Bicolor Thrush Flycatcher

Bicolor pythoha ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zapoizoni. Pakhungu lake ndi nthenga, ali ndi batrachotoxin, neurotoxin wamphamvu wokhala ndi zotsatira za neurotoxic ndi mtima. Batrachotoxin imatha kulumikizana mosagwirizana ndi zigawo za sodium m'mitsempha yama cell, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yam' cell. Pamapeto pake, khungu limalephera kutulutsa mitsempha, ndipo minyewa yopuma imachitika. Anthu ndi nyama zokhala ndi poizoni wa batrachotoxin amafa chifukwa chomangidwa ndi mtima. Nthawi yomweyo, kukhudza mbalame yam'madzi yozungulira yamtunduwu sikubweretsa ngozi kwa anthu.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mbalame ikhale yoopsa kwambiri ndi zakudya zake. Pyatuha yamtundu iwiri imadyedwa ndi kachilomboka komwe kali ndi batrachotoxin m'matupi awo. Mbonayo payokha yatulutsa chiphe ichi, zomwe sizinganenedwe za nzika zam'deralo zomwe zimati mbalameyi ndi yopanda ntchito.

MALO No. 4.

Chiphuphuchi chimatchedwa chakuda, komabe, mtundu wa arachnid uwu umatha kukhala wamtundu wakuda mpaka wofiirira, ndipo umathanso kukhala kuchokera ku imvi yoyera mpaka yakuda. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika masentimita 12. Ngakhale kuti chinkhanira chili ndi maso khumi ndi awiri, sichowoneka bwino. Komabe, kusawona bwino sikumamulepheretsa kusaka. Amva za momwe akumenyedwera ndi vibrate, yomwe imagwidwa ndi villi yomwe ili pamthupi lake. Thupi la androctonus limakhala ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira, yokhala ndi cheliceurs yaying'ono ndi matayala akuluakulu omwe amakhala pamwamba pake, omwe amatha pamapeto akulu. Kutsatira mutu wa chinkhanira ichi pali metasoma (gawo lakale), lomwe lili ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zotchulidwa. Magawo okhala ndi ma cylindrical omwe ali gawo la gawo la mchira. Gawo lonyentchera limapatsidwa mankhwala oopsa. Kutseguka kwake kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi duct yomwe ili pachimodzimodzi ndi kumapeto kwa mchira.

MALO No. 3.

Ma Rattlesnakes ndi ena mwa omwe ali ndi poizoni kwambiri padziko lapansi. Poizoni wakhungu waku Brazil adapha anthu 75, mwa anthu 100 oluma. Komabe, rattlesnake sikuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zowopsa komanso zowopsa. Zithunzi, makanema omwe atchulidwa m'nkhaniyi akuwuzani zonse izi.

Zachidziwikire, kugwiritsa ntchito seramu yapadera kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ozunzidwa, koma zowona zake zimatsimikiza kuti rattlesnake ndizowopsa ndipo sibwino kuti zisasokoneze.

Mwina sizingachitike kwa ambiri kuti zoterezi zimakhala ndi amanyazi kwambiri. Aliyense amawapereka ngati zolengedwa kudikirira nthawi yoyenera kuti alume ndi kubayidwa poizoni wakupha. Mbidzi ya nthomba imangokhala pokhapokha pakudzitchinjiriza, pomwe, pakuganiza kwake, ili pachiwopsezo.

Padziko lapansi pali mitundu 32 ya rattlesnakes. Wodziwika kwambiri ndi diamondi, yemwe ndi chimphona cha mitundu iyi. Kutalika kwake, kumafikira kuposa masentimita 260. Palinso ena okhala ndi nyanga komanso oopsa kwambiri - amtali. Ngakhale kukula kwawo kocheperako (osapitirira 60 cm), poizoni wawo amachita zinthu mwachangu kwambiri ndipo ndi woopsa kwambiri pazovuta zamitundu mitundu.

MALO №2

Mwinanso tizilombo todziwika kwambiri ndi ntchentche ya Tsetse. Chithunzi cha mlendo wowopsa uyu chidzathandiza kumvetsetsa kuti ndizosiyana bwanji ndi ntchentche wamba, ndipo nkhani yathu imatsimikizira kuopsa kwake kwa anthu.

Africa ndi kontinenti yomwe imakhala ndi zolengedwa zowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Ngati mukufuna kupita kumayiko akumayiko otentha, mudza kuchenjezedwa za kufunika kokalandira katemera wokhudza matenda achilendo. Africa ili ndi nyama zambiri zobisika zomwe zimatha kumeza nyama yayikulu m'maso. Koma sikuti mikango ndi ng'ona zokha zomwe zingakhale zowopsa ...

"Ndani owopsa kwambiri?" - mumafunsa? Tizilombo ta ku Africa! Tengani pang'ono tsetse. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono iti timatha kuvulaza kwambiri osati nyama zazikulu zokha, komanso anthu. Ntchentche za ntchentche ndi gulu la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndipo tikuyimira banja la a Glossinidae, omwe ali ndi mtundu "tsetse" wopangidwa.

Ntchentche izi zimatha kupatsira anthu ndi nyama matenda atulo. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu 21 ya tizilombo tomwe timadziwika.

MALO №1

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti udzudzu umakhala mu nthawi ya Cretaceous, pomwe udagawidwa mdziko lonse kupatula Antarctica.

