Kuzungulira kwa moyo. Kumapeto kwa dzinja - chiyambi cha masika, ngakhale kutentha kusanachitike, chiberekero chimayamba kuyikira mazira - chimodzi pansi pa khungu lililonse. Pakatha pafupifupi masiku atatu, mphutsi zimaswa kuchokera ku mazira oyamba, ndipo anthu ogwira ntchito akuyamba kudyetsa mphutsi. Amawabweretsera chakudya mumadontho ang'onoang'ono ndikuwadalitsa "ndi mawu mkamwa", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njuchi za uchi zitheke mosiyana ndi mitundu yomwe siikuluma yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa, yomwe imakhomera mazira m'maselo ndi chakudya nthawi yonse yomwe ikukula.
Selo la ana a njuchi limakhala lotseguka. Mphutsi za njuchi zogwira ntchito zimadyetsedwa mkaka wa njuchi pafupifupi masiku awiri - chinsinsi cha tiziwalo tambiri tambiri tomwe timagwira ntchito (mwina m'mutu mwawo), kenako “mkate wa njuchi” - mkate wa njuchi - chisakanizo cha mungu ndi uchi kapena timadzi tokoma. Pakupita pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi limodzi, amaliza kumeza kwake, ndipo khungu lake limasindikizidwa ndi sera, mkati mwake amalowetsa coco ndi mafinya. Pa nthawi yaubwana, mphutsi zoyera zopanda miyendo zimasintha kwambiri osati mawonekedwe okha, komanso mkati mwake, ndikusandulika njuchi yayikulu (imago) yokhala ndi mapiko ndi miyendo, yotulutsa minofu ndi minyewa yawo yamanjenje. Nthawi yomweyo asanagundike, pakati komanso kumbuyo kwake kwamatumbo ake amalumikizidwa koyamba, ndipo zinthu zonyansa zomwe zimapezeka m'moyo wonse wa gawo lazolowera zimachotsedwa m'thupi. Wachikulire wa munthu wogwirayo amatuluka pachimake pakatha masiku pafupifupi 12. Ngati izi zikuchitika kumayambiriro kwamasika, zimayamba kuwola pachimake chamaluwa, ndipo banjali limakhala ndi chitsimikizo cha chakudya chonse cha ntchito.
Wogwira ntchitoyo amasintha momwe amagwirira ntchito mosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi msinkhu wake ndipo mwanjira inayake malinga ndi zosowa za gulu. Poyamba, kwa pafupifupi milungu iwiri, njuchi imagwira namwino ana, nthawi yomweyo kuyeretsa mng'oma ndi kugwira ntchito zina "zapakhomo". Mphutsi iliyonse imayikidwa kudyetsa mazana angapo tsiku lililonse, patsiku lomaliza la gawo lazopeza pali mpaka 2000. Njuchi yachifumu, yomwe imatha kuyikira mazira ambiri kuposa tsiku lililonse, imafunikiranso chakudya ndi chisamaliro. Nthawi zonse amakhala atazunguliridwa ndi anthu omwe amagwira ntchito omwe nthawi zambiri amamudyetsa, kum'tsuka komanso nthawi yomweyo amakonza maselo a mazira. Mng'oma, chiberekero ndichosavuta kuwona mphete ya njuchi moyang'anizana ndi mitu yawo.
Zokonda . Chiberekero chimasunga mkati mwake (spermatheca, kapena seprieminek) moyo wonse wopezeka ndi umuna womwe umabadwa kamodzi, komwe umayendetsa wokha. Amayikira mazira okhathamiritsa m'maselo ang'onoang'ono, ndi mazira osakwanira mu akuluakulu. Amati wamkazi akamakankhira kumapeto kwa m'mimba mu cell yaying'ono, makoma ake amathandizira kutulutsa umuna ndi kukakamiza kwake, ndipo mu cell yotsekemera umuna umakhala wotseka ndipo umuna suchitika. Kwa mazira osabereka, ma drones amakula m'maselo; mazira okhathamiritsidwa, anthu ogwira ntchito. Chiberekero chimamera m'maselo akuluakulu, ma cell a amayi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa zisa. Zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kuti kuchokera kwa dzira lililonse (losokonekera), mazira onse achiberekero ndi njuchi yolimba imatha kukhazikika. Tsoka la mkazi limatsimikiziridwa ndi chakudya chomwe mphutsi zimadyetsedwa. Mwa zakumwa za amayi, amalandila mafuta onga aulemu pachitukuko chonse, osapita ku nkhumba, ngati anthu ogwira nawo ntchito mtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, ndi iwo, osati chiberekero, omwe amadziwa gawo lomaliza la dzira lililonse - kusiyanasiyana kwamaselo kapena chakudya cha ana.
Zitsulo mumng'oma zimapangidwa kwambiri kuposa mfumukazi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amasiya mabanja awo ndipo, mosiyana ndi akazi, zimamera mosavuta mu gulu lililonse. Mwina izi zimachepetsa mwayi wobala. Drones amafunikira kokha feteleza wa ang'ono achichepere, ndi ochepa amuna okha amene amachita nawo. Amadyetsa uchi wina wophatikizidwa ndi njuchi zina, pomwe uli wambiri, koma malo ake akasungidwa ndikamayamba kuzizira kapena kouma, ogwira ntchito samalola ma drones kudyetsa ndipo pamapeto pake amawatulutsa mumng'oma. Zaka za moyo wamphongo sizidutsa miyezi inayi.
Chiberekero chimodzi chokha, kapena chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri, chimakula nthawi iliyonse. Ngati pali mfumukazi zingapo mu mng'oma, chachikazi choyamba chachonde chomwe chimabadwa chimasaka ndikusuma kufa onse "omwe ali ndi nkhanza" omwe amakhala nawo kuti apeze. Ngati njuchi zazikazi ziwiri zitatuluka pachimbudzi, zimamenya nkhondo mpaka imodzi itaphedwa. Kenako wopulumuka amasiya mng'oma chifukwa chakuuluka. Ma drones ambiri amatsata. Chiberekero chisanabwerere mumng'oma, zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zisanu ndi zitatu za izo zimatha kuyenderana ndi izo. Amuna onse otere amafa, momwe maliseche ake amira m'thupi la mkaziyo ndi kutuluka. Paulendo umodzi wokhwima, chiberekero chimalandira umuna wokwanira kuphatikiza mazira onse omwe udzayike moyo wawo wonse. Amakhala zaka zingapo (nthawi zambiri kuyambira atatu mpaka asanu), kumayikira mazira mazana angapo mpaka angapo patsiku, kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yozizira, kuswana kwakanthawi.
Kudyetsa chiberekero chatsopano kumatha kuyamba ngati pakufunika kuloza munthu wakufa kapena wokalambayo yemwe satha kuyikira mazira. Mwakutero, njuchi zogwira ntchito zimasankha dzira lililonse lomwe lili ndi ubwamuna kapena mphutsi zazing'ono kwambiri, mumanga zakumwa zozungulira mayi ndi kuzidyetsa ndi zakudya zamafuta. Ngati palibe chifukwa chobwezeretsera chiberekero, zazikazi zatsopano zachonde zimaleredwa kuti zibereke mabanja.
Kutalika kwa njuchi
Banja la njuchi limakhala mng'oma ndipo anthu pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi. Zonsezi ndizogwirizana kwambiri mwakuti ndizamoyo chimodzi. Pali mitundu itatu ya tizilombo, awa ndi:
Moyo wautali kwambiri wa njuchi yachifumu. Nthawi zambiri samachita kalikonse. Udindo wake ndikungobala ana. Chiberekero chathanzi chimayikira mazira 2000 patsiku, ndipo mpaka mazira 200,000 pachaka chonse! Amayamba kuyikira mazira nthawi yozizira, ndikupitilira mpaka pakati pa Seputembala. Mu vivo, chiberekero chimatha kukhala ndi moyo kuyambira zaka 6 mpaka 8, koma mumng'oma amayesa kuloweza m'malo mwa zaka ziwiri, popeza mphamvu yake yobereka imachepa. Mfumukazi zodwala kapena zoyipa zimasinthidwa ngakhale koyambirira.
