Zinyama mkati mwa mabanja awo ndizochepa kapena zazing'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira kumapeto kwa muzzle mpaka muzu wa mchira kuyambira pa 94 ​​mpaka 115 masentimita, kutalika kwake kufota kumayambira 67 mpaka 80. Kulemera kwa amoyo amuna kumayambira 29 mpaka 33 kg, zazikazi kuyambira 24 mpaka 29 kg. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa chigaza kumayambira pa 165 mpaka 205 mm. Nyumbayi ndiyochepa komanso ndiyopepuka. Thupi lalifupi, lopapatiza limapumira pamiyendo yayitali, yopyapyala. Kutalika kwa mapira pofota nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera kuposa kutalika kwa oblium. Mutu wake ndi wopepuka ndi muzzulo woongoka. Mlomo wapamwamba umakutidwa ndi tsitsi, kamtambo kakang'ono chabe kanyama kopanda pakati pakona m'munsi m'mphuno kumatsalira pagalasi lamkati. Mwana wa m'maso ndiwotupa pang'ono pang'ono, pafupifupi wozungulira. Iris ndi yakuda. Makutu a mbawala zazitali kutalika, pafupifupi 12-16 cm, okhala ndi malangizo.

Nyanga za mbawala, monga lamulo, zimapezeka mwa amuna okhaokha omwe ali ndi masentimita 27 mpaka 41. Ndi maziko awo, amapezeka pafupi ndi maso. Mawonekedwe a nyanga zake amakhala amizeremizere. M'munsi ndizomwe zimapangidwa, nthawi zambiri zimafanana, koma zimasunthira molunjika kumbali komanso nthawi yomweyo arc kubwerera kumbuyo, komanso ndi ma vertices amkati ndi kutsogolo. Mtundu wa nyanga zake ndi wakuda kapena wakuda. Pamwamba pa nyanga ya geris pamakhala zinthu zambiri zosunthika, zopangidwa patsogolo pa mphete, m'munsi mwa nyanga. Mphetezo zimakhala pafupi ndi mzake, pakati mpaka kumapeto sikawirikawiri. Malekezero osongoka a nyanga ndi 8-9 masentimita kuchokera pamwamba pamwamba. Mosiyana ndi izi, zazikazi zimakhalanso ndi nyanga, koma zosaposa 5 cm.

Khosi ndi lalitali komanso loonda. Kumbali yake yotsika, zonse zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimakhala ndi mphuno. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala. Ziboda zake ndi zazitali koma zopapatiza, zokhala ndi malangizo. Kutalika kwa ziboda zakutsogolo ndi 49-56 mm; Kutalika kwa ziboda zam'mphepete mwa kutsogolo ndi 28-27 mm, ziboda zakumbuyo nthawi zambiri zimakhala 2-3 mm, zochepa nthawi zambiri zofanana kapena zochepa kuposa zoyambira kutsogolo. Zingwe zazing'ono zowonjezera, za 10 mm mm, zimakhala zazitali pamwamba pa zopondera zazingwe zala zapakati. Mchira, poyerekeza ndi zen, ndi wautali, kuyambira 17 mpaka 25 cm, ndi tsitsi mpaka 30 cm, wokhala ndi mbali zitatu kuchokera pansi kuchokera pansi.

Mawonekedwe amtundu, kuyerekeza, mwachitsanzo, ndi mbuzi zakutchire ndipo makamaka agwape, ndiwofewa komanso zotanuka, koma amakhala osalaza kumtunda kwa tsitsi. Palibe kulekanitsidwa komveka pakati pa tsitsi loyambira ndi undercoat. Ubweya wozizira umakhala wonenepa komanso wowonda, kutalika kwa tsitsi lakumbuyo kumafika mpaka 4-5 masentimita. M'chilimwe, tsitsi limacheperachepera komanso lalifupi, limangokhala masentimita 1-1.5. Pamutu, kupatula kumbuyo kwa pamphumi, ndi miyendo ya tsitsi, limakhala lalifupi kwambiri, lomangika pakhungu. Pamimba, m'malo mwake, imakhala nthawi yayitali nthawi yozizira. Akazi amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali m'malo mwa nyanga. Tsitsi lopatula lamkati ndi khosi kuchokera kumunsi limakhala lofiirira kapena lamtambo, limakhala mumdima pamwamba, komanso lachikasu mpaka pamwamba. Malekezero enieni a tsitsi ndi opyapyala, osongoka (ngati sanadulidwe), abulauni, akuda. Tsitsi pamalo opepuka pang'ono kuyambira pachifuwa mpaka pamapiri ndi loyera, ndipo mchira wake ndi woderapo.

Utoto wowoneka bwino komanso khosi la khosalo ndi wamchenga wotuwa komanso wachikaso. Mtundu wakakumbuyo wamtundu umalumikizidwa ndi zigawo zakuda za chikasu. M'mphepete mwa thupi, pamalire ndi khungu loyera pamimba, mzere wamtambo wakuda, wa bulauni womwe umatambasulidwa pang'ono pamwamba pa cholowera chamapewa. Mzere womwewo pamagalimoto ofanana ndi mchira. Chomaliza sichikwera pamwamba pa mchira. Mchira wake ndi wodera lakuda, wautali kuposa mbali zina za thunthu, komanso tsitsi lozungulira, lomwe limatisonkhanitsa mbali yake yakumwambamwamba ngati chisa. Mbali yakumaso ndi yakunja ya miyendo nthawi zambiri imakhala ya monochromatic ndi thupi, koma mbali zakutsogolo zili kutsogolo kwa ziboda (kuzungulira malo ophatikizika a teti), komanso kuseri kwa mbali zazikulu ndi mbali zakuda zamtundu wakuda, zofiirira. M'mimba, kunja kwa chifuwa, khosi komanso mkatikati mwa miyendo ndi loyera.

Kuchotsa ndi kugawa ma gazelles

Chifukwa chosadziwa kusiyanasiyana kwa mafupa pakati pa mitundu ya subgenus Gazella s. str., nthawi yeniyeni yowonekera kwa G. subgutturosa pamalo azovuta kudziwa. Koma, kuweruza ndi zopeza zingapo ku Europe ndi China, pafupi ndi mitundu yamakono adakhala kale mu theka lachiwiri la Pliocene. M'madambo a Quaternary, zotsalira zamtunduwu ndizodziwika, kupatula madera omwe amagawidwa masiku ano, mwa nyama za Paleolithic malo a Transbaikalia.

Mitundu yamakono ya mitunduyi imakhala ndi Transcaucasia, Western, Central, ndi Central Asia - Iran, Afghanistan (mwina gawo la Pakistan), Dzungaria, Gobi, Tibet kumpoto, Alashan ndi Ordos. Mkati mwa Europe, gazelles pano amagawidwa kum'mawa kwa Transcaucasia, komanso m'zipululu ndi madera ena achipululu a Central Asia republic (Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz) ndi Kazakhstan.

Biology ya Geyran

Ngakhale mbawala ndizamoyo wamba m'malo angapo, sayansi yake sinaphunziridwe mokwanira, ndipo chidziwitso chimatsutsana pazinthu zina.

Mwambiri, mbawala za m'mimba ndizoyimira zachilengedwe za m'chipululu komanso zam'chipululu. Imakhala pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zipululu ndi zipululu za Asia. Malo okhala kwambiri ndi chipululu chowawa-solyanka, chitsamba chowawa ndi chowawa.