Pali mitundu pafupifupi 3000 ya udzudzu, yomwe imagawidwa mu genera 39. Mkati mwa banja, udzudzu wosakhala ndi malungo, udzudzu wa malungo ndi toxorhynchites, womwe ndi wa necro-sucking tizilombo, ndiwo zokha. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono toyambitsa matenda timatha kukhala owopsa, mwachitsanzo, udzudzu wa malungo umanyamula tizirombo tina tomwe timatchedwa malal plasmodia.

M'mawonekedwe, tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi ndi ofanana, koma pali zina mwanjira zomwe mungasiyanitse udzudzu wa malungo ndi udzudzu wamba:

• Malo amdima amapezeka pamapiko a udzudzu wa malungo, pomwe mitundu yambiri ya udzudzu ilibe mawanga.
• Mu udzudzu wa malungo, miyendo ndi yayitali, makamaka kumbuyo,
• Udzudzu wa malungo ukakhala, umapundula kwambiri kumbuyo kwake, pomwe mu udzudzu wokhazikika thupi limakhala lofanana ndi pomwe limakhala
• Mu udzudzu wa malungo, mahema ophatikizika pamutu ali ofanana ndi phenoscis, ndipo mu udzudzu wamba siwotalikirapo kuposa prob kutalika kwa phenoscis,
• Kuphatikiza apo, zachilendo za udzudzu wa malungo ndi "kuvina" kwawo - asanakakhale pa khungu la womenyedwayo, akuwoneka kuti akuvina mlengalenga.

Magazi Oopsa

Zowonadi kuti vekitala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda matenda oopsa, amatchedwa TRIPANOSOMES. Awa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene, tikamaluma, timalowa m'magazi a anthu ndikuwonetsa ziwalo zake zonse.

Matendawa omwe amayambitsa trypanosomes amatchedwa trypanosomiasis, kapena matenda ogona, sichisamaliridwe, popeza ma tizilombo tosinthasintha mwachangu kwambiri, ndiye kuti, akusintha. Mankhwala ena okha ndi omwe amagwira ntchito ndikupha gawo limodzi la trypanosomes, popeza ena onse amasintha ndipo mankhwalawa sadzakhala othandiza.

Inde, asayansi padziko lonse lapansi amathandiza anthu aku Africa, iwo kugwira ntchito yopanga mankhwala ku matenda ogona. Koma ngakhale palibe mankhwala abwino.

Zizindikiro za matendawa

Chowonadi ndi chakuti poyamba sizotheka kumvetsetsa zomwe munthu akudwala nazo. Amangomva zowawa. Kenako chilonda chimapezeka pamalo akukuluma, zotupa ziwoneka thupi lonse, wodwalayo amakhala ofooka kwambiri ndikugona pansi pomwepo. Chifukwa chake, matendawa amatchedwa carotid. Vutoli limatha nthawi zina chaka chathunthu, koma nthawi zambiri limabweretsa kuimfa.

Komwe a tsetse amakhala ndipo komwe kuli kontinenti, ndimatenda omwe amasamutsa ndikufalikira, ofunikira mu chilengedwe

Tsetse ntchentche amakhala m'malo okhala malo otentha komanso otentha kumayiko aku Africa. Tsetse ndi chonyamula trypanosomiasis (matenda ogona), amadziwika ndi kutupa kwa khungu la khosi la pakhosi la munthu, kutupa kwa malekezero, kutentha thupi komanso kugona.

Ndizachilendo, kuvomereza kuti kachilombo kakang'ono kameneka kamatha kusintha chilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe momwe zimakhalira. Amitundu 32 mwa mayiko 37 omwe ntchentche zimakhala amakhala ovutitsitsa padziko lapansi, chifukwa chakuopa kutenga trypanosomiasis, anthu sakulitsa malo ali nawo ndipo sawalola kuti azilimidwa.

Ndizosangalatsanso kuti akatswiri ena opanga zinthu zachilengedwe amakonda kukhulupirira kuti tili ndi tsetse lomwe liziwuluka kuti nyama ziziwoneka ngati mbidzi. Asayansi amati mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera yomwe idatulukapo mu mtundu uwu wa akavalo idakonzedwa munthawi yakusinthika ngati chigoba chochokera ku tsetse. Kodi ndizovuta kunena, koma kuti ntchentcheyo siyikhudza mbidzi ndizosatheka.

Mawonekedwe

Ntchentche za Tsetse zimasiyana ndi zachilendo zomwe zimaluma anthu ndi nyama kuti zimayamwa magazi. Iwowonekera bwino, mtundu wa phenoscis uli ndi chitin, ndi wolimba komanso wonyezimira pang'ono.

Zolengedwa izi mapiko osadziwika: samatirira mbali zonse zakumbuyo, ngati zathu, koma atayala wina pamwamba pa winayo, atagona kumbuyo kwa kachilombo.

Tsetse amauluka ku Africa ndi Russia komanso ngozi yake kwa anthu, zomwe amadya komanso komwe amakhala

Ntchentche za tsetse zimapezeka kutali ndi Russia - ku Africa ndi Australia. Malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zachinyontho, malo achonde pamtsinje ndi malo ena onyowa.

Gwero la chakudya cha tsetse ndi magazi a mamalia. Trypanosomes amalowa m'thupi la ntchentche kudzera mwa iyo, pomwe nyongayo imalowetsanso wina kudzera mu tinthu timene timayambira.

Chifukwa chake, tsetse louluka limakhala chonyamula matenda oopsa, omwe nthawi zambiri amapha - trypanosomiasis kapena matenda ogona. Kuopa kulumidwa ndi matenda a tsetse komanso matenda a trypanosome kumalepheretsa nzika za m'deralo kutenga malo olimapo ndipo zimanyalanyaza chuma chamayiko ambiri a mu Africa.