Kumapeto kwa masika, ma drones amawaswa. Masabata angapo pambuyo pa kuwonekera, amatha kukhala okonzeka ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito zawo mwachindunji, ndipo uku ndikumiza kwa chiberekero. Monga lamulo, zitatha izi njuchi - zamphongo sizikhala zosafunikira, ndipo zimadya kwambiri. Kudyetsa drone, njuchi zambiri zimafunikira kugwira ntchito thukuta la nkhope zawo, chifukwa chake, wamwamuna akamaliza ntchito yake, amayesa kumuthamangitsa mumng'oma. Zimachitika kuti iwonso amafa akamakambirana ndi chiberekero kapena kudyedwa ndi mbalame. Ma drones omwe adatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, njuchi zimatuluka mumng'oma mu kugwa - zimathamangitsa iwo osazilolanso. Popeza amuna sangathe kudzidyetsa okha, amafa ndi njala. Ngati pali mng'oma wa mng'oma m'nyengo yozizira, izi zikuwonetsa kuti chiberekero cha njuchi chaikazi sichabereka ndipo chimayenera kusinthidwa.
Moyo wamfupi kwambiri wa njuchi yogwira ntchito. Atadulidwa, patsiku lachitatu kapena lachinayi, amayeretsa khungu lake mokhazikika, momwe anabadwira, ndipo patatha masiku ena atatu tiziwalo timene timayamba kutulutsa mkaka wa njuchi, ndipo iye, kuphatikiza kuyeretsa, ayamba kudyetsa mphutsi ndi njuchi zina. Kutalika kwa moyo wa munthu wogwira ntchito kumakhala kuyambira masiku 30 mpaka 45. Tizilombo timabadwa m'chilimwe timakhala ochepera kuposa omwe amabadwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena nthawi yophukira. Njuchi za masika zimavutika ndi ntchito yolimba, ndipo njuchi za nthawi yophukira, zomwe sizigwira ntchito, zimatha kukhala ndi moyo kuyambira masiku 60 mpaka chaka. Zochepera kuposa njuchi zonse zokhala m'masiku oyamba a Epulo. Kutalika kwa moyo wawo ndi masiku 22-25 okha.
Moyo wa njuchi umapangidwa mokhazikika ndikugawika magawo awiri:
Nthawi yoyamba imachitika chifukwa njuchi imakhala mumng'oma ndikuchita homuweki (kudyetsa ana ndi chiberekero, kuyeretsa mng'oma, kupanga zisa za uchi). Ndipo nthawi yachiwiri, tizilombo timagwira mumsewu, kusonkhanitsa timadzi tokoma.
Zomwe Zimakhudza Bee Lifespan
Kodi njuchi zili ndi zaka zingati? Kutalika kwa njuchi kumadalira zinthu zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi kwa mibadwo ya anthu a mibadwo yosiyana. Zinatchulidwa pamwambapa. Munthu wobadwa kuchilimwe amakhala wocheperako kuposa yemwe amabadwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena nthawi yophukira.
Zakudya za tizilombo ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ngati nthawi yozizira ikhonza kusowa chakudya kapena kuchepa kwamkoko, ndiye kuti m'malo mwa masiku 60 njuchi sizikhala ndi moyo ngakhale 20.
Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri moyo wa njuchi zanjuchi zimaperekedwa ndi nyengo. Nthawi yozizira komanso yozizira, anthu ambiri mumng'oma amatha kuzizira.
Zimakhudzanso njira yothandizira njuchi:
- machitidwe
- ngozi yakunja
- matenda ndi majeremusi
- kusamalira mng'oma,
- mtundu wanyumba.
Ngati mng'oma ulibe chiberekero chothandiza, njuchi zimatha kukhala ndi masiku 200 kapena kupitilira. Iwo, mwanjira ina, amadziwa momwe angawongolere kutalika kwa moyo wawo. Amakhulupilira kuti tizilombo tosiyanasiyana titha kusinthanso zithu zina pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kuwonjezera mtundu. Nazi, ndizodabwitsa, njuchi zazing'onozi!
Moyo Wazamoyo wa Njuchi
Chiberekero chikaikira dzira, pakadutsa milungu itatu musanachitike. Pa tsiku lachinayi, mphutsi zimawononga chigamba cha dzira, ndipo njira yodyetsera imayamba, yomwe imapangidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe sitinatuluke mumng'oma. Kwa masiku atatu, mphutsi zimadyetsedwa mkaka, ndipo chachinayi, amayamba kuipatsako mungu, madzi ndi uchi. Pambuyo masiku 7, mphutsi zimakula kotero kuti sizimagwanso mu cell ya zisa, ndipo zimasindikizidwa ndi sera, pomwe gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko chake limayamba.
Gawoli limatenga pafupifupi masiku khumi ndi awiri, kenako, ndikuwononga chipolopolo, nkutuluka tchire tating'ono.
Nyambo yatsopano yosodza! "Uyu yekha ndiye amaluma kuti azichita chibwenzi ndi zotsimikizika."
Gawo lachitatu likubwera. Masiku awiri oyamba atanyamula, njuchi sigwira ntchito. Pa tsiku lachitatu, akuyamba ntchito. Choyamba, imakhala ikutsuka yake, kenako maselo ena kuti agonekenso dzira latsopano. Kwa masiku anayi, anthu ena amadyetsa njuchi, ndipo tsiku lachinayi imadzidyera yokha, tiziwalo tambiri tomwe timatulutsa mafuta odzola. Ndipo pakatha sabata, munthu wopangidwayo amatha kudyetsa kale njuchi zina.
Nthawi yomweyo, zisa zomwe zimatulutsa sera zimayamba ntchito yawo, ndipo kachilombo kena kamachita nawo ntchito yomanga mng'oma. Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri, kuchuluka kwa sera womwe umapangidwa kumachepa, ndipo njuchi imayamba kuyeretsa mng'oma.
Patsiku la 22, njuchi yaying'ono imakhala munthu wamkulu, yomwe imayamba "ntchito yake yothawa". Tsopano, ndi ntchito yake kuti azisonkhanitsa timadzi tokoma ndi kutulutsa uchi. Kwa chilimwe chimodzi, njuchi imatha kubweretsa 40 mg wa timadzi tokoma ndi 15 mg wa mungu. Ndipo zimapitiliza kwa masiku 30, mpaka chamoyocho chimasiya mphamvu zake ndikufa. Njuchi imagwira ntchito kuvala ndikung'amba, ndipo, monga akunena, akavalo amwalira pantchito.
Njuchi zanjuchi zimakhala molingana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa mu banja la njuchi ndipo zimatsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, magulu apamwamba a bungwe.
Kodi njuchi yanyengo yayitali bwanji?
Kodi mukuganiza kuti njuchi yamoyo imakhala ndi zochuluka motani? Chaka, zisanu, teni? Ngati ... Gawo lambiri la mng'oma ndi njuchi zogwira ntchito, zomwe moyo wawo umatha kupitirira mwezi umodzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njuchi zonse za pachithunzichi zinafa kale.
Kutalikirana kotereku kwa munthu wogwira ntchito kumalumikizidwa ndi kulimbikira nthawi yachilimwe (kulera ana, kuyeretsa mng'oma, kutola timadzi tokoma, kusunga uchi ndi zina zambiri). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pa chifukwa chomwechi, moyo wa njuchi umatengera nthawi yomwe wabadwa. Chifukwa chake mu "Bukhu Lalikulu la njuchi" mu 1985 zikuwonetsedwa kuti anthu obadwa mu Meyi amakhala ndi masiku 35, iwo omwe adabadwa mu Julayi mpaka 28, nthawi yophukira amatha kukhala ndi masiku 80-100, ndipo pakakhala popanda ana pang'ono, mpaka masiku 180. Ngakhale pali deta ina yomwe kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi kutalika kwa nthawi 2-3.