Madera akuluakulu pakugawika kwa mbawala ndi zigwa zotseguka, koma, mosiyana ndi ziwonetsero zina ziwiri zaku Asia - dzeren ndi saiga, mtunduwu umatha kuyanjananso mosavuta ndi malo olimba, ndipo nthawi zina umakonda kukhudzidwa ndi magawo otseka.

Ku Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, ndi Central Asia, mbewa zimangokhala m'madambo okhaokha, m'mbali mwa phirili, komanso zigwa.

Kugawika kwamtondo wokhazikika sikumayikidwa kutalika kwa mtunda womwewo, koma ndi mawonekedwe a zomerazo ndi mpumulo womwe umakhudzana nawo. Mapiri atali komanso miyala, ngakhale mapiri otsika, agwiritse ntchito, osasinthika mayendedwe, amapewetsedwa.

Khalidwe la Geris

Dzheyrany amakhala m'madongo ndi m'miyala, komanso m'madambo amchenga, koma amakonda malo okhala ndi dothi lokwera. Tizipewa kwambiri, makamaka chilimwe, zilumba zosokhazikika ndi mchenga, komanso malo otseguka ndi dothi lamiyala kwambiri. Malo okondweretsa, malinga ndi wolemba womaliza, ndi mchenga wokhazikika ndi spubse shrubbery, komanso masamba osowa a saxaul, omwe amateteza ku kutentha ndi nyengo nyengo yachisanu. Komabe, zitsamba zonse zowala ndi m'nkhalangozi za ma saxaul gazelles, mwina ochokera ku malingaliro azachitetezo, zimapewedwa. M'chilimwe, ma flats amchere amayendera.

Kummawa kwa Azerbaijan, chilimwe, amasungidwa pamiyala yamiyala yosakhazikika, komwe, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zimapatsidwa chakudya chabwino chobiriwira chatsopano (Vereshchagin, 1939). Masamba a mchenga wamchenga nthawi zambiri amakhala malo okhala m'nyengo yozizira, nthaka ikamapangika.

Kuzungulira kwa ma gazelles sikuvuta. Kwenikweni, izi ndi nyama za masana. Koma pakakhala mwezi, usiku wowala, makamaka ngati kulibe msipu wamadzulo masana, amapita kukadyetsa usiku. Nthawi zambiri amapuma usiku, amadya chilimwe kuyambira mbandakucha mpaka 10 - Ndipo maola ndi kuchokera maola 17-18 maola dzuwa lisanalowe ndi nthawi yayitali. M'nthawi yotentha masana ndikumata chingamu. Malo ogona, monga lamulo, amasankhidwa pamthunzi: pansi pa phompho m'mphepete kapena mumtsinje wouma, mumtondo wach chitsamba. Ngati palibe pobisalira manda, amapezeka pamalo owonekerako.

M'nyengo yozizira, mbawala zimadyetsa tsiku lonse, zimangodya msipu kwakanthawi. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukabowoleza m'mawa kutacha komanso dzuwa lisanalowe. Kutentha, malo othirira nthawi zambiri amachezeredwa masana. Malo othirira ndi osachulukirapo. Popeza kuchuluka kwa malo oyenera kumwa m'chipululu ndi ochepa, nyama zambiri nthawi zambiri zimasonkhana m'malo othirira.

Zakudya za georgan

Chakudya chachikulu cha mapira ndi zomera zotchedwa herbaceous zomwe zimamera m'malo. Nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala mitundu ya ma forces ndi hodgepodge, koma nthawi zina pamakhala kukayikira kosankhidwa kwa mitundu yazomera zam'madzi. Chifukwa chake, mu mbewu ya Milko-Karabakh steppe xerophytic ndi chakudya chomwe mumakonda. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Turkmenistan, pamodzi ndi chitsamba chowawa, buluu wamtundu wa tirigu ndi chinangwa zimadyedwa mosavuta. Ku Mongolia, malinga ndi A.G. Bannikov (1954), mwa mitundu 13 yodyedwa ndi mbawala, maziko a chakudya ndiwo anayi okha: nthenga za goender (Stipa gobica Roshev.), Baglour (Anabasis brevifolia C. AM), anyezi ku Mongolia ( Allium mongolicum Regel) ndi halogen (Halogeton sp.), Ngakhale chowawa, mwina chilimwe, sichimawoneka kuti chimadyedwa konse.

Monga momwe zowonera ndi maphunziro a V.N. Minervin adawonetsera, mchilimwe, thanzi la mapira limatengera kupezeka kwa madzi akumwa a nyama. Chifukwa chake, kumwera kwa Ustyurt, komwe nyama zimalandidwa zakumwa, sizimadya kapena mphutsi kapena hodgepodge, zomwe m'magawo ena ambiri a mbawala zimapanga chakudya. M'nyengo yotentha, nyamayi imangokhala pamabowo ndipo imadyetsa masamba obiriwira omwe akukula mkati mwake, muli chinyezi chambiri: koyamba, awa ndi masamba, nsonga za mphukira ndi zipatso za kaporza.

Molting mapira

Jeyran ndi nyama yokhala chete. Sindinamvepo mawu ake m'malo abwinobwino. Wovulala pokhapokha, munthu akafika, nthawi zina amapanga mawu osokosera, okumbutsa bwino nkhosa yofufumitsa. Khwangwala wamphongo uja anafuulanso mokweza mawu.

Kukhetsa kwa Dzheyran kumachitika mchaka, zikuwoneka, kawiri. Yoyamba molt mu kasupe, kuyambira theka lachiwiri la February. Molt umatha nthawi yayitali ndipo umatha mu Meyi, pomwe achichepere ngakhale pambuyo pake. Ngakhale tikhala ndi mbewa zabwino, zopangidwa bwino nthawi zonse, tinkawona zotsalira za ubweya wakale m'mbali komanso pafupi ndi malire agalasi loyandikira mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi za Meyi. Wodwala ndi wotopa wanyumba mochedwa kuposa wathanzi. Pazikazi zoweta zomwe zidakolola pa Meyi 21 ndi 22 ku Bet-Pak Dal, zotsalira za ubweya wakale zimasungidwa kumbuyo kwa mutu, khosi, mbali ndi kunja kwa miyendo. Kuwonongeka kwa ubweya wakale kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo popeza nyengo yotuwa m'makaka amtunduwu imafotokozedwa pang'onopang'ono, kusungunuka kumadutsa ngati kuti sikumatha. Ngakhale ndi ma binoculars abwino ndizosatheka kuwona zopindika zazitali zachikale, monga zimawonedwera nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, pamagululo osungunuka, komanso ngati mphoyo yamaliza kukhetsa kapena ayi, nthawi zambiri imangoyika pa mtembo. Autol molt imachitika kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Okutobala.

Kubzala kwa Gerari

Ambiri a mbawala, mwachidziwikire, ali ndi zaka chimodzi ndi theka amakhala ndi chidwi choberekera. Akazi nthawi zina amabereka ana ali ndi zaka 1. Chikondwererochi chikuyamba mu Novembala, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Okutobala ndipo kumatha mpaka Disembala kuphatikizidwa.

Munthawi yakukonzekera, amakhala m'magulu atatu aliyense, motsogozedwa ndi wamwamuna wamkulu, kuthamangitsa achichepere, sitingalankhule za amiseche. Pakadali pano, tiziwalo timene timatupa timatumba tambiri, timabisala tchuthi champhamvu kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Amuna amasangalala, m'mimba mwawo mumatupa kwambiri, ndipo panthawi yopuma amachepetsa thupi. Pali mikangano pakati pa amuna (omenyera nkhondo), omwe, pomwepo, samakhala ndi mkwiyo wofanana ndi ena osapembedza. Akazi amachita modekha ndipo samachepetsa kwambiri kunenepa pa nthawi ya estrus.