Tsetse ntchentche kuluma njira ndi chithandizo

Ntchentche za tsetse zakhala zikulimbana kwa zaka 150 zapitazi. Anayesa kuwononga tizilombo tomwe ndi njira zachilendo, mwachitsanzo, kuthamangitsa nkhumba zonse zakutchire, zomwe magazi ake ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha ntchentche, komanso kudula mitengo m'malo omwe pali tsetse. Koma chothandiza kwambiri chinali kuyesa komwe asayansi amakono adalandira. Adaganiza zolimbana ndi tsetse kuuluka mothandizidwa ndi ntchentche yokha, kapena m'malo mwake amuna, pogwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe cha mitunduyo.

Chifukwa chake, zimadziwika kuti tsetse louluka ndi viviparous ndipo umuna umachitika kamodzi kokha moyo wake wonse. Asayansi adakwanitsa kubereka mamiliyoni a anyaniwa, koma asadatulutsidwe kuthengo, onse adayatsidwa ndikuswedwa. Zotsatira zake, mating ndi wamwamuna wotere, wamkazi sanaberekepo mwana aliyense, ndipo, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, tsetse liziwuluka silingayesenso kukwatirana, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunachepetsedwa kwambiri.

Zosangalatsa pankhani ya tsetse zimauluka:
- thunthu la tsetse louluka ndilolimba kwambiri kotero kuti limatha kuboola khungu la anyani, njati ndi njovu,
- wamkazi tsetse amauluka nthawi imodzi m'moyo wake,
- tsetsezi zimasankha kugunda chinthu choyenda komanso chotentha, kaya ndi galimoto,
- nyama yokhayo yomwe siyikuyendayenda ndi mbidzi. Asayansi amati chifukwa chake ndi mtundu wachilendo wa artiodactyl,
- tsetse ndiye ntchentche yokha yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi viviparous, chifukwa mphutsi zake zimakhala zokonzeka kuseweretsa,
- chakudya chachikulu cha tsetse kuuluka ndi magazi a nyama, ndikuti zimapangitsa tsetse kukhala chonyamula trypanosomiasis.

Nkhaniyi imasamala za zovuta zokhudzana ndi kubwezeretsa kwa encephalitis ndipo imathandizanso kupeza mayankho ku mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri za icho komanso kulimbana nacho. .

Ntchentche zauluka ndi ulemerero wa tizilombo tosaopsa kwambiri. Itha kuyambitsa matenda mwa anthu ndi nyama zotchedwa trypanosomiasis. Pali mitundu iwiri yamatendawa: Rhodesian trypanosomiasis, yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa East African, ndi Gambian, kapena West African. Rhodesian imafalikira kuchokera ku nyama kupita ku chinyama ndipo makamaka imakhudza ng'ombe, mahatchi, kuthengo .. Fomu ya Gambian ndiyofala pakati pa anthu, nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti Tsetse ntchentche imakhala ku Africa kokha. Pali mitundu 22 yodziwika ya tizilombo. Imagwira tsiku lonse ndipo imangodya magazi okha.

Tizilombo tambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala makolo osasamala. Yaikazi imayikira mazira ndi kuwuluka, n kusiya ana ake kuti akhale moyo wawo. Ziwombankhanga zimasiyana ndi tizilombo tina chifukwa zimasamala kwambiri ana ake. Chikazi chimayikira dzira limodzi, koma chimasunga malo otetezeka - m'chiberekero chake. Dzira limasandulika kukhala mphutsi, lomwe limakula, limadya madzimadzi okhala ndi mafuta ambiri, omwe amatchedwa asayansi "mkaka wa intrauterine." Mphutsizo zikadzaza chiberekero cha amayi, chimasiyira dothi lonyowa. Mphutsi zimabisala ndipo zimasuntha nthawi yomweyo.

Morphologic, kachilombo kameneka kamakhalapo m'mitundu iwiri: mphutsi za m'badwo wachitatu (pomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mayi) ndi wamkulu.

Ntchentche zazikulu zikuuluka ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, totalika ndi theka mpaka 1.5 masentimita, ndipo tili ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino. Ali ndi mawonekedwe a proboscis, maso akulu ndi tinyanga tachilendo ndi mphira wokhala ndi tsitsi kumapeto. Cifuwa ndi cacikulu, m'mimba mulifupi, koma osatalikirana, ndi lalifupi kuposa mapiko, okhala ndi chizindikiritso chooneka kutsogolo: gawo lofanana ndi nkhwangwa.

Mu 1894, dokotala komanso wasayansi ya ku Australia David Bruce adapeza trypanasomas, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tulo. Trypanasomes amakhala m'magazi a anthu osatulutsa nyama zamtchire, nthawi zambiri m'magazi a antelopes, osavulaza. Atayamwa magazi kuchokera kwa nyama yomwe ili ndi kachilombo, tsetsezi zimawuluka anthu kapena ziweto, ndikuwapangitsa kuti azigona.

Zitatha izi, amayamba kutentha thupi, limodzi ndi mutu wolephera, kulumikizana mafupa komanso kuwonjezeka kowopsa m'mitsempha. Ndipo pali zisokonezo muntchito ya ziwalo zamkati zomwe zili ndi vuto lotsatira la mitsempha. Zida zakugona ndi kudzuka zimasokonekera, kugona kwambiri, kuchepa kwa magazi komanso kusowa chidwi. Popanda chithandizo chamankhwala choyenera, munthu kwa zaka 5 amagwa ndikomoka. Anthu opitilira 30,000 amadwala matenda ogona chaka chilichonse.