Sikuti zonse ndizosavuta ndi ma drones mwina: wina amati amwalira masiku angapo mwachangu kuposa njuchi ya uchi, ena, mmalo mwake, akuti drone amatha kukhala ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Ponena za chiberekero, chimatha kukhala ndi zaka 4, koma machitidwe, alimi amasintha chiberekero mng'oma nthawi zambiri: zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo nthawi zina pachaka.
Magawo okukula kwa njuchi
Pakangotha masiku atatu kuchokera kumera kwa chiberekero, kuyikira mazira ndi kuwaswa ndi mphutsi, ngakhale kutentha kwa mng'oma kuli pabwino kwambiri, ndiye kuti nthawi yamapangidwe a mphutsi ingachuluke.
Pambuyo pa kuwaswa, mphutsi zimagonabe m'chipinda chotsekera uchi, ndipo anthu omwe amagwira ntchitowo amabweretsa zakudya zonona, zomwe zimaposa kulemera kwa mankhwalawa mopitilira kanayi. Mphutsi zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mutu wochepa, zigawo zitatu zam'mimba komanso 10 m'mimba, pomwe ziwalo zamkati mwa mphutsi ndi akulu ndizofanana, mwa mphutsi zokha ndizomwe zimapangidwabe. Kutalika kwa mphutsi zomwe zangotuluka kumene ndi 1.6 mm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 0.1 mg yokha. Mphutsi zimadya nthawi zonse, zimayenda mozungulira, zomwe zimaloleza kuti zichulukitse nthawi 1400 pofika tsiku la 6 la moyo. Tisaiwale kuti njuchi zogwira ntchito zimabweretsa zakudya zambiri zamafumu ku chiberekero ndipo kapangidwe kake ndizosiyana pang'ono ndi zina zonse, chifukwa chake kukula kwake kumakulirapo kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa njuchi ndi ma drones.
Njuchi za namwino zimabweretsa chakudya ku mphutsi mphindi iliyonse; kwathunthu, alipo kuchokera ku 8,000 mpaka 10,000.
Mphutsi iliyonse imakhala ndi timachubu tating'onoting'ono tokwana 150, koma tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono, chiwerengerochi chogwira ntchito chimatsikira mpaka 320, kwinaku chiberekero, mosiyana, chikukula. Ichi ndi malo omwe njuchi zakuthengo zimafunikira, chifukwa zimatha kufa ngati chiberekero chitha kukula chiberekero kuchokera kwa munthu wosagwira ntchito wosaposa masiku atatu (njira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njuchi kuchotsa chiberekero).
Kukula kwakukulu kumachitika kokha mkati, popanda kukula kwa chipolopolo. Ngati mphutsi zomwe zimapezeka m'gombalo zimadzaza, zimatulutsa. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malumikizowo 4, lililonse limatenga mphindi 30. Zigobazi zogwetsedwa zimakhalabe m'chipindacho.
Kukula kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kumatenga masiku 6, drone - 7, ndi chiberekero - 5. Pambuyo pa nthawi iyi, maselo omwe ali ndi mphutsi amasindikizidwa ndi cork (cork comp 2% madzi, 40% mungu, 58% wax). Pambuyo pake, mphutsi zimachotsera zotsalira za chakudya mthupi, ndipo coco imayamba kupindika. Mu mphutsi ya chiberekero, coco ndi yosiyana ndi wamba - imakhala ndi bowo lomwe limapatsidwa chakudya. Mosiyana ndi enawo, amagwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndipo akupitilizabe kudya.
Molt womaliza amapezeka mu cocoon; munthawi iyi ya chitukuko cha njuchi, zowonjezera zonse zimayamba kutuluka (ma molts onse anali mkati mwa zipolopolo kale). Gawo ili lachitukuko limatenga masiku awiri (a drones - 4) ndipo amatchedwa sukulu ziwiri.
Pang'onopang'ono, mutu, m'mimba komanso mawonekedwe am'mimba, ziwalo zamkamwa ndi kuyamba kwa mapiko kumapangika pupa. Gawo lomaliza ili la chitukuko limatenga masiku 6 kwa chiberekero, 10 pachilichonse cha ma drones ndi anthu ogwira ntchito. Pakutha kwa mapangidwe a pupa, ndizofanana kwenikweni ndi anthu akuluakulu, kupatula mtundu wa utoto (pupa yoyera). Munthawi imeneyi, ma chrysalis samayenda ndipo samadya, amangopuma nthawi zambiri. Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe a ziwalo zatsopano, palinso kusowa kwathunthu kapena kokwanira kwa zina kwakale.Kenako mtundu wa pupa umasintha, maso ovuta kuyamba kukhala amtundu wabwinobwino, kenako mutu, chifuwa kenako gawo lam'mimba. Wina akakhala wokonzeka kwathunthu, amatafuna chikatikati cha khungu ndi nsagwada zake ndikutuluka. Njuchi zantchito zimathandizira kudziluma kudzera pachikuto cha chiberekero.
Mwathunthu, nthawi yonse yomwe njuchi imapanga ndi:
- Masiku 16 chiberekero,
- 21 kwa ogwira ntchito
- 24 ya ma drones.
Kapangidwe ka njuchi
Nthawi zambiri, kapangidwe kazinthu zazing'onoting'ono ndizosavuta:
- mutu - zowonjezera mkamwa, maso atatu osavuta ndi awiri, 2 tinyanga,
- pachifuwa - pamwamba pa awiri mapiko a membranous, pansi pa awiriawiri miyendo,
pamimba.
Tsopano lingalirani kapangidwe ka njuchi za njuchi mwatsatanetsatane. Onsewa ali ndi mafupa akunja atatu, ophimbidwa ndi tsitsi kuti awatetezere ku fumbi ndi uve. Tsitsi ili ndi gawo lalikulu pakusintha mungu kuchokera ku chomera kupita chomera (mwa achichepere, tsitsi la pachifuwa limakhala lokwera komanso wandiweyani, pomwe okalamba amatha kukhala osakhalakonso). Ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuphatikizidwa kwa mng'oma nthawi yachisanu (njuchi zimakhala mwamphamvu pamodzi, ndikupanga mpira).
Mutu wa anthu onse umakutidwa ndi chitin, chomwe chimateteza bongo. Mawonekedwe amutu mwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi opendekeka ndi maso otembenukira kumqhele wamutu, mu drone ndi muchiberekero chowonjezereka. Pamilomo yapamwamba, mwa anthu onse, flagella amamangiriridwa, amakhala ndi magawo 11 mwa antchito, chiberekero ndi 12 mu drones.
M'mimba mwa drone muli zigawo 7, ndipo ena onse ali ndi 6. Magawo onse amalumikizidwa ndi kanema wopukutira, yemwe amatsimikizira kusuntha kwawo ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu (ofunikira kunyamula uchi).
Miyendo ya njuchi imagwira ntchito osati othandizira, komanso imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwalo chotsuka thupi, imathandizira kusakanitsa mungu ndi kupanga mungu kuti usamutsidwe mng'oma (mungu wam'madzi, womwe umapangidwa mwa anthu ogwira ntchito, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepa). Miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyocheperako kuposa enawo, koma mafoni ochulukirapo (kuchuluka kwa miyendo yonse ndi chimodzimodzi) ndipo amakhala ndi mabulashi ang'onoang'ono omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa maso.
