereka pazaka pafupifupi zitatu mpaka zinayi.
Ma ospreys aku Mashariki nthawi zambiri amakhala okwatirana moyo wonse, ngakhale kuti polyandry imanenedwapo kangapo. Nyengo yoswana imasiyana malinga ndi nyengo yakwanuko: imayamba pakati pa Seputembara mpaka Okutobala kumwera kwa Australia, Epulo mpaka Julayi mpaka kumpoto kwa Australia, ndipo kuyambira mwezi wa June mpaka Ogasiti kumwera kwa Queensland. Mu nthawi yamasika, banjali limayamba nthawi ya mgwirizano wa miyezi isanu kuti ilimbikitse ubwana wawo. Kukula kwa clutch nthawi zambiri kumakhala mazira awiri kapena atatu, nthawi zina mpaka anayi, ndipo amatha kubereka kawiri pachaka. Zimayikidwa kwa mwezi umodzi, ndipo zimatengera kukula kwa chisa kuti izitha kutentha. Zipolopolo za mazira zimakhala zoyera kapena masewera amaso amtundu wamafuta komanso malo ofiira, nthawi zina zimakhala zakuda ngati zakuda, zofiirira kapena zazimvi zimatha kuwoneka pansi pa chigobacho. Dzira limalemera pafupifupi 62 x 45 mm ndipo limalemera pafupifupi magalamu 65. Mazira amadzazidwa kwa masiku 35-43 asanagwe.
Anaphukusi omwe asachedwa posachedwa amalemera 50 mpaka 60 magalamu ndimkhunso pa masabata 8 mpaka 10. Kafukufuku pa Chilumba cha Kangaroo anali ndi nthawi pakati pa kuwaswa ndi maula a masiku 69. Kafukufuku yemweyo adawonetsa achinyamata pafupifupi 0,66 athunthu pachaka pagawo lokhalamo anthu, ndipo 0.92 achinyamata azaka zonse pachaka pachaka chogwira ntchito. Pafupifupi 22% ya achinyamata omwe adatsala pachilumbachi adakhalabe pachilumbachi kapena abwereranso kukhwima kuti agwirizane ndi anthu oswana. Pakakhala chakudya chokwanira, anapiye oyamba kuswa amatha kupulumuka. Nthawi yomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi zisanu, ngakhale kuti anthu samatha kukhala zaka 20-25.
Chisa chimaganiziridwa mu 1902 anapeza mafupa am'mphepete m'mphepete mwa nyanja "fakitale yakenso" Mesembryanthemum ) Kukula kwathunthu.
Mkhalidwe ndi Chitetezo
Pali umboni wonena za kuchepa kwa dera ku South Australia, komwe madera omwe kale anali m'malo a Spencer Bay komanso kutsidya kwa Mtsinje wa Murray akhala akusowa ntchito kwazaka zambiri. Malo omwe ali pachilumba cha Eyre Peninsula ndi chilumba cha Kangaroo ali pachiwopsezo cha zosangalatsa zam'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso zosokoneza chitukuko chakumatauni.
Ku New South Wales, osprey ndi mtundu wotetezedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, chisa cha osprey kuchokera kumunsi kumanzere kwa nsanja ya Central Coast ya bwaloli sichitha kusuntha zachilengedwe.
Ma chitetezo ku Western Australia ngati "osawopseza", nthawi zambiri Kumpoto ndipo kawirikawiri samajambulidwa kumwera. Lipoti la mu 1902 lolembedwera Alexander Milligan la mabanja opitilira kum'mwera chakumadzulo lidasindikizidwa CHENSE komanso mafotokozedwe a chisa chomwe chili ndi mazira awiri omwe amapezeka ku Cape Mentelle chomwe adachijambula zaka 11 zapitazo ku AJ Campbell. Dzira limodzi lidalandiridwa kuti liziika kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale a Milligan State Museum, komanso, ndi director of the museum, a BH Woodward, adayang'anira woyang'anira phanga loteteza malowo.
Mitunduyi ndiyosowa ku Victoria ndipo tsopano sachokera ku Tasmania.