Kubadwa kwa achinyamata kumachitika munyengo kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Ku Bet-Pak-Dala, tidapeza mkazi woyamba yemwe adabereka pa Meyi 14. Pali zochitika zapadera za mimba yokhala ndi pakati. Ku Mongolia, masiku obadwa kwa agwape amachedwa poyerekeza ndi Central Asia pomatha mwezi wathunthu kapena kupitirira apo. Nthawi zambiri, munthu wamkulu amakhala ndi ana awiri, kamodzi. Nthawi zina, amati, pamakhala maulendo atatu ndipo ngakhale, kupatula, anayi mwa mkazi m'modzi.

Asanakhale ndi pakati, zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimasiya ng'ombe, zimapuma ndikubala kwinakwake kuthengo, pansi pa thanthwe, pansi pa njira yakale ndi m'malo ena obisika. Pambuyo pobadwa, wamkazi amadya. Nthawi zambiri tinkapeza zotsalira za m'mimba za akazi ophedwa.

Jeyran

Jeyran ndi nyama yokhala ndi ziboda, yofalikira kumayiko ambiri. Amakhala kumadera achipululu komanso theka la chipululu cha Asia komanso Caucasus. Zomwe zimawonedwa kale kum'mwera kwa Dagestan.

p, blockquote 1,0,0,0,0 ->

p, blockquote 2.0,0,0,0 ->

Kodi mbawala imawoneka bwanji?

Mawonekedwe a mbawala zazikazi ndimtundu wa mbawala. Ichi ndi nyama yaying'ono mpaka 75 sentimita kutalika ndi masekeli 20-30. Mowoneka, ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa mkazi ndi wamwamuna posakhalapo ndi nyanga. Ngati yamphongoyo ili ndi nyanga zozungulira, ndiye kuti mkaziyo alibe nyanga. Nthawi zina, nyanga zimayamba kukula, koma imayima, kuyimira njira zosaposa masentimita asanu.

p, blockquote 3,0,1,0,0 ->

Mtundu wonse wa ubweya umafanana ndi mtundu wa kakhalidwe kake - mchenga. Hafu yotsika ya thupi imakutidwa ndi ubweya woyera. Palinso malo oyera kuzungulira mchira. Mchira pawokha umatha kudera laling'ono lokhala ndi tsitsi lakuda. Popita kuthamanga, mphoyo imakweza mchira wake wamfupi ndipo nsonga yake yakuda imawoneka bwino motsutsana ndi ubweya woyera. Chifukwa cha izi, m'malo ena, nyamayo idatchedwa "mchira wakuda"

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Ziphunzitso zina zimasiyanitsa mitundu inayi: Persian, Mongolian, Arabian ndi Turkmen. Sasiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake, koma amakhala m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mbawala ya ku Persia imakhala ku Georgia ndi mapiri a Transcaucasia, ndipo anthu a ku Mongolia amakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri a ku Mongolia.

p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->

Khalidwe la mbawala

Kumalo otentha kwamchenga, mbawala zimavutika kufunafuna chakudya masana. Nthawi yomweyo, mbawala sizinyama zapakhomo. Kutengera izi, ntchito yake yayikulu imawonekera m'mawa komanso dzuwa litalowa.

p, blockquote 6,1,0,0,0 ->

Nyama iyi ndi herbivore yekha. Dzheyran amadya udzu wosiyanasiyana ndi mphukira zamatchire. Zokonda zimaperekedwa kwa mbewu zokhala ndi chinyezi. Izi zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, anyezi wamtchire, mabulosi akuda, capers. Pofunafuna chakudya choyenera, mbawala zimayendayenda.

p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->

Mu nyengo yotentha, madzi, omwe sanakwanira, amatenga gawo lapadera. Jeans amapita ku matupi amadzi omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita 10-15 kuchokera kumalo awo okhala. Maulendo ofanana ndi madzi amapangidwa kangapo pa sabata.

p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->

Amayamba kubereka azaka zapakati pa 1-2. Nyengo yakukhwima imapangitsa kuti nyamazo zizisonkhana m'magulu omwe ali ndi mtsogoleri. Mtsogoleri wa gulu laling'ono samalola amuna ena kulowa mmenemo, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, amakonzera duel.

p, blockquote 9,0,0,1,0 ->

Ma Yegh ndi nyama zanzeru komanso zowonetsetsa. Kuthawa zoopsa, amatha kufikira kuthamanga mpaka 60 km / h. Adani awo akuluakulu ndi mimbulu, nyalugwe, nyalugwe, nkhandwe, mphungu. Ambiri amafuna kusangalala ndi mbawala, chifukwa chake mtundu ndi zochita zake pangozi zimathandizira kuti nyama izisungidwa. Ng'ombe zomwe sizimatha kuthamanga mothamanga zimadzibisa kwa adani, zitagona pansi. Chifukwa cha ubweya wautoto, siophweka kuwapeza.

p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 ->

Mawonekedwe

Mkulu wamkulu wa artiodactyl ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 93-116, ndipo kutalika kwa nyamayi kufota sikupita masentimita 60-75.

Chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi kupezeka kwa nyanga zaimvi zokhala ngati zakuda. Kutalika kwa nyanga ndi mphete zopingasa kumafikira 8-10 cm. Zazikazi ndi zazikazi, zopanda nyanga, koma nthawi zina kupezeka kwa nyanga zoyambira ndi kutalika kosaposa 3-5 masentimita kumaonekera mwa anthu.

Ma Yeghani ali ndi miyendo yopyapyala komanso yayitali kwambiri yokhala ndi ziboda zowongoka bwino koma zamphamvu zomwe zimaloleza mbawala ya artiodactyl kuyenda mosavuta pamiyala yamiyala ndi dongo. Komabe, kapangidwe ka miyendo sikakonzedwa kuti aziyenda pachikuto cha chipale chofewa, ndipo kupirira kwa nyama yoteroyo ndizochepa kwambiri, motero ndikangopita nthawi yayitali mbira imatha kufa.

Mtundu wa thupi lakumaso ndi mbali zake ndi mchenga, ndipo khosi, gawo lotsika komanso mbali yamkati yam miyendo imadziwika ndi madontho oyera. Kumbuyo kuli "galasi" lotchedwa "galasi", lomwe limakhala ndi mitundu yoyera komanso mbali zazing'ono.

Mchira wake uli ndi lingaliro lakuda, lomwe likuwoneka bwino ngati “kalilole” loyera ngati chipale chofewa. Chifukwa cha izi, nyama iyi yamadzi yotchedwa artiodactyl idakhala ndi dzina loyambira "mchira wakuda".

Kulekanitsidwa kwa tsitsi lonse kukhala mkati mwa malaya ndi tsitsi lotsala kulibe kwathunthu. Ubweya wozizira umadziwika ndi mtundu wopepuka kuposa utoto wa chilimwe.

Kutalika kwa tsitsi m'nyengo yozizira ndi masentimita 3-5, ndipo chilimwe - mpaka sentimita imodzi ndi theka. Kudera laphokoso la miyalapo ndi miyendo, tsitsi limakhala lalifupi kwambiri kuposa lomwe limakhala pathupi la nyamayo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Tizilombo tating'ono timene tili ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope, tomwe timayimiriridwa ndi malo amdima pamphuno komanso mikwingwirima yakuda yomwe ili m'derali kuyambira maso mpaka m'makona amlomo.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Dzheyran ndi nyama yaimuna yokhala ndi ziboda za gulu la gazelles komanso banja la bovids. Mtunduwu umakhudzana mwachindunji ndi subfamily ya anelope enieni. Mawu oti "gazelle" adatidzera kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Chiarabu. Mwambiri, ndi mtundu wa nyama zowonda komanso zazitali, zomwe zimatsimikizira ndi mawonekedwe ake mphoyo yabwino. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mapira, pakati pawo mutha kuwona mbawala. Chithunzithunzi ichi chili ndi chinthu chimodzi - amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga m'miyala, mosiyana ndi malembedwe ena ambiri, pomwe amuna ndi akazi onse ndi amisala.