Mapiko a uchi ali ndi awiriawiri. Popumula, amagona limodzi ndi thupi kuti kutsogolo kumaphimba kumbuyo. Pokonzekera kuuluka, njuchi imakweza mapiko ake, ndipo zimalumikizana wina ndi mnzake (zibowo zam'mphepete kumbuyo kwa mapiko am'mbuyo zimagwira kumbuyo kwa phiko lakutsogolo), ndikupanga ndege imodzi. Njuchi zimasunthira mapiko awo mothandizidwa ndi minofu ya pison. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa munthu atachoka mng'oma kumafika mpaka 65 km / h, ndipo pobwerera mng'oma ndi katundu wofika 20 km / h. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa kuthawa, zimatengera gawo lozungulira mng'oma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mungayike mng'oma kwinakwake pamalo opanda malo oti kulibe, ndiye kuti anthu omwe akugwira ntchitowo sangathe kuuluka mtunda wopitilira 4 km. Ndipo ngati malo anu owetera ali kwinakwake m'malo owopsa okhala ndi mapiri, mitsinje ndi zinthu zina, magulu anu amayang'ana mtunda wautali wa makilomita 12 kuchokera kunyumba kwawo, ndipo izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa posankha malo a njuchi. Nthawi yomweyo, paulendo wothawa, tizilombo timakhala pafupifupi mamililita miliyoni ndi mphindi imodzi pakubwera konse.
Ndipo gawo lomaliza la njuchi njuchi ndi kuluma kwake. Ziyenera kunenedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti ma drones alibe mbola. Ogwira ntchito amangogwiritsa ntchito poteteza, koma chiberekero chimagwiritsa ntchito mbola pamene chikuikira mazira. M'malo omasuka m'mizere ya uchi, mbola imakutidwa ndi magawo omaliza am'mimba. Mbola imalumikizidwa nthawi yomweyo ndimatumbo atatu:
- Chitsulo chopangira cha Kozhevnikov,
- tinthu tating'onoting'ono
- chithokomiro chachikulu.
Njuchi imasiya kuluma kwake mthupi la wozunzidwayo limodzi ndi minyewa yake, yomwe imapitilirabe, ikubaya poizoni. Chifukwa chake, mukangoluma, kuluma kuyenera kuchotsedwa ndi chala kapena chimpeni cha mpeni. Simungathe kuzikoka ndi zala ziwiri!
Masomphenya a Honey Bee
Ngakhale njuchi ili ndi maso asanu (awiri ophatikizika ndi 3 osavuta), masanjidwe ake siwowona konse ayi. Awiri akulu ofananira nawo, okhala ndi mbali zambiri (5000-6000), ali ndi maso ovuta pomwe wophunzirawo amatha kuwona chithunzi cha zinthu. Madontho ang'onoang'ono atatu ndi maso ophweka, omwe gawo lawo silikudziwika kwathunthu, koma zidakhazikitsidwa kuti chifukwa cha iwo munthuyu amawona kukula kwa kuwunikira. Pankhani yoti okondedwa amawona zinthu zoyenda bwino kapena zosayenda, pali malingaliro awiri osiyana.
Chimodzi mwazomera zomera za uchi ndi maonekedwe awo okongola (kuposa zomera zambiri). Amawona bwino, oyera, obiriwira, malalanje, achikaso ndi amtambo. Nthawi yomweyo, iwo samawona kufiyira. Amawonanso bwino kuwala kosalala, mwachitsanzo, kutuluka kuchokera kumwamba kwamtambo.
Chifukwa chake, alimi ambiri alimi akupaka ming'oma wachikasu ndi mtundu wabuluu. Zachidziwikire, izi sizofunikira, popeza kuphatikiza masomphenya, palinso malangizo ena oti njuchi ibwerere mumng'oma wake.
Kodi njuchi yokawoneka bwanji
Mbali yanyamayo ya nyama ndi thupi lamatsitsi lokhala ndi mikwaso yachikaso ndi yakuda. Mwakuyika mwadongosolo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamagulu amaganiza kuti tizilombo timeneti ndi arthropods a dongosolo la hymenopteran. Nthawi zambiri, njuchi zimakonda kukhala pamalo otseguka:
Njuchi zanjuchi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi gulu labwino komanso kukula kwambiri. Ali ndi zofunikira zofunikira zam'malingaliro, zimamva kutentha ndi kutentha kudumpha. Kusiyana kwamitundu yayikulu ya nyama kumadalira ntchito zawo. Ntchito njuchi zimafika kutalika kwa 16 mm, ndipo magawo a chiberekero ndiokulirapo - mpaka 22 mm.
Kwa moyo wa njuchi, thupi limapangidwa moyenera. Kunja, njuchi yovalidwa chivundikiro cholimba, ndikugwira ntchito ngati chigoba cha zotchingira, kuteteza ziwalo zamkati kuti zisavulazidwe, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi kusintha kwa malo achilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, thupi lophimbidwa muunyinji wamavili, ambiri a iwo amatumikirapo:
- Kuteteza ku dothi,
- kunyamula mungu wazomera,
- chifukwa chotentha nyengo yachisanu.
Kafukufuku wopitilira 7 mm amakhala kumbuyo kwamlomo kuti atengere timadzi tokoma, uchi ndi madzi.
M'nyengo yozizira, njuchi zimakumana pamodzi, ndikupanga tangle yaying'ono.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mbewu za uchi
Si mitundu yonse ya nyama izi zomwe zimabweretsa uchi. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu akhala akusankha njuchi zothandiza kwambiri zomwe zimakwaniritsa malo omwe amakhala kuti azitha kutola timadzi tokoma tambiri kuchokera ku uchi wa m'derali momwe tingathere, kuwapukutira, ndi kupirira nyengo nyengo. Zotsatira zake, magulu a njuchi adawonekera, omwe amatchedwa gawo lomwe adachokera. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yambiri yolumikizidwa, mitundu yomwe yalowa mu mitundu yambiri ya mitundu ndi kusintha malinga ndi nyengo yam'madera momwemonso mumakhala zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Amasiyana maonekedwe, chizindikiritso cha chisinthidwe ndi machitidwe a moyo.
Wodziwika kwambiri ndi Europe wakuda, yemwe amakhala ndi thupi lalikulu komanso laifupi. Mwachilengedwe, ndi njuchi zakwiya. Amatulutsa mthunzi wotsekemera wa uchi. Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kukana matenda ndi nyengo zoyipa.
Kukhazikika kwa njuchi za uchi ku Central Russia, zochokera ku njuchi zakuda, ndiye kumpoto ndi pakati pa Russia, komanso kumadera akumadzulo:
- Belarus
- Ukraine,
- Baltic States ndi maiko ena.
Tizilombo ta uchi timaphatikizidwa moyenera kuzizira, timatha kukana chisanu, matenda, poyizoni. Anthu amtunduwu wa njuchi ku Russia amadziwika ndi kukhazikika pakusankha kwa uchi, amakonda kupatsidwa linden, firewed, buckwheat, koma amatha kutola timadzi tokhathamira ndi mungu mpaka nthawi yoyamba kuzizira. Kupanga kwa banja la njuchi - mpaka 30 makilogalamu.
Njuchi yotsalira ku Ukraine, yomwe ili ndi kukula kwake kwakanthawi, imakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso wowoneka bwino, wosakhazikika pamakhalidwe, kukana matenda komanso nyengo yabwino. Banja la njuchi limatulutsa uchi wa makilogalamu 40 pachaka, omwe amapambana poyerekeza ndi Mitundu ina.
Zomera za Caucasus zimafanana ndi mitundu yapitayi, mtundu wake ndi wachikasu. Chifukwa cha maluwa ataliitali, amatha kutulutsa timadzi tamaluwa kuchokera pansi penipeni pa maluwa. Mtundu umasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yina chifukwa cha kulumala kwambiri komanso kusakanikirana ndi matenda, komabe, mawonetsedwe achiwawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Banja la njuchi imodzi mumnyengo imabweretsa uchi.