Kodi Tsetse akuukira ndani?

Tizilomboti timaluma osati anthu okha, komanso nyama zina: aliyense amene ndi wachikondi komanso wosuntha. Nthawi zina Tsetse amayesa kuluma galimoto. Sangowukira zokha. Asayansi akuganiza kuti tizilombo timasokonezedwa ndi kusintha kwa mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yakuda.

Kuyambira tsetse zaka zingapo imakhudza pafupifupi theka la anthu onse ku Africa. Ayenera kuponyera malo abwino m'mbali mwa mitsinje, chifukwa tizilombo monga awa.

Kufalitsa

Ntchentche za Tsetse zili ponseponse mu Africa konse, kupatula zipululu zazikulu - Sahara, Kalahari ndi Namib. Kwa moyo wa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, kupezeka kwa masamba ochepa, komwe mungabisike kutentha kwa dzuwa, ndikokwanira. Malo omwe amakonda amakhala ndi mchenga, malo okhala madzi ambiri, mvula yosalala ndi nkhalango za mitengo yamangati, komanso malo okhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje.

Kulimbana Ndi Chiwopsezo

Kuwononga magazi owopsa, njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsamba ndi nkhalango zidulidwa, ndipo ng'ombe zowonongeka. Koma pakadali pano njira imodzi yokha ndi yomwe yathandizadi.

Asayansi mu labotale anasodza ntchentche masauzande ambiri adalekanitsa amuna ndi kuwatsitsa ndi ma radiation, kenako ndikumasulidwa. Tsopano amuna awa sangathe kubereka, ndipo mphutsizo zinali zochepa. Chifukwa chake adakwanitsa kuthana ndi ntchentche zakupha ku Zanzibar.

Ngati uthengawu unabwera mosangalatsa, ndine wokondwa kukuonani

M'malo otentha ndi madera a Africa. Tsetse ndi mtundu wonse wa ntchentche zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri. Pali mitundu ina yomwe imapezeka m'nkhalango, ma savannah komanso malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo timeneti timapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Tsetse ndi ofanana ndi ntchentche wamba, zofalikira m'njira yapakati. Amakhala ndi miyeso imodzimodzi - 1-1,5 masentimita, mtundu wamtundu wamtundu ndi mauna akuluakulu. Amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mapiko okhazikika ndi mapiko, omwe ntchentche zimapinda mzere, imodzi pamwamba pa inayo. Ngati chakudya cha ntchentche wamba chimakhala zinyalala kuchokera pagome la anthu ndi zovunda, ndiye kuti tsetse zimadya zakudya zoyamwitsa.

Ntchentche yaiwombankhanga siigwira mbidzi. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake, tsetse siziwona ngati chamoyo.

Kuopsa kwa matenda ogona ndikuti nkovuta kudziwa.Anthu ochokera kumadera osauka omwe alibe nkhawa ndi kufooka mwadzidzidzi kapena kupweteka kumutu nthawi zambiri amadwala. Nthawi zambiri amafunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala kale mochedwa, pomwe wodwalayo ayamba kukhala ndi mavuto amisala. Matendawa amakhalanso oopsa chifukwa amatengera mwana kuchokera kwa mayi yemwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Kuzindikira matendawa ndizovuta kwambiri - zimaphatikizapo kuyesa magazi ndi magazi amadzimadzi. Ma labotiki ochepa kwambiri omwe ali ndi kuthekera kochita mayeso otere. Maiko otukuka amathandizira ku Africa kulimbana ndi matenda ogona - amapenda pafupipafupi malo okhala osawuka ndikupereka mankhwala aulere.

Ngati simukukonda ntchentche, ndiye kuti sangalalani kuti simukhala ku Africa. Kupatula apo, kuli komwe kumakhala ntchentche yoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi - tsetse, yomwe imanyamula matenda oopsa monga matenda ogona (mwa anthu) ndi a Nagans (mwa nyama).

Tsetse fly (lat.Glossina) (Chingerezi cha Tsetse)

Ntchentche za Tsetse zimakhala m'malo otentha a Africa. Amasankha madera abwino kwambiri - nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha komanso nthaka yachonde yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, momwe anthu am'deralo amatha kulima. Koma kwa anthu, dera lotere limatha kubweretsa mavuto.

Gawani mitundu 21 ya ntchentche izi, koma owerengeka okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi matenda ogona. Awa ndi a G. palpalis, G. morsitans, ndi G. Brevipalpis. Zotsalazo ndizowopsa kwa nyama zakuthengo komanso zoweta.

Poyamba, iyi ndi ntchentche wamba, yomwe imasiyana pang'ono ndi wachibale wake waku Europe. Komabe, kusiyana kumodzi kodziwika kulipo - malekezero a mapiko awo ali m'malo odekha osagwirizana. Kubaya kwawo kwapadera kumakhalanso kotalikirapo komanso kolimba, chifukwa sayenera kubaya khungu loonda laumunthu, komanso khungu lakuda la njati za Kaffir, ma anfelopu aku Africa, komanso nthawi zina njovu. Tsetse ntchentche imakhala ndi imvi. Pamwamba kumtunda pamimba pali mikwingwirima 4 yautali yakuda.