Ponena za mbawala zazing'ono, zimatha kumatchedwa kuti nyama zazing'ono komanso zowoneka bwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake omwe ali mokwanira malinga ndi mtundu wa mbawala, ngakhale pali mbali zina komanso mawonekedwe ake. Pafupipafupi, magulu anayi a agalu amapezeka, koma pano asayansi ena amawatchula kuti mitundu yapadera.

Chifukwa chake, pakati pa mayendedwe amphongo:

• Chipereya
• Chimongolia
• Turkmen
• Arabian.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mitundu iyi yakunja ndiyofanana, koma imasiyana mdera lokhala kwawo kokhazikika. Chisomo, kupusa komanso kuthamanga kwa mbewa zimakondweretsa munthu kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake amawonetsedwa kawiri kawiri pamakobidi ndi masitampu a USSR wakale, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan ndi Russia.

Kodi mbawala zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Jeyran m'chipululu

Anthu achiJeremani amakonda zitunda ndi mapiri owaza, owuma, pomwe dothi lake ndi lothina. Chingwe chokongola ichi chimatha kupezeka m'dera la malupu a mapiri komanso m'malo opezeka zigwa ndi mpumulo wofewa. Chifukwa chachilendo pakupangidwe kwa miyendo, nyama izi zimadutsa mchenga waukulu kwambiri, makamaka izi zimachitika nthawi yachilimwe.

Nthawi zambiri mimbulu imakonda zipululu komanso chipululu, ikukhalamo:

• chipululu-solyanky chipululu,
• semi-shrubby hodgepodge semi-chipululu,
• chipululu cha shrubby.

Chosangalatsa: Zomera zomwe zimapezeka m'magazi osokoneza bongo zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, anyaniwa amatha kuzolowera kupezeka kwamiyala pafupifupi yopanda moyo pa expanses.

Pofotokoza za madera azikhalapo, mpofunika kudziwa kuti pakadali pano akukhalamo:

Ponena za dziko lathu, malinga ndi malo okhala mbiri yakale, mbawala za m'mbuyomu zinkakhala kum'mwera kwa Dagestan, koma tsopano, mwatsoka, sizikumana kumeneko, zikupereka zokonda zawo kumadera achipululu ndi mapiri a zigawo zomwe zatchulidwa kale.

Kodi mbawala amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Antelope Dzheyran

Musadabwe kuti pankhani ya zakudya, mbawala sizokongoletsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimakhala m'malo opezeka chipululu komanso malo opanda chipululu. Simuyenera kusankha ndikusankha, ndiye kuti ma gazelles ali okondwa kuti ali ndi menyu wopatsa, womwe amakhala wochepa kwambiri nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira.

Nthawi imeneyi, mbawala zazitali:

• ngamira yaminga
• hodgepodge
• chowawa
• saxaul akuwombera
• osakhazikika
• ephedra
• kumtunda kwa masisitere.

M'chilimwe ndi masika, menyu amaoneka wolemera komanso wowonda, chifukwa moyo wamasamba uyambiranso. Dzheyrany panthawiyi amatha kudya mbewu zakutchire, capers, ferula, mabulosi akutchire, anyezi, nthawi zina amasangalala ndi chimanga, vwende, ndi nyemba. Monga okhala m'chipululu, mbawala zimakonda kusamwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kupeza bowo loyandikira kungakhale kutali ndi 10 mpaka 15 km, choncho antelopes amamwa madzi kamodzi pa sabata kapena masiku asanu.

M'mphepete mwa zitsamba, mbawala zimayesetsa kusamwa, chifukwa zilombo zosiyanasiyana zimatha kubisala. Mukakhala ndi madzi othirira, antelope amasankha malo otseguka komanso osalala, kumayendayenda pamadzi pofika madzulo kapena m'bandakucha. Nyama zimachita zonsezi kuti ziziteteza. Ngakhale kulawa kowawa ndi mchere wamchere (mwachitsanzo, mu Nyanja ya Caspian) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbawala, mobwerezabwereza ndikugogomezera kusasamala kwawo pokhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe amakonda.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Jeyran wochokera ku Red Book

Monga mbawala zina, mbewa zazing'ono zimakhala zosamala kwambiri komanso zamanyazi, zimachita chidwi ndi phokoso komanso phokoso lililonse. Ngati anyaniwa akuyembekezera kuti ngozi zitha, ndiye kuti imayamba kuthawa, kuthamanga kwake kumatha kuchoka pa 55 mpaka 60 km pa ola limodzi. Akazi omwe ali ndi makanda ali ndi njira yosiyaniratu yakumapulumutsira - m'malo mwake, amakonda kubisala zitsamba mu nthawi zowawa.

Ngakhale kuti mbawala ndi za gulu lankhosa, zimayamba kusonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu nthawi yachisanu. M'miyezi yotentha, ma gazelowa amakonda kukhala okha kapena kampani yaying'ono, komwe pazabwino kwambiri pamakhala ma gazelles asanu okha. Kwenikweni, izi ndi akazi achaka chatha komanso chaka chatha.

Momwe nyengo yozizira imayambira, mbawala zimayamba kuwunjikana ndimthumba zazikulu, zomwe zimakhala ndi makumi angapo mpaka nyama mazana angapo. Gulu la antelope likafunafuna lokha chakudya, limatha kuyenda kuchoka pa 25 mpaka 30 km tsiku limodzi. Kubwera kwa kasupe, zazikazi zimayambira kuchoka m'bulu poyamba, kenako anyani amphongo okhwima amakhala, akutsatira abusa awo ndipo kukula kwamphamvu kuli kale kwamphamvu.

Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yozizira, mbawala zimagwira ntchito masana, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo ndipo usiku zimapumira m'makumba omwe amakumbidwa mu chipale chofewa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhazikika kuphiri kuti ziziteteza ku mphepo yozizira. M'chilimwe, antelopes, m'malo mwake, amadyetsa m'mawa ndi madzulo, ndikupumula tsiku lotentha, mutakhala kwinakwake pamthunzi.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Steppe Dzheyran

Monga taonera kale, mbawala zazimuna zonse, zomwe zimayambira nthawi yozizira. Ndipo chakumapeto, amuna okhwima amayambira kuyendetsa bwino. Amayika zomwe ali nazo mothandizidwa ndi zimbudzi, zomwe zimayikidwa m'mabowo omwe amakumba pasadakhale, omwe amatchedwa "kuthamangitsa zimbudzi".

Chosangalatsa: Amuna amakhala okwiya nthawi ya msambo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amadzisonkhanitsa ndi akazi ambiri, omwe samateteza pakulandidwa kwanyimbo zina. Vuto lolimbana ndi gawo ndikukopa chidwi chachikazi limafika poti ena njonda amakumba ma tag a anthu ena ndikuwasintha ndi awo.

Kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe mayi ali ndi pakati ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ana a ng'ombe amapezeka kale mu nthawi ya Marichi kapena chakumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Nthawi zambiri, mwana m'modzi kapena angapo amabadwa. Masabata angapo mwana asanabadwe, azimayi amtsogolo amayesa kukhala pambali, kutali ndi amuna, kusankha malo oyenera kubereka, omwe ayenera kukhala pamalo otseguka pomwe pamakhala malo owaza, kapena pobisalira pabwino.