Njuchi zobeleredwa ku Italy zimadziwika ndi buluku wam'mimba, pamimba zachikasu, thupi lozunguliridwa ndi mikwingwirima. Zosiyanitsa zamtunduwu ndizodekha komanso zaukhondo. Tizilombo timadziyeretsa mng'oma ndikuchotsa njenjete, yomwe imatchinga, ndikupanga makonzedwe awo. Kuphatikiza apo, njuchi yolimbana ndi matenda, koma zipatso zake ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi nyama zina.
Mitundu ya Carpathian imakhala ndi imvi. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa udani, kuuma kwabwino kwa nthawi yozizira komanso zipatso zabwino, mtunduwu umadziwika kwambiri pakati pa alimi a njuchi.
Njuchi zakutchire
Kusiyana pakati pa tizilombo osatetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:
- m'migawo yochepetsedwa pang'ono,
- m'mitundu yosalala
- kwambiri mwankhanza
- mu chitetezo chokwanira cha matenda komanso kusintha kwa kutentha.
Amadziwika ndi kukakamira kolimba, amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali kuti akapeze uchi. Zonyamula za uchi zopanda maonekedwe zimatha kupirira chisanu chambiri. Mabanja amtchire nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa mtengo kapena mapiri m'ming'oma yomangidwapo pogwiritsa ntchito sera ngati chomangira. Chifukwa chosowa chimango, maselo a ma cell ali ndi mawonekedwe a lilime.
Sizidziwika kwenikweni kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimachepetsa njuchi komanso zomwe zimayambitsa kuvala. ”
Kufunika kwa mawu awa mpaka lero. Sizokayikitsa kuti wina aliyense ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira chakuwonjezeka kwa njuchi chifukwa chakuwona kufunikira kwa vutoli. Chiberekero kuchokera dzira lofananalo chimakhala zaka zingapo, pomwe chimatha kugwira ntchito zake, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njuchi? Pa nthawi ya kukhwima komwe kuli koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njuchi pazolinga zawo?
Kugawika kosavomerezeka kumagawika nthawi yachilimwe, chilimwe, mibadwo yocheperako, komanso nthawi yayitali yozizira popanda kupezeka njira zina zodziwikirira kuti zitheke kunkanimitsa vutoli kuti likhale dongosolo lachiwiri, ndipo chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha bizinesiyo - cholumikizira banja chododometsa, chosemphana ndi chowongolera, panjira ina.
Njira zaukadaulo za kagwiritsidwe ntchito kaakagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ndalama sizinapangidwe munthawi yomwe anthu amalowerera mkati mothandizidwa ndi anthu, kupatulapo kudziwongolera kwokha kwamtundu wanthawi ya chitukuko munthawi yokhazikitsidwa kwa mng'oma wolowerera. Tidayimilira, tikunena za chiyembekezo chachitukuko, ndipo zovuta zakusowa zikupanga mwachangu, si aliyense amene akuda nkhawa ndi izi.
Zizindikiro zowoneka za kuthekera kosiyanitsa pakati pa mibadwo yamasika-chilimwe ndi nyengo yachisanu potenga nawo gawo posamalira ana. Pachifukwa ichi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro mu mibadwo ya kasupe-chilimwe idakulitsidwa. Chidziwitso chotsutsana chimabuka posanthula kutha kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi zodzala, pakusintha kwazokha, komwe kumakhalanso chifukwa chosamalira ana. Chomwe chimayambitsa kulingalira kwatsatanetsatane ndikutha kwa kuvala ntchito yothawa.
Sizikupanga nzeru kuthana ndi muyeso wokhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo zosinthika pakugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya mibadwo ina. Ndikosavuta, pamasamba oyesera, kuyika chizindikiritso cha mibadwo yonse munthawi yomwe ikuwongoleredwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera ana, intra-cell uterus kudzipatula. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yothandiza, kuti athetsere kukayikira m'mabanja omwe ali ndi khungu loyera lakuda, iye adasiya mfumukazi yoyera yokhala ndi mtundu wachikaso. Mu mtundu umodzi - kwa masiku 21, wina - kwa masiku 42 ndipo wachitatu - kulandira m'badwo wotsiriza wamasamba ndikutha kwa dzira kuyikira nthawi yokolola uchi. Pazaka zokhala ndi chiyembekezo cha mibadwo itatu yam'madzi ndi nyengo yachisanu idalandira zambiri pamaziko a zowunikira. Pambuyo popenyerera mobwerezabwereza, panali zidziwitso za kutalika kwa nthawi yoyambira m'badwo woyamba wa masabata awiri, wachiwiri mpaka 3, womaliza wachitatu mpaka chaka ndi nyengo yachisanu (atadyetsa mtundu wawo) mpaka masiku 80. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu, pakati pawo komanso poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wovomerezeka womwe ukupitilizidwa kuzungulira kwamibadwo, ndiko kutenga gawo kwa ana.
Chifukwa chakuwongolera ana am'badwo wamasika, cholinga chimasunthira ku m'badwo wachitatu wamadzi, chopezeka pachimake cha chitukuko cha mabanja, chomwe chimadutsa kuyambira anthu ochepa kukhala anthu okhalitsa a m'badwo uno, amatha kukhwimitsa thupi kufikira nthawi yakukula ya mbewu zazikulu za uchi ndikuzindikira kupitilizabe kwa moyo wabanja mtsogolo. Koma kodi ikhoza kukwaniritsa lonjezo la zokolola poyerekeza ndi azosankha achinyamata achikhalidwe?
Yankho lidzafunika chidziwitso pakuchita zenizeni, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa muzowonetsa.
Malinga ndi nthawi yayitali yowonera mabanja olamulira (chaka chilichonse akamachoka kukafuna chomera chatsopano), kutulutsa njuchi zouluka (kuchuluka kwa timadzi tating'onoting'ono makilogalamu) kwa unyinji wa omwe akutenga nawo gawo tsiku lililonse ntchito - makilogalamu) m'mabanja osabereka ndi 10-12 angapo mfundo - mfundo (max - khumi ndi zisanu). M'mabanja okhala ndi mibadwo yosinthika ya mibadwo ya ana okhala ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zikugwira nawo ntchito yothawa, zokolola sizidutsa mphindi 3-4 (max - 5). Nkhani yovala siyitsimikizike. Zotsatira zakukula kwa zipatso zimayamba kukhazikika pa 10th tsiku litachotsedwa oviposition ndipo litatha masiku 40. Chiwerengero cha zochulukitsa zikutsalira mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo. Ndi kutalika kwakukulu kwa chomera cha uchi kuposa makilomita atatu, kusiyana kwachulukidwe kumachuluka.
Ndili ndi lingaliro kuti chapamwamba chotulutsa ntchito m'mabanja opanda chisonyezo ndikuwonetsa mwachilengedwe kuchokera kwaomwe alimi omwe amatenga njuchi kutsika ndikuchepa kwa kuthekera pakusinthika kwa mbadwo wokhazikika wa ana ndikuwadziletsa kuti azidzilamulira okha, potengera chikhumbo chofuna kukhala ndi zochulukirapo.
Pali malingaliro okhudzana ndi kutenga nawo gawo pa ntchito zapaulendo zapaulendo zapaulendo zapa mabanja azaka zambiri Nthawi yomweyo, mabanja omwe ali ndi njuchi zouluka 100% akuwonetsa 30% yotenga nawo gawo pantchito zabwino zomera za uchi. Analogue ya kusintha kosuntha. Kuthekera kokuchita nawo ntchito yandege ndikofunikira.
Kuwongolera ana ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa nthawi yakugona kumakupatsani mwayi kuti muthe kupeza mbadwo wa njuchi zakhala nthawi yayitali nthawi iliyonse. Njira yokwera mtengo kwambiri yolakira ana sayenera kupitirira miyezi itatu (2 kasupe + chaka chimodzi) ndi mayendedwe aulere a muchiberekero, osinthidwa kuti akwaniritse zosowa zomwe mukufuna komanso kusiyana ndi nyengo.
