Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) ndi khola lalikulu la South America, yekhayo m'banjamo.
Akatswiri oyamba achilengedwe ku Europe omwe adachezera South America amatcha capybara "capybaras" kapena "nkhumba za Orinok". Loyamba mwa mayina linasinthidwa kukhala dzina lamakono lasayansi la banja la Hydrochoeridae. Kunena zowona, iwo si nkhumba, komanso samadzi am'madzi, ndipo abale awo apachibale ndi Caviidae.
Kodi capybara imawoneka bwanji? Kufotokozera ndi chithunzi cha nyama
Masiku ano, capybara ndiye wamkulu kwambiri kuposa makoswe onse omwe alipo: kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika 140 cm, ndipo kulemera mpaka 66 kg.
Oimira ena omwe sanaonekebe a capybaras anali akulu kangapo kuposa ma capybaras amakono ndipo amafikira kukula kwa grizzly!
Koramu yokhala ndi mbiya yopanda mawonekedwe, mutu wosalala, mutu wopingasa. Palibe mchira, ndipo miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Maso ang'ono, makutu amfupi komanso ozungulira, mphuno zokhala ndi mbali zambiri zimakhala pamwamba pa mutu: nyama ikasambira, imatuluka m'madzi. Zala za mphete zolumikizidwa ndi timinyewa ting'onoting'ono timazipangitsa kuti zikhale zazikulu kusambira, zimatha kukhala pansi pa madzi mpaka mphindi 5.
Mu capybara mu chithunzi pansipa, champhongo chimadziwika mosavuta ndi chitunda cha kutsogolo kwa muzzle - gland ya sebaceous, yomwe imakhala ndi fungo la nyamayo.
Khungu lolimba la nyama zachikulire limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali ngati bristle, lomwe mtundu wake umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku bulauni kupita pabuka. Mwa achichepere, ubweya ndi waufupi komanso wandiweyani, wowoneka wa bulauni.
Magulu awiri akulu akulu, okhala ndi makoswe, amalola nyama kutsitsa pang'ono udzu, ndipo amapukuta ndi mano a buccal.
Mawonekedwe Amphamvu
Ma capybaras ndi nyama zamtchire. Amadyetsa kwambiri udzu womwe umakula kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Ngakhale udzu wouma wamfupi, womwe umasiyidwa kumapeto kwa nyengo yadzuwa yotentha, umadyedwa.
Monga mukudziwa, udzu umakhala ndi ulusi wambiri, wofowoka chifukwa cha michere ya michere ya michere. Chifukwa chake, pakusintha kwa capybaras, chipangidwe chapadera chapangidwa kuti chithandizire chakudya. Fermentation imachitika mu cecum, womwe umatchedwa Appendix mwa anthu. Komabe, popeza cecum ili pakati pa matumbo ang'onoang'ono ndi akulu, nyama sizingatenge zinthu zonse zampangidwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma Microbic oyimira. Kuti athane ndi vutoli, amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito maupopu (kudya ndowe) kuti athe kupindula ndi ntchito ya zisonyezo zawo. Chifukwa chake, m'mawa uliwonse m'masewera a capybar anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito zomwe adakumba usiku watha kapena usiku.
Kuchulukitsa
Dzina lachi Russia - Capybara, kapena capybara
Dzina lachi Latin - Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
Chizungu - Capybara
Gulu - Mammals (Mammalia)
Kufikira - Makoswe (Rodentia)
Banja - Kapangidwe ka madzi (Hydrochoeridae)
Capybara ndi nyama yachilendo kwambiri, ndiye mtundu wokhawo womwe umatengera mitundu komanso banja.
Onani ndi mamuna
Kukula kwa malo amtundu wa zofunikira zaulimi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti nyama zamtchire ziwonongeke, zapindula capybaras. Mitsinje yothirira imamangidwa kuti ipange msipu watsopano ndikulima mbewu zaulimi - izi zimapatsa capybara chakudya ndi madzi panthawi yachilala.
Pakadali pano, ma capybar amaikidwa pamafamu apadera ku Venezuela kuti apeze khungu ndi nyama. Mafuta awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala.
Ma capybaras ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Rocky Mountain Fever. Matendawa amaperekedwa kwa anthu kudzera nkhupakupa pamene ma capybaras amalowa m'malo odyetsa anthu.
Kulumikizana kwapafupi kwa nyama izi ndi madzi nthawi imodzi kunapangitsa kuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika chiziika m'malo mwa capybaras ngati nsomba! Chifukwa cha izi, nyama ya capybara idaloledwa kudya nthawi yosala kudya.
Posachedwa, ma capybaras nthawi zambiri amakhala "ziweto." Ndiwachikondi, osinthika mosavuta komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino. Amakonda kuyika mitu yawo pamiyendo ya mwini kapena "kufunsa" kuti ayambe kugwedezeka. Koma kuti asunge capybara kunyumba, pamatenga malo ambiri pomwe amatha kuyenda ndikusambira, mu chipinda cha mumzinda chomwe anthu amakhala.
Mawonekedwe
Kunja, capybara imafanana ndi nkhumba ya Guinea, yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa nyama izi ndi 1 - 1,35 m, kutalika kwake kufota ndi 40-60 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 34 - 65 kg. Zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolemera. Mutu wawukulu umatha ndi phokoso losalala, ndi mphuno zokhala ngati zotsekemera zomwe zimatseka pakamadumphidwe. Maso ndi ang'ono, oikidwa kumbuyo. Makutu ndi ang'ono, ozungulira. Malo omwe makutu ndi maso amakulolani kuti muziwasunga pamwamba pa madzi posambira. Malekezero ake ndi afupiafupi, okhala ndi zala zinayi pamphumi, zala 3 kumiyendo yakumbuyo, zala zimalumikizidwa ndi membrane akusambira ndikutha ndi zala zazifupi koma zamphamvu. Thupi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali, lozungulira komanso lolimba, lopanda undercoat. Utoto ndi monophonic, kumtunda kwa thupi komanso kuchokera pansi.