Mosiyana ndi udzudzu, momwe akazi okha ndiwo amamwa magazi, zazikazi ndi zazimuna zomwe zimamatira ku tsetse loti ziwadye "zamagazi". Kuti akafike ku chida chamtengo wapatalicho, ali ndi mano ake akuthwa kumapeto kwa phenoscis, komwe amaboola khungu ndi khoma la mtsempha wamagazi. Kenako amalowetsa malovu awo, okhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa magazi kutuluka, ndikuyamba kuyamwa magazi. Pamimba pakhungu la ntchentche nthawi yomweyo amachulukana kukula.

Kugwira ndi kupha ntchentche iyi sikophweka. Amawuluka mwachangu, mwacholinga komanso mwakachetechete. Ngati yachita njoka kapena yodabwitsika, ntchentche, ngakhale yokhala ndi mapiko osweka, imathabe kuligwira mofunitsitsa ndikuyesetsa kuluma kachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, Achizungu ena amawagwira ndi manja awo ndikuwaphwanya pakati pa zala zawo, mwachidziwikire

Ndikovuta kwambiri kupulumuka kuchokera kumalo omwe mumakonda. Kwa zaka 150, njira zosiyanasiyana zapangidwa kuti zitha kuwononga mdani wouluka uyu. Ena mwa iwo anali oopsa, mwachitsanzo, kupulumutsidwa kwathunthu kwanyama kumalo komwe kuli tsetse kuuluka kapena kugwa kwa mitengo yonse. Ndipo imodzi mwazochitikazo zidachitika. Zimakhulupirira kuti ngati nyama zonse zakuthengo, ndiye kuti ntchentche za mlengalenga sizingadye ndipo zitha kufa

Kumayambiriro kwa 1930s, kuwombera kwakukulu kwa nyama zamtchire kudayamba m'chigawo cha Southern Rhodesia. Mu 1932, pafupifupi 36.5 miliyoni aiwo anawonongedwa, mwa iwo panali mitundu yachilendo. Anthu okhala mdzikolo adachita mantha. Komanso za. Principe, kumadzulo kwa Africa, adawononga nkhumba zonse zakutchire m'ma 1930. Njira zoyipa ngati izi zinangothandiza kwakanthawi.

Timazolowera ntchentche zonse kugonera mazira. Koma tsetse kubereka mwanjira yosiyana kotheratu. Ndi viviparous. Mphutsi zawo zimabadwa zakonzeka kuseweretsa ana.

Tsetse ntchentche za chitukuko

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono touluka timatsatirana kamodzi kokha m'moyo, kenako mphuthu zitatu zimapangidwa katatu pamwezi. “Kubadwa” kumachitika panthaka yonyowa. Pambuyo pake, mphutsi nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kukumba pansi ndikupanga bulauni ya bulauni, pomwe ntchentche zokhwima pakugonana zimawonekera mwezi umodzi. M'moyo wake wotalikirapo, ntchentche imabala kuchokera ku 8 mpaka 12 mphutsi

Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoti akazi amakwatirana kamodzi kokha, asayansi apanga njira yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi kufalikira kwa kachilombo kameneka, komwe kakugwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Adakweza ntchentche mamiliyoni ndikusankha amuna. Kenako anathilitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito poizoni ya gamma ndikumasulidwa kuthengo. Atatha kulumikizana ndi wamwamuna, wamkazi amalingalira kuti zonse zili m'dongosolo ndipo salola amuna ena kuti abwere kwa iye

Pali zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa za tsetsetse. Choyamba, amagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chilichonse chosangalatsa, ngakhale galimoto. Mukatuluka m'galimoto, ntchentche zimakhalabe zikukwera galimoto, osati munthu. Ndipo yachiwiri - zebra - ndi nyama yokhayo yomwe chiwombankhanga chiziuluka sichidzaukiranso, popeza imangoona ngati mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono'yu ndi wakupha wodziwika ku Africa, asayansi akhala akuyesera kuti athetse izi kwazaka zoposa, koma sanathe kuwononga kwathunthu. Tikuyankhula za tsetse kuuluka - nthumwi yoopsa kwambiri ya ntchentche, yomwe ikuwopseza kuphedwa kwa anthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni.

Mbali ina ya tsetse kuuluka ndi malovu okhala ndi puloteni yoteteza magazi a wovutikayo.

Tizilombo touluka timadziwika kuti timathamanga kwambiri komanso timatha kupulumuka, timagunda zinthu zomwe zimatentha, ngakhale zitakhala zopanda moyo, monga galimoto.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi a banja la a Glossinidae.

Khalidwe

Pamapeto pa tsiku lotentha, zouluka zimapita kukasaka. Amadyetsa magazi a omwe amamuvutitsa nthawi yamadzulo, usiku kapena nthawi yakubadwa. Omwe amavutikira makamaka ndi anthu komanso zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina amaluma mbalame ndi zokwawa.

Tizilombo timene timakhala pakhungu la wogwidayo ndikukukutikanira ndi mano ang'ono koma owoneka bwino kwambiri omwe ali kumapeto kwa prossi yayitali komanso yopyapyala. Akazi onse amuna ndi akazi amayamwa magazi, kumwa iwo kamodzi kamodzi koposa muyeso wawo. Njirayi ndi yanzeru kwambiri kotero kuti wozunzidwayo sazindikira kuluma.