Makanda amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu awiri, koma amatha kunyamuka nthawi yomweyo ndikulimba mtima. M'masabata oyamba, ana amphongo amathawira kutchire, komwe amakonda kubisala, ndipo mayi wowasamalira amawayendera, nawagwiritsa mkaka wa m'mawere katatu patsiku. Kukula kwa mbawala zazana kumachitika mwachangu kwambiri. Kale mwezi woyamba wa moyo, amapeza unyinji wofanana ndi theka la kulemera kwa chinyama chachikulire.

Akuluakulu, ana amphongo amakondana ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ngakhale akazi ena azaka chimodzi amayamba kubereka. Kukula kwa amuna kumachitika pokhapokha ngati ali ndi zaka 1.5. Mu chilengedwe, mbawala zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 7, ndipo zili mu ukapolo onse 10.

Adani achilengedwe a mbawala

Chithunzi: Jeyran m'chipululu

Moyo wa mbawala yokongola sikophweka, yofowoka mokwanira ndipo siyosiyana pakupirira kwapadera. Adani ambiri osiyanasiyana amapezeka m'njira, onse okhwima komanso aang'ono kwambiri. Mwa zina zazikulu kwambiri komanso zachinyengo za mbawala, mimbulu imatha kutchedwa kuti mbawala zazikazi kwambiri zomwe zimafera m'mazira a omwewa nthawi yomweyo nthawi yozizira, kukakhala chisanu chambiri, ndipo anangula am'manja ndi anjala sangathawe ngozi.

Pamodzi ndi mimbulu, mbawala za ku Turkmenistan zimakopedwa ndi mimbulu ndi nyama zamatumbo. Zachidziwikire, kuti achinyamata osadziwa zambiri amakhala osatetezeka kwambiri, omwe imfa yawo imatsala pang'ono kugwa imatha kufika 50%, zomwe ndizowopsa.

Adani a ana ang'onoang'ono ndi ongobadwa kumene ndi awa:

Monga mukuwonera, zoopsa zimayembekezera mawamba osati padziko lapansi, komanso kuchokera kumwamba. Chowawa sichimasunganso nyama zomwe zimayamwa, zomwe zimafa nthawi zambiri kumazizira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kukugwa. Dzheyrana amatha kufa ndi njala, chifukwa pansi pa chipale chofewa sikophweka kupeza chakudya, kuyenda pamoto wopanda chipale chofewa, ndipo, makamaka, pamatumbo pamavulaza nyama komanso kungayambitse kufa, kuchokera kwa olusa nthawi zotere ndizosatheka kubisala. Musaiwale za anthu omwe adayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chiwonetsero, kuwatsogolera kukasaka achangu komanso opanda chisoni.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, kuchuluka kwa mapira anali ochulukirapo mu madera ambiri achipululu ndi zipululu zamayiko ambiri. Ngakhale kusaka tsiku ndi tsiku kwa okhala m'deralo sikukhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwake. Ma Antelope amadyetsa anthu nyama yokoma (mpaka makilogalamu 15 pa gazelle), idawapatsa khungu lolimba, koma kupanda chidwi kwa anthu pakupeza phindu kunapangitsa kuti zolengedwa izi ziziyamba kuwonongeka pa liwiro la mphezi komanso pamtunda waukulu. Mothandizidwa ndi magalimoto, anthu adaphunzira kuyendetsa zitsamba zazingwe kukhala misampha, kuwachititsa khungu nyama zowala, kenako adawombera ma artiodactyls, chithunzi chomwe chinali chowopsa.

Pali umboni kuti, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000s, kuchuluka kwa mbawala kunkakhala pafupifupi anthu 10,000, koma malinga ndi ziwerengero zaposachedwa, njira yothamanga kwambiri yachulukanso ndi gawo lina, lomwe silingakhale koma lodetsa nkhawa. Dzheyranov pafupifupi pano simudzakumana ku Azerbaijan ndi Turkey. Kukula kwa Kazakhstan ndi Turkmenistan, ziweto zawo zatsika kakhumi.

Choopsa chachikulu komanso chifukwa chomwe kuvutikira kwa ma artiodactyl kumeneku ndi ntchito zopanda nzeru komanso zadyera za anthu, zomwe zimakhudza nyama osati mwachindunji (ozembetsa), koma osalongosoka (kuchepetsa malo okhalamo chifukwa cholima malo komanso kupanga madera). Chifukwa cha zovuta zoterezi pazambiri, njira zingapo zodzitchinjiriza zachitidwa kuti zithandizire kuchuluka kwa magulu agadidi odabwitsa omwe pakadali pano ali osatetezeka.

Samalani wa mbawala

Chithunzi: Jeyran wochokera ku Red Book

Ndizachisoni, koma pali zikwangwani zochepa komanso zochepa, motero anthu anaganiza kuti fanizoli lingathe kutayika kuchokera ku nkhope ya Dziko lapansi. Tsopano ma gazelle adalembedwa mu Red Book la padziko lonse, okhala ndi "mitundu yosatetezeka" ya nyama. Mu Red Book of Kazakhstan, mbawala zimatchulidwa ngati mitundu yosowa, kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera. Mbawala ya Red Book imaganizidwanso m'gawo la Russian Federation.

Monga taonera kale, zinthu zikuluzikulu zomwe zimalepheretsa anthu zimaphatikizapo zochita za anthu, zomwe zimawononga moyo ndi malo okhala nyama. Osaka kupitilirabe akuombera mosavomerezeka, ngakhale kuti amawasaka ali oletsedwa kwambiri. Anthu amathamangitsa ma artiodactyl awa m'malo awo okhala, ndikulima malo atsopano ndikukulitsa malo odyetserako ziweto.

Kuphatikiza pa kusindikizidwa m'mabuku osiyanasiyana ofiira, zotsatirazi zitha kudziwika chifukwa cha njira zosungira nyama izi:

• kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuswana kwaziboti m'zosungira zachilengedwe, momwe mikhalidwe yonse ya moyo wawo wabwino imapangidwira,
• Kuletsedwa kosaka ndi kukulitsa chindapusa cha asodzi,
• kuzindikiritsa ndi kuteteza madera omwe agwape ali ochulukirapo, kuwapatsa malo otetezedwa.

Posachedwa, anthu akhala akuyesa kukopa chidwi chambiri momwe angathere ku vuto lakutha kwa ma gazelles. Chifukwa chake, pamadyerero apachaka ku Azerbaijan otchedwa Maiden's Tower, ojambula nthawi zambiri amaonetsa zithunzi zokongola pamiyala ikuluikulu, kupereka chifukwa chakuganizira za kuchuluka kwawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakwiya, kuwononga, zochita za anthu.

Mapeto ake, zikuwonjezeranso kuti, monga mbawala wokongola kwambiri komanso wachisomo, wopanda chitetezo komanso wosatetezeka. Ndikofunikira kuyamikirira nyama yofatsa komanso yamanyazi iyi, kulemekeza ndi kulemekeza moyenera malo omwe akukhalamo kosatha, kuyesa kuponderezana ndi zochitika zilizonse zosaloledwa komanso zopanda umunthu, ndiye kuti dziko lonse lazungulira lidzakhala labwino komanso lowala pang'ono, ndipo ma gazelles azitha kusangalala ndi moyo wawo wachimwemwe.