Kuthekera kwachilengedwe kwa mibadwo yonse kuchitika chifukwa cha phylogenesis, chifukwa chake, pamayambiriro aoregenis, onse ali ndi kuthekera kofanana. Mitengo yamphamvu ya njuchi zam'mawere zimawonekera mu kuthekera, kutengera kukhwima kwa thupi lawo komanso kuchuluka kwa katundu pazitsamba za mammary. Izi ndi zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu.
Ntchito yoyang'anira ana ndikupeza anthu ambiri okhala ndi moyo wautali pakulima kwa mbewu zazikulu za uchi ndikuwasungira kuti aberekenso ana ndikufalitsanso zabwino za cholowa.
Mphamvu yakuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka mbadwo uliwonse mokomera iwo ndi m'manja mwa mlimi, poganizira nthawi yoyenera ana kugona. Uku ndikusiyana pakati pa njira zatsopano zaukadaulo zosiyira mtundu wamtundu wa zopangika ndi ukadaulo wamakedzana wachikhalidwe chodziwikiratu pakuwonekera kwa njira za pang'onopang'ono zam'nyumba zozungulira zozungulira ndi kuzungulira kwa mibadwo.
Pakuthana ndi chopinga cha malingaliro - lingaliro lozikika molimba mu malingaliro, ndimavomereza lingaliro la njira yatsopano yothandizira matekinoloje monga malingaliro omwe angatsimikiziridwe mosavuta. Popanda chidziwitso chodalirika pakugwira ntchito, sizingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachilengedwe za njuchi ndi uchi wambiri. Kupezeka kwazidziwitso kumatipatsa mwayi wakuwona kuzungulira kwazaka zambiri mwatsatanetsatane ndi kapangidwe ka zolinga ndi cholinga cha m'badwo uliwonse m'mabanja omwe cholinga chake ndi kuphatikiza uchi komanso kuwonjezera njuchi. Munthawi yakutukuka kwa kasupe, njira zakulera zimayenderana mabanja omwe cholinga chake ndi kutolera uchi. Pambuyo poyeretsa mabanja a nkhupakupa poyambira kubereka, pogwiritsa ntchito chimango kuti mupeze homogenate kuti mubwerenso pakugulitsa, njira zosiyanasiyanazi zidzafunika kale.
Kukonzekera njuchi yozizira kumakhala mu nthawi yake yam'badwo wamphamvu m'mbali zonse, m'malo abwino nyengo, popanda kufunikira kwamtolo pa tiziwalo ta mammary. Ndikofunika kuchita kufesa munthawi yochepa, popeza nthawi yokonzekera iyi imachitika chifukwa kuchepetsedwa kwa nthawi yosonkhanitsa uchi. Chifukwa chakufooka kwa mphamvu ya mahomoni, kuperewera kwa mazira kumatha kuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mfumukazi zazing'ono ndikumayambitsa ndi zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimachokera ku banja (homogenate). Kuyika kwa m'badwo wachisanu kudzavomerezedwa sikuyenera kumalizidwa pasanathe masiku 50 nthawi yakutha.
Njuchi zakonzedwa motere zimasonkhana osazengereza mu kalabu ndikuyamba kulowa. Pansi pazachilengedwe, kukonzekera kwa mabanja nyengo yachisanu kumayamba atatha kuchuluka kwambiri kwa chitukuko cha masika ndikudziunjikira kwa malo osungira. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kalabuyo, nthawi yozizira imakhala yochulukirapo. Kukhalapo kwa njuchi zazing'ono, makamaka popanda kuyeretsa mopitilira muyeso, kumachepetsa mpumulo.
M'badwo wozizira uyenera kukhala wokonzekera mayesero a nthawi yachisanu, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mwachangu kukhazikika pakudya, kunenepa. Pachifukwa ichi, kulimba kwawo kudabadwa mwachilengedwe.
Ndi kudzutsidwa kwachilengedwe, pofuna kubwezeretsa thupi la njuchi, munthu sayenera kuthamangira kukagoneka kwa m'badwo woyamba wam'madzi mpaka m'matangadza atsopano chakudya chama protein. Mibadwo iwiri yophukira mu intra-zoo yogwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi dongosolo la mahomoni, mwanzeru, ndi kubereka kuyenera kudyetsa kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mphutsi za mibadwo itatu chifukwa cha kutayika kwa kuthekera kwawo kothekera. Ichi ndiye cholinga chawo. M'badwo wachitatu, womwe ndiwopambana kwambiri mpaka woyamba, kudutsa gawo la kutsitsa kwa ma tezi a mammary pa msinkhu wokhwima, uyenera kulipilira kuthekera kwa mibadwo yam'mbuyomu yomwe mudakhalamo, pakufunika kwakukulu kwa kukhalapo kwawo mwachilengedwe, kuti azisankhidwa mwachilengedwe. Kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa mibadwo kumapewetsa mwayi wotere.
Kuwerengera chisonyezero chothandiza kuvumbula kufunika kwa zowonjezera pazizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito pochita: kupanga njuchi zouluka, ntchito zouluka, ndi luso la kubala.
Pakupanga mng'oma wolowera, munthu osaganizira zofunikira pakuyendetsa mu-zeroth njira, kuyesedwa kwa uchi kosavuta kumakakamiza njuchi kukula zokha, kupatula mwayi wodziwongolera nokha kusankha njira. Munthawi yochepa komanso kukhalapo kwa ana, phulusa lomwe limayenda pang'onopang'ono limadzala zisa, zomwe zimatsogolera njuchi kuti zikhalepo. Chifukwa chake, kayendetsedwe ka ana imagwira ntchito molingana ndi kukula kwakanthawi mosachedwa, koma pamalo okwera, munthu ayenera kupitiriza. Pali mwayi uliwonse wa izi.
Chomwe chikuwongolera ana ndicho chitukuko cha njuchi ndi cholinga chake ndikukula kwam'badwo uliwonse mu nyengo yamkaka. Ndizosavuta komanso zachuma kuti tisamenyane ndi majeremusi, koma kusiya kufalitsa.
Ngakhale chizindikiro cha kuthekera kwa njuchi sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kufunikira kwa ziwonetsero zina zomwe sizimagwirizana sikubwera. Kuwunika kotheka kumalephereka ndi lingaliro lokhazikika la kuwonongeka kwakuthupi pantchito yothawa popanda chifukwa chomveka.
Mbadwo wotsiriza wam'mawa umatha kukhala wotakataka nthawi yonse yokolola uchi pamfundo yolumikizira kudya kwa tsiku ndi tsiku poyerekeza ndi mabanja olamulira omwe ali ndi mbadwo wokhazikika wa ana, kumene chiphaso chimakhazikitsidwa pamfundo yolumikizira ndalama komanso ndalama zogulira - zabwino kapena zoipa.
Mbali yoyamba, chitukuko chofanana cha masika chitachitika, magulu a njuchi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutolera uchi kapena kukulitsa maluso osiyanasiyana osamalira. Kachiwiri, mabanja onse omwe ali ndiukadaulo womwewo wogwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo kutola uchi ndi chitukuko, komwe zachilengedwe zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa chakudya ndi mkhalidwe wa mabanja. Mlimi amachita ngati wowonera kapena amalepheretsa kudziyang'anira pawokha pachitetezo cha njuchi posankha nkhokwe zodyera. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito ntchito yoyendetsa tick drive, izi ndizokwanira.
Pokhala ndi timadzi tambiri tambiri, anthu okhwima amatha kudziwa komwe akuwatsogolera kuti azigwirira ntchito. Ndalama zomwe sizipanga zipatso zokomera ana zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Kutseguka kumatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka kumaliza m'njira zingapo njuchi. Chiberekero sichitha kuthana ndi mavuto a oviposition, koma chimangosintha mkaka kukhala ma testes ndikuwonjezera maziko a kinetic. M'mabanja okhala ndi achinyamata, kupanga mafuta odzola amakula, omwe amafuna kusamutsira m'chiberekero, akugwira ntchito zawo. Ndi kuchuluka kwa ana, kudzikundikira kwa chakudya kumachepetsedwa.