Moyo & Kuberekanso

Tsetse amakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pa moyo wonse, zazikazi zimakwatira kamodzi, kenako mwezi uliwonse zimatulutsa mphutsi imodzi (ya 8-12) yokha. Tizilombo timeneti ndi totupa, wamkazi amatenga mphutsi mu chiberekero, pomwe amadya "mkaka wa intrauterine".

Mphutsi zimamera dothi lonyowa (zimadziimba zokha), ndikusintha kukhala bulauni. Patatha mwezi umodzi, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana amatuluka pachimbudzi.

Kuswana

Ziwombankhangazi ndi za mboiparous tizilombo. Kuchulukitsa kwa akazi kumachitika m'masiku oyambilira atamasulidwa ku pupae. Umuna nthawi imodzi ndikwanira kuti mkazi aziikira mazira moyo wake wonse. Dzira limodzi lokha limakhazikika m'thupi mwake nthawi, ndipo pamalo omwewo mphutsi zimatuluka.

Amadyanso tiziwalo timene timakhala m'thupi la mayi ake. Kuti adyetse yekha ndi mphutsi zosatha, mkaziyo amayenera kumwa magazi a munthu wina makamaka. Mwana wamkaka amadzaza m'mimba mwa mayiyo kawiri, kenako amatuluka nakumba pansi m'nthaka.

Pansi, mphutsi imapindika coco ndi ziphuphu. Pakatha milungu isanu ndi umodzi, munthu wamkulu wopangidwa ndi tsetse amatuluka kuchokera pachimake. Wamkazi amabala ana masiku onse 9 mpaka 10. Panthawi ya moyo, nthawi zambiri imabereka mphutsi 10-12.

Zakudya zopatsa thanzi

Chakudya chachikulu cha ntchentche ndi magazi a anthu, nyama zakuthengo kapena zoweta. Ena amadyera magazi a nyama yokhayo.

Magazi ndiye chakudya champhongo ndi chachikazi, yerekezerani ndi udzudzu, momwe akazi okha amayamwa magazi.

Ntchentche zimakonda kukwiya zikaona gwero la chakudya. Ngati kachilombo kagwedezeka pakanthawi kochepa, kumayesabe kuluma.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa thupi la akulu ndi 12 mm. Mapikowo ndi oonda komanso aatali. Akapindidwa, ndiwotalikirapo kuposa pamimba. Magawo atatu a miyendo yolimba amakulolani kuti muziyenda mofulumira ndikuthamanga.

Mimba ndi yotalikirapo komanso yosiyanitsidwa ndi chifuwa. Mutu, kumbuyo kwam'mimba ndi chifuwa ndi imvi. Kutsogolo kwa mimbayo kuli utoto wachikasu. Antennas ndifupi komanso nthambi. Maso akuluakulu okhala ndi mbali zakumaso.

Kutalika kwa zaka za tsetse zimauluka pafupifupi miyezi itatu.

Ntchentche zovulaza izi zimakhala ku Central Africa, West Africa ndi Australia. Amakonda malo otentha ofikapo: nkhalango, mitsinje ndi malo oyandikana nawo. Pali zambiri za izo.

Zowopsa kwa anthu

Tizilombo timtunduwu timadziwika kuti ndiowopsa kwambiri mu "mushinom empire", ngakhale ilibe tizinthu toopsa. Kuluma kwa tsetse kumatha kuyambitsa matenda. Ma causative othandizira a matendawa ndi trypanosomes, amakhala mokhazikika mwa ma buffalos ndi antelopes, omwe samasokoneza gawo lomaliza. Kutsegula kwa Tsetse kumangonyamula kachilombo koyambitsa matenda.

Trypanosomes amakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi, kenako mphamvu yamanjenje. Ma tumors mawonekedwe pamatumbo a odwala, odwala omwe amawoneka kuti ndi oopsa komanso ogona, amafooka tsiku lililonse.

Pakatha miyezi yochepa, munthu amagwa ndikumwalira, ndizovuta kwambiri kumuchiritsa: trypanosomes amasinthasintha ndikusintha mankhwala.

Pali mankhwala ochiritsira matendawa, koma sikokwanira kwa odwala onse. Zotsatira zoyipa (kusanza ndi kusanza, kuthamanga kwa magazi) ndi mbali yachiwiri ya mankhwala chifukwa chodwala.

Odziwika kwambiri pochiza kuluma kwa ntchentche ndi elofritin.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi anthu 60 miliyoni amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kulumwa ndi tsetse. Pangozi sikungokhala anthu omwe malo omwe tizilombo tofa timapezekanso, komanso alendo.

Alendo obwera kuno ali pachiwopsezo cha kulumidwa ndi tsetse

Lemberani

Mtsutso wambiri pankhani ya ntchentche yoyipa. Koma osati tsetse palokha ndizowopsa, koma trypanosomes ndizamoyo zazing'ono kwambiri zamagetsi. Kutsitsa magazi a nyama, trypanosomes amalowa m'matumbo a ntchentche, omwe amachulukana mwachangu. Pakatha milungu iwiri, amasunthira kukamwa kwa ntchentcheyo ndikulowa ndi tiziwalo tating'ono. Ndipo munthu akakuluma, trypanosomes amalowa mthupi la munthu limodzi ndi malovu. Pali matenda ogona patatha masabata awiri kuchokera kuluma. Choyamba, chithupsa chimawonekera pamalo akukuluma ndipo nape yamutu imayamba kupweteka. Kenako zamimba zimatupa, pakhosi limatupa. Kutentha kwa thupi kumakwera mpaka madigiri 41 ndipo chotupa chimatuluka. Mukapanda kuchitapo kanthu, munthu amafa. Kuchokera pamaphunzirowa, titha kunena kuti tsetsetse ndikuuluka. Zindikiranso kuti kuluma kwa ntchentche ndi kowopsa kwa anthu ndi zoweta. Nyama zakutchire sizibadwa ndi matupi a trypanosomes.