Kufalitsa

Jeyran imapezeka m'malo opezeka chipululu a Iran, Armenia, Afghanistan, Western Pakistan, kumwera kwa Mongolia ndi China (Xinjiang, kumpoto kwa Tibet ndi Suyuan), Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan ndi Turkmenistan. Alisher Navoi anatchula za mbawala pa ntchito yake Mapulani Asanu ndi Awiri, ndikutsindika za mapirajairan) awo Hotan

Mbiri yakale ya mbawala zophatikizira kum'mwera kwa Russia Dagestan.

Masanjidwe

Pali mitundu ingapo 4 ya mbawala (Gazella subgutturosa), yomwe idaperekedwa ndi ofufuza ena amitundu yosiyana:

• G. subgutturosa subgutturosa — Mbawala ya ku Persia amakhala ku Georgia ndi nsanja za kum'mawa kwa Transcaucasia,
• G. subgutturosa gracilicornis — Mbawala ya ku Turkmen , Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan kummawa kwa Nyanja ya Balkhash, Tajikistan, mwina Uzbekistan,
• G. subgutturosa marica — Mbawala ya Arabia Chilumba cha Arabia
• G. subgutturosa yarkandensis — Mbawala ya ku Mongolia , kapena yarkand gazelle , mapiri, zipululu, mapiri ndi mapiri a Mongolia, kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China,
• G. subgutturosa hilliilisi - chipululu cha Gobi, pogawa magulu am'mbuyomu m'mitundu yodziyimira payokha, amadziwika kuti ndi mabungwe achizungu (G. yarkandensis hilliilisi) .

Mkhalidwe Wopezekera ndi Chitetezo

M'mbuyomu, agalu anali chinthu chosakira kwambiri. Inali imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za abusa ku South Kazakhstan ndi Central Asia. Pakadali pano, kusaka mbawala ndizoletsedwa kulikonse. Imaphatikizidwa ndi Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN ngati nyama yachilendo komanso yokhala pangozi.

Kuyambira chaka cha 2012, pofuna kukopa chidwi cha ma gazelle pamakonzedwe azithunzi zapadziko lonse lapansi a Maiden Tower, ojambula ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana akhala akukongoletsa mitundu ya nyama izi.

Malo okhala nkhwangwa

Pali mitundu ingapo 4 ya zikwangwani zokhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Mbawala za ku Turkmen zimakhala ku Kazakhstan, Tajikistan ndi Turkmenistan. Mabungwe a Persia amakhala ku Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Syria.

Nyamazo zimakhalanso ku Mongolia komanso kumpoto kwa China, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Iraq komanso ku Saudi Arabia, Western Pakistan ndi Georgia. M'mbuyomu mbawala Amakhala kumwera kwa Dagestan.

Amaletsa chinyama mu zipululu ndi theka-chipululu, amakonda miyala kapena dongo. Itha kumakhala kumadera amchenga, koma ndizovuta kuti gazelles ziziyenda nazo, chifukwa sizachilendo pamenepo.

Malo oterowo nthawi zambiri amakhala wopanda udzu. Nthawi zina amalowa kumapiri, koma osapezeka m'mapiri. Popeza sichitha kuyenda mu chipale chofewa, pakudza nyengo yozizira, agalu amayenda kuchokera kumalo akumpoto kupita kumwera.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Nyama izi ndizosamala kwambiri, zimamvetsera phokoso lililonse. Alamu yocheperako, chiwonetsero cha zoopsa - adamuthamangitsa. Ndipo mbawala imatha kuthamanga mothamanga mpaka 60 km / h. Ngati ngoziyo idatenga mkazi ndi mwana modzidzimutsa, ndiye kuti sathawa, koma m'malo mwake adabisala mumiyala.

Awa ndi ziweto zamagulu, zimasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu nthawi yozizira. Zitsamba zimakhala ndi makumi komanso ngakhale mazana aanthu. Onsewo amadutsa m'chipululu kuchokera kumalo odyetsa kupita kwina, akumadutsa oposa 30 km patsiku.

M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimagwira ntchito usana lonse masana. Padzuwa, pakulowa, kudyetsa kutha ndipo mbawala zigona kuti zigone. Monga kama, amakumba bowo m'chipale chofewa, nthawi zambiri kuchokera kumbali yakutali ya kukweza kwina.

Nthawi yayitali, nyengo yozizira ndiyowopsa kwambiri kwa iwo, chifukwa cha mpweya wambiri, nyama zambiri zimaphedwa. Samasinthika bwino kuti aziyenda chipale chofewa, makamaka kutumphuka, ndipo sangathe kupeza chakudya chake pansi pake.

Pa nyengo yakubala, zazikazi zimasiya ng'ombe kuti ibweretse ana amphwando achilimwe. Popanda amayi oyembekezera, magulu agulu amapondaponda, ndipo nyama nthawi zambiri zimayenda mwa anthu 8-10.

M'nyengo yotentha, makamaka masiku otentha, mbawala zimayesetsa kupita kukadyetsa masana. M'mawa ndi madzulo amakhala otakataka, ndipo masana amapumula pamthunzi, kugona, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

M'dzinja, nyengo yakukhwima imayamba amuna. Antelope amayika gawo m'deralo ndi zimbudzi zawo, zomwe zimayikidwa mu dzenje lakufukula. Izi zimatchedwa "zimbudzi zowombera."

Izi nsanamira za malire achilendo ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito m'derali, amuna akumenyanirana chifukwa chake ndipo, chifukwa chake, azimayi. Chifukwa chake, ndikotheka kukumba ma tag a anthu ena, ndikuyika momwemo.

Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yakubala, mbawala zamphongo zimathamangira zazikazi, kukonza ziwonetsero. Kuphatikiza azimayi awo a akazi 2-5, amawasamalira mosamala.

Mimba imatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mu Marichi-Epulo ndi nthawi yoti abereke ndipo azimayiwo achokapo, kufunafuna malo obisika. Zathanzi, zazikazi zazikulu zimabereka ana amapasa, pomwe zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zimabweretsa ng'ombe imodzi yokha.

Mwanayo amalemera pang'ono kuposa ma kilogalamu awiri, ndipo m'mphindi zochepa amatha kuyimirira ndi mapazi ake. Sabata yoyamba amabisala mumtambo, samapita amayi awo.

Pa chithunzichi, mbawala yachikazi yokhala ndi ana

Akaziwo amayandikira mwana wakeyo kudzadyetsa katatu patsiku, koma amachita izi mosamala kwambiri kuti asabweretse adani kwa mwana. Mbawala zazing'ono ndizosavulaza panthawiyi; nkhandwe, agalu, ndi mbalame zolusa ndizowopsa kwa iwo.

Kuchokera kwa adani oterowo amayi awo amawateteza mwaukali, mwachipambano, chifukwa cha ziboda zake zakuthwa. Ng'ombe ikawopsezedwa ndi nkhandwe kapena munthu wadutsa, mkaziyo amayesa kutenga mdaniyo, popeza sangathe kuthana naye.

Ng'ombe zimamera msanga kwambiri, mwezi woyamba wamoyo zimapeza 50% ya kulemera konse kwamtsogolo kwa thupi. Pa miyezi 18 mpaka 19 amafika kale pakukula kwa nyama yachikulire.

Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu kwambiri - asanathe chaka chimodzi amatha kubereka. Amuna ndi okonzeka kubereka pakatha zaka ziwiri zokha. M'chilengedwe, mbawala zimatha kukhala ndi zaka 7, kumalo osungira nyama amatha kukhala ndi zaka 10. Pakadali pano mbawala imakhala ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo ndipo yalembedwa Kufiyira buku.