Pamalo ofooka azopeza, phindu la nthawi ndi nthawi, kugawana ndalama ndi ndalama zogulira ana zitha kuwonetsedwa ngati ziwonetsero zoipa, koma osati zolembedwa. Izi zikusonyeza kufunika kwa kasamalidwe kwakunja kotola uchi chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ana.
Ngati palibe ana m'chilimwe, ndikokwanira kukula mibadwo 4 ya ana pachaka - 3 kasupe ndi 1 nyengo yachisanu ndikuwonjezeka kwa chakudya m'matumba molingana ndi mfundo yodziunjikira. Achinyamata awiri komanso awiri omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino omwe adasankhidwa mwachilengedwe amatenga nawo mbali poyambira ana. Kukonzekera kwa m'badwo wozizira kumachitika pokhapokha ndi namwino okhwima ndi nthawi yomweyo kukonzekera zisa zachisanu. Pali zovuta zina zingapo pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosamalira wosabala:
- Nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito posamalira mabanja munthawi yotentha kwambiri imachepetsedwa.
- Kuchuluka komanso kuchuluka kwa uchi womwe umasonkhanitsidwa ndi njuchi zokhwima.
- Kuthekera kwa kufalikira ndi kufa kwa mabanja panthawi yopuma sikukhudzidwa.
- Imakayikira moyo wa chiberekero ndi sotoramka.
- Mtengo wazakudya zozizira zimachepetsedwa ndi zina zotero.
Pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zomwe zimavomerezeka pakukula kwa mibadwo ya chilimwe-chilimwe, amakakamizidwa kuti azisinthasintha mosinthasintha mibadwo, kuti ataye mwaufulu theka la malonda omwe akubwera koma osawerengeka chifukwa cha uchi, omwe timapereka kuti malo azisungidwa komanso kubereka. Iwo anazolowera, anazolowera, chifukwa aliyense amazichita.
Kutha kwa kubereka kwa nthawi yayitali pakubala kwa ana kumakhala kotsika kwambiri ku mibadwo yamasika chifukwa chakufooka kwa mphamvu ya mahomoni, chibadwa chobala komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya chama protein.
Chisankho chosungira m'badwo wam'mbuyo wa 3 ngati nyengo yachisanu sichimasanjidwa, kutengera mphamvu za mabanja komanso mwayi wamatayidwe achilengedwe kuchokera kwa majeremusi. Kwa miyezi 10 yodzipatula chiberekero komanso kusakhalapo kwa ana m'mabanja, chiberekero ndi njuchi sizitha kutulutsa ana, koma palibe zida zokwanira zomwe zingalimbikitse njira yopangira. Chifukwa chake, ndimatsata mwayi wokonzekera m'badwo wachisanu kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe.
Kutengera kuwunikira kwa kuthekera kopanga kuopsa kwa njuchi za m'mibadwo ina ndi zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito moyenera, kuthekera kwa kusamalira ana ndi kusonkhanitsa uchi ndizodziwikiratu kuti mupambane zotsatira za njira zachilengedwe za moyo wa banja la njuchi.
Zabisidwa mobisa mwa alimi pakupanga njuchi za Varroa ndizabwino. Amapitilira phindu la makampani. Njira yankhondo iyi ilibe chiyembekezo. Njira yofunikira kwambiri ndikubwezera ndalama pagawo lachitetezo cha njuchi. Yakwana nthawi yolipira njuchi zakumidzi zomwe zili ndi malo ambiri achilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njuchi zochepa.
Zozungulira pamoyo
Zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokolola mungu, kupanga uchi ndi kudyetsa ana. Chifukwa cha kufupika kwa moyo wabanja la njuchi, njira yoleka kuyimitsa ya testicular imachitika (mpaka 2,000 patsiku). Pothamanga, nyama nthawi zambiri imatenga nthawi yayitali (mpaka masiku 35), yokhala chofooka, chochepa (masiku 25).
Kutalika kwa moyo wa tizilombo kumayenderana ndi nyengo yamaderawo. M'chilimwe, nyengo yotentha, yabwino, njuchi zimamasuka, motero, nthawi yawo yamoyo imakulitsidwa kufikira masiku 45. Opulumuka nyengo yozizira satha kufikira mwezi umodzi. Malingaliro omwe samadyetsa ana m'chilimwe ndi nthawi yozizira amakhala mpaka miyezi iwiri. Tizilombo tomwe timasiya achinyamata ambiri mu kugwa timamwalira posachedwa. Kutalika kwa njuchi yogwira ntchito kumadalira mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito. Ogasiti amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Nthawi yamagetsi yama drones ndi yofanana ndi njuchi zogwira ntchito.
Chiberekero, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yayikulu ndikuwonjezera pa banja la njuchi, sichitha mphamvu pakuwonjezera uchi. Amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 5 chifukwa chokhala modekha komanso kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zofunika. Komabe, ngati chikhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wamkulu, chiberekero chimakalamba msanga ndikufa pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri.
Kugawidwa kwa malo
Masiku ano, njuchi zauchi ndizofala padziko lonse lapansi. Malo ofunikira kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ndi a tizilombo ta mtundu wa ku Europe, omwe mu kukula kwawo adapeza chisinthidwe chachikulu kwambiri, ndikupanga gulu lalikulu lokwanira, moyo wabanja ndi chitukuko mumng'oma.
Adazolowera nyengo yozizira, yomwe imawalola kubereka ngakhale kumadera a kumpoto ndi Siberia. Njuchi zimayikidwa mwadongosolo.
Kapangidwe kwakunja
Chithandizo cha thupi, chomwe chimakhala ndi zidutswa zitatu, ndicho exoskeleton yakunja (cuticle). Tsitsi lophimba thupi kuchokera kumwamba limagwiranso ntchito imodzi kuti ikhudze ndi kuteteza ku litsiro - pali ziwalo zamaganizidwe ndi zotupa. Ziwalo za thupi zimalumikizidwa ndi zotanuka zowonda.
Thupi la njuchi mophiphiritsa limapangidwa zidutswa zitatu zazikulu: mutu, chifuwa ndi m'mimba. Pamtunda wapamwamba mumakhala tinyanga, kamkamwa kamaso ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, okhala ndi maso awiri ovuta komanso atatu osavuta. Mizere iwiri yamapiko okhala ndi nembanemba imayikidwa mu gawo la thoracic, lomwe, pakuuluka, limakwatirana pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera pamapiko otsika. Pali miyendo isanu ndi umodzi pamimba, yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa zojambula zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njuchi ipukute mungu kuchokera kumiyendo yake.
Anthu ambiri sadziwa kuchuluka kwa njuchi. Maso ovuta omwe akhazikitsidwa pambali ya mutu amaphatikizidwa zikwizikwi. Kuwona mochititsa chidwi komwe kuli m'mapangidwe opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, kumapereka mwayi wopenya kuwala kwa dzuwa kudzera m'mitambo. Mitundu iwiri yamankhwala amaso amathandizira kuphimba dera lalikulu panthawi ya kuthawa, ngakhale ali mwa mawonekedwe. Maso osavuta amakulolani kuti muwone mphamvu zowala zokha. Koma mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amtundu wa njuchi, okhala ndi mitundu isanu, amachititsa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuwala kozungulira, komanso mawonekedwe a maluwa ofanana ndi maluwa.
Bungwe lamkati
Thupi la nyama limadziwika ndi chipangizo chovuta kudziwa. Kapangidwe kake ka njuchi kofanana ndi kachulukidwe kachilengedwe ka nyama zapamwamba kakang'ono ndi zida zopangika. Kusuntha kwake konse kumayendetsedwa ndi wowongolera wamphamvu kwambiri.