Kuthengo, tsetse zimauluka masiku 200.

Kuuluka kwa tsetse ndi ntchentche yoluma yayikulu yomwe imakhala ku Africa. Amadyetsa magazi a vertebrates. Ndipo amanyamula matenda akupha. Ngakhale mawonekedwe ake akuwoneka ngati ntchentche yathu yanthawi zonse.

Mutha kusiyanitsa tsetse ndikuuluka ndi zizindikiro zingapo, koma ndikosavuta ndi mapiko. Tsitsi limakhota mapiko ake kuti lipumule, phiko limodzi limakhala pamwamba pa linzake. Ntchentche imaponyedwa pachilichonse chomwe chimayenda, kupatula, mwina, mbidzi.

Mutha kukumana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulikonse kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kumakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje. Koma zofala kwambiri m'mvula yamvula yotentha, m'maiko olemera, monga Congo-Kinshasa.

Chifukwa chake, milandu ya matenda ogona ndiofala kwambiri ku Congo Basin. Matenda ogona amatuluka motere. Choyamba, munthu amayamba kudwala malungo, mutu ndi mafupa amayamba kupweteka, minyewa ya m'mimba imatupa. Kenako, matendawa akayamba, ntchito ya mtima ndi impso imasokonekera. Pakatha milungu itatu kapena zaka zingapo, gawo lachiwiri, lamatenda limayamba. Munthu amasokonezeka, mgwirizano pamaulendo amasokonekera. Zovuta za kutopa zimasinthidwa ndi nthawi ya kusokonekera kwa manic. Kusinthasintha kwa kugona kusokonezedwa. Zotsatira za matenda kugona.

Kuuluka kwa tsetse kunali kwachiwawa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, pamene azungu adayamba kuchuluka ku Africa. Chifukwa nzika zakomweko zasintha kale kuti zizikhala ndi woyandikana naye wowopsa ndipo adaphunzira kupewa kukumana naye. Komabe, azungu adaganiza zolowa nawo nkhondoyi ndi ntchentche, kuti akafuna kupambana pagulu la tizilombo. Panali ngakhale malingaliro ofuna kuwononga tsetsezi kuuluka konse mu Africa.

Pachilumba cha Principe, kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa mu 1930s, nkhumba zonse zakutchire zidawonongeka kotero kuti kunalibe munthu woti angadye tsetsetse ndipo amatha kufa ndi njala. Izi zidabweretsa zotsatira zosakhalitsa, koma mu ma 50s ntchentche zidabweranso. M'madera ena, adakonzekera kwambiri kudula mitengo yonse kuti tsetse ntchentche ikhale opanda. Koma kenako adaganiza kuti kukhazikitsa dongosololi kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri kuposa phindu.

Njira yapamwamba kwambiri yolerera yakulera yakonzedwa. Asayansi adakweza ntchentche mamiliyoni, amuna adalekanitsidwa ndi akazi, chosawilitsidwa ndi ma radiation a gamma ndikumasulidwa. Chinyengo chinali chakuti akazi amangokwatirana kangapo m'miyoyo yawo ndipo amangobereka ana. Chifukwa chake, atalowa kugonana ndi wamwamuna wokhuthala, mkaziyo amalingalira kuti ntchitoyo yachitika kale ndipo sangalole wamwamuna wina kubwera kwa iye.

Maonekedwe a tsetsetse

Ngati mungayang'ane kachilombo ka nthawi yoyamba, simupeza kusiyana kulikonse kuchokera ku ntchentche wamba. Kutalika kwa thupi la tsetse kumayambira 9 mpaka 14 mamilimita. Alinso ndi mapiko komanso mapiko. Ndi ma ntchentche okha amtunduwu wa ntchentche omwe amakhala achilendo, amakhala motalika komanso mwamphamvu, chifukwa mothandizidwa ndi iwo ntchentche imaboola khungu.

Tsetse amadya magazi okha ngati udzudzu

Mtundu wa tsetse kuuluka ndi imvi. Mbali yakumbuyo yam'mimba imakhala ndi awiriawiri a mikwingwirima yayitali yakuda. Zipangizo zam'kamwa za kachilomboka zimakhala ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri, okhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, timayang'ana m'makoma a chotengera cha m'magazi motero zimatulutsa magazi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi puloteni yapadera pakapangidwe kake komwe kamalepheretsa magazi a wodwalayo kuti asambe. Ntchentche ikayamba kuyamwa magazi, m'mimba mwake mumayamba kuchuluka kwambiri. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti pakati pa oimira amtunduwu, amuna ndi akazi omwe amamwa magazi, mkhalidwewu umawasiyanitsa ndi "abale" omwe amayamwa magazi - udzudzu.

Moyo wamakhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe mwachilengedwe

Kuchokera m'malo achilengedwe a tsetse, nkhalango zotentha zodzaza ndi chinyezi zimasankhidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri zimatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, pomwe mbewu zaulimi zomwe anthu amalima. Ntchentche zambiri zomwe zimakhala pafupi pafupi ndi anthu zimatha kuvulaza mbewuyo komanso anthu eniwo, chifukwa ndiwonyamula matenda owopsa.