Kutha kwa mbawala

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mapira ku Chigwa cha Ili (mpaka anthu 14,000) chinakhalapo mpaka 1943. Kenako, chifukwa chakuwongoleredwa mwachindunji, kuchuluka kwawo kunacheperachepera ndikuchepa kwambiri m'ma 50-60, pomwe anthu okha ndi omwe adalembedwa pano. Ndi kubwezeretsanso kwa Alma-Ata Reserve, kuchuluka kwa mapira kunayamba kuchuluka, koma pang'onopang'ono kwambiri.

Mu 70s panali ambiri a iwo omwe anali modyeramo, ndipo munthawi yam'malo mwake nyama 10-15 zinajambulidwa pamsewu wonsewo. Ndi bungwe la kusaka ndi kusamalira zachuma a Kapchagai, chisamaliro cha nyama chakhala bwino ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kunayamba kuchuluka mwachangu.

Tsopano chiwerengero cha mapira pamtunda wa gawo lotetezedwa ndi Ili Valley ndiye okwera kwambiri ku Kazakhstan. Malo otchedwa Great Kalkans, omwe amakhala pafupifupi kumapeto kwa nthawi yozizira komanso yozizira chifukwa champhepo yamphamvu komanso matenthedwe otsika, amakhala ndi mbawala nthawi yayitali. Apa iwo akutuluka m'chigwa, kuthawa kutentha ndi zoyipa. Pakuwonera mwezi wa Juni-Julayi, mbawala zimapezeka kumapiri kumtunda kwa Greater Kalkans mpaka 40-50 mwa malembawa, mu Novembala chaka chomwecho - anthu amodzi okha.

Kummawa kwa malo osakira a Kapchagai, m'mapiri a Karatau ndi Aktau, kuchuluka kwa mimbulu imatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuba. Panjira yodutsa kum'mwera kwa Karatau yotalika makilomita 60, mapepala agalu 11 adalembedwa, ndipo m'mapiriwo, kwa masiku 4 akuwonekera mu Ogasiti, mayi m'modzi yekha adakumana ndi ma gazelles awiri.

Kusuntha kwakanthawi ndi tsiku ndi tsiku

M'mwezi wa Marichi, mbawala imayamba kuchoka pagawo la Mynbulak kupita kumadzulo. Nthawi imeneyo, nyama zimalowa m'dera laulimi kumadzulo kwa Chulak. Apa, hodgepodge imabweretsa chowawa, chomwe chimayamba kuphuka m'mbuyomu. Mwezi wa Epulo, kuchuluka kwa nyamazo kumasunthidwa mbali ina - kupita ku malo a Taldysay thirakiti, pomwe mu Meyi akaziwo amabereka ana aamuna.

Amuna ambiri amasamukira kum'mawa ndipo amakhala kumadera akutali ndi malo othirira. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June, akazi okhala ndi mbawala kale amatha kutsagana nawo kupita kum'mawa.

Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira mu Okutobala - Novembala, zikwangwani zotsala kuchokera ku Taldysay thirakiti zimasamukira ku thirakiti la Mynbulak. Kumpoto kwa thirakitilo, pafupi ndi mapiri a Matai, amathawira m'nyengo yozizira kuchokera ku mphepo yozizira yowomba m'mapiri. Kutalika konse kwa kusamuka kwakanthawiyo sikudutsa 100-120 km. Tsiku lililonse, madzulo, mbawala zimasinthana kuchokera m'malo amasiku, kuchokera ku Kalkan, m'mapiri a Chulak ndi Matai, kupita kumadera othirira mu trakiti la Mynbulak, komwe amakhala usiku ndi m'mawa kubwerera. Kutalika kwa mayendedwe awa ndi 6-8 km.

Kudutsa tsiku ndi tsiku kumayikidwa m'bandakucha ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa, kusinthidwa masinthidwe awo kulocha masana pafupi ndi nyengo yachisanu: ngati mu Meyi panali maola 4 mphindi 30 ndi maola 21, ndiye kuti mu September anali pa maola 6 mphindi 30 ndi maola 19 mphindi 30.

Ng'ombe, kugonana ndi msinkhu wa gulu la mbawala

Jeyran samapanga magulu akuluakulu. Masango okha, kapena osakanikirana, mwa nyama izi amawonedwa mu Okutobala - Novembala. Zowonjezera, mosiyana ndi magulu, amasintha kapangidwe kake, mwina nkugawanika magawo awiri, kapena kukukhalanso. Pofika pakati pa Novembala, ndiye kuti, kumayambiriro kwa mwambo, masango amatha.
Nyama zapayekha zimakumana nthawi zambiri, ndikuwonjezeka kwa gululi, pafupipafupi misonkhano imachepera motalika. Nyama zokhazokha, monga lamulo, amuna akuluakulu.
Mu ma gazelles, magulu amatha kugawidwa kukhala amuna, amuna komanso kusakaniza.

Magulu aimuna amakhala ndi nyama za mibadwo yosiyana, kuphatikiza chaka ndi chaka. Amuna ena amtunduwu amakhala m'malo amodzi ndipo amakhala pa nthawi yophukira ndi yophukira. Amuna amakhala ndi akazi amodzi kapena angapo okhala ndi mbawala zazikazi kapena amuna okalamba, ndipo kenako mwana wamwamuna, wazaka zambiri, zazikazi zambiri.

Amuna achikulire olekanitsidwa ndi amayi m'nyengo yozizira ndipo amalumikizana ndi abambo, nthawi zambiri amakhala magulu odziyimira pawokha. Akazi a chaka chimodzi amayenda ndi amayi awo ngakhale atakhala okha, mwakutero amapanga magulu awo.

Chiwerengero cha gazelles chikuyandikira 1: 1.

Chakudya cha mbawala

Jeyran amadya pafupifupi zomera zonse zomwe zimamera m'malo awa. Koma mu kasupe amakonda ephemera (Carex physodes, Seseli sessiliflorum, Heliotropium arongoroi-
des, Limonium gmelini, Ferula iliensis, Galium verum), chilimwe - mphukira zobiriwira za saxaul (Haloxylon persicum), masamba a zitsamba monga teresken (Eurotia ceratoides), hen (Atraphaxis spinosa), saltpeter (Nitraria schoberi), chingil (Halodend) .

Dzheyran amadya mphukira za booby (Salsola arbusculiformis), masamba a ngamila yam ngamila (Alhagikirghisorum), msondodzi (Salix singorica), turuppa (Popu-lus diversifolia), jida (Elaeagnus oxycarpa).

M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, mbawala zimadyetsa zosiyanasiyana hodgepodge, chowawa, ndi saxaul. Jeyran, akudyetsa, amapeza udzu wokhala ndi masamba ndi masamba, ndikukweza mutu wake, kuyimirira, kutafuna, ndikuyang'ana mozungulira nthawi yomweyo. Akameza gawo lina lamasamba, apulo wa Adamu amasunthira pansi. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri mwa amuna omwe apulosi a Adamu ndi okulirapo.

Nthawi zambiri phungwe, mbawala imanyambita nkhope yake ndi lilime lake.

M'malo othirira, mbawala zotere zimagona usiku wonse, kubwerera m'masiku awo m'mawa chabe. Koma amathanso kumwa tsiku lonse.

Paulu wa kuthirira kwa masana kumachitika masana ndikusintha pang'ono kutengera nyengo ya chaka. Pomva ludzu lambiri, mbawala zimathamanga kupita kumadzi kwa main mazana angapo omalizira, koma kuthamangira kwa iyo pa 40-50 metres, zimayima ndikuwuma. Mwadzidzidzi thawani kumadzi, kenako mubwererenso. Pomaliza amabwera kumadzi, nthawi zina ndi miyendo yawo yakutsogolo amalowa ndikuyamba kumwa. Aliyense wa 10-15 s amakweza mitu yawo, amayang'ana ndikuzungulira ndikumwa, kotero kwa mphindi 1.5-2.