Chimbudzi
Njira yogaya chakudya ili ndi magawo atatu. Loyamba limaphatikizapo:
- chamkamwa,
- kumeza chiwalo
- esophagus,
- golo wokaka uchi.
Mimba yake ndi gawo lapakati, gawo lotsika limakhala ndi matumbo. Kuyamwa, kusilira, kusakwanira komanso kusinthika kwathunthu kwa uchi kumachitika ndi timinyewa tating'ono (salivary and sub-pharyngeal). Kuchokera pa pharynx, chakudya chimalowa m'magazi ochulukitsa mobwerezabwereza, ndikupanga chotupa cha uchi, pomwe zomwe zimatulutsidwa zimayamwa kudzera mu minofu ya minyewa. Kudzimbidwa kumachitika m'mimba. Matumbo ndi malo owonda komanso owongoka. Potsirizira pake, zidutswa zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chakudya zimasungidwa, komwe njuchi imachotsa mu tiziwalo tofanana.
Mpweya
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala ndi njira yopumira yopumira, kuphatikiza ziwalo za ziwalo. Kuvulala kwamlomo kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi lakhola wa marata pa thunthu: zisanu ndi chimodzi pachifuwa ndi thwelofu pamimba. Popeza talowa mkati mwa tsitsi ndikutsukidwa, mpweya umadzaza matumba apadera ndikufalikira thupi lonse. Momwe mpweya umapezekera ndi njira yachitatu yotseguka kwa thoracic.
Kusweka mtima
Mtima wa njuchi yokhala ndi zipinda zisanu, umawoneka ngati chubu chopendekera kumtunda kwa thupi. Komabe, m'malo mwa magazi, imadzazidwa ndi hemolymph (plasma), yomwe imadutsa ma mavuvu molunjika kuchokera pamimba kupita kumutu. Kufananira kwamakono kumayendetsedwa ndi chifuwa ndi kuphimba kwa msana. Kugunda kwa mtima kwa kachilombo komwe kali mwamtendere kumamenyedwa ndi 100 pamphindikati, ndipo ndikangouluka kumadzuka mpaka 150.
Zosangalatsa
Masomphenya a njuchi amawalola kuwona kwathunthu chilichonse chowazungulira komanso nthawi yomweyo pamwambapa ndi pansi. Zithunzi zochokera kumaso asanu zimaphatikizidwa kukhala chithunzi chimodzi chautoto. Tizilombo timatha kudziwa komwe mafunde akuwala ndipo ngakhale mumlengalenga mumadziwa komwe kuli dzuwa.
Mothandizidwa ndi ulusi pa tinyanga, wokhala ndi zigawo ndi flagella, njuchi zimagwiritsa ntchito kukhudza, komwe kumawathandiza kudziwa malo mumdima wamng'oma. Tinyanga timathandiziranso njuchi kudziwa kutentha ndi chinyezi. Chifukwa cha malekezero omwe ali mkamwa, tizilombo timatha kudziwa mtundu wa timadzi tokoma. Njuchi zilibe makutu, koma zimatha kumva: pali zotseguka zapadera pathupi. Mapeto omwe amachititsa chidwi chazakumwa samapezeka pakakhosi pokhapokha, komanso pa maoscoscis, tinyanga, komanso ngakhale pa maula.
Tanthauzo la njuchi zachilengedwe
Kukula kwakukulu kwa njuchi za uchi kumapanga uchi ndi unyinji wazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu. Komabe, kupukutidwa kwa maluwa pafupifupi onse maluwa ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ntchito yolima minda ndi minda imapangitsa kuti zokolola ziwonjezeke kamodzi ndi theka mpaka kawiri:
Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mbewu zoposa zana limodzi ndi theka pa mahekitala 20 miliyoni zimafunikira kupukutidwa. Kuchuluka kwachuma kumakondweretsa kufalikira kwa kubiriwira kwa dziko lapansi, kupatsa zolengedwa zamoyo zakudya ndi mpweya, kuyeretsa mpweya wa kaboni dayokisi, ndikusunga chilengedwe cha Dziko.
Ndikosavuta kuzindikira kufunikira kwa njuchi zamoyo m'munthu. Amapanga zinthu zambiri zathanzi zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zothandiza kuti zinthu zitheke, zimathandizira kukulitsa ntchito zaulimi, kukulitsa zokolola mwa kupukutira kwa ma peduncles ndikupanga nyengo zobwezera dziko lapansi.
Njuchi
Takambirana kale za zakudya za mphutsi zomwe zalembedwa munkhaniyi.Pankhani yazakudya cha mbewu zachikulire za uchi, anthu ogwira ntchito amadya mungu, zomwe amapeza mavitamini, mafuta ndi mapuloteni omwe amafunikira, ndipo timadzi tokoma timagwiritsa ntchito ngati gwero lama chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, achikulire amafunikiranso mchere wamchere ndi madzi.
Pakatikati pake, timadzi tokoma ndi madzi amchere, komabe, shuga ake amatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 3% mpaka 76%, pomwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zopezeka zimapezeka mu mbewu zomwezo zomwe zimamera m'magawo oyandikana nawo. Zinapezeka kuti anthu ogwira ntchito samatola timadzi tokoma tokhala ndi shuga mkati mwa 4.25%. Kwenikweni, iwo amafunafuna mbewu zomwe timadzi tathupi timene tili ndi 20% -40%, ndipo ngati tipeze mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi timadzi tambiri tokhala ndi shuga wopitilira 50%, timafuna kuzitola kaye.
Palibe mapuloteni ochulukirapo mu timadzi tokoma, koma kwambiri mungu. Mwa njira, mungu si kanthu ngati ma cell majeremusi a chomera, osakhala ndi mapuloteni okha, komanso mavitamini B ndi C, komanso ma acid: nicotinic, pantothenic, riboflavin ndi folic. Pulogalamu yama protein komanso mavitamini ofunikira ndiyofunikira kwa anthu ogwira ntchito mu theka loyamba la moyo wawo, ndiye kuti, akamadyetsa mphutsi, amadyetsa chiberekero ndi mkaka ndi sera yamphete yomanga uchi. Izi zikulongosola momwe njuchi zimasinthira mungu.
Njuchi zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa zimatengedwa mumng'oma ndikupanga uchi kuchokera pamenepo. Mukakonza, ndende ya shuga imakwera mpaka 80%, madzi ochulukirapo amasintha, ndipo zinthu zovuta kwambiri za shuga zimasinthidwa kukhala zosavuta. Kugawikaku ndi gawo lofunikira la chakudya cha anthu onse mumng'oma nthawi yachisanu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthawi yozizira njuchi za uchi sizimadziphika mumng'oma, ndipo njuchi imatha kugaya shuga wosavuta popanda chotsalira komanso mphamvu zowonjezera.
Ponena za mungu, munthu amene amatola nkhomayo amadzisonkhanitsa yekha ndi mawamba ake (makamaka kutsogolo ndi pakati) ndikuyisamutsa ku miyendo yake yakumbuyo, komwe imapangidwa ndikuwanyowa ndi timadzi tokoma kapena uchi wotsekedwa ndi njuchi. Ubweya wamtunduwu umatchedwa mungu. Slab pambuyo pobweretsa mng'oma umayikidwa mu khungu la zisa ndikumangiriridwa ndi mutu, ndikutsanulira uchi pamwamba (kusunga). Mungu woterowo umatchedwa kuti mungu. Kuti mutukule mokwanira munthu mmodzi wogwira ntchito, 0,1 g ya perga ndiyofunikira. Ndiye kuti, banja lomwe nthawi yachilimwe limakhala ndi njuchi pafupifupi 200,000 zomwe zimagwira ntchito zimafunikira 30 makilogalamu a mkate wa njuchi.