Mverani mawu a tsetsetse

https://animalreader.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zhuzhanie_mukhi-slepnja.mp3
Kuthamanga kwa tizilombo touluka kumeneku ndikokwera kwambiri. Asayansi akuwona kuti tsetse ili ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa: ngakhale mutasinama ntchentche ndi chinthu, imawuluka kachiwiri ndikuyesanso kuluma yomwe idakhudzidwa nayo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu adayesetsa kupha ntchentche zamtunduwu, chilichonse chomwe adachita kuti achite izi: adawononga ziweto ndi kudula mitengo - koma chilichonse sichidakhale ndi zotsatira zoyenera. Mpaka pano, ntchentchezi zimapitilizabe kukwiyitsa nyama ndi anthu okhala ku Africa.

Pali zina mwazomwe zimachitika machitidwe a tsetse, mwachitsanzo, kuukira chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda ndikuwotcha kutentha, kaya ndi nyama kapena galimoto. Gawo lachiwiri la ntchentche ndi kuti samasankha zebra kukhala womugwirira, chifukwa mtundu wakuda ndi loyera wa mbidzi simalola kuti ntchentche yawo iwoneke ngati nyama.

Chifukwa chiyani tsetse ndizowopsa?

Omwe amamuyimira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwa anthu, zimawonekera ngati mkhalidwe wopanda chisoni, wotsatiridwa ndikugwa mchisoni ndi imfa. Ngati simukuyamba mkhalidwe wopweteka, ndiye kuti zotsatira zoyipa zitha kupewedwa. Matenda ogona amachokera ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri - trypanosomes. Zonyamulira zawo ndi anyani, mavu, ma buffalos. Trypanosomes ndiowopsa ku ziweto, koma nyama zambiri zakutchire zayamba kuteteza kumatendawa.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Zizindikiro za trypanosomiasis matenda

Zizindikiro zimatengera kuuma kwa matendawa komanso mzere wakakhalira wa tizilomboti.

Zizindikiro zotsatirazi ziyenera kumuchenjeza:

• maziko a zotupa pakhungu
• mutu,
• kupweteka m'malo
• malungo,
• kufooka,
• kupanda chidwi ndi kugona.

Gawo lachiwiri la matendawa limawonetsedwa ndi kusokonekera kwa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe, dzanzi mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi, chisokonezo. Gawo lachiwiri lili ndi ngozi yakupha.

Kulimbana Ndi Tizilombo Oopsa

Anthu okhala ku Africa kuno ayesera njira zakale:

• kudula mitengo
• ng'ombe zophedwa
• nyama zamtchire adawomberedwa.

Mafuko okhala ku Africa adaphunzira kugwira kachilombo ndi manja ndikuphwanya zala zawo, kupewa kuluma.

Kuchulukitsa kwa tizilombo tatsika, koma ziwerengero zochokera ku International Health Organization lero zikuwonetsa ziwopsezo:

• Anthu zikwizikwi 500 okhala kumwera kwa Sahara ali ndi kachilombo ka trypanosomes mwa kuluma kwa tsetse, ambiri mwa anthuwa afa
• chaka chilichonse pambuyo pakulumwa ndi tizilombo, mpaka anthu 10,000 amafa
• chaka chilichonse ng'ombe zoposa 3 miliyoni zimadwala.

Mwana aliyense wasukulu amadziwa za ntchentche yoopsa kwambiri. Zouluka zc amakhala kumayiko aku Africa. Ndipo kwa zaka 150, anthu akumaloko ndi nyama akhala akuwopseza. M'madera ena, anthu amasiya minda yachonde ndikupita kumadera ena. M'mayiko amenewa mulibe magazi owopsa kuposa ntchentche.

Kodi ntchentche imawoneka bwanji?

Maonekedwe wamba, ngati ntchentche wamba, amakhalabe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Pamutu pali proboscis yayitali, yomwe imalola zazikazi kuti zikulume pakhungu la anthu ndi nyama ndikudya magazi. Mapiko ake ndi otambalala, omwe amatha pomwe ntchentche ikapuma. Tizilomboti tili ndi chifuwa pamimba pansipa, ndipo chikasu pamwamba pake, pachifuwa chofiyira pali zingwe zinayi zakuda kwambiri. Tambala touluka wamkulu, chithunzi chake chomwe tawonetsedwa pamwambapa, pomwe moyo wawo umagona mpaka 10 mphutsi, zomwe, zikagwa pansi, zimangodzaza ndi thukuta mkati mwa maola ochepa.

Kodi matenda amatenga bwanji?

Ntchentche, CC siwowopsa. Imfa imayambitsidwa ndi nthenda ya nyama, Nagan, yomwe imanyamulanso ndi tizilombo ta magazi. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zachisoni, ng'ombe 3 miliyoni zimafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kutsekula kwa tsetse.

Asayansi akufunafuna njira yotulukirako

Asayansi akuyembekeza kwambiri njira yatsopano yochepetsera kuchulukana kwa amuna ndi amuna kamodzi pa moyo. Podziwa izi, asayansi adaganiza kuti atulutsa mamiliyoni a anyani amtunduwu m'chilengedwe. Kuti muchite izi, amakula mwapadera ndikuwotcha ma radiation. Yaikaziyo, ikadzakhala yokwatira kamodzi, siyilola kuti mwamuna wina abwere kwa iye, koma sadzaberekanso mwana. Njira imeneyi, malinga ndi akatswiri, imachotsa zonyamula.Ndipo patadutsa zaka zochepa, ntchentche zimatha padziko lapansi.