Nthawi zambiri, mphoyo imayenda pamalo otsetsereka a banki yokweza, kuyiyang'ana kuchokera pamwamba, kenako ndikupita pansi. Nthawi yomweyo, mphoyo imadumphadumpha kuchokera pamalo otsetsereka mpaka 105-110 masentimita ndipo imadumphira kumtunda womwewo, ikubwerera kuchokera kubowo lakuthirira. Amalumpha kuchokera pansi kuchokera pamalo omwe amawonekera kutsogolo kwa phirilo.

M'nyengo yozizira, chipale chofewa chimagwira bwino ntchito kuthetsa ludzu, ndizofunikira kwambiri amuna am'madera. Pafupifupi amakwaniritsa zosowa zawo zamadzi kudzera mu chisanu mu nthawi yophuka. Zachikazi ndi zazing'ono zimadyanso chipale chofewa, ngakhale kuti nthawi yozizira imapitilizabe kupita kumalo othirira.

Zomwe zimakhudza chiwopsezo cha mbawala

Zinyama ndi mpikisano wampikisano wa chakudya. Chifukwa chamadyetsedwe ochulukirapo, samangodziwa msipu mwamphamvu, komanso kuwapondaponda. Abusa omwe ali ndi zoweta ndipo ali ndi zida zoteteza ziweto ku nkhandwe amazigwiritsa ntchito kupangira zifuwa, ndipo agalu abusa nthawi zonse amasaka nyama zakuthengo.
Zochitika zambiri zaulimi zomwe zimachitika chaka chonse pantchito yosaka nyama zimayambitsa mfundo yoti magalimoto ambiri amayenda apa akusokoneza agwape, makamaka nthawi ya kubereka.

Chifukwa chake, zoyipa zoyipa zachuma pazamadyedwe am'mimba, zosokoneza mosalekeza, komanso kupha ulesi zikulepheretsa chiwonjezeke cha chiweto chosowa.

Tsopano Kazakhstan ikugwira ntchito yambiri kuti igwire ndikukhazikitsanso gazi m'malo atsopano otetezedwa, komwe adzakhala ndi chakudya ndi zakumwa zambiri, komanso kutetezedwa ndi andewu. Izi sizingathandize kupulumutsa kuchuluka kwa mbawala, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nyama zachisangalalo. Jeyran ayenera kupulumutsidwa kwa adzukulu athu ndi zidzukulu zazikulu.

Malo okhala ndi malo okhala

Ma Jeans amakonda kukhazikika m'zipululu kapena mopanda phokoso komanso mopanda dothi. Komanso chithunzi cha zinthu zamtunduwu chimapezeka pamalupu a mapiri ndi zigwa zomwe zimakhala ndi mpumulo. Zowoneka bwino za malekezero zimapangitsa agulu kuti asakhazikike mumchenga waukulu m'chilimwe.

Nyamayi yokhala ndi ziboda zam'madzi imakhala yofala kwambiri m'mphepete mwa theka-shrubby solyanky ndi nafala-solyanky semi, komanso imadziwikanso kwambiri m'dera la zipululu za shrubby.

Ndizosangalatsa! Zomera zamalo omwe mumakhala zisagwada zimasiyana kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri timatumba timapezeka timitundu tambiri tating'ono.

Ngati nthawi zapitazo gawo lakumwera kwa Dagestan lidaphatikizidwabe m'gulu lakale lakale, lero nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zamtunduwu zimapezeka kumadambo komanso zipululu m'malo a Armenia, Iran ndi Afghanistan, komanso kumadzulo kwa Pakistan, kumwera kwa Mongolia ndi China .

Magulu osiyanasiyana a mapira amaimidwanso ndi Kazakhstan ndi Azerbaijan, Georgia ndi Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan ndi Turkmenistan.

Zakudya, zomwe mbidzi zimadya

Ma Yegh ndi odekha ndikusowa kwa madzi oyera, oyera pafupi, komanso kangapo pamlungu, pakutha kwa m'mawa kapena m'mawa, amapita kumalo osiyanasiyana osungirako zachilengedwe.

Monga lamulo, nyamazo zimasankha gombe lotseguka kwambiri, komwe ngozi yoti ungakumane ndi omwe amadyedwa ndi nyama ndilochepa. Kudzipatula kwathunthu kumapangitsa kuti nyama zokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika zizikhala zokhutira ndi madzi owawa komanso amchere a Nyanja ya Caspian.

Pazakudya, ma gazelles nawonso amakhala osadzikuza, motero, nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yachisanu amasangalala kugwiritsa ntchito hodgepodge, ngamila yaminga ndi chowawa, mphukira za saxaul ndi gawo la mlengalenga, tamarisks, ndodo komanso ephedra.

Chakudya cham'mawa ndi chilimwe cha antelope chimakula kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe azomera zambiri komanso zopanda. Nthawi imeneyi, mbawala zimadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana zamtchire, mabulosi akuda, capers, ferula ndi anyezi.

Kubala ndi kubereka

M'dzinja, abambo a mbawala amayambira mpikisano wokangalika. Nyama yam'madzi yokhala ndi ziboda zopindika imayang'ana gawo lake ndi chimbudzi chomwe chiikidwa m'maenje osakumbika omwe amatchedwa "kuthamangitsa zimbudzi".

Ndizosangalatsa! Amuna pakadali pano akumenya nkhondo pamalopo ndikukopa zazikazi, komanso amatha kukumba ma tag a anthu ena, ndikuwasinthira ndi awo. Pa nyengo yakubala, abambo amakhala mwamwano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitenga zilombo zowoneka bwino komanso zotetezedwa mosamala kwa akazi angapo nthawi imodzi.

Mimba yaikazi imatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo m'mwezi wa Marichi kapena Epulo amodzi mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi kapena awiri obadwa kumene. M'masabata angapo apitayi oyembekezera, akazi amayesetsa kuti asakhale kutali ndi amphongo ndikuyenda, ngati lamulo, payekha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amawalola kusankha malo abwino kwambiri obadwira mwana. Makunguwa amapezeka pamalo otseguka pakati pa chitsamba kapena kaphokoso komwe kumakhala malo achitetezo kumphepo yamkuntho.

Kulemera kwa mwana kuli pafupifupi ma kilogalamu angapo, koma mphindi zochepa atabadwa, amatha kale kuyimirira ndi miyendo yake. Pakati pa milungu yoyambirira atangobereka, ana amphongo amayesa kubisala m'nkhalangomo, ndipo mkaziyo amabwera kwa iwo katatu kapena kanayi patsiku kuti adyetse. Munthawi imeneyi, ana ambiri amasinthidwa ndi nkhandwe, agalu amtchire, mimbulu ndi mbalame zazikulu zodyedwa.

Ana a abambo a Jeyran amakula ndikukula msanga, ndipo mwezi woyamba, monga lamulo, amapeza pafupifupi 50% ya kulemera konse kwamunthu wamkulu. Nyama yokhala ndi ziboda ziwirizi imafika pakukula kwa nyama yayikulu mchaka chimodzi ndi theka, koma zazikazi pazaka chimodzi zimatha kubala ana awo oyamba. Amuna a mtundu wa Giran nthawi zambiri amakhala okonzeka kubereka pang'ono pakapita nthawi, popeza amayamba kubereka atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi ndi theka.