Umu ndi momwe Gerald Darrell amafotokozera capybara: "Makoswe akuluakulu ndi nyama yanenepa yokhala ndi thupi lalitali, lokutidwa ndi ubweya wokhotakhota wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira. Miyendo yakutsogolo ya capybara ndi yayitali kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, chopondera chachikulu sichikhala ndi mchira, chifukwa chake chimangokhala ngati chikhala pansi. Ali ndi zala zazikulu zokhala ndi zala zazikuluzikuluzikulu, ndipo zopondera patsogolo pake, zazifupi komanso zowoneka bwino, ndizodzikumbukira modabwitsa. Amawoneka wodziyimira pawokha: mutu wake, wowoneka bwino komanso wosalala, pafupifupi phokoso lalikulu pafupifupi ali ndi mawu omwe amampatsa kufanana ndi mkango wolusa. Pansipa, capybara imayenda ndikusunthika ngati galasi kapena ndulu ndikulowa pansi, pomwe imayenda m'madzi ndikuyenda pansi momasuka komanso mosavuta.
Capybara ndi msipu wabwino, wamakhalidwe abwino yemwe alibe munthu wooneka bwino mwa abale ake, koma vuto lake limakhala chifukwa cha mtima wodekha komanso wochezeka. ”
Moyo wabanja
Capybara amakhala m'magulu a nyama za 10-15. Komwe kuli chakudya chochuluka, magulu akhoza kukhala ambiri - mpaka 30 anthu. Awiriwa ndi osowa. Achinyamata ena achichepere amakhala okha kapena ogwirizana ndi magulu angapo.
M'nyengo yadzuwa, magulu amasonkhana pozungulira mayiwe, ndikupanga magulu osakhalitsa a nyama 100 kapena kuposerapo. Nthawi yanyengo yomwe ikakhala nthawi yayitali ikabweranso, timagulu tambiri timakhala m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono.
Banja la capybara limakhala laimuna wamkulu (amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi chimbudzi chachikulu cha m'mphuno), wamkazi mmodzi kapena angapo, amuna amphongo ochepera, komanso mbadwo wachichepere. Mwa abambo, utsogoleri wokhazikika umakhazikitsidwa, mothandizidwa ndi zochitika zamtopola, koma zinthu sizimangothamangitsa chabe. Amuna akunyumba nthawi ndi nthawi amatumiza ogonjera kumapeto kwa gululi, koma kulimbana sikumachitika kawirikawiri. Akazi ndi okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi gawo lawo, lomwe limadziteteza mwachangu motsutsana ndi kulowetsedwa kwa oyandikana nawo. Banja lililonse limakhala ndi mahekitala 10-20.
Malire a tsamba latsambali amalembedwa zokhala ndi zisa. Capybara iliyonse imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya fungo la fungo. Mmodzi wa iwo, wopangidwa bwino mwaimuna, koma pafupifupi osakhalapo mwa akazi, amakhala kumapeto kwa muzzle. Uku ndi kuwaza kwakuda kopanda tsitsi, kotulutsa madzi ambiri omatira. Malo onsewo amatulutsa fungo lokhala ndi ma glandular sacs awiri mbali zonse za anus.
Zomwe zimapangidwira pomwenso ndimasiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma capybaras adziwane. Fungo lam'mphuno limagwira ntchito yayikulu polemba chizindikiritso, pomwe chinyezi ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira nyama yomwe ili m'gulu linalake, komanso mikhalidwe yamtunda.
Voice Repertoire
Ma capybaras amatulutsa mawu angapo. Kwa nyama zazing'ono, purr yakhosi ndimakonda, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi amayi kapena mamembala ena a gululi. Phokoso lofananalo limapangidwanso ndi akuluakulu omwe ataya kusamvana, mwina kuti akondweretse mdani. Kumveka kwina, kofanizira kukuwa kwambiri, kumapangidwa pangozi, mwachitsanzo, ngati nyama yomwe imadya ikuwona.
Ma capybaras ndi mamuna
Ku Colombia, kuchuluka kwa ma capybaras atsika kwambiri kwakuti kuyambira 1980 boma laletsa kuwasaka.
Ku Venezuela, pakhala kukufunika kwa nyama ya capybara kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XYI, pomwe amonke a mishoni ya Roma Katolika adawanyamula limodzi ndi akamba am'madzi ku chakudya chovomerezeka. Moyo wam'madzi wa nyama izi ukusokoneza amonke (adaganiza kuti ma capybaras amafanana ndi nsomba).
Mu 1953 kokha, kusaka kwawo kudakhala lamulo lalamulo ndi kuwalamulira, koma osachita. Mu 1968, patatha zaka zisanu chisudzulo, malingaliro adapangidwa kuti aphunzire za kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndi mitundu. Izi zidapangitsa kukhazikika kwa anthu. Tsopano capybara yalembedwa pa IUCN ngati mtundu womwe suli pachiwopsezo cha kutha.
Ma capybar amasinthidwa mosavuta. Ndiwachikondi, osinthika, ochezeka. M'midzi yambiri ku Native American, amakhala ziweto. Komabe, mdziko lathu, kusamalira chiweto kunyumba ndizovuta. Nyumba yokhala kumzinda sioyenera kuti iye akhalepo: amafunika danga, ndipo koposa zonse, dziwe, komanso lalikulu: chimphona chachikulu chimayenera kusambira komanso kusambira momasuka.
Mwachilengedwe, nyama izi sizikhala zaka zopitilira 6; ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala zaka zoposa 12.